高考英语二轮复习阅读主旨题讲义以及练习题（含答案）

这是一份高考英语二轮复习阅读主旨题讲义以及练习题（含答案），共11页。
阅读专题：主旨题解题思路：主旨题分为两种解法： 但是在解法上，主旨题分为两种解法： 1）首尾段解法（首段如果太短，就首段+第二段）+寻找中心句法   适用面最广2）自拟题目法+逆推法  （尤适用于记叙文）两种解法分别对应不同类型的阅读文章文体。自拟题目法对应纯记叙文，首尾段法对应说明文，议论文（或者说首尾段法对应除了记叙文外的其他文体。）其他注意事项备注：注意文中给的汉字注释。1）首尾段解法（首段如果太短，就首段+第二段）+寻找中心句法   重视首尾段，尤其重视首尾段的中心句。中心句很有可能会 涉及文章中多次提到或核心的关键词一般做法是：Step 1 看首段有没有转折词或者因果顺承关系的词（but，yet，however，although，thus, therefore等），若有即该句很有可能是主旨句  Step 2 若没有转折词，看尾句是否有总结性的语句，若有，则尾句是. Step 3 若不存在两种情况，那往往第一句是。 2）自拟题目法+逆推法  （尤适用于记叙文）记叙文的主旨，先把不够具体比较空泛的选项排除。自拟题目法+逆推法意思是记叙文读完之后，自己先起一个题目，然后看选项哪个选项和自己的题目最接近。如果不行，就把四个选项当成命题作文，想象自己会怎么写文章，会不会写成文中那样。 主旨大意题主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，以概括1）中心大意、2）段落大意、3）选择标题及4）判断作者写作意图等形式出现。1）中心大意e.g  What can be concluded from the passage?2) 段落大意 e.g  What is Paragraph ___ mainly about?3）选择标题e.g  What could be the best title for the passage？4）判断作者写作意图e.g  What is the author’s intention of writing this passage?   1）中心大意2013年天津高考 D篇 When asked about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, an absolute delight, which seems to get rarer the older we get. For kids, happiness has a magical quality. Their delight at winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved(毫无掩饰的). In the teenage years the concept of happiness changes. Suddenly it’s conditional on such things as excitement, love and popularity. I can still recall the excitement of being invited to dance with the most attractive boy at the school party. In adulthood the things that bring deep joy ---love, marriage, birth---also bring responsibility and the risk of loss. For adults, happiness is complicated(复杂的). My definition of happiness is “the capacity for enjoyment”. The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. It’s easy to overlook the pleasure we get form the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, and even good health.    I experienced my little moments of pleasure yesterday. First I was overjoyed when I shut the last lunch-box and had the house to myself. Then I spent an uninterrupted morning writing, which I love. When the kids and my husband came home, I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the day. Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a mix of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work. I don’t think that my grandmother, who raised 14 children, had much of either. She did have a network of close friends and family, and maybe this is what satisfied her. We, however, with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, have turned happiness into one more thing we’ve got to have. We’re self-conscious about our “right” to it that it’s making us miserable. So we chase it and equal it with wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things aren’t necessarily happier. Happiness isn’t about what happens to us---it’s about how we see what happens to us. It’s the skillful way of finding a positive for every negative. It’s not wishing for what we don’t have, but enjoying what we do possess. What can be concluded from the passage? A. Happiness lies between the positive and negative.          B. Each man is the master of his own fate.   C. Success leads to happiness.                            D. Happy is he who is content. 答案：D 这个主旨比较简单，整篇文章都在说幸福，首尾段联系起来，可以选D。 2) 段落大意2018-2019年高三英语周报Recently researchers studied spiders and had new discovers. The team, led by Dr. Nabawy，was trying to unlock the secrets behind the jumping spiders’ extraordinarily high jumps to catch the prey(猎物). A better understanding of the secrets behind their jumps would help experts develop more efficient jumping robots.While obtaining the test spiders from a pet shop was easy enough, training them to jump on demand so that the precise movements could be recorded was challenging.3  Since spiders eat only once a week, attracting them with food would result in just a single jump every seven days. The researchers, therefore, decided to try to train the spiders to jump by physically moving them back and forth between two moveable platforms, which could be adjusted to different levels and distance. They hoped that once the spiders became familiar with the challenge, they would try to attempt it by themselves. Eventually, one spider, Kim, decided to cooperate.What’s Paragraph 3 mainly about? A. The jumping characteristic of spiders           B.The precise movements of spiders.C.The efforts to attract spiders to jump for food     D.The training process of spiders’ jumping on demand. 答案：D  therefore表示递进，由此找到第三段中心句，根据中心句选出正确答案。 3）选择标题2013年天津高考 C篇Poet William Stafford once said that we are defined more by the detours (绕行路) in life than by the narrow road toward goals. I like this image. But it was quite by accident that I discovered the deep meaning of his words. For years we made the long drive from our home in Seattle to my parents’ home in Boise in nine hours. We traveled the long way most people do: the fastest, shortest, easiest road, especially when I was alone with four noisy, restless kids who hate confinement(限制) and have strong opinions about everything. Road trips felt risky, so I would drive fast, stopping only when I had to. We would stick to the freeways and arrive tired. But then Banner, our lamb was born. He was rejected by his mama days before our planned trip to Boise. I had two choices: leave Banner with husband, or take him with me. My husband made the decision for me. That is how I found myself on the road with four kids, a baby lamb and nothing but my everlasting optimism to see me through. We took the country roads out of necessity. We had to stop every hour, let Banner shake out his legs and feed him. The kids chased him and one another. They’d get back in the car breathless and energized, smelling fresh from the cold air. We explored side roads, catching grasshoppers in waist-high grass. Even if we simply looked out of the car windows at baby pigs following their mother, or fish leaping out of the water, it was better than the ride down the freeway. Here was life. And new horizons (见识). We eventually arrived at my parents’ doorstep astonishingly fresh and full of stories.  I grew brave with the trip back home and creative with my disciplining technique. On an empty section of road, everyone started quarreling. I stopped the car, ordered all kids out and told them to meet me up ahead. I parked my car half a mile away and read my book in sweet silence. Some road trips are by necessity fast and straight. But that trip with Banner opened our eyes to a world available to anyone adventurous enough to wander around and made me realize that a detour may uncover the best part of a journey---and the best part of yourself.What could be the best title for the passage? A. Charm of the Detour       B. The Road to Bravery C. Creativity out of Necessity      D. Road Trip and Country Life 答案：A  联系首尾段能得出正确答案  2017年天津高考 C篇This month，Germany’s transport minister，Alexander Dobrindt，proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆)．They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles：the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.Dobrindt wants three things：that a car always chooses property(财产) damage over personal injury；that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race；and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel—to check email，say—the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash.“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt.It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers，he says.Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers，consumers and lawyers.“The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all，”says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds，UK.An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars，introduced earlier this year，insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars.“When you say ‘driverless cars’，people expect driverless cars，”Merat says.“You know—no driver.”Because of the confusion，Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation.Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own，says Ryan Calo at Stanford University，California.That is happening in the UK and Singapore，where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.That would go down poorly in the US，however.“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，”says Calo.What could be the best title for the passage?A．Autonomous Driving：Whose Liability?    B．Fully Automatic Cars：A New BreakthroughC．Autonomous Vehicles：Driver Removed!   D．Driverless Cars：Root of Road Accidents 答案：A  联系首尾段能得出答案，但是首尾段较难懂，可以多关注文中标明的汉字，就能明白全文再说什么。 2016年四川高考 D篇A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep.But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素)，which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.The study，by researchers from Seoul，South Korea，involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.Those given night milk，which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin，were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime，according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now，taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content，which helps people to relax.Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening.The more fat you take in before bedtime，the greater burden you will put on your body at night. What can be a suitable title for the text?A．Night Milk and Sleep         B．Fat，Sugar and Health   C．An Experiment on Mice       D．Milk Drinking and Health 答案：A  联系首尾段能得出答案 4）判断作者写作意图2013年天津高考 B篇Last night’s meteor (流星) shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding answers. According to Gabe Rothschild, Emerald Valley’s mayor, people gathered in the suburbs of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky. What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the city’s lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.
   “My family was so frustrated,” admitted town resident Duane Cosby, “We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointment.”
    Astronomers—scientists who study stars and planets—have been complaining about this problem for decades. They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it.
    There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats, frogs, snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating (迁徙的) birds. According to the International Dark-Sky Association, “100 million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes with lighted buildings and towers.”
    Countless more animal casualties (伤亡) result from the use of artificial lighting. Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings. But some scientists think it can be harmful for humans, too. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase a person’s chances of getting cancer.
     Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution. For years, Flagstaff, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory. Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.What message does the author most want to give us?A. Saving wildlife is saving ourselves.B. Great efforts should be made to save energy.C. Human activities should be environmentally friendly.D. New equipment should be introduced for space study.答案：C  联系首尾段能得出答案。 2018年天津高考D篇Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing? How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your front door? If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you’ll have no trouble answering these questions.Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb(麻木的) to new stimulation(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits.The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cold water at first.Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a "ruby-crowned kinglet" and checked it off. They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing.The pressures of "time" and "destination" are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them. I asked them what they’d seen. "Oh, a few birds," they said. They seemed bent on their destinations.Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your life. In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should ________.A. fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world     B. get rid of some bad habits in our daily lifeC. open our mind to new things and ideas           D. try our best to protect nature 答案：A  联系首尾段能得出答案。 2014年天津高考 D篇People aren’t walking any more---if they can figure out a way to avoid it.I felt superior about this matter until  the other day I took my car to mail a small parcel. The journey is a matter of 281 steps. But I used the car. And I wasn’t in ay hurry, either, I had merely become one more victim of a national sickness: motorosis.It is an illness to which I had thought myself immune(免疫的), for I was bred in the tradition of going to places on my own two legs. At that time, we regarded 25 miles as good day’s walk and the ability to cover such a distance in ten hours as sign of strength and skill. It did not occur to us that walking was a hardship. And the effect was lasting. When I was 45 years old I raced –and beat—a teenage football player the 168 steps up the Stature of Liberty.Such enterprises today are regarded by many middle-aged persons as bad for the heart. But a well-known British physician, Sir Adolphe Abrhams, pointed out recently that hearts and bodies need proper…… is more likely to have illnesses than one who exercises regularly. And wlaking is an ideal form of exercise--- the most familiar and natural of all.It was Henry Thoreau who showed mankind the richness of going on foot. The man walking can learn the  trees, flower, insects, birds and animals, the significance of seasons, the very feel of himself as a living creature in a living world, He cannot learn in a car.The car is a convenient means of transport, but we have made it our way of life. Many people don’t dare to approach Nature any more; to them the world they were born to enjoy is all threat. To them security is a steel river thundering on a concrete road. And much of their thinking takes place while waiting for the traffic light to turn green.I say that the green of forests is the mind’s best light. And none but the man on foot can evaluate what is basic and everlasting.What is the author’s intention of writing this passage?A. To tell people to reflect more on life.       B. To recommend people to give up drivingC. To advise people to do outdoor activities    D. To encourage people to return to walking 答案：D  联系首尾段能得出正确答案 2）自拟题目法+逆推法  （尤适用于记叙文）为了更好地减小难度，我们一般用排除法先排除错误选项。怎么排除？ 2014年天津高考 C篇“Dad,” I say one day …..take a trip. Why don’t you fly and meet me?”My father had just reired……….. His job filled his day, his thought, his life. While he woke up and took a warm shower, I screamed under a freezing waterfall Peru. While he tied a tie and put on the same Swiss watch, I rowed a boat across Lake of the Ozarks.My father sees me drfting aimlessly, nothing to show for my 33 years but a passport full of funny stamps. He wants me to settle down, but now I want him to find an adventure.He agrees to travel with me through the national parks. We meet four weeks later in Rapid City.“ What is our first stop?” asks my father.“What time is it?”“Still don’t have a watch?”Less than an hour away is Mount Rushmore. As he stares up at the four Presidents carved in granite(花岗岩), his mouth and eyes open slowly, like those of little boy.“Unbelievable,” he says, “How was this done?”A film in the information center shows sculptor Gutzon Borglum devoted 14 years to the sculpture and then left the final touches to his son.We stare up and I ask myself, Would I ever devote my life to anything?No directions, …… I always used to hear those words in my father’s voice. Now I hear them in my own.The next day we’re at Yellowstone National Park, where we have a picnic.“Did you ever travel with your dad? I ask.“Only once,” he says. “ I never spoke much with my father. We loved each other---but never said it. Whatever he could give me, he gave.”>The kast sebtebce----it’s probably the same thing I’s say about my father. And what I’d want my child to say about me.In Glacier National Park, my father says, “I’ve never seen water so blue.” I have, in several places of the world, I can keep traveling, I realize--- and maybe a regular job won’t be as dull as I feared.Weeks after our trip, I call my father. “The photos from the trip are wonderful,” he says.” We have got to take another trip like that sometime.I tell him I’ve learn decided to settle down, and I’m wearing a watch.What could be the best title for the passage?A. Love Nature, Love Life            B. A Son Lost in AdventureC. A Journey with Dad              D.The Art of Travel答案：C 容易误选为D，但是D不如C具体，记叙文的标题，应该是C更合适。2015年天津高考D篇One day when I was 12, my mother gave me an order: I was to walk to the public library, and borrow at least one book for the summer. This was one more weapon for her to defeat my strange problem — inability to read. In the library, I found my way into the “Children’s Room.” I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random. The cover of a book caught my eye. It presented a picture of a beagle. I had recently had a beagle, the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child. He was my secret sharer, but one morning, he was gone, given away to someone who had the space and the money to care for him. I never forgot my beagle. There on the book’s cover was a beagle which looked identical（相同的） to my dog. I ran my fingers over the picture of the dog on the cover. My eyes ran across the title, Amos, the Beagle with a Plan. Unknowingly, I had read the title. Without opening the book, I borrowed it from the library for the summer.Under the shade of a bush, I started to read about Amos. I read very, very slowly with difficulty. Though pages were turned slowly, I got the main idea of the story about a dog who, like mine, had been separated from his family and whofinally found his way back home. That dog was my dog, and I was the little boy in the book. At the end of the story, my mind continued the final scene of reunion, on and on, until my own lost dog and I were, in my mind, running together. My mother’s call returned me to the real world. I suddenly realized something: I had read a book, and I had loved reading that book. Everyone knew I could not read. But I had read it. Books could be incredibly wonderful and I was going to read them. I never told my mother about my “miraculous” (奇迹般地) experience that summer, but she saw a slow but remarkable improvement in my classroom performance during the next year. And years later, she was proud that her son had read thousands of books, was awarded a PhD in literature, and authored his own books, articles, poetry and fiction. The power of the words has held.Which one could be the best title of the passage?A. The Charm of a Book            B. Mum’s Strict OrderC. Reunion with My Beagle           D. My Passion for Reading 答案：A  容易误选为D，但是D不如A具体，记叙文的标题，应该是A更合适。  2017年6月天津高考B篇Fifteen years ago, I took a summer vacation in Lecce in southern Italy. After climbing up a hill for a panoramic(全景的) view of the blue sea, white buildings and green olive trees, I paused to catch my breath and then positioned myself to take the best photo of this panorama.       Unfortunately, just as I took out my camera, a woman approached from behind, and planted herself right in front of my view. Like me, this woman was here to stop, sigh and appreciate the view.       Patient as I was, after about 15 minutes, my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I would eventually take, I grew frustrated. Was it too much to ask her to move so I could take just one picture of the landscape? Sure, I could have asked her, but something prevented me from doing so. She seemed so content in her observation. I didn’t want to mess with that.       Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored. The woman was still there. I decided to take the photo anyway. And now when I look at it, I think her presence in the photo is what makes the image interesting. The landscape, beautiful on its own, somehow comes to life and breathes because this woman is engaging with it.       This photo, with the unique beauty that unfolded before me and that woman who “ruined” it, now hangs on a wall in my bedroom. What would she think if she knew that her figure is captured(捕捉) and frozen on some stranger’s bedroom wall? A bedroom, after all, is a very private space, in which some woman I don’t even know has been immortalized(使……永存). In some ways, she lives in my house.       Perhaps we all live in each others’ spaces. Perhaps this is what photos are for: to remind us that we all appreciate beauty, that we all share a common desire for pleasure, for connection, for something that is greater than us.       That photo is a reminder, a captured moment, an unspoken conversation between two women, separated only by a thin square of glass.The passage can be seen as the author’s reflections upon _________.A. a particular life experience                                                 B. the pleasure of travelingC. the art of photography                                                       D. a lost friendship 答案：A 容易误选为C，但是C比较抽象，不适合做记叙文主题，记叙文的标题，应该是C更合适。 此外，平时练习：中心句法（把每一段的中心句相加,且思考他们的逻辑关系）    本质：实际上就是有的学生，通读文章之后，形成的大致印象的方法，只是我们提出这种解题思路，并提供可操作的手段—找到每一段的中心句.    特点：（1）适合几乎所有文章 （2） 考场运用范围窄，只适合段落比较少的文章 （3）该方法适合平时练习使用具体操作方法：参见直抒胸臆型找主旨句的方法，思考各中心句之间的逻辑关系习题 提炼以上几篇文章中心句，并思考他们之间的逻辑关系