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高中英语上教版必修一 Unit1.单元知识点讲解
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Unit 1 School Life
【词汇和短语】
assignment n. (分派的)任务
related adj. 相关的；有联系的
creative adj. 创造(性)的；创作的
stare v.盯着看；凝视
blank adj. 空白的
sheet n. 一张
essay n. 文章，短文
actually adv. 事实 上，的确
fiction n. 小说
distant adj. 遥远的；久远的
alien n.外星人；外星生物
ignore v.忽视；对……不予理会
beg v. 恳求；哀求
sort n.y种类；类别
rather adv. 相当，在某种程度上
harsh adj. 残酷的；严厉的
(be) related to 相关的；有联系的
make sure 确保；设法保证
science fiction科幻小说(或影片等)
hand in 提交，上交(尤指书面材料或失物)
turn out 结果是；证明是；原来是
teenager n. d (13至19岁之间的)青少年
pressure n. 心理压力；紧张v.逼迫；使迫未得已
expectation n. 希望；盼望
comfort n. 安慰；慰藉 v. 安慰；抚慰
throughout prep. 自始至终
adult adj. 成年人的 n. 成年人
reflect v. 认真思考；深思
nasty adj. 不友好的；令人不愉快的
comment n. 议论；评论
glance n. 匆匆一看；一瞥
behaviour n. 行为；举止
shortage n. 不足；缺少
genuine adj. 真诚的；真心的；可依赖的
tempt v. 引诱；诱惑
forward adv. 向前
chapter n. (人生或历史的)时期，篇章
limitation n. 限制；不足之处
under pressure 承受着(急于完成某事的)压力
hold hack 妨碍进展
tip n. 指点；实用的提示
regular adj. 有规律的；定时的
concentrate v. 集中(注意力)；聚精会神
concern n. (对人、组织等)重要的事情；关心
facility n. 设施；设备
puzzled adj. 困惑的，迷惑不解的
locker n. (体育馆等的)有锁存物柜，寄物柜
dustbin n. (常置于房外的)垃圾桶，垃圾箱
gymnastics n. 体操；体操训练
take part in参与某事
concentrate on集中(注意力)；聚精会神
【词汇重点】
1. assignment n. (分派的)任务
The assessment for the course involves written assignments and practical tests.
这门课程的评估包括各种书面作业和实践测试。
【拓展】
assign /əˈsaɪn/
1）. V-T If you assign a piece of work to someone, you give them the work to do. 布置 (任务)
When I taught, I would assign a topic to children that they would write about.
教书时，我会给孩子们布置个写作题。
Later in the year, she'll assign them research papers.
今年晚些时候，她将给他们布置论文。
2）. V-T If you assign something to someone, you say that it is for their use. 分配 (某物)
The selling broker is then required to assign a portion of the commission to the buyer broker.
卖方经纪人则被要求分给买方经纪人一部分佣金。
【固定搭配】
assign sb. to do sth. 指派某人去做某事。
Judy, it is my great privilege to officially assign you to the heart of Zootopia.
朱迪，我很荣幸能正式把你指派到疯狂动物城的中心。
2. related adj. 相关的；有联系的
Light industry is closely related to agriculture.
轻工业和农业密切相关。
【固定搭配】
be related to… 与…相关。
The speed of Covid-19 spread is closely related to people’s wearing masks or not.
新冠的传播速度和人们戴不戴口罩密切相关。
3. creative adj. 创造(性)的；创作的
Like so many creative people, he was never satisfied.
正如许多有创造力的人一样，他永不满足。
We need to produce better creative if we want to attract big clients.
要吸引大客户，我们就得拿出更好的创意。
4. stare v. 盯着看；凝视
It's harmful for your eyes to stare at the computer or mobile phone screen for a long time.
长时间盯着电脑或手机屏幕对你的眼睛有害。
【固定搭配】
stare at…盯着…看；凝视
【近义词辨析】
peer, glance, stare, gaze, glare
这组词都有“看，瞧”的意思，都可以和at形成搭配；其区别是：
peer 指眯着眼睛仔细地或略为吃力地看。
glance 指匆匆地或粗略地一看，侧重心不在焉地、匆忙地看一眼。
stare 侧重因惊奇、好奇、粗鲁无礼等而睁大眼睛看。
gaze 指出于羡慕、感兴趣、关心或惊异而长时间目不转睛地看。
glare 指用愤恨、凶狠或含敌意的眼光死死看着某人。
5. blank adj. 空白的
He tore a blank page from his notebook.
他从笔记本上撕下一页白纸
【拓展】
1. (表格等的) 空白处
Put a word in each blank to complete the sentence.
在每个空格处填一个单词完成句子。
2. 茫然的; 无表情的; 漠然的
Abbot looked blank. "I don't quite follow, sir."
阿博特一脸茫然，“我不太明白，先生。”
3. (头脑、记忆等的) 一片空白
I'm sorry, but my mind is a blank.
很抱歉，可是我脑子里一片空白。
6. actually adv. 事实 上，的确
One afternoon, I got bored and actually fell asleep for a few minutes.
一天下午，我感到很无聊，实际上有几分钟还睡着了。
【同义短语】
actually= in fact
7. distant adj. 遥远的；久远的；远房的
The mountains rolled away to a distant horizon.
群山绵延至遥远的天边。
There is little doubt, however, that things will improve in the not too distant future.
然而毋庸置疑的是，事情在不远的将来会有改观。
He's a distant relative of the mayor.
他是市长的远房亲戚。
8. ignore v. 忽视；对……不予理会
She said her husband ignored her.
她说她丈夫对她置之不理。
It would be a mistake to ignore his opinion.
忽略他的意见是不对的。
【同根词拓展】
ignorance /ˈɪɡnərəns/ n. 无知
I am beginning to feel embarrassed by my complete ignorance of world history.
我开始为自己对世界历史的一无所知感到尴尬。
9. beg v. 恳求；哀求
I begged him to come back to New York with me.
我请求他和我一起回纽约。
【词组及短语】
beg for food 乞求
beg your pardon 对不起，请原谅
go begging vi. 行乞；销路极差
beg off 请求免除
【固定搭配】
beg sb. to do sth. 乞求某人去做某事。
beg one's pardon 请某人再说一遍
10. sort n. 种类；类别
There are so many different sorts of mushrooms available these days.
这些日子可买到各种各样的蘑菇。
He seemed to be just the right sort for the job.
他似乎就是该工作的合适人选。
【拓展】
1）. 分类
He sorted the materials into their folders.
他将材料分类放入他们的文件夹里。
He unlatched the box and sorted through the papers.
他打开盒子的锁，在文件里分类拣选。
2）. All sorts of things or people means a large number of different things or people. 各种各样
There are all sorts of animals, including bears, pigs, kangaroos, and penguins.
有各种各样的动物，包括熊、猪、袋鼠和企鹅。
It was used by all sorts of people.
它被各种人使用。
【词组及短语】
sort of 有几分地；到某种程度；稍稍
some sort of 某种的；多少有些；仿佛
sort out 挑选出
of sorts 各种各样的
that sort of thing 那类事情
【近义词辨析】
category, sort, species, classification, class, type, variety, kind
这组词都有“种，类，类型”的意思，其区别是：
category 书面用词，特指有确切定义的群体。
sort 普通用词，文体较kind随便，指对人或对事物进行的大概分类，有时含贬义。
species 书面用词，单复数同形。指生物分类上的种。
classification 指根据已经确定的类型对某一实物作鉴别和归类。
class 正式用词，指门类、种类或优劣等级；用于指动植物的分类时，表示“纲”。
type 指客观界限比较清楚，有相同本质特点的同类事物，或指大致相似的同类事物。
variety 强调有各自的特点，形式不同，品质不同的种类。
kind 指性质相同，而且特征很相似，足以归为一类的人或东西。
11. harsh adj. 残酷的；严厉的；刺耳的
He said many harsh and unkind things about his opponents.
他说了许多关于他对手的严厉且残酷的话。
It's a pity she has such a loud harsh voice.
可惜她有这么一种响亮刺耳的声音。
12. pressure n. 心理压力；紧张
He didn't put any pressure on her.
他并没有给她施加任何压力。
Teenagers may find it difficult to resist peer pressure.
青少年可能觉得很难抗拒同龄人的压力。
【拓展】
pressure. v. 对…施加压力
He will never pressure you to get married.
他永远也不会给你施加压力让你结婚。
pressure sb. to do sth. 迫使某人去做某事。
13. expectation n.希望；盼望
There was an air of expectation and great curiosity.
有着一种期待和好奇的感觉。
【常见短语】
in expectation 期望着；意料之中
expectation value 期待值
expectation of life 平均寿命；预期寿命（等于life expectancy）
mathematical expectation 数学的期望值
live up to expectations 按照期望做到，不负众望
rational expectation 理性预期；合理预期
beyond expectation 出乎意料
out of expectation 出乎意料
expectation effect 期望效应
have expectations of (对…)抱有期望
14. comfort n. 安慰；慰藉
It's a comfort talking to you.
与你谈谈是一种安慰。
v. to make sb who is worried or unhappy feel better by being kind and sympathetic towards them 安慰；抚慰
Ned put his arm around her, trying to comfort her.
内德搂着她，试图安慰她。
15. throughout prep/adv 自始至终; 各处；遍及
Movie music can be made memorable because its themes are repeated throughout the film.
电影音乐可以制作得令人难忘，因为其主旋律在影片中反复出现。
The floods caused havoc throughout the area.
洪水给整个地区带来了灾害。
16. reflect v. 认真思考；深思 (reflect on)
We should all give ourselves time to reflect.
我们都应该给自己时间来深思。
Over the next few years many people had occasion to reflect on the truth of his warnings.
在随后的几年里许多人有机会反思他那些警告的真相。
v. to show or be a sign of the nature or of sb’s attitude or feeling 显示，表明，表达(事物的自然属性或人们的态度、情感等)
A newspaper report seems to reflect the view of most members of Congress.
报纸的一篇报导似乎反映了国会多数议员的观点。
v. 反射
The sun reflected off the snow-covered mountains.
阳光从被雪覆盖的山峦反射回来。
【词组短语】
reflect on 仔细考虑，思考；反省；回想，回顾；怀疑
reflect upon vt. 考虑（回想；回顾）
17. nasty adj. 不友好的；令人不愉快的
The guards looked really nasty.
那些警卫看上去真可恶。
He had a temper and could be nasty.
他脾气暴躁，会令人讨厌。
18. comment n. 议论；评论
He made his comments at a news conference in Amsterdam.
他在阿姆斯特丹的一次记者招待会上做了评论。
There's been no comment so far from police about the allegations.
到目前为止还没有来自警方的对那些指控的任何解释。
no comment 无可奉告！
【拓展】
comment v. 评论（~ on sth）; 解释
So far, Mr. Cook has not commented on these reports.
到目前为止，库克先生还未对这些报告进行过评论。
You really can't comment until you know the facts.
你的确不能在你知道事实之前进行评论。
One student commented that she preferred literature to social science.
一位学生解释说，较之于社会科学她更喜欢文学。
19. glance n. 匆匆一看；一瞥
One could tell at a glance that she was a compassionate person.
一眼就能看出她是一个富有同情心的人。
Trevor and I exchanged a glance.
特雷弗和我相互瞥了一眼。
【拓展】
glance v. 浏览；瞥
He glanced at his watch.
他瞥了一下手表。
I picked up the phone book and glanced through it.
我拿起电话簿，浏览了一下。
【近义词辨析】
peer, glance, stare, gaze, glare
这组词都有“看，瞧”的意思，都可以和at形成搭配；其区别是：
peer 指眯着眼睛仔细地或略为吃力地看。
glance 指匆匆地或粗略地一看，侧重心不在焉地、匆忙地看一眼。
stare 侧重因惊奇、好奇、粗鲁无礼等而睁大眼睛看。
gaze 指出于羡慕、感兴趣、关心或惊异而长时间目不转睛地看。
glare 指用愤恨、凶狠或含敌意的眼光死死看着某人。
【词组短语】
at a glance 一瞥；看一眼
glance at 看一下，浏览；提到，影射
at first glance 乍一看，初看；第一眼就……
glance over 浏览；简略阅读
glance through 浏览
20. behaviour n. 行为；举止
Make sure that good behaviour is rewarded.
确保良好的行为受到嘉奖。
I can't forgive that type of behaviour.
我不能宽恕那种行为。
【拓展】
behave /bɪˈheɪv/ v.
1). 行为; 表现
I couldn't believe these people were behaving in this way.
我无法相信这些人竟这样行事。
2) .使…规矩; 规矩地行事
You have to behave.
你得守规矩。
21. shortage n. 不足；缺少
They face a desperate shortage of clean water.
他们面临无污染水源的严重短缺。
【词组短语】
shortage of 缺少……
water shortage 缺水；水量不足；枯水
shortage of water resources 水资源短缺
food shortage 粮食短缺
power shortage 电力短缺
fund shortage 资金不足， 资金短缺
shortage of capital 资金短缺
material shortage 材料紧缺
housing shortage 房荒；住房紧张；住宅不足
labor shortage 劳力短缺，劳动力短缺
manpower shortage 劳动力短缺
shortage of fresh water 淡水短缺；淡水资源短缺
shortage of manpower 劳动力短缺；缺乏劳力
22. genuine adj. 真诚的；真心的；可依赖的
If this offer is genuine, I will gladly accept it.
如果这份帮助是真诚的，我将愉快地接受它。
Only genuine refugees can apply for tents.
只有真正的难民才能申请帐篷。
23. tempt v.引诱；诱惑
It is the fresh fruit that tempts me at this time of year.
只有新鲜的水果才会在每年的这个时候吸引我。
Cars like that may tempt drivers to speed.
那样的汽车可能会引诱司机超速行驶
【固定搭配】
tempt sb. to do sth. 引诱某人去做某事。
24. limitation n. 起限制作用的规则(或事实、条件)；不足 之处
All the talk had been about the limitation of nuclear weapons.
整个会谈都是关于核武器的限制。
They would resist any limitation of their powers.
他们会抵制对他们权力的任何限制。
【词组短语】
time limitation 时间限制
limitation of liability 责任范围
space limitation 空间限制
limitation period 时效期
【拓展】
limit v. 限制
The protests were not limited to New York.
抗议活动并不仅限于纽约。
Efforts were made to limit the sale of alcohol.
做出努力来限制酒的销售。
be limited to…局限于…
25. gymnastics n.体操；体操训练
China made a clean sweep of the medals in the gymnastics events.
中国队在体操比赛中包揽了所有的奖牌。
gym n. 体育馆
26. tip n. 尖端；小费；实用的提示
The sleeves covered his hands to the tips of his fingers.
衣袖遮住了他的手，一直盖到他的手指尖。
It shows how to prepare a resume, and gives tips on applying for jobs.
它说明了如何准备一份简历，并提了一些有关求职的建议。
I gave the barber a tip.
我给了理发师小费。
【拓展】
tip v. 倾倒
Tip the vegetables into a bowl.
把这些蔬菜倒进一个碗里。
27. regular adj. 有规律的；定时的
We're going to be meeting there on a regular basis.
我们将定期在那里见面。
Regular exercise helps prevent weight gain.
经常锻炼有助于防止体重增加。
【常见短语】
1) on a regular basis 定期地；经常地
2) regular pattern 正规图样，正常模式
3) regular meeting 例会
4) regular exercise 常规性的锻炼；经常操练，按时训练
5) at regular intervals 每隔一定时间（距离）
6) regular season 常规赛；季赛
7) regular expression 正则表达式；正规表达式
8) regular work 固定工作
9) regular practice 习惯做法
10) regular price 正常价格
11) regular service 定期航行；定期服务；正常业务
12) regular customer 常客；老主顾
13) regular inspection 定期检查
14) regular bus 班车
15) regular army 正规军；常备军
16) regular school 正规学校
17) regular staff 正式职工
28. concentrate v. 集中(注意力)；聚精会神；集中于
It was up to him to concentrate on his studies and make something of himself.
他能否专心学习并有所成就取决于他自己。
At work you need to be able to concentrate.
工作时你要能专心。
Italy's industrial districts are concentrated in its north-central and northeastern regions.
意大利的工业区集中在该国中北部和东北部地区。
【搭配】
concentrate on 集中精力于；全神贯注于
29. concern n.(对人、组织等)重要的事情
The technical aspects were the concern of the Army.
技术方面是军方负责的事。
【拓展】
1）n, 担忧
The move follows growing public concern over the spread of the disease.
该行动是针对公众日益增长的对该疾病传播的担忧而采取的。
2). vt. 使担忧
The growing number of people seeking refuge in Thailand is beginning to concern Western aid agencies.
日益增多的到泰国寻求避难的人数开始让西方援助机构感到担忧。
3). vt. If you concern yourself with something, you give it attention because you think that it is important. 关心
I didn't concern myself with politics.
我不关心政治
30. puzzled adj.困惑的，迷惑不解的
Critics remain puzzled by the election results.
评论家们对选举结果仍感到困惑。
【核心词组】
1. (be) related to 相关的；有联系的
Success of a man is directly related to the choice made by himself.
一个人的成功与他自己的选择直接相关。
2. make sure 确保；设法保证
Make sure you inspect the goods before signing for them.
要确保在签收货物之前进行检验。
3. science fiction科幻小说(或影片等)
4. hand in 提交，上交(尤指书面材料或失物)
Time's up. Stop writing and hand in your papers.
时间到了。不要再写了，把试卷交上来。
5. turn out 结果是；证明是；原来是
Things will turn out right.
情况会好起来的。
6. under pressure 承受着(急于完成某事的)压力
Under pressure from the public, many regional governments cleaned up their beaches.
迫于公众的压力，许多地区政府治理了海滩污染。
7. hold hack 妨碍进展
The police had to use force to hold back the crowd.
警察不得不用武力阻止人群。
8. take part in参与某事
You can take part in multiplayer games either on a LAN network or via the Internet.
你可以上局域网或者国际互联网参加多人游戏。
9. concentrate on集中(注意力)；聚精会神
He is leaving the band to concentrate on his writing.
他要离开乐队去专职写作。
【课堂练习】
I. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases from the box below. Change the form where necessary.
comment assign genuine harsh reflect concentrate
tempt sort concern behaviour nasty
1. I finished my ____________ just under the deadline.
我恰好在最后期限之前完成了我的指派任务.
2. The minister refused to ____________ publicly on these claims.
部长拒绝公开评论这些要求.
3. We were angry at their bad ____________ .
我们被他们的恶劣行为激怒了.
4. We thought it was a ____________ antique(古董), but it turned out to be a fake.
我们以为这是真古董, 结果只是一件赝品.
5. His voice was ____________ and unmusical.
他的声音刺耳难听。
6. I often ____________ on my schooldays.
我经常回忆起我上学的日子
7. You should ____________ on your work.
你应该专心于你的工作.
8. He is a person with a ____________ mind.
他是个思想肮脏的人.
9. It's very kind of you to show so much ____________ for us.
谢谢您对我们这么关心.
10. We need to ____________ the garbage out before the truck comes.
我们需要在垃圾车来前就做好垃圾分类.
1. assignment 2.comment 3.behaviour 4.genuine 5.harsh 6.reflect 7.concentrate
8. nasty 9. concern 10.sort
II. Translation.
1. 令人难以置信，那家银行在光天化日之下遭到抢劫。(rob)
考点： 令人难以置信 It’s incredible / unbelievable that… 遭到抢劫be robbed
在光天化日之下in broad daylight
It is incredible that the bank was robbed in broad daylight.
2. 那小女孩真是被惯得不像话，父母对她百依百顺。(spoil)
考点：被惯得不像话be terribly / badly spoiled
对某人百依百顺give sb whatever / everything he / she asks for
The little girl is terribly spoiled by her parents and they always give her whatever she asks for.
3. 老师在毕业典礼上的一席话使学生们受益匪浅。(benefit)
考点：在毕业典礼上at the graduating ceremony 老师的一席话what the teacher said
使学生们受益匪浅benefit the students a lot
What the teachers said at the graduating ceremony benefited the students a lot.
The students benefited a lot from what the teachers said at the graduating ceremony.
4. 他梦想有朝一日能亲眼看到海上日出。(dream)
考点：有朝一日some day / one day
梦想能亲眼看到海上日出dream of seeing the sun rising above the sea with one’s own eyes
He dreams of seeing the sun rising above the sea with his own eyes some day / one day.
5. 阅读习惯因人而异。(vary)
Reading habits vary from person to person.
6. 他们两兴趣相投，但思维方式却大相径庭。(differ)
考点：兴趣相投share the same interest 大相径庭 totally differ in sth
思维方式way of thinking
They share the same interest but totally differ in ways of thinking.
7. 缺乏合作使他们错失良机。(cost)
考点：使他们错失良机cost them a good opportunity 缺乏合作lack of cooperation
Lack of cooperation cost them a good opportunity.
8. 他忍受不了与喋喋不休的人合作。(stand)
考点：忍受不了与某人合作can’t stand cooperating with sb
喋喋不休的人those who never stop chatting/ talking those who chat / talk without stop
He can’t stand cooperating with those who never stop chatting / talking.
9. 是向老师承认错误还是掩盖事实，他举棋不定。(decision)
考点：向老师承认错误 admit his mistakes to his teacher/confess his mistakes to his teacher
掩盖事实hide / conceal the facts 举棋不定can’t make a decision whether to do sth
He can’t make a decision whether to admit his mistakes to his teacher or to hide the facts.
10. 那家鞋店声称所有鞋子降价60%， 然而顾客仍然寥寥无几。（claim）
考点：鞋店shoe store 所有鞋子降价60% the prices of all the shoes have been reduced by 60%
顾客寥寥无几there are few customers
That shoe store claimed that the prices of all the shoes had been reduced by 60%, but there were
still few customers.
【语法详解】
1. 时态复习；
2. 过去将来时；
一、一般现在时
（一）定义
表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或存在的状态，还表示主语具备的性格
和能力及客观真理。
例：I get up at 6:30 in the morning .
She is at home .
(二)构成
主要用动词原形表示，当主语是第三人称单数时，在动词词尾加s/es。
(三)句型
1、肯定句：主语+谓语+其他。
She reads English everyday .
2、否定句：主语+don’t/doesn’t+谓语+其他。
He doesn’t get up at 6:30 in the morning .
3、一般疑问句：Do/Does+主语+V原+其他？
Do you like English ? Yes ,I do ./No, I don’t .
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+do/does+主语+V原+其他？
What time do you get up every morning ?
Where does your father work ?
（三）用法
1、表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或存在的状态，带与表示频率的时间状语如：often , sometimes , usually，always , everyday year，month．．．） , once/twice a week (month , year , etc.) , seldom , on sundays等连用。
I leave home for school at seven every morning .
2、表示客观真理，科学事实、格言警句。
The sun rises in the east .日出东方。
The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。
3、当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。
I'll tell him the news when he comes back.
他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。
4、仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态"，其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。例如：
He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。
That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。
Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。
二、一般过去时
（一）结构
一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。
基本结构 否定句 一般疑问句
be动词 was/ were+not was或were提前，放于句首
行为动词 didn’t+do（动词原形） Did+主语+do（动词原形）
注：在一般过去时的句子中，谓语动词可分为两类一类是be动词，其形式为was与第一、三人称单数连用，were与第二人称和复数人称的主语连用。凡是由be动词做谓语的句子，变否定句时，直接在其后加not,即wasn’t 或weren’t，变一般疑问句将was/ were放在句首，句末用问号。另一类谓语动词是由行为动词来充当，如stayed\went\visited等,这一类动词做谓语时，可与任何人称连用，句子变否定时，要在主语后面，动词的前面加didn’t，动词用原形；一般疑问句是把did提到句首，动词用原形。
I was in Shanghai last year . I wasn’t in Shanghai last year .
Was you in Shanghai last year ?
He went to the park yesterday . He didn’t go to the park yesterday ?
Did he go to the park yesterday ?
（二）句式
1、肯定句：主语+动词过去式+其他。
I was in Beijing yesterday .I went to the beach yesterday .
2、否定句：主语+wasn’t 或weren’t+其他。
主语+didn’t + V原+其他。
I wasn’t in Beijing yesterday .I didn’t go to the beach yesterday .
3、一般疑问句：was/ were+主语+V原+其他？
Did +主语+V原+其他？
Were you in Beijing yesterday ?
Did you go to the beach yesterday ?
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ was/ were+主语+其他？
特殊疑问词+did+主语+V原+其他？
Where were you yesterday ?
Where did yougo yesterday ?
（三）用法
1、表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间里所发生的动作或情况，常与明确的时间状语连用，如：yesterday,last week(month , year…),…ago,the other day ,just now ,at the age of…,in 1980等连用。如：
At the age of ten ,she began to learn to play the piano .
2、表示过去经常发生或反复发生的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
When I was a child ,I often play the football in the street .
3、在时间、条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时态代替过去将来时。
He said he wouldn’t go if it rained .
三、一般将来时
（一）概念
表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
There will be an English party next Saturday .
We will come to see you tomorrow .
（二）结构
1、由will +动词原形构成，其will适用于各种人称，与主语连在一起时，常常缩写为’ll。变否定句时，只需在will后加not，可缩写为won’t 。在疑问句中，will需提前，构成will+主语+动词原形的结构。
He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵达这里。
2、shall+动词原形（常用于主语为第一人称）
I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。
3、be going to+动词原形（打算、准备做某事）
He is going to spend his holidays in London . 他打算在伦敦度假。
（三）用法
1、表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语，如：tomorrow, next day（week，month，year．．．．）， this evening (weekend …), in the future , in a few minutes， the day after tomorrow ,by．．．， soon 等连用。
I will pay a visit to Shanghai next week .
I hope you won’t be late next time .
2、当主句为一般现在时，在以after,when,while,as soon as ,if ,unless等引导的时间或条件句中，要用一般现在时表将来。
I’ll do it better if the teacher gives me another chance .
四、现在进行时
（一）结构
由 Be(am／is／are) ＋动词—ing 构成。
（二）用法
1、表示说话时刻正在进行的动作及行为，或者包括说话时刻在内的一段时间正在进行的动作。常用时间状语及标志词：now( at the moment ) , listen , look , this week , this evening , these days 等。
Listen , Someone is playing the piano in the next room .
2、表示一种渐进的过程。
My younger brother is becoming more and more insterested in English .
3、与always , all the time , forever等连用，表示说话人某种强烈的情感，如：赞许、批评；喜欢、厌恶等。例如：
He is always thinking of others , not of himself . （表示赞许）他总是为他人着想，而不为自己。
She is often doing well at school. （表示满意）她在学校学习挺不错的。
Are you feeling better today? （表示亲切）你今天觉得好一些吗？
One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.（表示不满）我的一个室友老是乱扔东西。
Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .（表示不喜欢） 有些推销员老是敲我家的门,向我们推销他们的产品。
4、表示移位的动词，如go,come,leave,start,arrive等，其现在进行时可表将来。
She is leaving for Beijing next weak .
My friend is coming for dinner .
（三）句型
1、肯定句：主语+ be(am／is／are) ＋动词—ing +其他。
I am studying now .
2、否定句：主语+ be +not+动词—ing +其他。
I am not studying now .
3、一般疑问句：Be+主语+动词—ing +其他？
Is she studying now ? Yes ,she is ./No,she isn’t .
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ Be+主语+动词—ing +其他？
What are you doing now ?
（四）动词的现在分词形式构成的几种方法：
1、一般在动词原形结尾直接加-ing 。
read-reading ，go-going ，visit-visiting
2、以不发音字母e结尾的动词，去e再加-ing。
live-living, write-writing，make-making,take-taking
3、 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，双写这个字母再加-ing 。
sit-sitting,begin-beginning,get-getting,run-running,
put-putting
4、少数几个以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y再加-ing。
die-dying, lie-lying, tie-tying
五、过去进行时
（一）结构
由was/were+动词-ing构成。
（二）用法
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作。动作发生的特指时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明，如：at this time yesterday，at 7:00 yesterday ，last night ,from seven to nine ,at that time以when或while引导的时间状语从句等。
My family were watching TV at this time yesterday .
注意：
1）以when引导的时间状语从句中，从句动作，主句用过去进行时，表示一个动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行。
When he called me , I was having dinner .
2）以while引导的时间状语从句中，从句与主句的动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，while常译为“当……的时候，同时”。
Tom was doing his hmework while hie sister was watching TV .
六、现在完成时
（一）含义
现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，但其结果却和现在有联系, 也就是说, 动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。
e.g. I have lost my wallet. (含义是：现在我没有钱花了。)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是：已可以吃饭了。)
Michael has been ill.(含义是：现在仍然很虚弱。)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是：现在已在此地)
（二）结构
助动词have /has+动词过去分词，主语为第三人称单数用has，其他人称用have 。
（三）句型
1、肯定句：主语+have /has+动词过去分词+其他。
I have studied English for 5 years .
2、否定句：主语+have /has+not +动词过去分词+其他。
We haven’t been there .
3、一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词过去分词+其他？
he eaten that apple ?
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ have /has +主语+动词过去分词+其他？
（四）用法
1、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的情况,常与for, since连用。
e.g. Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
2、现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用, 如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等：
e.g. He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?
3、现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用
e.g. Have you ever been to Beijing?
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4、现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等。
e.g. Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has bee too much rain this year.
The relations between us have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5、现在完成时表示现在之前就已完成的动作, 虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续, 但是有一些现在完成时的句子，在后面加上for+一段时间，则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性。
e.g. Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.)
6、现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作。
e.g. We have had four texts this semester.
现在完成时中的时间状语：
★already通常用于肯定句中，意为“已经”，位于行为动词之前, be动词、助动词之后。有时可放在疑问句句尾，表示惊讶。例如：
We have already cleaned the classroom.
Have you finished it already？
★yet用于疑问句中表示“已经”；用于否定句中，表示“还(没)”。例如：
—Has he found his watch yet？他还没找到他的表吗？
—No, not yet. 是, 还没有。
★ever意为“曾经”，常用于疑问句或否定句中，位于助动词和过去分词之间，表示从过去到目前为止的时间。例如：
Have you ever been there？你曾经去过那里吗？
Nothing has ever happened here. 这里未曾发生过什么事。
★never意为“（曾经）从未、没有”, 是否定副词，在句中位于助动词和过去分词之间。ever与否定词not连用相当于never。例如：
I haven’t ever spoken to her. = I have never spoken to her. 我从未跟她讲过话。
★just意为“刚刚”, 用于现在完成时, 表示行为刚刚过去, 位于助动词与过去分词之间。
e.g. He has just come back from school.他刚从学校回来。
★ just now意为“刚才”, 表示过去某时, 用于一般过去时, 位于句首或句尾均可。e.g. He came from school just now.他刚才从学校回来。
★for 和since的用法及区别。for 与一段时间连用，since 与时间点连用。
注意：since 后接过去时的时间状语或过去时的句子。
e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice since 1970.
I haven’t seen her since she left Shanghai.
I saw Ping Ping six years ago. Since I havenever seen her.
★have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has
been in的区别。
have/ has gone to 去了,在去某地的路上或在某地, 人还未回来
have/ has been to 曾经去过, 人已经回来了
have/ has been in 已经在, 常与一段时间连用
e.g. She has been to Shanghai before. 她以前曾去过上海。
She has been in Shanghai for ten years. 她在上海10年了。
Has he gone to Qingdao? 他去青岛了吗？但不能说 Have you gone to Qingdao?
区分短暂性动词与持续性动词.
表示短暂性(瞬间性)的动词在现在完成时的句中不能和一段时间连用.短暂性的动词如：come，go，join，leave，buy等，在完成时态中不能与for,since短语或How long等引起的时间状语连用。
瞬间动词不能直接与for，since 连用，要改变动词为延续性动词。
瞬间动词转换为延续性动词：
buy ---- have borrow ---- keep
• arrive/ come---- be in /at leave ----away (from)
• join----be a member of/be in
• die--- be dead get up ---- be up
• get married---- be married go there ---- be there
• begin/start---- be on stop---- be over
• open ---- be open
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 ：
一般过去式：过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作。
现在完成时：为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。现在完成时强调过去发生的动作与现在的联系，对现在的影响。
一般过去时强调过去发生的动作或状态，与现在没有联系。
现在
现在
现在完成时“三看三用”
一看时间状语：
如果句中没有表示过去确切时间的状语，常用现在完成时；如果有，则只能用一般过去时。如：
I have visited the factory.
I visited the factory last year.
二看句首有无疑问词：
如果笼统地问人家做过某事了吗（句首无疑问词），常用现在完成时；但进一步询问何时、何地、何原因、用什么方式做那事时（句首有疑问词）就要用一般过去时。
如：
－Have you had your breakfast?
－Yes, I have.
－When did you have it?
－At seven thirty.
注意：
这种用法是以连贯性问答为背景的。否则就需要具体情况具体分析。如：
How many words have you learned by heart?
How did you learn them by heart?
三看句中谓语动词是否为延续性动词：
如果表示的动作或状态一直延续到现在，最好选用延续性动词，并使用现在完成时；如果是瞬间动词，则用一般过去时。
如：
He has been a league member for two months.
He joined the Youth League two months ago.
七、过去将来时：
表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作, 该时态仍属于过去时的范畴。
过去将来时的结构：
一）、"would+动词原形"表示过去将来时：
"would+动词原形"构成过去将来时，常表示根据计划或安排即将发生的事。
例1：He said he would come to see me.他说他要来看我。
例2：He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。
二）、"was /were+going to+动词原形"表示过去将来时：
"was /were+going to+动词原形"也可表示根据计划或安排即将发生的事。
例1：She said she was going to start at once.她说她将立即出发。
例2：I was told that he was going to return home.他告诉我他准备要回家。
"was /were+going to+动词原形"还可表示根据当时情况判断有可能但不一定会发生某事。
例：It seemed as if it was going to rain.看来好像要下雨。
三）、某些动词的过去进行时可表示过去将来时
come,go,leave,arrive,start等严格按照时间表发生的表起止的动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时。
例1：He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.他说火车第二天早晨出发。
例2：She told me she was coming to see me.她告诉我她要来看我。
四）、特定场合的一般过去时可表示过去将来时
条件状语从句和时间状语从句中须用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
例1：I didn't know when she would come, but when she came I would let you know.我不知道她什么时候来，
但她来了我会告诉你。
析：第一个when引导宾语从句，可使用过去将来时，第二个when引导时间状语从句，
只能用一般过去时代替过去将来时
注意：这个"将来"时间绝不会延伸到“现在”；而仅限于“过去时间区域内”。这个时态常用于：
A）宾语从句或间接引语中；
B）表示过去习惯性的动作；
C）表示过去情况中的“愿望”、“倾向”，多用于否定句。
I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。
I said I would arrange everything. 我说我来安排一切。
I didn't know if he would come. 我不知道他是否会来。
She was sixty-six. In three years，she would be sixty-nine. 她66岁了。三年后，她是69岁。
I didn't know how to do it. What would be their ideas？我不知如何去做，他们会有什么想法呢？
Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.
上星期天我们本想去游览长城的，但却下雨了。
I should be told about the thing.应该有人告诉我这件事。
Were they going to finish the work before the next day?第二天他们能完成工作吗？
They were not going to go hiking unless they finished their homework.
除非他们完成作业，否则他们不会去远足。
【课堂练习】
1. James enjoys watching movies, and he often _______ a movie in his free time.
A. watches B. watched C. is watching D. will watch
1.【答案】A
【解析】句意：詹姆斯喜欢看电影，他经常在空闲时间看电影。
考查一般现在时。A. watches第三人称单数形式，表一般现在时；B. watched表一般过去时；C. is watching表现在进行时；D. will watch表一般将来时。根据前一句James enjoys watching movies以及句中often提示，空格处所在句子应用一般现在时，且主语he为第三人称单数，故动词watch应用第三人称单数形式watches。故选A。
2. When I was your age, I _______ a lot of housework to do after school.
A. will have B. am having C. have D. had
2.【答案】D
【解析】句意：当我和你一样大的时候，放学后我有很多家务要做。
A一般将来时；B现在进行时；C一般现在时；D一般过去时。根据When I was your age当我和你一样大的时候。可知，本题的时态为一般过去时。故选D。
3. The students are very excited. They _______ on a school trip next Monday.
A. went B. have gone C. go D. will go
3.【答案】D
【解析】句意：学生非常兴奋, 下周一他们将会有一次学校郊游。A. went去, 一般过去时；B. have gone已经去了, 现在完成时；C. go去, 一般现在时；D. will go将会去, 一般将来时。根据本题语境, 下周一将会去, 用一般将来时, 故选D。
4．Please turn the TV down. Tony _______ for the math test now.
A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. was studying
4.【答案】C
【解析】考查现在进行时。根据关键词now可知用现在进行时。故答案为C。
5. When I got to the classroom, my friend Bob _______ the floor.
A. is cleaning B. was cleaning C. cleaned D. has cleaned
5.【答案】B
【解析】句意：当我进教室时, 我的朋友鲍勃正在打扫地板。
考查时间状语从句、时态。A. is cleaning（现在进行时）；B. was cleaning（过去进行时）；C. cleaned（一般过去式）；D. has cleaned（现在完成时）；when引导的时间状语从句指特定时间正在发生的动作, 根据主从句时态一致的原则, 判断主句用过去进行时, 故选B。
6. Our lifestyle _______ a lot since this Spring Festival. We care more about our diets.
A. changes B. will change C. has changed D. is changing
6.【解析】句意：自从春节以来, 我们的生活方式已经大大的改变了. 我们更在乎我们的饮食了. 现在完成时的构成：have/has+过去分词. 表示从过去某时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作, 还有可能延续下去, 强调对现在造成的影响. 根据时间状语since this Spring Festival, 所以要用现在完成时来填空.
【词汇和短语】
assignment n. (分派的)任务
related adj. 相关的；有联系的
creative adj. 创造(性)的；创作的
stare v.盯着看；凝视
blank adj. 空白的
sheet n. 一张
essay n. 文章，短文
actually adv. 事实 上，的确
fiction n. 小说
distant adj. 遥远的；久远的
alien n.外星人；外星生物
ignore v.忽视；对……不予理会
beg v. 恳求；哀求
sort n.y种类；类别
rather adv. 相当，在某种程度上
harsh adj. 残酷的；严厉的
(be) related to 相关的；有联系的
make sure 确保；设法保证
science fiction科幻小说(或影片等)
hand in 提交，上交(尤指书面材料或失物)
turn out 结果是；证明是；原来是
teenager n. d (13至19岁之间的)青少年
pressure n. 心理压力；紧张v.逼迫；使迫未得已
expectation n. 希望；盼望
comfort n. 安慰；慰藉 v. 安慰；抚慰
throughout prep. 自始至终
adult adj. 成年人的 n. 成年人
reflect v. 认真思考；深思
nasty adj. 不友好的；令人不愉快的
comment n. 议论；评论
glance n. 匆匆一看；一瞥
behaviour n. 行为；举止
shortage n. 不足；缺少
genuine adj. 真诚的；真心的；可依赖的
tempt v. 引诱；诱惑
forward adv. 向前
chapter n. (人生或历史的)时期，篇章
limitation n. 限制；不足之处
under pressure 承受着(急于完成某事的)压力
hold hack 妨碍进展
tip n. 指点；实用的提示
regular adj. 有规律的；定时的
concentrate v. 集中(注意力)；聚精会神
concern n. (对人、组织等)重要的事情；关心
facility n. 设施；设备
puzzled adj. 困惑的，迷惑不解的
locker n. (体育馆等的)有锁存物柜，寄物柜
dustbin n. (常置于房外的)垃圾桶，垃圾箱
gymnastics n. 体操；体操训练
take part in参与某事
concentrate on集中(注意力)；聚精会神
【词汇重点】
1. assignment n. (分派的)任务
The assessment for the course involves written assignments and practical tests.
这门课程的评估包括各种书面作业和实践测试。
【拓展】
assign /əˈsaɪn/
1）. V-T If you assign a piece of work to someone, you give them the work to do. 布置 (任务)
When I taught, I would assign a topic to children that they would write about.
教书时，我会给孩子们布置个写作题。
Later in the year, she'll assign them research papers.
今年晚些时候，她将给他们布置论文。
2）. V-T If you assign something to someone, you say that it is for their use. 分配 (某物)
The selling broker is then required to assign a portion of the commission to the buyer broker.
卖方经纪人则被要求分给买方经纪人一部分佣金。
【固定搭配】
assign sb. to do sth. 指派某人去做某事。
Judy, it is my great privilege to officially assign you to the heart of Zootopia.
朱迪，我很荣幸能正式把你指派到疯狂动物城的中心。
2. related adj. 相关的；有联系的
Light industry is closely related to agriculture.
轻工业和农业密切相关。
【固定搭配】
be related to… 与…相关。
The speed of Covid-19 spread is closely related to people’s wearing masks or not.
新冠的传播速度和人们戴不戴口罩密切相关。
3. creative adj. 创造(性)的；创作的
Like so many creative people, he was never satisfied.
正如许多有创造力的人一样，他永不满足。
We need to produce better creative if we want to attract big clients.
要吸引大客户，我们就得拿出更好的创意。
4. stare v. 盯着看；凝视
It's harmful for your eyes to stare at the computer or mobile phone screen for a long time.
长时间盯着电脑或手机屏幕对你的眼睛有害。
【固定搭配】
stare at…盯着…看；凝视
【近义词辨析】
peer, glance, stare, gaze, glare
这组词都有“看，瞧”的意思，都可以和at形成搭配；其区别是：
peer 指眯着眼睛仔细地或略为吃力地看。
glance 指匆匆地或粗略地一看，侧重心不在焉地、匆忙地看一眼。
stare 侧重因惊奇、好奇、粗鲁无礼等而睁大眼睛看。
gaze 指出于羡慕、感兴趣、关心或惊异而长时间目不转睛地看。
glare 指用愤恨、凶狠或含敌意的眼光死死看着某人。
5. blank adj. 空白的
He tore a blank page from his notebook.
他从笔记本上撕下一页白纸
【拓展】
1. (表格等的) 空白处
Put a word in each blank to complete the sentence.
在每个空格处填一个单词完成句子。
2. 茫然的; 无表情的; 漠然的
Abbot looked blank. "I don't quite follow, sir."
阿博特一脸茫然，“我不太明白，先生。”
3. (头脑、记忆等的) 一片空白
I'm sorry, but my mind is a blank.
很抱歉，可是我脑子里一片空白。
6. actually adv. 事实 上，的确
One afternoon, I got bored and actually fell asleep for a few minutes.
一天下午，我感到很无聊，实际上有几分钟还睡着了。
【同义短语】
actually= in fact
7. distant adj. 遥远的；久远的；远房的
The mountains rolled away to a distant horizon.
群山绵延至遥远的天边。
There is little doubt, however, that things will improve in the not too distant future.
然而毋庸置疑的是，事情在不远的将来会有改观。
He's a distant relative of the mayor.
他是市长的远房亲戚。
8. ignore v. 忽视；对……不予理会
She said her husband ignored her.
她说她丈夫对她置之不理。
It would be a mistake to ignore his opinion.
忽略他的意见是不对的。
【同根词拓展】
ignorance /ˈɪɡnərəns/ n. 无知
I am beginning to feel embarrassed by my complete ignorance of world history.
我开始为自己对世界历史的一无所知感到尴尬。
9. beg v. 恳求；哀求
I begged him to come back to New York with me.
我请求他和我一起回纽约。
【词组及短语】
beg for food 乞求
beg your pardon 对不起，请原谅
go begging vi. 行乞；销路极差
beg off 请求免除
【固定搭配】
beg sb. to do sth. 乞求某人去做某事。
beg one's pardon 请某人再说一遍
10. sort n. 种类；类别
There are so many different sorts of mushrooms available these days.
这些日子可买到各种各样的蘑菇。
He seemed to be just the right sort for the job.
他似乎就是该工作的合适人选。
【拓展】
1）. 分类
He sorted the materials into their folders.
他将材料分类放入他们的文件夹里。
He unlatched the box and sorted through the papers.
他打开盒子的锁，在文件里分类拣选。
2）. All sorts of things or people means a large number of different things or people. 各种各样
There are all sorts of animals, including bears, pigs, kangaroos, and penguins.
有各种各样的动物，包括熊、猪、袋鼠和企鹅。
It was used by all sorts of people.
它被各种人使用。
【词组及短语】
sort of 有几分地；到某种程度；稍稍
some sort of 某种的；多少有些；仿佛
sort out 挑选出
of sorts 各种各样的
that sort of thing 那类事情
【近义词辨析】
category, sort, species, classification, class, type, variety, kind
这组词都有“种，类，类型”的意思，其区别是：
category 书面用词，特指有确切定义的群体。
sort 普通用词，文体较kind随便，指对人或对事物进行的大概分类，有时含贬义。
species 书面用词，单复数同形。指生物分类上的种。
classification 指根据已经确定的类型对某一实物作鉴别和归类。
class 正式用词，指门类、种类或优劣等级；用于指动植物的分类时，表示“纲”。
type 指客观界限比较清楚，有相同本质特点的同类事物，或指大致相似的同类事物。
variety 强调有各自的特点，形式不同，品质不同的种类。
kind 指性质相同，而且特征很相似，足以归为一类的人或东西。
11. harsh adj. 残酷的；严厉的；刺耳的
He said many harsh and unkind things about his opponents.
他说了许多关于他对手的严厉且残酷的话。
It's a pity she has such a loud harsh voice.
可惜她有这么一种响亮刺耳的声音。
12. pressure n. 心理压力；紧张
He didn't put any pressure on her.
他并没有给她施加任何压力。
Teenagers may find it difficult to resist peer pressure.
青少年可能觉得很难抗拒同龄人的压力。
【拓展】
pressure. v. 对…施加压力
He will never pressure you to get married.
他永远也不会给你施加压力让你结婚。
pressure sb. to do sth. 迫使某人去做某事。
13. expectation n.希望；盼望
There was an air of expectation and great curiosity.
有着一种期待和好奇的感觉。
【常见短语】
in expectation 期望着；意料之中
expectation value 期待值
expectation of life 平均寿命；预期寿命（等于life expectancy）
mathematical expectation 数学的期望值
live up to expectations 按照期望做到，不负众望
rational expectation 理性预期；合理预期
beyond expectation 出乎意料
out of expectation 出乎意料
expectation effect 期望效应
have expectations of (对…)抱有期望
14. comfort n. 安慰；慰藉
It's a comfort talking to you.
与你谈谈是一种安慰。
v. to make sb who is worried or unhappy feel better by being kind and sympathetic towards them 安慰；抚慰
Ned put his arm around her, trying to comfort her.
内德搂着她，试图安慰她。
15. throughout prep/adv 自始至终; 各处；遍及
Movie music can be made memorable because its themes are repeated throughout the film.
电影音乐可以制作得令人难忘，因为其主旋律在影片中反复出现。
The floods caused havoc throughout the area.
洪水给整个地区带来了灾害。
16. reflect v. 认真思考；深思 (reflect on)
We should all give ourselves time to reflect.
我们都应该给自己时间来深思。
Over the next few years many people had occasion to reflect on the truth of his warnings.
在随后的几年里许多人有机会反思他那些警告的真相。
v. to show or be a sign of the nature or of sb’s attitude or feeling 显示，表明，表达(事物的自然属性或人们的态度、情感等)
A newspaper report seems to reflect the view of most members of Congress.
报纸的一篇报导似乎反映了国会多数议员的观点。
v. 反射
The sun reflected off the snow-covered mountains.
阳光从被雪覆盖的山峦反射回来。
【词组短语】
reflect on 仔细考虑，思考；反省；回想，回顾；怀疑
reflect upon vt. 考虑（回想；回顾）
17. nasty adj. 不友好的；令人不愉快的
The guards looked really nasty.
那些警卫看上去真可恶。
He had a temper and could be nasty.
他脾气暴躁，会令人讨厌。
18. comment n. 议论；评论
He made his comments at a news conference in Amsterdam.
他在阿姆斯特丹的一次记者招待会上做了评论。
There's been no comment so far from police about the allegations.
到目前为止还没有来自警方的对那些指控的任何解释。
no comment 无可奉告！
【拓展】
comment v. 评论（~ on sth）; 解释
So far, Mr. Cook has not commented on these reports.
到目前为止，库克先生还未对这些报告进行过评论。
You really can't comment until you know the facts.
你的确不能在你知道事实之前进行评论。
One student commented that she preferred literature to social science.
一位学生解释说，较之于社会科学她更喜欢文学。
19. glance n. 匆匆一看；一瞥
One could tell at a glance that she was a compassionate person.
一眼就能看出她是一个富有同情心的人。
Trevor and I exchanged a glance.
特雷弗和我相互瞥了一眼。
【拓展】
glance v. 浏览；瞥
He glanced at his watch.
他瞥了一下手表。
I picked up the phone book and glanced through it.
我拿起电话簿，浏览了一下。
【近义词辨析】
peer, glance, stare, gaze, glare
这组词都有“看，瞧”的意思，都可以和at形成搭配；其区别是：
peer 指眯着眼睛仔细地或略为吃力地看。
glance 指匆匆地或粗略地一看，侧重心不在焉地、匆忙地看一眼。
stare 侧重因惊奇、好奇、粗鲁无礼等而睁大眼睛看。
gaze 指出于羡慕、感兴趣、关心或惊异而长时间目不转睛地看。
glare 指用愤恨、凶狠或含敌意的眼光死死看着某人。
【词组短语】
at a glance 一瞥；看一眼
glance at 看一下，浏览；提到，影射
at first glance 乍一看，初看；第一眼就……
glance over 浏览；简略阅读
glance through 浏览
20. behaviour n. 行为；举止
Make sure that good behaviour is rewarded.
确保良好的行为受到嘉奖。
I can't forgive that type of behaviour.
我不能宽恕那种行为。
【拓展】
behave /bɪˈheɪv/ v.
1). 行为; 表现
I couldn't believe these people were behaving in this way.
我无法相信这些人竟这样行事。
2) .使…规矩; 规矩地行事
You have to behave.
你得守规矩。
21. shortage n. 不足；缺少
They face a desperate shortage of clean water.
他们面临无污染水源的严重短缺。
【词组短语】
shortage of 缺少……
water shortage 缺水；水量不足；枯水
shortage of water resources 水资源短缺
food shortage 粮食短缺
power shortage 电力短缺
fund shortage 资金不足， 资金短缺
shortage of capital 资金短缺
material shortage 材料紧缺
housing shortage 房荒；住房紧张；住宅不足
labor shortage 劳力短缺，劳动力短缺
manpower shortage 劳动力短缺
shortage of fresh water 淡水短缺；淡水资源短缺
shortage of manpower 劳动力短缺；缺乏劳力
22. genuine adj. 真诚的；真心的；可依赖的
If this offer is genuine, I will gladly accept it.
如果这份帮助是真诚的，我将愉快地接受它。
Only genuine refugees can apply for tents.
只有真正的难民才能申请帐篷。
23. tempt v.引诱；诱惑
It is the fresh fruit that tempts me at this time of year.
只有新鲜的水果才会在每年的这个时候吸引我。
Cars like that may tempt drivers to speed.
那样的汽车可能会引诱司机超速行驶
【固定搭配】
tempt sb. to do sth. 引诱某人去做某事。
24. limitation n. 起限制作用的规则(或事实、条件)；不足 之处
All the talk had been about the limitation of nuclear weapons.
整个会谈都是关于核武器的限制。
They would resist any limitation of their powers.
他们会抵制对他们权力的任何限制。
【词组短语】
time limitation 时间限制
limitation of liability 责任范围
space limitation 空间限制
limitation period 时效期
【拓展】
limit v. 限制
The protests were not limited to New York.
抗议活动并不仅限于纽约。
Efforts were made to limit the sale of alcohol.
做出努力来限制酒的销售。
be limited to…局限于…
25. gymnastics n.体操；体操训练
China made a clean sweep of the medals in the gymnastics events.
中国队在体操比赛中包揽了所有的奖牌。
gym n. 体育馆
26. tip n. 尖端；小费；实用的提示
The sleeves covered his hands to the tips of his fingers.
衣袖遮住了他的手，一直盖到他的手指尖。
It shows how to prepare a resume, and gives tips on applying for jobs.
它说明了如何准备一份简历，并提了一些有关求职的建议。
I gave the barber a tip.
我给了理发师小费。
【拓展】
tip v. 倾倒
Tip the vegetables into a bowl.
把这些蔬菜倒进一个碗里。
27. regular adj. 有规律的；定时的
We're going to be meeting there on a regular basis.
我们将定期在那里见面。
Regular exercise helps prevent weight gain.
经常锻炼有助于防止体重增加。
【常见短语】
1) on a regular basis 定期地；经常地
2) regular pattern 正规图样，正常模式
3) regular meeting 例会
4) regular exercise 常规性的锻炼；经常操练，按时训练
5) at regular intervals 每隔一定时间（距离）
6) regular season 常规赛；季赛
7) regular expression 正则表达式；正规表达式
8) regular work 固定工作
9) regular practice 习惯做法
10) regular price 正常价格
11) regular service 定期航行；定期服务；正常业务
12) regular customer 常客；老主顾
13) regular inspection 定期检查
14) regular bus 班车
15) regular army 正规军；常备军
16) regular school 正规学校
17) regular staff 正式职工
28. concentrate v. 集中(注意力)；聚精会神；集中于
It was up to him to concentrate on his studies and make something of himself.
他能否专心学习并有所成就取决于他自己。
At work you need to be able to concentrate.
工作时你要能专心。
Italy's industrial districts are concentrated in its north-central and northeastern regions.
意大利的工业区集中在该国中北部和东北部地区。
【搭配】
concentrate on 集中精力于；全神贯注于
29. concern n.(对人、组织等)重要的事情
The technical aspects were the concern of the Army.
技术方面是军方负责的事。
【拓展】
1）n, 担忧
The move follows growing public concern over the spread of the disease.
该行动是针对公众日益增长的对该疾病传播的担忧而采取的。
2). vt. 使担忧
The growing number of people seeking refuge in Thailand is beginning to concern Western aid agencies.
日益增多的到泰国寻求避难的人数开始让西方援助机构感到担忧。
3). vt. If you concern yourself with something, you give it attention because you think that it is important. 关心
I didn't concern myself with politics.
我不关心政治
30. puzzled adj.困惑的，迷惑不解的
Critics remain puzzled by the election results.
评论家们对选举结果仍感到困惑。
【核心词组】
1. (be) related to 相关的；有联系的
Success of a man is directly related to the choice made by himself.
一个人的成功与他自己的选择直接相关。
2. make sure 确保；设法保证
Make sure you inspect the goods before signing for them.
要确保在签收货物之前进行检验。
3. science fiction科幻小说(或影片等)
4. hand in 提交，上交(尤指书面材料或失物)
Time's up. Stop writing and hand in your papers.
时间到了。不要再写了，把试卷交上来。
5. turn out 结果是；证明是；原来是
Things will turn out right.
情况会好起来的。
6. under pressure 承受着(急于完成某事的)压力
Under pressure from the public, many regional governments cleaned up their beaches.
迫于公众的压力，许多地区政府治理了海滩污染。
7. hold hack 妨碍进展
The police had to use force to hold back the crowd.
警察不得不用武力阻止人群。
8. take part in参与某事
You can take part in multiplayer games either on a LAN network or via the Internet.
你可以上局域网或者国际互联网参加多人游戏。
9. concentrate on集中(注意力)；聚精会神
He is leaving the band to concentrate on his writing.
他要离开乐队去专职写作。
【课堂练习】
I. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases from the box below. Change the form where necessary.
comment assign genuine harsh reflect concentrate
tempt sort concern behaviour nasty
1. I finished my ____________ just under the deadline.
我恰好在最后期限之前完成了我的指派任务.
2. The minister refused to ____________ publicly on these claims.
部长拒绝公开评论这些要求.
3. We were angry at their bad ____________ .
我们被他们的恶劣行为激怒了.
4. We thought it was a ____________ antique(古董), but it turned out to be a fake.
我们以为这是真古董, 结果只是一件赝品.
5. His voice was ____________ and unmusical.
他的声音刺耳难听。
6. I often ____________ on my schooldays.
我经常回忆起我上学的日子
7. You should ____________ on your work.
你应该专心于你的工作.
8. He is a person with a ____________ mind.
他是个思想肮脏的人.
9. It's very kind of you to show so much ____________ for us.
谢谢您对我们这么关心.
10. We need to ____________ the garbage out before the truck comes.
我们需要在垃圾车来前就做好垃圾分类.
1. assignment 2.comment 3.behaviour 4.genuine 5.harsh 6.reflect 7.concentrate
8. nasty 9. concern 10.sort
II. Translation.
1. 令人难以置信，那家银行在光天化日之下遭到抢劫。(rob)
考点： 令人难以置信 It’s incredible / unbelievable that… 遭到抢劫be robbed
在光天化日之下in broad daylight
It is incredible that the bank was robbed in broad daylight.
2. 那小女孩真是被惯得不像话，父母对她百依百顺。(spoil)
考点：被惯得不像话be terribly / badly spoiled
对某人百依百顺give sb whatever / everything he / she asks for
The little girl is terribly spoiled by her parents and they always give her whatever she asks for.
3. 老师在毕业典礼上的一席话使学生们受益匪浅。(benefit)
考点：在毕业典礼上at the graduating ceremony 老师的一席话what the teacher said
使学生们受益匪浅benefit the students a lot
What the teachers said at the graduating ceremony benefited the students a lot.
The students benefited a lot from what the teachers said at the graduating ceremony.
4. 他梦想有朝一日能亲眼看到海上日出。(dream)
考点：有朝一日some day / one day
梦想能亲眼看到海上日出dream of seeing the sun rising above the sea with one’s own eyes
He dreams of seeing the sun rising above the sea with his own eyes some day / one day.
5. 阅读习惯因人而异。(vary)
Reading habits vary from person to person.
6. 他们两兴趣相投，但思维方式却大相径庭。(differ)
考点：兴趣相投share the same interest 大相径庭 totally differ in sth
思维方式way of thinking
They share the same interest but totally differ in ways of thinking.
7. 缺乏合作使他们错失良机。(cost)
考点：使他们错失良机cost them a good opportunity 缺乏合作lack of cooperation
Lack of cooperation cost them a good opportunity.
8. 他忍受不了与喋喋不休的人合作。(stand)
考点：忍受不了与某人合作can’t stand cooperating with sb
喋喋不休的人those who never stop chatting/ talking those who chat / talk without stop
He can’t stand cooperating with those who never stop chatting / talking.
9. 是向老师承认错误还是掩盖事实，他举棋不定。(decision)
考点：向老师承认错误 admit his mistakes to his teacher/confess his mistakes to his teacher
掩盖事实hide / conceal the facts 举棋不定can’t make a decision whether to do sth
He can’t make a decision whether to admit his mistakes to his teacher or to hide the facts.
10. 那家鞋店声称所有鞋子降价60%， 然而顾客仍然寥寥无几。（claim）
考点：鞋店shoe store 所有鞋子降价60% the prices of all the shoes have been reduced by 60%
顾客寥寥无几there are few customers
That shoe store claimed that the prices of all the shoes had been reduced by 60%, but there were
still few customers.
【语法详解】
1. 时态复习；
2. 过去将来时；
一、一般现在时
（一）定义
表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或存在的状态，还表示主语具备的性格
和能力及客观真理。
例：I get up at 6:30 in the morning .
She is at home .
(二)构成
主要用动词原形表示，当主语是第三人称单数时，在动词词尾加s/es。
(三)句型
1、肯定句：主语+谓语+其他。
She reads English everyday .
2、否定句：主语+don’t/doesn’t+谓语+其他。
He doesn’t get up at 6:30 in the morning .
3、一般疑问句：Do/Does+主语+V原+其他？
Do you like English ? Yes ,I do ./No, I don’t .
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+do/does+主语+V原+其他？
What time do you get up every morning ?
Where does your father work ?
（三）用法
1、表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或存在的状态，带与表示频率的时间状语如：often , sometimes , usually，always , everyday year，month．．．） , once/twice a week (month , year , etc.) , seldom , on sundays等连用。
I leave home for school at seven every morning .
2、表示客观真理，科学事实、格言警句。
The sun rises in the east .日出东方。
The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。
3、当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。
I'll tell him the news when he comes back.
他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。
4、仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态"，其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。例如：
He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。
That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。
Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。
二、一般过去时
（一）结构
一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。
基本结构 否定句 一般疑问句
be动词 was/ were+not was或were提前，放于句首
行为动词 didn’t+do（动词原形） Did+主语+do（动词原形）
注：在一般过去时的句子中，谓语动词可分为两类一类是be动词，其形式为was与第一、三人称单数连用，were与第二人称和复数人称的主语连用。凡是由be动词做谓语的句子，变否定句时，直接在其后加not,即wasn’t 或weren’t，变一般疑问句将was/ were放在句首，句末用问号。另一类谓语动词是由行为动词来充当，如stayed\went\visited等,这一类动词做谓语时，可与任何人称连用，句子变否定时，要在主语后面，动词的前面加didn’t，动词用原形；一般疑问句是把did提到句首，动词用原形。
I was in Shanghai last year . I wasn’t in Shanghai last year .
Was you in Shanghai last year ?
He went to the park yesterday . He didn’t go to the park yesterday ?
Did he go to the park yesterday ?
（二）句式
1、肯定句：主语+动词过去式+其他。
I was in Beijing yesterday .I went to the beach yesterday .
2、否定句：主语+wasn’t 或weren’t+其他。
主语+didn’t + V原+其他。
I wasn’t in Beijing yesterday .I didn’t go to the beach yesterday .
3、一般疑问句：was/ were+主语+V原+其他？
Did +主语+V原+其他？
Were you in Beijing yesterday ?
Did you go to the beach yesterday ?
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ was/ were+主语+其他？
特殊疑问词+did+主语+V原+其他？
Where were you yesterday ?
Where did yougo yesterday ?
（三）用法
1、表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间里所发生的动作或情况，常与明确的时间状语连用，如：yesterday,last week(month , year…),…ago,the other day ,just now ,at the age of…,in 1980等连用。如：
At the age of ten ,she began to learn to play the piano .
2、表示过去经常发生或反复发生的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
When I was a child ,I often play the football in the street .
3、在时间、条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时态代替过去将来时。
He said he wouldn’t go if it rained .
三、一般将来时
（一）概念
表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
There will be an English party next Saturday .
We will come to see you tomorrow .
（二）结构
1、由will +动词原形构成，其will适用于各种人称，与主语连在一起时，常常缩写为’ll。变否定句时，只需在will后加not，可缩写为won’t 。在疑问句中，will需提前，构成will+主语+动词原形的结构。
He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵达这里。
2、shall+动词原形（常用于主语为第一人称）
I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。
3、be going to+动词原形（打算、准备做某事）
He is going to spend his holidays in London . 他打算在伦敦度假。
（三）用法
1、表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语，如：tomorrow, next day（week，month，year．．．．）， this evening (weekend …), in the future , in a few minutes， the day after tomorrow ,by．．．， soon 等连用。
I will pay a visit to Shanghai next week .
I hope you won’t be late next time .
2、当主句为一般现在时，在以after,when,while,as soon as ,if ,unless等引导的时间或条件句中，要用一般现在时表将来。
I’ll do it better if the teacher gives me another chance .
四、现在进行时
（一）结构
由 Be(am／is／are) ＋动词—ing 构成。
（二）用法
1、表示说话时刻正在进行的动作及行为，或者包括说话时刻在内的一段时间正在进行的动作。常用时间状语及标志词：now( at the moment ) , listen , look , this week , this evening , these days 等。
Listen , Someone is playing the piano in the next room .
2、表示一种渐进的过程。
My younger brother is becoming more and more insterested in English .
3、与always , all the time , forever等连用，表示说话人某种强烈的情感，如：赞许、批评；喜欢、厌恶等。例如：
He is always thinking of others , not of himself . （表示赞许）他总是为他人着想，而不为自己。
She is often doing well at school. （表示满意）她在学校学习挺不错的。
Are you feeling better today? （表示亲切）你今天觉得好一些吗？
One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.（表示不满）我的一个室友老是乱扔东西。
Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .（表示不喜欢） 有些推销员老是敲我家的门,向我们推销他们的产品。
4、表示移位的动词，如go,come,leave,start,arrive等，其现在进行时可表将来。
She is leaving for Beijing next weak .
My friend is coming for dinner .
（三）句型
1、肯定句：主语+ be(am／is／are) ＋动词—ing +其他。
I am studying now .
2、否定句：主语+ be +not+动词—ing +其他。
I am not studying now .
3、一般疑问句：Be+主语+动词—ing +其他？
Is she studying now ? Yes ,she is ./No,she isn’t .
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ Be+主语+动词—ing +其他？
What are you doing now ?
（四）动词的现在分词形式构成的几种方法：
1、一般在动词原形结尾直接加-ing 。
read-reading ，go-going ，visit-visiting
2、以不发音字母e结尾的动词，去e再加-ing。
live-living, write-writing，make-making,take-taking
3、 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，双写这个字母再加-ing 。
sit-sitting,begin-beginning,get-getting,run-running,
put-putting
4、少数几个以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y再加-ing。
die-dying, lie-lying, tie-tying
五、过去进行时
（一）结构
由was/were+动词-ing构成。
（二）用法
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作。动作发生的特指时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明，如：at this time yesterday，at 7:00 yesterday ，last night ,from seven to nine ,at that time以when或while引导的时间状语从句等。
My family were watching TV at this time yesterday .
注意：
1）以when引导的时间状语从句中，从句动作，主句用过去进行时，表示一个动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行。
When he called me , I was having dinner .
2）以while引导的时间状语从句中，从句与主句的动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，while常译为“当……的时候，同时”。
Tom was doing his hmework while hie sister was watching TV .
六、现在完成时
（一）含义
现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，但其结果却和现在有联系, 也就是说, 动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。
e.g. I have lost my wallet. (含义是：现在我没有钱花了。)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是：已可以吃饭了。)
Michael has been ill.(含义是：现在仍然很虚弱。)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是：现在已在此地)
（二）结构
助动词have /has+动词过去分词，主语为第三人称单数用has，其他人称用have 。
（三）句型
1、肯定句：主语+have /has+动词过去分词+其他。
I have studied English for 5 years .
2、否定句：主语+have /has+not +动词过去分词+其他。
We haven’t been there .
3、一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词过去分词+其他？
he eaten that apple ?
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ have /has +主语+动词过去分词+其他？
（四）用法
1、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的情况,常与for, since连用。
e.g. Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
2、现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用, 如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等：
e.g. He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?
3、现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用
e.g. Have you ever been to Beijing?
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4、现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等。
e.g. Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has bee too much rain this year.
The relations between us have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5、现在完成时表示现在之前就已完成的动作, 虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续, 但是有一些现在完成时的句子，在后面加上for+一段时间，则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性。
e.g. Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.)
6、现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作。
e.g. We have had four texts this semester.
现在完成时中的时间状语：
★already通常用于肯定句中，意为“已经”，位于行为动词之前, be动词、助动词之后。有时可放在疑问句句尾，表示惊讶。例如：
We have already cleaned the classroom.
Have you finished it already？
★yet用于疑问句中表示“已经”；用于否定句中，表示“还(没)”。例如：
—Has he found his watch yet？他还没找到他的表吗？
—No, not yet. 是, 还没有。
★ever意为“曾经”，常用于疑问句或否定句中，位于助动词和过去分词之间，表示从过去到目前为止的时间。例如：
Have you ever been there？你曾经去过那里吗？
Nothing has ever happened here. 这里未曾发生过什么事。
★never意为“（曾经）从未、没有”, 是否定副词，在句中位于助动词和过去分词之间。ever与否定词not连用相当于never。例如：
I haven’t ever spoken to her. = I have never spoken to her. 我从未跟她讲过话。
★just意为“刚刚”, 用于现在完成时, 表示行为刚刚过去, 位于助动词与过去分词之间。
e.g. He has just come back from school.他刚从学校回来。
★ just now意为“刚才”, 表示过去某时, 用于一般过去时, 位于句首或句尾均可。e.g. He came from school just now.他刚才从学校回来。
★for 和since的用法及区别。for 与一段时间连用，since 与时间点连用。
注意：since 后接过去时的时间状语或过去时的句子。
e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice since 1970.
I haven’t seen her since she left Shanghai.
I saw Ping Ping six years ago. Since I havenever seen her.
★have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has
been in的区别。
have/ has gone to 去了,在去某地的路上或在某地, 人还未回来
have/ has been to 曾经去过, 人已经回来了
have/ has been in 已经在, 常与一段时间连用
e.g. She has been to Shanghai before. 她以前曾去过上海。
She has been in Shanghai for ten years. 她在上海10年了。
Has he gone to Qingdao? 他去青岛了吗？但不能说 Have you gone to Qingdao?
区分短暂性动词与持续性动词.
表示短暂性(瞬间性)的动词在现在完成时的句中不能和一段时间连用.短暂性的动词如：come，go，join，leave，buy等，在完成时态中不能与for,since短语或How long等引起的时间状语连用。
瞬间动词不能直接与for，since 连用，要改变动词为延续性动词。
瞬间动词转换为延续性动词：
buy ---- have borrow ---- keep
• arrive/ come---- be in /at leave ----away (from)
• join----be a member of/be in
• die--- be dead get up ---- be up
• get married---- be married go there ---- be there
• begin/start---- be on stop---- be over
• open ---- be open
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 ：
一般过去式：过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作。
现在完成时：为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。现在完成时强调过去发生的动作与现在的联系，对现在的影响。
一般过去时强调过去发生的动作或状态，与现在没有联系。
现在
现在
现在完成时“三看三用”
一看时间状语：
如果句中没有表示过去确切时间的状语，常用现在完成时；如果有，则只能用一般过去时。如：
I have visited the factory.
I visited the factory last year.
二看句首有无疑问词：
如果笼统地问人家做过某事了吗（句首无疑问词），常用现在完成时；但进一步询问何时、何地、何原因、用什么方式做那事时（句首有疑问词）就要用一般过去时。
如：
－Have you had your breakfast?
－Yes, I have.
－When did you have it?
－At seven thirty.
注意：
这种用法是以连贯性问答为背景的。否则就需要具体情况具体分析。如：
How many words have you learned by heart?
How did you learn them by heart?
三看句中谓语动词是否为延续性动词：
如果表示的动作或状态一直延续到现在，最好选用延续性动词，并使用现在完成时；如果是瞬间动词，则用一般过去时。
如：
He has been a league member for two months.
He joined the Youth League two months ago.
七、过去将来时：
表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作, 该时态仍属于过去时的范畴。
过去将来时的结构：
一）、"would+动词原形"表示过去将来时：
"would+动词原形"构成过去将来时，常表示根据计划或安排即将发生的事。
例1：He said he would come to see me.他说他要来看我。
例2：He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。
二）、"was /were+going to+动词原形"表示过去将来时：
"was /were+going to+动词原形"也可表示根据计划或安排即将发生的事。
例1：She said she was going to start at once.她说她将立即出发。
例2：I was told that he was going to return home.他告诉我他准备要回家。
"was /were+going to+动词原形"还可表示根据当时情况判断有可能但不一定会发生某事。
例：It seemed as if it was going to rain.看来好像要下雨。
三）、某些动词的过去进行时可表示过去将来时
come,go,leave,arrive,start等严格按照时间表发生的表起止的动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时。
例1：He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.他说火车第二天早晨出发。
例2：She told me she was coming to see me.她告诉我她要来看我。
四）、特定场合的一般过去时可表示过去将来时
条件状语从句和时间状语从句中须用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
例1：I didn't know when she would come, but when she came I would let you know.我不知道她什么时候来，
但她来了我会告诉你。
析：第一个when引导宾语从句，可使用过去将来时，第二个when引导时间状语从句，
只能用一般过去时代替过去将来时
注意：这个"将来"时间绝不会延伸到“现在”；而仅限于“过去时间区域内”。这个时态常用于：
A）宾语从句或间接引语中；
B）表示过去习惯性的动作；
C）表示过去情况中的“愿望”、“倾向”，多用于否定句。
I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。
I said I would arrange everything. 我说我来安排一切。
I didn't know if he would come. 我不知道他是否会来。
She was sixty-six. In three years，she would be sixty-nine. 她66岁了。三年后，她是69岁。
I didn't know how to do it. What would be their ideas？我不知如何去做，他们会有什么想法呢？
Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.
上星期天我们本想去游览长城的，但却下雨了。
I should be told about the thing.应该有人告诉我这件事。
Were they going to finish the work before the next day?第二天他们能完成工作吗？
They were not going to go hiking unless they finished their homework.
除非他们完成作业，否则他们不会去远足。
【课堂练习】
1. James enjoys watching movies, and he often _______ a movie in his free time.
A. watches B. watched C. is watching D. will watch
1.【答案】A
【解析】句意：詹姆斯喜欢看电影，他经常在空闲时间看电影。
考查一般现在时。A. watches第三人称单数形式，表一般现在时；B. watched表一般过去时；C. is watching表现在进行时；D. will watch表一般将来时。根据前一句James enjoys watching movies以及句中often提示，空格处所在句子应用一般现在时，且主语he为第三人称单数，故动词watch应用第三人称单数形式watches。故选A。
2. When I was your age, I _______ a lot of housework to do after school.
A. will have B. am having C. have D. had
2.【答案】D
【解析】句意：当我和你一样大的时候，放学后我有很多家务要做。
A一般将来时；B现在进行时；C一般现在时；D一般过去时。根据When I was your age当我和你一样大的时候。可知，本题的时态为一般过去时。故选D。
3. The students are very excited. They _______ on a school trip next Monday.
A. went B. have gone C. go D. will go
3.【答案】D
【解析】句意：学生非常兴奋, 下周一他们将会有一次学校郊游。A. went去, 一般过去时；B. have gone已经去了, 现在完成时；C. go去, 一般现在时；D. will go将会去, 一般将来时。根据本题语境, 下周一将会去, 用一般将来时, 故选D。
4．Please turn the TV down. Tony _______ for the math test now.
A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. was studying
4.【答案】C
【解析】考查现在进行时。根据关键词now可知用现在进行时。故答案为C。
5. When I got to the classroom, my friend Bob _______ the floor.
A. is cleaning B. was cleaning C. cleaned D. has cleaned
5.【答案】B
【解析】句意：当我进教室时, 我的朋友鲍勃正在打扫地板。
考查时间状语从句、时态。A. is cleaning（现在进行时）；B. was cleaning（过去进行时）；C. cleaned（一般过去式）；D. has cleaned（现在完成时）；when引导的时间状语从句指特定时间正在发生的动作, 根据主从句时态一致的原则, 判断主句用过去进行时, 故选B。
6. Our lifestyle _______ a lot since this Spring Festival. We care more about our diets.
A. changes B. will change C. has changed D. is changing
6.【解析】句意：自从春节以来, 我们的生活方式已经大大的改变了. 我们更在乎我们的饮食了. 现在完成时的构成：have/has+过去分词. 表示从过去某时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作, 还有可能延续下去, 强调对现在造成的影响. 根据时间状语since this Spring Festival, 所以要用现在完成时来填空.
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