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上教版高中英语第二册 期中复习-基础班 同步讲义（教师版+学生版）
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高一必修二期中复习（基础版）
引入：
1. —Does your brother intend to study German?
—Yes, he intends ________ .
A. / B. to C. so D. that
2. —Would you like to go to the Grand Theatre with me tonight?
— ________ .
A. Yes, I'd like to go to the Grand Theatre
B. I'd like to, but I have an exam tomorrow
C. No, I won't
D. That's right
3. —You should have thanked her before you left.
—I meant ________ , but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.
A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing to
4. ________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
5. ________ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.
A. If it is not B. Were C. Had it not been D. If they were not
【答案】1—5 BBBBC
知识点一、分词
【知识梳理】
一、分词作定语：
定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、副词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、介词短语、不定式、从句或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。因为定语是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语和宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活。
The black bike is mine.主语（形容词作定语）
（这辆黑色的自行车是我的。）
Have you ever met anyone famous?宾语（形容词作后置定语）
（你曾经遇到过名人吗？）
说明：当形容词修饰由every-，some-，any-，no-，以及与-thing，-body，-one构成的合成词时须后置。
They made paper flowers.宾语（名词作定语）
（他们制作纸花。）
The boys in the room are in Class Three Grade One.主语（介词短语作定语）
（房间里的男孩们是一年级三班的。）
I have something to do.宾语（不定式作后置定语）
（我还有一些事要去做。）
She bought three books.宾语（数词作定语）
（她买了三本书。）
说明：不定式修饰名词时，一般放在名词后面，作后置定语。
She is a nice person to work with.（她是一个不错的工作伙伴。）
下面讲动词-ing和动词-ed形式做定语的用法。
首先说明的是动词-ing既可以是动名词，也可以是现在分词，因为二者长得一模一样，因此，在学习时要根据具体的语法意义来判断。一般来说，在表示名词属性时它是动名词，比如 a running car （一辆跑车）；强调正在发生的动作时则属于现在分词，比如 a running car (一辆正在奔跑的车)。过去分词不存在这种情况，无需区分。
二、动词-ing形式作定语
1. 动词-ing形式作定语时，表示所修饰词的用途，它的位置一般是在它所修饰的词的前面。
dining room餐厅
drinking water饮用水
reading room阅览室
sitting room起居室
sleeping car卧铺车厢
smoking room吸烟室
threshing ground打谷场
waiting room候车室
walking stick手杖
writing desk写字台
2. 如果是单个的动词-ing形式作定语，往往位于它所修饰的词的前面；如果是动词-ing短语作定语，则要放在它所修饰的词的后面。
The swimming boy is my younger brother.正在游泳的男孩是我的弟弟。
（swimming是单个的动词-ing形式作定语，修饰boy。）
This is the path leading to the school.这就是通往学校的小路。
（leading to the school是动词-ing短语作定语，修饰the path。）
3.动词-ing形式作定语时，含有进行和主动的意思。
A.动词-ing形式作定语表示现在正发生的动作。
The man running over there is our chairman.
=The man who is running over there is our chairman.正在朝那边跑的那个人是我们的主席。
The boy reading under a tree is an orphan.
=The boy who is reading under a tree is an orphan.正在树下看书的那个男孩是一个孤儿。
I know the young man sleeping on the bench.
=I know the young man who is sleeping on the bench.我认识正在长凳上睡觉的那个年轻人。
B.被修饰的名词与动词-ing形式在逻辑上存在主谓关系。
The road joining the two villages is very wide.
=The road that joins the two villages is very wide.连接这两个村庄的路非常宽。
They lived in a room facing north thirty years ago.
=They lived in a room which faced north thirty years ago.30年前，他们住在朝北的房间里。
注意：动词-ing形式作定语，一般不表示在谓语动词所表示动作之前或之后发生的动作。
（正）The man who came yesterday comes again.（定语从句）
（误）The man coming yesterday comes in.（动词-ing形式）
昨天来过的那个人又来了。
（the man的定语“昨天来过的”所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示动作comes之前，此时不用动词-ing形式，而要用定语从句来作the man的定语，表示这个过去发生的动作。）
The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.（定语从句）
=The students who will attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.（定语从句）
要参加会议的学生们明天到达这里。
4. 动词-ing形式作定语有限定性和非限定性两种情况。
限定性动词-ing形式前后都没有逗号，而非限定性动词-ing形式后面有逗号。有时，这两种形式的句子有很大的区别。
His brother working as a teacher lives in Tianjin.（说明他不止有一个兄弟。）
=His brother who works as a teacher lives in Tianjin.
他当老师的哥哥住在天津。
His brother,working as a teacher,lives in Tianjin.（说明他只有一个兄弟。）
他的哥哥是个老师，住在天津。
三、过去分词作定语
1.过去分词作定语时的位置
A.当单个的过去分词作定语时，一般位于所修饰的名词之前，但有时为了强调动作，也可放在它所修饰词的后面。
Look at the broken glasses.（过去分词+名词）看看那些碎了的玻璃杯。
All the phones broken have been repaired.（名词+过去分词）所有坏掉的电话都已经修好了。
B.当过去分词短语作定语时，位于被修饰名词的后面。
I have a radio made in China.我有一台国产的收音机。
The little girl dressed in white is Mary.穿白衣服的小姑娘是玛丽。
比较：一般来讲，及物动词的动词-ing形式修饰事物，其过去分词修饰人。
a surprising result一个惊人的结果
surprised girls吃惊的姑娘们
tiring music烦人的音乐
a tired man一个疲倦的人
When they heard the exciting news,they got excited.Then the excited people shouted loudly and cheered.当他们听到这一激动人心的消息时，他们变得激动起来。然后这些激动的人们大声地叫喊、欢呼。
2.使用过去分词作定语的场合
因为过去分词只有一种形式，而它又包含完成和被动意味，所以只要符合下列条件便可使用过去分词作定语。
A.过去分词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。
This is a picture painted by my father.（painted所表示的动作发生在谓语动词is之前。）
=This is a picture that was painted by my father.这是一张我父亲画的画。
The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
=The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
昨晚寄出的那封信，明天将会到他的手中。
At the party I met my schoolmate just returned from Africa.
=At the party I met my schoolmate who had just returned from Africa.
在聚会上我遇见了刚刚从非洲回来的一个校友。
People like the Great Wall built about two thousand years ago.
人们喜欢大约两千年前修建的长城。
B.过去分词表示的动作是没有一定时间性的。
Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.
进口的商品并不一定比国产的好。
【例题精讲】
1．The next thing he saw was smoke __________ from behind the house．
A．rose B．rising C．to rise D．risen
2．The island, __________ to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to．
A．joining B．to join C．joined D．having joined
3．Sarah pretended to be cheerful, __________ nothing about the argument．
A．says B: said C．to say D．saying
4．Sit down, Emma．You will only make yourself more tired, __________ on your feet．
A．to keep B．keeping C．having kept D．to have kept
5．The rare fish, __________ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea．
A．saved B．saving C．to be saved D．having saved
【答案】1-5 BCDBA
【巩固练习】
1. It’s no use __________without taking action．
A．complain B．complaining C．being complained D．to be complained
2. Grandma said that she had a lot of trouble _______ your handwriting.
A. to read B. to see C. reading C. in seeing
3．Lydia doesn’t feel like __________abroad． Her parents are old．
A． study B． studying C． studied D．to study
4. One learns a language by making mistakes and __________them.
A. corrects B. correct C. to correct D. correcting
5. When Peter speaks in public, he always has trouble _ the right things to say.
A. thinking of B. to think of C. thought of D. think of
6. China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from in the South China Sea.
A. attacking B. having attacked C. being attacked D. having been attacked
【答案】1-6 BCBDA C
知识点二、分词
【知识梳理】
为了使语言简洁、避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接，人们常把某些词省略掉，这在英语中是普遍的。
一、 并且结构中的省略
（一） 省略主语
例如：
She went to the clinic and (she) saw a doctor.
He can speak, but can’t write, Russian.
(He can speak Russian, but can’t write it.)
A high position was offered to him, but (it) was declined.
To some life is pleasure, and to others (life is) suffering.
(二)省略整个谓语或谓语的主要部分
例如：
Either Sally must be responsible for the matter or we’ll be (responsible for the matter).
Dr Waston will meet some visitors this morning and Peter (will meet some visitors) this afternoon.
Bill, and perhaps Phil, will do it, too.( Bill will do it, and perhaps Phi will do it , too.)
Albert needn’t say, but George must (stay).
Smith will (teach modern essay), and Brown might, teach modern essay.
Smith will teach modern essay, and Brown might ( teach modern essay), too.
The text will have been carefully collated and the mistkaes (will have been) corrected by the end of the month.
(三)省略宾语及宾语连同前面的及物动词一起省略
例如：
Edison invented ( the light bulb), the manufactures produced ( the light bulb), and the inhabitants used, the light bulb.
Laura is ( teaching music), her mother has been ( teaching music), and her sister might also be, teaching music.
(四)省略表语
例如：
They’re more afraid of you than you are of them.
Nigel is (an officer in the navy), and his son will also be, an office in the navy.
George was (interested in the performance), but Jim pretended to be, interested in the performance.
(五)省略状语
例如：
Mr Oliver teaches (in Cambridge), and his son studies, in Cambridge.
The father speaks but the son only dresses like an Englishman.
= The father speaks, but the son only dresses, like an English.
(六)省略冠词
例如：
Both the old and (the) young took part in the singing competition.
Is the baby a boy or (a) girl?
(七)省略介词
例如：
You may go by land or (by) water.
It is a matter of life and (of) death.
(八)省略名词
例如：
It doesn’t matter whether he is for ( the plan) or against the plan.
It is the listener’s (will) rather than the speaker’s will that is questioned.
注意：指示代词this, that, these, those为限定词时，并且名词的省略。
this (book) and that book
this time and that (time)
these (chairs) and those chairs
these books and those (books)
二、状语从句中的省略
如果状语从句的主语和主语一致，而且状语从句谓语中有be动词，可以将状语从句的主语连同be动词一起省略。
引导这类状语从句的连词有：when, while, though, if, unless, although等。其结构式为：连词+现在分词/过去分词/介词短语/名词/代词/副词/形容词/从句+主句
例如：
Jacob stared into my eyes while he whispered, as if to communicate something besides the words he spoke.
While ( he was) doing so, he trembled a little.
When ( it is) taken according to the instructions, the drug has no side effects.
He came across the picture while an a visit to New York.
He could write poems when yet a child.
Don’t do it till too late.
He is better than when I last saw him.
I know you better than her.
He hurriedly left the room as though ( he was) very angry.
注意：1）在if it is possible或when it is necessary 等类似结构中，it is常可省略。
If ( it is) possible, we’ll build another railroad in this area.
We’ll have the old house pulled down when necessary.
Put a comma, where needed.
注意2)有些状语从句似乎有词省略，却很难说出省略了哪些词，特别是一些谚语中，例如：
Once bitten, twice shy.
More haste, less speed.
Out of sight, out of mind.
三、比较结构中的省略
比较结构通常是有些成分被省略，或是省略与主句相同的部分，或是省略在特定下上文或情景中某些不言而喻的部分。
（一） 最高级比较结构中的省略 或是在一定上下文中省略比较范围，或是省略最高级后
的名词。
例如：
Which do you think is the prettiest?
Who lives nearest to school?
—Six juicy orange, please.
—These are our juiciest (oranges).
—I know that kind-they aren’t sweet.
—I’m sorry, they’re the sweetest ( oranges) we’ve got.
(二)as… as和more than
1.省略全部谓语
例如：He had the most beautiful soul, more beautiful than his brilliant mind or his incomparable face or his glorious body.
Clara is more ambitious than I (me非正式文体).
This house is not so expensive as the other one.
2.省略部分谓语
例如：
Wasn’t anybody later than we were?
Jane would do it much more quickly than I would.
3.省略主语和谓语的大部分
例如：
Things are no better than before.
The roads are much quieter here than in Loondon.
He is better than ( he was) when I last visited him.
4.下列比较分句中很难指明省略了什么。
例如：This meat is better than what we had last week.
或：This meat is better than we had last eek.
That is more than the workers could stand.
It’s far more important than how much it costs.
注意：在下列比较状语从句中可以说是省略了主语，也可以说是由as或than充当从句主语。例如：
I don’t think this is any better than was ordered.
He drove faster than was wise.
They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as could be.
二、 名词性从句和定语从句中的省略
（一） 名词性从句中的省略
在非正式文体中，连词that在主语从句和表语从句中可以省略；连词that引出从句位于句尾，而用it作形式主语放在句首时，that可以省略；若that引出同位语从句，则that不省略。
例如：It is a pity (that) you missed the sports meeting last week.
That you missed the sports meeting last week is a pity.
The only problem is (that) you can’t eat trees!
I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon.
We’ve just heard a warning on the radio that a hurricane is likely to come.
(二)定语从句中的省略
在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词who, whom, which，that常常省略。
例如：This is the film (that/ which) I saw last Saturday.
She is the girl (who/whom/that) they were walking about at the party.
(三)关系副词that的省略
在限制性定语从句中，that可以充当关系副词，在从句中作状语，修饰时间名词time, moment, day, year,地点名词place,方式名词way或原因名词reason等，可以省略。
例如：Do you remember the time (that) /when we all went to a night club?
Do you know the reason why/ (that)/ for which he was late?
This is the place (that) they swam across the river.
I like the way (that) she did it.
三、 动词不定式符号to的省略
（一） 在表示感觉的动词如：feel, hear, see, watch, observe, listen to, look at, notic以及使役
动词let, make, have等后面作宾补的不定式要省略to。但如果这些动词变为被动语态，to不省略。
例如：Harry watched her fly away for a few seconds.
I felt the house shake.
Have you noticed her cry?
He was seen to take the money.
（二） 在介词but, except后的不定式，如介词前面有实义动词do，介词后跟省略to的不定
式，否则，要跟带to的不定式
例如：They did nothing but complain.
He does everything in the house except put the children to bed.
You have no choice but to wait.
（三） 当主语部分有实义动词do时，作表语的不定式可以省略to.
例如：What we can do is (to) continue to wait.
The only thing you have to do is (to) press the button.
(四)在用and或or等连接不定式并且作用相同时，常省略后面不定式to.
例如： She started to shout and cry.
I’d like to lie down and go to sleep.
I wished to finish my business and get away.
She asked you to telephone or wire to her on Monday.
四、 不定式符号的单独使用
为了避免重复前面已经出现过的动词，可以用不定式符号代替不定式结构，省略后面的部分。这种情况主要用于口语中。
（一） to代替不定式作宾语，常同be afraid, care, expect, forget, hate, hope, intend, mean, need,
like, plan, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等词连用。
例如：I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to (see the film).
We suggested that she reconsider the matter, but she refused to ( reconsider the matter).
I would mend your radio, but I don’t know how to ( mend it).
（二） to代替不定式作宾语补足语(有时to也可以省略)
例如：We should like Jane to get a good degree but we don’t really expect her to (get it)
If I don’t happen to remember to ring up Mr Smith, would you remind me to?
—May I go out this evening?
—Yes, I’ll allow you (to).
（三） 如果不定式是to be, to have done, to have been done,就不能只用不定式符号“to”来替
代被省略的动词及动词后的部分，而要用to be, to have, to have been。
例如：Were they informed of the delay of the shipment? — No, but they ought to have been.
Aren’t you director?— No, and I don’t want to be!
Hasn’t he finished the work? — No, but he ought to have.
五、 用替代词的省略
在某些情况下，当我们省略掉某个词、词组或句子时，还需要用某个替代词。常用的替代词有： do (does), so, not, neither, nor, do so, do that, do it, one ones, the same等。
（一） do可用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。
例如：
She speaks English more fluently than you do.(=speak English)
She speaks English more fluently than her brother does. (speak English)
Did you see the film? Yes, I did. (=saw the film)
Nelson hoped that they would all do their duty to the country as Englishmen should do.(= should do their duty to the country)
（二） so和not的替代
so可以代替单词、词组和句子，作call, expect, hope, do, fear, imagine, suppose, speak, say, tell, think, believe,be afraid, see, notice等的宾语；not代替否定的句子，用法与so相似，并可放在perhaps, probably, absolutely等副词后。这种用法也可与if连用。
例如： He must be a worker. I imagine so. (=that he is a worker)
She has not angry at first, but became so after a while. (=angry)
Has she finished reading the book? I hope so. (=that she has finished reading the book)
He is a great friend of mine and I hope he will always reamain so. (=a great friend of mine)
— Is he the best student in the class?—I think so. (=that he is…)
I think not. (=that he is not …I don’t think he is… Perhaps not.)
They will return at the weekend.
I am afraid not. (=that he will not return at the weekend)
Please come if you can. If not (=If you can’t come), call me up.
—I was ill last week. — If so, why didn’t you tell me.
（三） do so, do that和do it的替代
do so可以替代动词加宾语，也可以替代动词加状语，so可以用it或that所取代，it指具体事物，that表示较重的口气。
例如：
She said she would go with me, but she didn’t do so. ( go with me)
Just finish off watering the flowers. And let me know when you’ve done so.(=finished off watering the flowers)
Henry is going to make the experiment and he wanted me to do it, too. (=make the experiment)
They played cards after supper and I watched them do that. (play cards).
(四)one和that作替代词的区别
one替代人和物，that只能代替物;one只能替代可数名词，that可替代可数名词和不可数名词；one可以前有置或后置定语，that只能有后置定语；one (不加定义)表示泛指，that表示特指。
例如：
I have a brother, one in the army.
Look at the picture, that on the wall.
The novel is an interesting as the one (或that) I read last year.
The weather here is colder than that in Beijing.
This is a red pen, and I have three other blue ones.
The music is as sweet as that we heard yesterday.
A poem written by an American poet is usually harder to understand than one by a Chinese poet.
六、 不用替代词的省略
（一） 主语及主语和部分谓语的省略
例如：(It) Sounds funny.
(He) Who breaks pays.
(It is) Very kind of you to help me.
(I’m) Sorry, the line is busy.
(I’ve) Got it.
(二)助动词的省略
例如：（Do） You understand?
(Have) Children done their homework?
(三)There be的省略
例如：
（There’s） Nothing wrong with the machine.
(Is there )Anything I can do for you?
(四)祈使句和感叹句中的省略，祈使句通常省略主语you
例如：Close the window!
Don’t be afraid!
You read the text!
What a wide river ( it is)!
(五)在某些虚拟语气中可以省略should
例如：
He ordered that the soldiers ( should) put out the lights immediately.
It is important that we (should) study science and technology.
（六）介词在某些词组中的省略 *
be busy (in)doing
忙于做
occupy oneself (in) doing
从事于…
employ oneself (in) doing
从事于
pass (in) doing
花…做…
have a hard time (in) doing
做…很难
prevent… (from) doing
阻止…做
have difficulty (in) doing
做…有困难
spend… (in) doing
花…做…
have fun (in) doing
做…开心
stop… (from) doing
阻止…做
have trouble (in) doing
做…有麻烦
take …(in) doing
带…去做…
lose no time (in) doing
不失时机做
waste… (in) doing
做…浪费
【例题精讲】
1. When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
2. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss.
A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
3. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ________ whether he was going in the right direction.
A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
4. Generally speaking, ________ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
5. Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
6. When ________ , the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
7. Though ________ money, his parents man-aged to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
8. The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
【答案】1—5 BCDBA 6—8 AAD
【巩固练习】
1. You ______ (read) the novel for almost five hours. Why not join us and have a cup of tea?
2. The bridge is still under construction and ______ (expect) to complete in October.
3. They were ahead during the first half of the match, but ______ (beat) in the last five minutes.
4. The movie was not good enough, but I ______ (see) many worse ones.
5. Rain forests ______ (cut) at such a speed that they will disappear from this planet in the foreseeable future.
6. Sorry, Jim. I ______ (plan) to go to your birthday party, but my sister was sick.
7. Oh, what a pretty gift I ______ (not expect) you would bring me a gift.
8. By the time he left the college, he ______ (make) dozens of inventions.
9. When I met Mr. Smith five years ago, he ______ (work) as an interpreter in an import and export company.
10. At this time next week, we ______ (fly) across the Pacific to another continent.
【答案】
1. have been reading
2. is expected
3. were beaten
4. had seen
5. are being cut
6. had planned
7. didn’t expect
8. had made
9. was working
10. will be flying
课堂训练：
Wildlife in Decline
The populations of Earth’s wild vertebrates (脊椎动物) have declined by 58% over the past four decades, according to the Living Planet Report 2016 published by the World Wildlife Fund.
Climate change and activities such as deforestation and poaching（偷猎）are in large part (21) ______ (blame) for the decline. If the trend continues, by 2020, the world (22) ______ (lose) two-thirds of its vertebrate biodiversity. “Sadly, there is no sign yet (23) ______ this rate will decrease,” the report says.
“Across land, fresh water and the oceans, human activities are forcing wildlife populations to the edge,” says Marco Lambertini, director-general of WWF International.
The Living Planet Report is published every two years. It aims to provide an assessment of the state of the world’s wildlife. The 2016 study included 3700 different species of birds, fish, mammals, amphibians and reptiles around the world. The team collected data from more than 3000 sources, including government statistics and surveys (24) ______ (carry) out by conservation groups. They then analyzed (25) ______ the population sizes had changed over time.
Lambertini said some groups of animals had done worse than others. “We do see particularly strong declines (26) ______ the freshwater environment. For freshwater species alone, the decline stands at 81% since 1970. This is related to the way water (27) ______(use) and taken out of freshwater systems, and also to the fragmentation (分裂) of freshwater systems through dam building, for example.”
The report also highlighted other species, such as African elephants, (28) ______ have suffered huge declines in recent years, and sharks, which are threatened by overfishing.
(29) _____ _____ _____ all the terrifying facts, however, some conservationists say there is still hope. “One of the things that I think is the most important is that these wild animals haven’t yet gone extinct,” said Robin Freeman, head of the Zoological Society of London. “On the whole, (30) ______ are not dying out, and that means we still have opportunities to do something about the decline.”
【答案】
21. to blame 22. will have lost 23. that 24. carried 25. how
26. in 27. is used 28. which 29. In spite of 30. They
巩固复习：
分词知识点
综述
1. 现在分词的基本形式：doing, being done, having done, having been done
2. 过去分词的基本形式：done, having been done
1. 现在分词、过去分词的区别（时态、语态）
2. 分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语
1. 分词的逻辑主语（①连词后的分词；②独立主语构成的独立主格）
2. 分词中高频词 （难点词：remain, seat, lack, blame的用法）
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. contribute B. flows C. fundamental D. lays E. notes F. outline
G. reflect H. respectively I. shared J. serve K. uncertainty
Leadership Traits (特质)
My job puts me in contact with extraordinary leaders in many fields. So I tend to ___31___ a lot on leadership and how we can inspire successful teamwork, cooperation, and partnerships. In my experience, it is clear that the most successful leaders—both men and women—always demonstrate three ___32___ traits.
Trustworthiness
Leaders must set an example of honesty and justice and earn the trust of their teams through their everyday actions. When you do so with positive energy and enthusiasm for ___33___ goals and purpose, you can deeply connect with your team and customers. A culture of trust enables you to empower employees and ___34___ the foundation for communication, accountability, and continuous improvement.
Compassion (共情)
You can’t forget that organizational success ___35___ from the hearts and minds of the men and women you lead. Rather than treating your people as you’d like to be treated, treat them as they would like to be treated. Small gestures like choosing face-to-face meetings or sending personal ___36___ can have an enormous impact on the spirits of the teams. In addition to thanks and praise, you must also understand people’s needs, pressures, and individual goals, which will allow you to lead them more effectively and ___37___ to their personal ambitions and professional development.
Decisiveness
In times of ___38___, employees long for clarity. As a leader, you won’t always have all of the answers—no one expects you to—so you must be open to listening and learning from others. Once you understand a particular challenge and ___39___ the options, you have to be confident in making bold and optimistic decisions.
Successful leadership demands a lifelong commitment to sharpening these three basic skills. Wherever you have the opportunity to ___40___, the qualities of trustworthiness, compassion, and decisiveness are the keys to leadership and organizational success.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A 15%
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Boxing is a popular sport that many people seem to be fascinated by. Newspapers, magazines and sports programmes on TV frequently ___41___ boxing matches. Professional boxers earn a lot of money, and successful boxers are ___42___ as big heroes.
It seems to me that some people, especially men, find it ___43___ because it is an aggressive sport. When they watch a boxing match, they can ___44___ the winning boxer, and this gives them the feeling of being a ___45___ themselves. It is a fact that many people have feelings of aggression from time to time, but they cannot show their ___46___ in their everyday lives. Watching a boxing match gives them an outlet for this aggression.
However, there is a ___47___ side to boxing. It can be a very dangerous sport. Although boxers wear gloves during the fights, and amateur boxers ___48___ have to wear helmets, there have frequently been accidents in both professional and amateur boxing, sometimes with ___49___ consequences. Boxers have suffered from head injuries, and occasionally, fighters have even been killed as a result of being knocked out in the ___50__. Furthermore, studies have shown that there are often long-term effects of boxing, in the form of serious brain ___51___, even if a boxer has never been knocked out.
I am personally not at all in ___52___ of aggressive sports like boxing. I think it would be better if less time was ___53___ to aggressive sports on TV, and we welcomed more men and women from non-aggressive sports as our heroes and heroines in our society. I believe that the world is aggressive enough already! Of course, people like ___54___ sports, and so do I, but I think that __55___ other people in an aggressive way is not something that should be regarded as a sport.
41. A. broadcast B. cover C. host D. design
42. A. kept B. individualized C. thought D. treated
43. A. appealing B. subjective C. violent D. challenging
44. A. pick up B. believe in C. identify with D. long for
45. A. winner B. spectator C. inspector D. trainer
46. A. ambition B. aggression C. energy D. strength
47. A. positive B. indifferent C. deadly D. negative
48. A. otherwise B. somehow C. even D. barely
49. A. dramatic B. eye-catching C. emotional D. special
50. A. court B. ring C. pitch D. yard
51. A. loss B. drain C. damage D. disorder
52. A. favour B. process C. charge D. power
53. A. shifted B. transformed C. given D. delivered
54. A. competitive B. quiet C. cooperative D. regular
55. A. invading B. insulting C. teasing D. hitting
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Frankenstein
Frankenstein was a book by Mary Shelly --- it’s been adapted for the screen dozens of times. The story of Frankenstein is told through a series of letters written by Captain Robert Walton to his sister, as he leads an expedition (远征)to the North Pole. On the way, he meets Victor Frankenstein, who tells Walton the story of his life. Frankenstein is the surname of the guy who creates the monster. The monster doesn’t actually have a name. Anyway, Victor is a scientist who’s desperate to discover the secret of life. After years of study, he makes an enormous creature out of human remains and brings it to life. Victor intends it to be beautiful. Unfortunately, the creature turns out really hideous, and Victor runs away in terror. Although the monster is good and kind, humans are scared of it. When they mistreat it, the monster becomes angry and evil. Wanting revenge on its creator, the monster murders Dr. Frankenstein’s brother, his wife, and his best friend. When Victor figures out the monster is behind all the deaths, he swears to track it down and kill it.
This book was written in 1816, right after a period called the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment emphasized the pursuit of knowledge and reason, and gave rise to the scientific method. Mary Shelley criticized the Enlightenment through the character of Victor Frankenstein,“He is a negative example of an Enlightenment scientist --- he pursues knowledge at any cost, and his obsession with discovering the secret of life destroys him, as well as his friends and family.” Some Enlightenment thinkers might have seen such a loss as necessary for the advancement of science, but not Mary Shelley. She and her husband, poet Percy Shelley, were part of the Romantic Movement in art and literature. Romanticism was a reaction against the Enlightenment’s embrace of rationality and reason. The Romantics emphasized emotion over rationality, and thought people should feel awe and terror in regard to nature. Frankenstein incorporates all these ideas. To Shelley, Frankenstein doesn’t fear and respect the world of nature enough--- she says that by tampering with nature, he brings about complete disaster. Frankenstein is not just a great Romantic novel. It’s also considered one of the first major works of science fiction. It influences a whole generation of writers, and the monster has become one of the most recognizable figures in Western culture.
56. Which of the following is closest in the meaning to “hideous” in Paragraph 1?
A. Unattractive. B. Engaging. C. Charming. D. Handsome.
57. What is Victor Frankenstein’s fatal weakness?
A. His love of science. B. His rejection of his own creation.
C. His lack of respect for nature. D. His inability to form human relationship.
58. How was the Romantic era different from the Enlightenment?
A. The Romantic era emphasized emotion; the Enlightenment emphasized reason.
B. The Romantic era occurred during the 20th century; the Enlightenment occurred during the 19th century.
C. The Romantic era emphasized poetry; the Enlightenment emphasized prose.
D. The Romantic era saw major scientific discoveries; the Enlightenment was an era of literary discovery.
59. What effect did “Frankenstein” have on later works of fiction?
A. It inspired books about the Enlightenment. B. It inspired technical writing.
C. It inspired books of poetry. D. It inspired science-fiction writing.
60. 想和我一起看电影的人请举手。（those）
61. 背包旅行（backpacking）不仅是一种度假形式，也是一种受教育方式。(Not only)
62. 人们理所应当地认为花的钱越多就越有可能获得高品质的体验。（grant）
63. 网购是一种电子商务，它让顾客可以足不出户地购买心仪的商品或服务。（commerce）
【答案】
31-35 G C I D B 36-40 E A K F J
41-45 BDACA 46-50 BDCAB 51-55CACAD
56-59 A C A D
60. 想和我一起看电影的人请举手。（those）
Those who want to see the movie with me, please raise your hand.
1 1 1
61. 背包旅行（backpacking）不仅是一种度假形式，也是一种受教育方式。(Not only)
Not only is backpacking a way of taking a holiday/ spending a vacation, but also a means of
1 1 0.5
being educated/ education.
0.5
62. 人们理所应当地认为花的钱越多就越有可能获得高品质的体验。（grant）
People take it for granted that the more you spend the more likely you are
1 1 1
to get a quality experience.
1
63. It is taken for granted that the more you spend the more likely you will get quality 1 1 1 1
引入：
1. —Does your brother intend to study German?
—Yes, he intends ________ .
A. / B. to C. so D. that
2. —Would you like to go to the Grand Theatre with me tonight?
— ________ .
A. Yes, I'd like to go to the Grand Theatre
B. I'd like to, but I have an exam tomorrow
C. No, I won't
D. That's right
3. —You should have thanked her before you left.
—I meant ________ , but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.
A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing to
4. ________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
5. ________ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.
A. If it is not B. Were C. Had it not been D. If they were not
【答案】1—5 BBBBC
知识点一、分词
【知识梳理】
一、分词作定语：
定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、副词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、介词短语、不定式、从句或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。因为定语是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语和宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活。
The black bike is mine.主语（形容词作定语）
（这辆黑色的自行车是我的。）
Have you ever met anyone famous?宾语（形容词作后置定语）
（你曾经遇到过名人吗？）
说明：当形容词修饰由every-，some-，any-，no-，以及与-thing，-body，-one构成的合成词时须后置。
They made paper flowers.宾语（名词作定语）
（他们制作纸花。）
The boys in the room are in Class Three Grade One.主语（介词短语作定语）
（房间里的男孩们是一年级三班的。）
I have something to do.宾语（不定式作后置定语）
（我还有一些事要去做。）
She bought three books.宾语（数词作定语）
（她买了三本书。）
说明：不定式修饰名词时，一般放在名词后面，作后置定语。
She is a nice person to work with.（她是一个不错的工作伙伴。）
下面讲动词-ing和动词-ed形式做定语的用法。
首先说明的是动词-ing既可以是动名词，也可以是现在分词，因为二者长得一模一样，因此，在学习时要根据具体的语法意义来判断。一般来说，在表示名词属性时它是动名词，比如 a running car （一辆跑车）；强调正在发生的动作时则属于现在分词，比如 a running car (一辆正在奔跑的车)。过去分词不存在这种情况，无需区分。
二、动词-ing形式作定语
1. 动词-ing形式作定语时，表示所修饰词的用途，它的位置一般是在它所修饰的词的前面。
dining room餐厅
drinking water饮用水
reading room阅览室
sitting room起居室
sleeping car卧铺车厢
smoking room吸烟室
threshing ground打谷场
waiting room候车室
walking stick手杖
writing desk写字台
2. 如果是单个的动词-ing形式作定语，往往位于它所修饰的词的前面；如果是动词-ing短语作定语，则要放在它所修饰的词的后面。
The swimming boy is my younger brother.正在游泳的男孩是我的弟弟。
（swimming是单个的动词-ing形式作定语，修饰boy。）
This is the path leading to the school.这就是通往学校的小路。
（leading to the school是动词-ing短语作定语，修饰the path。）
3.动词-ing形式作定语时，含有进行和主动的意思。
A.动词-ing形式作定语表示现在正发生的动作。
The man running over there is our chairman.
=The man who is running over there is our chairman.正在朝那边跑的那个人是我们的主席。
The boy reading under a tree is an orphan.
=The boy who is reading under a tree is an orphan.正在树下看书的那个男孩是一个孤儿。
I know the young man sleeping on the bench.
=I know the young man who is sleeping on the bench.我认识正在长凳上睡觉的那个年轻人。
B.被修饰的名词与动词-ing形式在逻辑上存在主谓关系。
The road joining the two villages is very wide.
=The road that joins the two villages is very wide.连接这两个村庄的路非常宽。
They lived in a room facing north thirty years ago.
=They lived in a room which faced north thirty years ago.30年前，他们住在朝北的房间里。
注意：动词-ing形式作定语，一般不表示在谓语动词所表示动作之前或之后发生的动作。
（正）The man who came yesterday comes again.（定语从句）
（误）The man coming yesterday comes in.（动词-ing形式）
昨天来过的那个人又来了。
（the man的定语“昨天来过的”所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示动作comes之前，此时不用动词-ing形式，而要用定语从句来作the man的定语，表示这个过去发生的动作。）
The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.（定语从句）
=The students who will attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.（定语从句）
要参加会议的学生们明天到达这里。
4. 动词-ing形式作定语有限定性和非限定性两种情况。
限定性动词-ing形式前后都没有逗号，而非限定性动词-ing形式后面有逗号。有时，这两种形式的句子有很大的区别。
His brother working as a teacher lives in Tianjin.（说明他不止有一个兄弟。）
=His brother who works as a teacher lives in Tianjin.
他当老师的哥哥住在天津。
His brother,working as a teacher,lives in Tianjin.（说明他只有一个兄弟。）
他的哥哥是个老师，住在天津。
三、过去分词作定语
1.过去分词作定语时的位置
A.当单个的过去分词作定语时，一般位于所修饰的名词之前，但有时为了强调动作，也可放在它所修饰词的后面。
Look at the broken glasses.（过去分词+名词）看看那些碎了的玻璃杯。
All the phones broken have been repaired.（名词+过去分词）所有坏掉的电话都已经修好了。
B.当过去分词短语作定语时，位于被修饰名词的后面。
I have a radio made in China.我有一台国产的收音机。
The little girl dressed in white is Mary.穿白衣服的小姑娘是玛丽。
比较：一般来讲，及物动词的动词-ing形式修饰事物，其过去分词修饰人。
a surprising result一个惊人的结果
surprised girls吃惊的姑娘们
tiring music烦人的音乐
a tired man一个疲倦的人
When they heard the exciting news,they got excited.Then the excited people shouted loudly and cheered.当他们听到这一激动人心的消息时，他们变得激动起来。然后这些激动的人们大声地叫喊、欢呼。
2.使用过去分词作定语的场合
因为过去分词只有一种形式，而它又包含完成和被动意味，所以只要符合下列条件便可使用过去分词作定语。
A.过去分词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。
This is a picture painted by my father.（painted所表示的动作发生在谓语动词is之前。）
=This is a picture that was painted by my father.这是一张我父亲画的画。
The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
=The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
昨晚寄出的那封信，明天将会到他的手中。
At the party I met my schoolmate just returned from Africa.
=At the party I met my schoolmate who had just returned from Africa.
在聚会上我遇见了刚刚从非洲回来的一个校友。
People like the Great Wall built about two thousand years ago.
人们喜欢大约两千年前修建的长城。
B.过去分词表示的动作是没有一定时间性的。
Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.
进口的商品并不一定比国产的好。
【例题精讲】
1．The next thing he saw was smoke __________ from behind the house．
A．rose B．rising C．to rise D．risen
2．The island, __________ to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to．
A．joining B．to join C．joined D．having joined
3．Sarah pretended to be cheerful, __________ nothing about the argument．
A．says B: said C．to say D．saying
4．Sit down, Emma．You will only make yourself more tired, __________ on your feet．
A．to keep B．keeping C．having kept D．to have kept
5．The rare fish, __________ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea．
A．saved B．saving C．to be saved D．having saved
【答案】1-5 BCDBA
【巩固练习】
1. It’s no use __________without taking action．
A．complain B．complaining C．being complained D．to be complained
2. Grandma said that she had a lot of trouble _______ your handwriting.
A. to read B. to see C. reading C. in seeing
3．Lydia doesn’t feel like __________abroad． Her parents are old．
A． study B． studying C． studied D．to study
4. One learns a language by making mistakes and __________them.
A. corrects B. correct C. to correct D. correcting
5. When Peter speaks in public, he always has trouble _ the right things to say.
A. thinking of B. to think of C. thought of D. think of
6. China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from in the South China Sea.
A. attacking B. having attacked C. being attacked D. having been attacked
【答案】1-6 BCBDA C
知识点二、分词
【知识梳理】
为了使语言简洁、避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接，人们常把某些词省略掉，这在英语中是普遍的。
一、 并且结构中的省略
（一） 省略主语
例如：
She went to the clinic and (she) saw a doctor.
He can speak, but can’t write, Russian.
(He can speak Russian, but can’t write it.)
A high position was offered to him, but (it) was declined.
To some life is pleasure, and to others (life is) suffering.
(二)省略整个谓语或谓语的主要部分
例如：
Either Sally must be responsible for the matter or we’ll be (responsible for the matter).
Dr Waston will meet some visitors this morning and Peter (will meet some visitors) this afternoon.
Bill, and perhaps Phil, will do it, too.( Bill will do it, and perhaps Phi will do it , too.)
Albert needn’t say, but George must (stay).
Smith will (teach modern essay), and Brown might, teach modern essay.
Smith will teach modern essay, and Brown might ( teach modern essay), too.
The text will have been carefully collated and the mistkaes (will have been) corrected by the end of the month.
(三)省略宾语及宾语连同前面的及物动词一起省略
例如：
Edison invented ( the light bulb), the manufactures produced ( the light bulb), and the inhabitants used, the light bulb.
Laura is ( teaching music), her mother has been ( teaching music), and her sister might also be, teaching music.
(四)省略表语
例如：
They’re more afraid of you than you are of them.
Nigel is (an officer in the navy), and his son will also be, an office in the navy.
George was (interested in the performance), but Jim pretended to be, interested in the performance.
(五)省略状语
例如：
Mr Oliver teaches (in Cambridge), and his son studies, in Cambridge.
The father speaks but the son only dresses like an Englishman.
= The father speaks, but the son only dresses, like an English.
(六)省略冠词
例如：
Both the old and (the) young took part in the singing competition.
Is the baby a boy or (a) girl?
(七)省略介词
例如：
You may go by land or (by) water.
It is a matter of life and (of) death.
(八)省略名词
例如：
It doesn’t matter whether he is for ( the plan) or against the plan.
It is the listener’s (will) rather than the speaker’s will that is questioned.
注意：指示代词this, that, these, those为限定词时，并且名词的省略。
this (book) and that book
this time and that (time)
these (chairs) and those chairs
these books and those (books)
二、状语从句中的省略
如果状语从句的主语和主语一致，而且状语从句谓语中有be动词，可以将状语从句的主语连同be动词一起省略。
引导这类状语从句的连词有：when, while, though, if, unless, although等。其结构式为：连词+现在分词/过去分词/介词短语/名词/代词/副词/形容词/从句+主句
例如：
Jacob stared into my eyes while he whispered, as if to communicate something besides the words he spoke.
While ( he was) doing so, he trembled a little.
When ( it is) taken according to the instructions, the drug has no side effects.
He came across the picture while an a visit to New York.
He could write poems when yet a child.
Don’t do it till too late.
He is better than when I last saw him.
I know you better than her.
He hurriedly left the room as though ( he was) very angry.
注意：1）在if it is possible或when it is necessary 等类似结构中，it is常可省略。
If ( it is) possible, we’ll build another railroad in this area.
We’ll have the old house pulled down when necessary.
Put a comma, where needed.
注意2)有些状语从句似乎有词省略，却很难说出省略了哪些词，特别是一些谚语中，例如：
Once bitten, twice shy.
More haste, less speed.
Out of sight, out of mind.
三、比较结构中的省略
比较结构通常是有些成分被省略，或是省略与主句相同的部分，或是省略在特定下上文或情景中某些不言而喻的部分。
（一） 最高级比较结构中的省略 或是在一定上下文中省略比较范围，或是省略最高级后
的名词。
例如：
Which do you think is the prettiest?
Who lives nearest to school?
—Six juicy orange, please.
—These are our juiciest (oranges).
—I know that kind-they aren’t sweet.
—I’m sorry, they’re the sweetest ( oranges) we’ve got.
(二)as… as和more than
1.省略全部谓语
例如：He had the most beautiful soul, more beautiful than his brilliant mind or his incomparable face or his glorious body.
Clara is more ambitious than I (me非正式文体).
This house is not so expensive as the other one.
2.省略部分谓语
例如：
Wasn’t anybody later than we were?
Jane would do it much more quickly than I would.
3.省略主语和谓语的大部分
例如：
Things are no better than before.
The roads are much quieter here than in Loondon.
He is better than ( he was) when I last visited him.
4.下列比较分句中很难指明省略了什么。
例如：This meat is better than what we had last week.
或：This meat is better than we had last eek.
That is more than the workers could stand.
It’s far more important than how much it costs.
注意：在下列比较状语从句中可以说是省略了主语，也可以说是由as或than充当从句主语。例如：
I don’t think this is any better than was ordered.
He drove faster than was wise.
They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as could be.
二、 名词性从句和定语从句中的省略
（一） 名词性从句中的省略
在非正式文体中，连词that在主语从句和表语从句中可以省略；连词that引出从句位于句尾，而用it作形式主语放在句首时，that可以省略；若that引出同位语从句，则that不省略。
例如：It is a pity (that) you missed the sports meeting last week.
That you missed the sports meeting last week is a pity.
The only problem is (that) you can’t eat trees!
I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon.
We’ve just heard a warning on the radio that a hurricane is likely to come.
(二)定语从句中的省略
在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词who, whom, which，that常常省略。
例如：This is the film (that/ which) I saw last Saturday.
She is the girl (who/whom/that) they were walking about at the party.
(三)关系副词that的省略
在限制性定语从句中，that可以充当关系副词，在从句中作状语，修饰时间名词time, moment, day, year,地点名词place,方式名词way或原因名词reason等，可以省略。
例如：Do you remember the time (that) /when we all went to a night club?
Do you know the reason why/ (that)/ for which he was late?
This is the place (that) they swam across the river.
I like the way (that) she did it.
三、 动词不定式符号to的省略
（一） 在表示感觉的动词如：feel, hear, see, watch, observe, listen to, look at, notic以及使役
动词let, make, have等后面作宾补的不定式要省略to。但如果这些动词变为被动语态，to不省略。
例如：Harry watched her fly away for a few seconds.
I felt the house shake.
Have you noticed her cry?
He was seen to take the money.
（二） 在介词but, except后的不定式，如介词前面有实义动词do，介词后跟省略to的不定
式，否则，要跟带to的不定式
例如：They did nothing but complain.
He does everything in the house except put the children to bed.
You have no choice but to wait.
（三） 当主语部分有实义动词do时，作表语的不定式可以省略to.
例如：What we can do is (to) continue to wait.
The only thing you have to do is (to) press the button.
(四)在用and或or等连接不定式并且作用相同时，常省略后面不定式to.
例如： She started to shout and cry.
I’d like to lie down and go to sleep.
I wished to finish my business and get away.
She asked you to telephone or wire to her on Monday.
四、 不定式符号的单独使用
为了避免重复前面已经出现过的动词，可以用不定式符号代替不定式结构，省略后面的部分。这种情况主要用于口语中。
（一） to代替不定式作宾语，常同be afraid, care, expect, forget, hate, hope, intend, mean, need,
like, plan, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等词连用。
例如：I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to (see the film).
We suggested that she reconsider the matter, but she refused to ( reconsider the matter).
I would mend your radio, but I don’t know how to ( mend it).
（二） to代替不定式作宾语补足语(有时to也可以省略)
例如：We should like Jane to get a good degree but we don’t really expect her to (get it)
If I don’t happen to remember to ring up Mr Smith, would you remind me to?
—May I go out this evening?
—Yes, I’ll allow you (to).
（三） 如果不定式是to be, to have done, to have been done,就不能只用不定式符号“to”来替
代被省略的动词及动词后的部分，而要用to be, to have, to have been。
例如：Were they informed of the delay of the shipment? — No, but they ought to have been.
Aren’t you director?— No, and I don’t want to be!
Hasn’t he finished the work? — No, but he ought to have.
五、 用替代词的省略
在某些情况下，当我们省略掉某个词、词组或句子时，还需要用某个替代词。常用的替代词有： do (does), so, not, neither, nor, do so, do that, do it, one ones, the same等。
（一） do可用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。
例如：
She speaks English more fluently than you do.(=speak English)
She speaks English more fluently than her brother does. (speak English)
Did you see the film? Yes, I did. (=saw the film)
Nelson hoped that they would all do their duty to the country as Englishmen should do.(= should do their duty to the country)
（二） so和not的替代
so可以代替单词、词组和句子，作call, expect, hope, do, fear, imagine, suppose, speak, say, tell, think, believe,be afraid, see, notice等的宾语；not代替否定的句子，用法与so相似，并可放在perhaps, probably, absolutely等副词后。这种用法也可与if连用。
例如： He must be a worker. I imagine so. (=that he is a worker)
She has not angry at first, but became so after a while. (=angry)
Has she finished reading the book? I hope so. (=that she has finished reading the book)
He is a great friend of mine and I hope he will always reamain so. (=a great friend of mine)
— Is he the best student in the class?—I think so. (=that he is…)
I think not. (=that he is not …I don’t think he is… Perhaps not.)
They will return at the weekend.
I am afraid not. (=that he will not return at the weekend)
Please come if you can. If not (=If you can’t come), call me up.
—I was ill last week. — If so, why didn’t you tell me.
（三） do so, do that和do it的替代
do so可以替代动词加宾语，也可以替代动词加状语，so可以用it或that所取代，it指具体事物，that表示较重的口气。
例如：
She said she would go with me, but she didn’t do so. ( go with me)
Just finish off watering the flowers. And let me know when you’ve done so.(=finished off watering the flowers)
Henry is going to make the experiment and he wanted me to do it, too. (=make the experiment)
They played cards after supper and I watched them do that. (play cards).
(四)one和that作替代词的区别
one替代人和物，that只能代替物;one只能替代可数名词，that可替代可数名词和不可数名词；one可以前有置或后置定语，that只能有后置定语；one (不加定义)表示泛指，that表示特指。
例如：
I have a brother, one in the army.
Look at the picture, that on the wall.
The novel is an interesting as the one (或that) I read last year.
The weather here is colder than that in Beijing.
This is a red pen, and I have three other blue ones.
The music is as sweet as that we heard yesterday.
A poem written by an American poet is usually harder to understand than one by a Chinese poet.
六、 不用替代词的省略
（一） 主语及主语和部分谓语的省略
例如：(It) Sounds funny.
(He) Who breaks pays.
(It is) Very kind of you to help me.
(I’m) Sorry, the line is busy.
(I’ve) Got it.
(二)助动词的省略
例如：（Do） You understand?
(Have) Children done their homework?
(三)There be的省略
例如：
（There’s） Nothing wrong with the machine.
(Is there )Anything I can do for you?
(四)祈使句和感叹句中的省略，祈使句通常省略主语you
例如：Close the window!
Don’t be afraid!
You read the text!
What a wide river ( it is)!
(五)在某些虚拟语气中可以省略should
例如：
He ordered that the soldiers ( should) put out the lights immediately.
It is important that we (should) study science and technology.
（六）介词在某些词组中的省略 *
be busy (in)doing
忙于做
occupy oneself (in) doing
从事于…
employ oneself (in) doing
从事于
pass (in) doing
花…做…
have a hard time (in) doing
做…很难
prevent… (from) doing
阻止…做
have difficulty (in) doing
做…有困难
spend… (in) doing
花…做…
have fun (in) doing
做…开心
stop… (from) doing
阻止…做
have trouble (in) doing
做…有麻烦
take …(in) doing
带…去做…
lose no time (in) doing
不失时机做
waste… (in) doing
做…浪费
【例题精讲】
1. When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
2. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss.
A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
3. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ________ whether he was going in the right direction.
A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
4. Generally speaking, ________ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
5. Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
6. When ________ , the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
7. Though ________ money, his parents man-aged to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
8. The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
【答案】1—5 BCDBA 6—8 AAD
【巩固练习】
1. You ______ (read) the novel for almost five hours. Why not join us and have a cup of tea?
2. The bridge is still under construction and ______ (expect) to complete in October.
3. They were ahead during the first half of the match, but ______ (beat) in the last five minutes.
4. The movie was not good enough, but I ______ (see) many worse ones.
5. Rain forests ______ (cut) at such a speed that they will disappear from this planet in the foreseeable future.
6. Sorry, Jim. I ______ (plan) to go to your birthday party, but my sister was sick.
7. Oh, what a pretty gift I ______ (not expect) you would bring me a gift.
8. By the time he left the college, he ______ (make) dozens of inventions.
9. When I met Mr. Smith five years ago, he ______ (work) as an interpreter in an import and export company.
10. At this time next week, we ______ (fly) across the Pacific to another continent.
【答案】
1. have been reading
2. is expected
3. were beaten
4. had seen
5. are being cut
6. had planned
7. didn’t expect
8. had made
9. was working
10. will be flying
课堂训练：
Wildlife in Decline
The populations of Earth’s wild vertebrates (脊椎动物) have declined by 58% over the past four decades, according to the Living Planet Report 2016 published by the World Wildlife Fund.
Climate change and activities such as deforestation and poaching（偷猎）are in large part (21) ______ (blame) for the decline. If the trend continues, by 2020, the world (22) ______ (lose) two-thirds of its vertebrate biodiversity. “Sadly, there is no sign yet (23) ______ this rate will decrease,” the report says.
“Across land, fresh water and the oceans, human activities are forcing wildlife populations to the edge,” says Marco Lambertini, director-general of WWF International.
The Living Planet Report is published every two years. It aims to provide an assessment of the state of the world’s wildlife. The 2016 study included 3700 different species of birds, fish, mammals, amphibians and reptiles around the world. The team collected data from more than 3000 sources, including government statistics and surveys (24) ______ (carry) out by conservation groups. They then analyzed (25) ______ the population sizes had changed over time.
Lambertini said some groups of animals had done worse than others. “We do see particularly strong declines (26) ______ the freshwater environment. For freshwater species alone, the decline stands at 81% since 1970. This is related to the way water (27) ______(use) and taken out of freshwater systems, and also to the fragmentation (分裂) of freshwater systems through dam building, for example.”
The report also highlighted other species, such as African elephants, (28) ______ have suffered huge declines in recent years, and sharks, which are threatened by overfishing.
(29) _____ _____ _____ all the terrifying facts, however, some conservationists say there is still hope. “One of the things that I think is the most important is that these wild animals haven’t yet gone extinct,” said Robin Freeman, head of the Zoological Society of London. “On the whole, (30) ______ are not dying out, and that means we still have opportunities to do something about the decline.”
【答案】
21. to blame 22. will have lost 23. that 24. carried 25. how
26. in 27. is used 28. which 29. In spite of 30. They
巩固复习：
分词知识点
综述
1. 现在分词的基本形式：doing, being done, having done, having been done
2. 过去分词的基本形式：done, having been done
1. 现在分词、过去分词的区别（时态、语态）
2. 分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语
1. 分词的逻辑主语（①连词后的分词；②独立主语构成的独立主格）
2. 分词中高频词 （难点词：remain, seat, lack, blame的用法）
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. contribute B. flows C. fundamental D. lays E. notes F. outline
G. reflect H. respectively I. shared J. serve K. uncertainty
Leadership Traits (特质)
My job puts me in contact with extraordinary leaders in many fields. So I tend to ___31___ a lot on leadership and how we can inspire successful teamwork, cooperation, and partnerships. In my experience, it is clear that the most successful leaders—both men and women—always demonstrate three ___32___ traits.
Trustworthiness
Leaders must set an example of honesty and justice and earn the trust of their teams through their everyday actions. When you do so with positive energy and enthusiasm for ___33___ goals and purpose, you can deeply connect with your team and customers. A culture of trust enables you to empower employees and ___34___ the foundation for communication, accountability, and continuous improvement.
Compassion (共情)
You can’t forget that organizational success ___35___ from the hearts and minds of the men and women you lead. Rather than treating your people as you’d like to be treated, treat them as they would like to be treated. Small gestures like choosing face-to-face meetings or sending personal ___36___ can have an enormous impact on the spirits of the teams. In addition to thanks and praise, you must also understand people’s needs, pressures, and individual goals, which will allow you to lead them more effectively and ___37___ to their personal ambitions and professional development.
Decisiveness
In times of ___38___, employees long for clarity. As a leader, you won’t always have all of the answers—no one expects you to—so you must be open to listening and learning from others. Once you understand a particular challenge and ___39___ the options, you have to be confident in making bold and optimistic decisions.
Successful leadership demands a lifelong commitment to sharpening these three basic skills. Wherever you have the opportunity to ___40___, the qualities of trustworthiness, compassion, and decisiveness are the keys to leadership and organizational success.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A 15%
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Boxing is a popular sport that many people seem to be fascinated by. Newspapers, magazines and sports programmes on TV frequently ___41___ boxing matches. Professional boxers earn a lot of money, and successful boxers are ___42___ as big heroes.
It seems to me that some people, especially men, find it ___43___ because it is an aggressive sport. When they watch a boxing match, they can ___44___ the winning boxer, and this gives them the feeling of being a ___45___ themselves. It is a fact that many people have feelings of aggression from time to time, but they cannot show their ___46___ in their everyday lives. Watching a boxing match gives them an outlet for this aggression.
However, there is a ___47___ side to boxing. It can be a very dangerous sport. Although boxers wear gloves during the fights, and amateur boxers ___48___ have to wear helmets, there have frequently been accidents in both professional and amateur boxing, sometimes with ___49___ consequences. Boxers have suffered from head injuries, and occasionally, fighters have even been killed as a result of being knocked out in the ___50__. Furthermore, studies have shown that there are often long-term effects of boxing, in the form of serious brain ___51___, even if a boxer has never been knocked out.
I am personally not at all in ___52___ of aggressive sports like boxing. I think it would be better if less time was ___53___ to aggressive sports on TV, and we welcomed more men and women from non-aggressive sports as our heroes and heroines in our society. I believe that the world is aggressive enough already! Of course, people like ___54___ sports, and so do I, but I think that __55___ other people in an aggressive way is not something that should be regarded as a sport.
41. A. broadcast B. cover C. host D. design
42. A. kept B. individualized C. thought D. treated
43. A. appealing B. subjective C. violent D. challenging
44. A. pick up B. believe in C. identify with D. long for
45. A. winner B. spectator C. inspector D. trainer
46. A. ambition B. aggression C. energy D. strength
47. A. positive B. indifferent C. deadly D. negative
48. A. otherwise B. somehow C. even D. barely
49. A. dramatic B. eye-catching C. emotional D. special
50. A. court B. ring C. pitch D. yard
51. A. loss B. drain C. damage D. disorder
52. A. favour B. process C. charge D. power
53. A. shifted B. transformed C. given D. delivered
54. A. competitive B. quiet C. cooperative D. regular
55. A. invading B. insulting C. teasing D. hitting
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Frankenstein
Frankenstein was a book by Mary Shelly --- it’s been adapted for the screen dozens of times. The story of Frankenstein is told through a series of letters written by Captain Robert Walton to his sister, as he leads an expedition (远征)to the North Pole. On the way, he meets Victor Frankenstein, who tells Walton the story of his life. Frankenstein is the surname of the guy who creates the monster. The monster doesn’t actually have a name. Anyway, Victor is a scientist who’s desperate to discover the secret of life. After years of study, he makes an enormous creature out of human remains and brings it to life. Victor intends it to be beautiful. Unfortunately, the creature turns out really hideous, and Victor runs away in terror. Although the monster is good and kind, humans are scared of it. When they mistreat it, the monster becomes angry and evil. Wanting revenge on its creator, the monster murders Dr. Frankenstein’s brother, his wife, and his best friend. When Victor figures out the monster is behind all the deaths, he swears to track it down and kill it.
This book was written in 1816, right after a period called the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment emphasized the pursuit of knowledge and reason, and gave rise to the scientific method. Mary Shelley criticized the Enlightenment through the character of Victor Frankenstein,“He is a negative example of an Enlightenment scientist --- he pursues knowledge at any cost, and his obsession with discovering the secret of life destroys him, as well as his friends and family.” Some Enlightenment thinkers might have seen such a loss as necessary for the advancement of science, but not Mary Shelley. She and her husband, poet Percy Shelley, were part of the Romantic Movement in art and literature. Romanticism was a reaction against the Enlightenment’s embrace of rationality and reason. The Romantics emphasized emotion over rationality, and thought people should feel awe and terror in regard to nature. Frankenstein incorporates all these ideas. To Shelley, Frankenstein doesn’t fear and respect the world of nature enough--- she says that by tampering with nature, he brings about complete disaster. Frankenstein is not just a great Romantic novel. It’s also considered one of the first major works of science fiction. It influences a whole generation of writers, and the monster has become one of the most recognizable figures in Western culture.
56. Which of the following is closest in the meaning to “hideous” in Paragraph 1?
A. Unattractive. B. Engaging. C. Charming. D. Handsome.
57. What is Victor Frankenstein’s fatal weakness?
A. His love of science. B. His rejection of his own creation.
C. His lack of respect for nature. D. His inability to form human relationship.
58. How was the Romantic era different from the Enlightenment?
A. The Romantic era emphasized emotion; the Enlightenment emphasized reason.
B. The Romantic era occurred during the 20th century; the Enlightenment occurred during the 19th century.
C. The Romantic era emphasized poetry; the Enlightenment emphasized prose.
D. The Romantic era saw major scientific discoveries; the Enlightenment was an era of literary discovery.
59. What effect did “Frankenstein” have on later works of fiction?
A. It inspired books about the Enlightenment. B. It inspired technical writing.
C. It inspired books of poetry. D. It inspired science-fiction writing.
60. 想和我一起看电影的人请举手。（those）
61. 背包旅行（backpacking）不仅是一种度假形式，也是一种受教育方式。(Not only)
62. 人们理所应当地认为花的钱越多就越有可能获得高品质的体验。（grant）
63. 网购是一种电子商务，它让顾客可以足不出户地购买心仪的商品或服务。（commerce）
【答案】
31-35 G C I D B 36-40 E A K F J
41-45 BDACA 46-50 BDCAB 51-55CACAD
56-59 A C A D
60. 想和我一起看电影的人请举手。（those）
Those who want to see the movie with me, please raise your hand.
1 1 1
61. 背包旅行（backpacking）不仅是一种度假形式，也是一种受教育方式。(Not only)
Not only is backpacking a way of taking a holiday/ spending a vacation, but also a means of
1 1 0.5
being educated/ education.
0.5
62. 人们理所应当地认为花的钱越多就越有可能获得高品质的体验。（grant）
People take it for granted that the more you spend the more likely you are
1 1 1
to get a quality experience.
1
63. It is taken for granted that the more you spend the more likely you will get quality 1 1 1 1
