高中英语上教版必修二 构词法（原卷+解析卷）







第七讲


构词法
































一、派生
英语构词方法主要有派生、转化和合成三种。派生的构成往往是通过词根加上前缀或后缀构成一个新的词汇。我们可以用不同的后缀来构成名词、形容词、动词、副词和数词等。一般来说，给一个词加上前缀，通常用词性不变，而改变词义，如fair-unfair；给一个词加上后缀，通常词义不变，而改变词性，如invent-invention。
1、前缀
前缀
含义
常考词汇
anti-
抗；反对
antipollution防止污染；antisocial 反社会的；antivirus防病毒的；antianxiety 抗焦虑的
auto-
自己；自动
automatic 自动的；autosave自动保存；autobiography 自传
bi-
两个
bilateral双方的；bilingual两种语言的
co-
一起，共同
cooperate合作；co-author合著者；coexist 共存
contra-
反对
contradict与…矛盾；contrary相反的
counter-
相反的
counteract抵消；counterbalance抵消
de-
向下，减慢，变坏
depress压下，使沮丧；destruction破坏；defame诽谤decelerate 减速；devalue使（货币）贬值，贬低
dis-
不；非；相反
disclose揭露；discontinue停止；disorder混乱；dispraise贬低
eco-
生态的
eco-friendly环保的；ecosystem生态系统
en-
使处于…状态
enslave使成奴隶；endanger 使遭危险；enlighten启发
ex-
出，出去
export出口；exclude排除；exclusive不包括...的
fore-
先，在...前
foresee预见；forecast预报；forearm前臂；forefather前人，祖先
il-
不；非；相反
illogical不合逻辑的；illiterate文盲，不识字的
im-
immature不成熟的；imperfect不完美的
in-
inactive不活跃的；inadequate不足的
ir-
irrelevance不相关；irregular不规则的
im-
进入
immigrate移民到…；import进口，输入；imprison入狱
inter-
在…之间；相互
interaction相互作用；interweave交织；interpersonal人际关系的
mini-
小的；短的
miniskirt迷你裙；minibus小巴士
mis-
错误
misuse乱用；misfortune不幸；mistreat虐待；mislead误导
mal-
错误的
maltreat虐待；malnutrition营养不良；malministration 管理不善
micro-
小
microscope显微镜；microwave微波；microbiology微生物学
multi-
多个
multimedia多媒体的；multifunctional多功能的；multilateral多边的
non-
无；没有
nonsense废话；non-stop直达的；non-fiction纪实文学
out-
超越；向外
outnumber在数量上超过；outgrow 长得比…快；outsmart 比…更聪明；outdoor户外的；outward向外的
over-
太，过于；上面；外面
over-production生产过剩；overload超载；overconfident过分自信； overcoat大衣；overhead在头上方
post-
后；以后
postgraduate研究生；post-war战后的；post-reading读后活动
pre-
先于；在…前
preheat预热；pre-war战前的；precaution预防；predetermine预定
re-
又；再；重新；回
reapply再申请；retell复述；reprint重印；recollect回忆
semi-
半；部分
semicircular半圆形的; semi-final半决赛
sub-
在…以下；低于；亚于；分支
submarine潜水艇；substandard低于标准的；sub-zero零度以下的；subtropical亚热带的；subdepartment分部
super-
极；超；超级
super-rich极富有的；superhuman超出常人的；superhero超级英雄
tele-
远距离的；电视的；通过电话的
telescope望远镜；teletext图文电视；telesales电话销售；teleconference 电话会议
trans-
横跨；超越；变化，转移
transcontinental横跨大陆的；transnational 跨越国界的；transnormal超出常规的；transplant移植；transform转变
un-
不；未；非；反
unconsciously 无意识地；untruth谬误；unlock开锁
under-
在下面；次于，低于；不足；未
underground 地下的；地铁；undergraduate大学生；
underdeveloped不发达的；underestimate低估；undercooked未煮熟的
vice-
副的
vice-chairman副主席；vice president副总统

2、后缀
名词后缀
-ability, ibility
capability能力；responsibility责任
-al
survival幸存；arrival 到达；refusal 拒绝
-an, -ian
Egyptian埃及人；politician 政治家；physician 内科医生
-arian
humanitarian 人道主义者；vegetarian 素食者；librarian 图书馆管理员
-ance, -ence
assistance帮助；brilliance才华；perseverance毅力
-ant, -ent
servant仆人；inhabitant居民；resident居民
-ee
employee雇员；interviewee接受面试者；trainee受训者；refugee难民
-er, -or
translator译者；astronomer天文学家；calculator计算器
-ar
liar说谎的人；scholar学者
-hood
childhood儿童时期；parenthood父母身份；likelihood可能性
-ion, -ition,
-ation, ism
completion完成；repetition重复；liberation解放；criticism批评
-ist
dentist牙医；pianist钢琴家；钢琴弹奏者；novelist小说家
-y
modesty谦虚；lefty左撇子；fatty胖人；kitty 小猫咪
-ity, -ty
purity纯净；certainty确定性
-ment
achievement成就；assessment评估；replacement替代
-ness
dryness干燥；blindness失明；silliness愚蠢
-ology
geology地质学；sociology社会学；psychology心理学
-ship
ownership 所有制；citizenship公民资格；membership会员(资格)
-sion, -ssion
confusion困惑；permission许可
-ure
exposure暴露；failure失败；closure关闭
动词后缀
-en
sadden使悲伤；blacken使变黑
-ify, -fy
purify净化；solidify使凝固；clarify澄清
-ize, -ise
privatize私有化；modernize使…现代化
形容词后缀
-able, ible
calculable能计算的；adaptable能适应的；visible看得见的
-al
magical魔术的；physical物理的
-ant, -ent
expectant期待的；pleasant令人愉快的
-en
wooden木制的；golden金的
-ful
sorrowful悲伤的；painful痛苦的；cheerful高兴的
-ic, -ical
scenic风景优美的；historic具有历史意义的；historical历史的
-ish
Turkish土耳其的；childish孩子气的；reddish略呈红色的
-ive
creative创造性的；descriptive描述的
-less
treeless没有树木的；meaningless无意义的
-like
childlike孩子般的；lifelike生动的
-ly
friendly友好的；scholarly学者型的；lovely可爱的
-ous, -ious
spacious宽敞的；poisonous有毒的；mountainous多山的
-some
quarrelsome爱争吵的；troublesome令人讨厌的；tiresome厌倦的
-ward
backward向后的；eastward向东的
-y
dusty积满灰尘的；sticky黏性的；messy乱糟糟的
副词后缀
-ly
apparently显然地；appropriately合适地
-ward, -wards
onward向前；forward向前；upward向上

二、转化
转化是指单词由一个词类转变成另一个词类，但其基本意思不变。
转化类型
例词
例句
动词转化为名词
try
Let me have a try.
swim
We stooped there for a swim.
名词转化为动词
book
Have you booked your ticket?
chair
Who chaired the meeting?
形容词转化为动词
slow
The train slowed down to half its speed.
narrow
This is the chief way to narrow the differences between them.
形容词转化为名词
dear
He is a dear. （他是个讨人喜欢的孩子）
final
They’ re running in the final.

注意：有些词可以词形不变用作另一类词，但重音发生改变。较常见的是一些双音节词，作动词时重音在后， 作名词时重音在前。
例词
动词含义（重音在后）
名词含义（重音在前）
conduct
指挥，导电 /kənˈdʌkt/
行为 /ˈkɒndʌkt/
contest
竞争 /kənˈtest/ 
比赛 /ˈkɒntest/
contrast
形成对比 /kənˈtrɑːst/ 
对比 /ˈkɒntrɑːst/ 
digest
消化/daɪˈdʒest/ 
摘要，文摘/ˈdaɪdʒest/ 
export
输出，出口/ɪk'spɔːt/
出口/'ekspɔːt/
import
进口，输入/ɪmˈpɔːt/
进口 /ˈɪmpɔːt/ 
increase
增加 /ɪnˈkriːs/
增加 /ˈɪŋkriːs/ 
permit
准许，允许/pəˈmɪt/ 
许可证/ˈpɜːmɪt/ 
present
赠送，上演/prɪˈzent/
礼物，目前/ˈpreznt/
produce
生产 /prəˈdjuːs/ 
农产品 /ˈprɒdjuːs/ 
protest
抗议 /prəˈtest/
抗议 /ˈprəʊtest/
record
记录，录音/rɪˈkɔːd/
记录，唱片/ˈrekɔːd/
survey
勘查，考察 /səˈveɪ/ 
勘查，考察/ˈsɜːveɪ/
suspect
怀疑，疑心/səˈspekt/
嫌疑犯，有嫌疑的人 /ˈsʌspekt/ 
transport
运输，运送/trænˈspɔːt/
运输/ˈtrænspɔːt/ 

三、合成
合成是指把两个不同词类的词加在一起构成一个新词，它可以是形容词，也可以是名词或其他词类。英语中常见的合成词有合成形容词、合成名词、合成动词和合成副词，其中以合成形容词最为活跃。
1、合成形容词通常有以下常见的构词方法：
构成方法
例词
形容词+名词+ed
noble-minded高尚的
good-tempered好脾气的
形容词+现在分词
good-looking好看的
fine-sounding动听的
副词+现在分词
hard-working勤劳的
far-reaching深远的
名词+现在分词
peace-loving热爱和平的
record-breaking破记录的
名词+过去分词
state-owned国有的
heartbroken心碎的
副词+过去分词
well-known著名的
widespread广泛流传的
形容词+名词
large-scale大规模的
high-class高级的
数词+名词+ed
three-legged三条腿的
five-starred五颗星的
名词+形容词
duty-free免税的
homesick想家的

2、合成名词通常有以下常见的构词方法：
构成方式
例词
名词+名词
silkworm蚕
bloodtest验血
形容词+名词
double-dealer两面派
shorthand速记
动名词+名词
waiting-room候车室
sleeping-pills安眠药
动词+名词
pickpocket扒手
cross-roads十字路口
名词+动名词
handwriting书法
sun-bathing目光浴
动词+副词
get-together聚会
breakthrough突破
副词+动词
downfall垮台
outbreak爆发

3、合成动词通常有以下常见的构词方法：
构成方式
例词
副词+动词
overthrow 推翻
undervalue 低估
形容词+动词
ill-treat虐待
quick-charge快速充电
名词+动词
typewrite 打字
sleepwalk梦游

4、合成副词通常有以下常见的构词方法：
构成方式
例词
介词+名词
underfoot 脚下
形容词+名词
hotfoot 匆忙地
形容词+副词
anywhere 任何地方

例1. 单词适当形式填空
1. She dusted the furniture very __________ (careful).
2. Alice laid her baby on the sofa __________ (comfortable) and wrapped it with a blanket.
3. His laziness at work made him __________ (popular) with his workmates.
4. High interest rates __________ (courage) people from borrowing money.
5. Necessity is the mother of __________ (invent).
6. She is so __________ (sense) that she cried for days when her pet rabbit died.
7. Always read the __________ (instruct) on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine.
8. The writer died before finishing his __________ (late) book.
9. It is not considered __________ (respect) to litter in public.
10. —Isn’t your radio very much like your brother’s?
—Yes, they’re exactly __________ (like).
【难度】★★

一、写出相应的词

1. absorb的名词______________
2. achieve的名词______________
3. adapt的名词______________
4. addict的名词______________
5. adjust的形容词______________
6. agreeable的反义词______________
7. adequate的反义词______________
8. character的形容词______________
9. combine的名词_____________
10. compare的形容词______________
11. compose的名词_____________
12. conflict的动词_____________
13. cooperate的名词______________
14. criticize的名词______________
15. decline的名词______________
16. determine的名词______________
17. disorder的形容词______________
18. disturb的名词______________
19. emit的名词______________
20. extend的形容词______________
21. imply的名词______________
22. initial的动词______________
23. visible的反义词______________
24. invader的词义______________
25. long的动词______________
26. soulless的词义______________
27. overrate的词义______________
28. coexist的词义______________
29. better转化后词义______________
30. outbreak的词义______________

【难度】★★★

一、十选九
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.【2019浦东期中】
A. associated B. embarrassed C. emphasis D. forgetting E. forming
F. advantages G. occurs H. relevant I. stimulates J. unusual
The brain is a seemingly endless library, whose shelves house our most precious memories. To allow new memories to form, old information is sometimes pushed out of the brain.
Previous studies have shown that learning new information can lead to ___24___. But in a new study, researchers showed for the first time how this effect ___25___ in the brain.
In daily life, forgetting actually has clear ___26___. Imagine, for instance, that you lost your bank card. The new card you receive will come with a new personal identification number (PIN). Each time you remember the new PIN, you gradually forget the old one. This process improves access to ___27___ information, without old memories interfering.
And most of us may sometimes feel ___28___ when old memories interfere with new, relevant memories. Consider trying to remember where you parked your car in the same car park you were at a week earlier. This type of memory is particularly interfering.
When we get new information, the brain automatically tries to combine it with existing information by ___29___ associations. And when we retrieve (检索) information, both the desired and ___30___ but irrelevant information is recalled.
The majority of previous research has focused on how we learn and remember new information. But current studies are beginning to put greater ___31___ on the conditions under which we forget, as its importance begins to be more appreciated.
A very small number of people are able to remember almost every detail of their life. Though it may sound like an advantage to many, people with this rare condition often find their ___32___ ability troublesome. In a sense, normal forgetting may help to ensure our brain doesn’t become too full.
【难度】★★★

一、十一选十
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. criticize
B. desperately
C. establish
D. feature
E. focus
F. gratitude
G. heartfelt
H. humanity
I. influence
J. present
K. touch

Letters Brought Back to Life
Letters as a way of communication have long given way to phone calls and WeChat messages. But a TV show, Letters Alive, is helping bring this old way to keep in touch back into the __31__.
Letters Alive took its idea from a UK program with a similar name, Letters Live. Both shows __32__ famous actors and actresses, but there is no gossip, no eye-catching visual effects. Instead, it’s just one person walking up to a microphone and reading a letter.
But these are not just any letters. They vary greatly in time and subjects. There is, for example, a passionate letter that famous painter Huang Yongyu wrote to playwright Cao Yu 30 years ago to __33__ his lack of creativity. There is also a(n) __34__ note from Spring and Autumn Period written by two ordinary young soldiers to their elder brother to report their lives in the war zone.
Compared to published texts, letters also come with a personal __35__.
One example from Letters Live was a note of __36__ from the mother of a dying child to JK Rowling, author of the Harry Potter books. It read: “Mrs Rowling, cancer threatened to take everything from my daughter, and your books turned out to be the castle we so __37__ needed to hide in.”
According to Guan Zhengwen, the director of Letters Alive, it is this kind of __38__ behind every letter that strikes a harmony with the audience. “It’s a thing of the past that entertainment shows __39__ themselves only with pretty faces,” Guan told Sohu News. “Entertainment industry is starting to switch to a(n) __40__ on wisdom and intelligence.”
【难度】★★★★

二、阅读理解
Directions: Read the following passage. It is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.【2019新中期中】
(C)
Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of tough trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal—and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.
“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular goodness in doing things the way they have always been done.” Wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of that before?”
The creative approach begins with the proposal that nothing be as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are sure to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends. Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.

62. What does the author probably mean by “untaught mind” in the first paragraph?
A. An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.
B. A person who has had no education.
C. A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.
D. A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.
63. According to the author, what differs innovators from non-innovators?
A. The way they present their findings. B. The way they deal with problems.
C. The intelligence they possess. D. The variety of ideas they have.
64. The phrase “march to a different drummer” (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are ________.
A. unwilling to follow common ways of doing things
B. diligent in pursuing their goals
C. concerned about the advance of society
D. devoted to the progress of science
65. The most suitable title for this passage might be ________.
A. The Relation Between Creation and Diligence
B. To Be a Creative Expert in the Study of Human Creativity
C. What Are So Special about Creative Individuals
D. Discoveries and Innovation
【难度】★★★

三、词汇背诵
下节课十一选十高频词
keep
market
issue
perspective
relevant
avoid
v保持
n市场v营销
n问题；争论点；期v/n发行；颁布
n观点；视角；远景；透视图/画法
a相关的
vt避免
develop
switch
natural
responsible
code
concern
v发展；研发；患病；冲洗(胶卷)
v/n改变；开关
a自然的；天生的
a负责的
n密码；准则
n关心；忧虑；关心的事vt使关心/担心；与..有关
modify
consumption
administration
approve
alter
genetically
v修改
n消耗；消费
n管理；行政部门
v批准，赞成
v改变
adv从基因方面
announce
biologically
nutrition
statement
marine
habitat
v宣布
adv生物学上
n营养
n陈述，声明
a海洋的
n栖息地
evidence
appetite
potential
profit
eventual
breed
n证据；迹象
n食欲；欲望
a潜在的n潜能
n利润v获利
a最终的
n品种v繁殖