热点练02阅读理解之主旨大意题（热点话题）-2022年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练（新高考专用）

主旨大意题主要考查考生对所读材料(或所读材料片段)中心思想或标题的概括。做这类题时，考生应通读全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同时注意文章的主题句，因为主题句表达了文章的中心思想，而其他句子均围绕主题句展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句处，但有时也位于段落中间(通常是第一段或最后一段的中间)。主旨大意题的考查形式有很多，如概括标题、主题、段意、中心思想等。

常见的设问方式有:

1. 标题型

Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

What is the best title for the text?

What may be the best title for the text?

What can be a suitable title for the text?

2. 主题型

What is the text mainly about?

What is the... paragraph mainly about?

What is the main idea of the passage?

3. 目的题

The main purpose of the passage is to......

考向1：段首，段尾常考

文章中首段首句或末段末句往往是中心句，所以命题者常常在首尾两段出主旨大意题。

Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?

A．5G on the Way to Making “Dialogue” Between Cars

B．5G Leaves Drivers Free When They Are Driving

C．5G Has Been Popular with Drivers Around the World

D．5G Is to Bring Great Convenience to Our Daily Life

首段Cars could soon be communicating with each other using 5G to make drivers aware of upcoming hazards (危险), scientists claim. The extremely fast mobile internet would allow for rapid information transmission and could make drivers aware of black ice, pot holes or other dangers up ahead.

第一段的“Cars could soon be communicating with each other using 5G to make drivers aware of upcoming hazards (危险), scientists claim（科学家称，汽车很快就能通过5G相互通信，让司机意识到即将到来的危险）”可知，作者讲述了5G网络将安装在汽车上，汽车可以通过5G网络互相“对话”，让司机提前意识到危险，因此本文最适合的题目是A选项5G on the Way to Making “Dialogue” Between Cars（5G正在成为汽车之间的“对话”），故选A。

考向2：语义转折处（尤其是首段）常考

转折连词but/however等后所跟的内容往往是作者真实的写作目的或基本观点，而这很有可能就是文章的中心思想。

考向3：因果句常考

因果连词because，since, as, for, so, therefore等后也可表现出作者的目的，观点和文章的主题，所以也是常考考点。

考向4：特殊标点符号后的内容常考

特殊标点符号常用：破折号，括号，冒号，引号。尤其是首段这些符号后的内容往往表达了作者的观点，阐述了全文的主题。

主旨大意题解题技巧：

1. 时间紧迫的情况下，只读首尾段，确定中心。
2. 阅读时注意出现频率高的单词，高频词法。
3. 排除内容片面，单一的选项。一般选择概括全文，内容全面，含义深刻，说明道理的选项。

说明文科技环保类：三星堆遗址中祭祀坑的发现、发掘工作及意义，过度使用电子屏幕的影响，北京冬奥会，5G

议论文社会现象类：如何充分利用个性化电子软件

记叙文：体操运动员Ellie的成功经历

第一组 （2021·浙江卷·B篇）

We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes' walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen—any screen—and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.

In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.

"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference, " David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: "We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."

Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.

1.What is the problem with the author's children?

A.They often annoy the neighbours.

B.They are tired of doing their homework.

C.They have no friends to play with.

D.They stay in front of sereens for too long.

2.How did David Bond advocate his idea?

A.By making a documentary film.

B.By organizing outdoor activities.

C.By advertising in London media.

D.By creating a network of friends.

3.Which of the following can replace the underlined word "charts" in paragraph 2?

A.records     B.predicts    C.delays     D.confirms

4.What can be a suitable title for the text?

A.Let Children Have Fun

B.Young Children Need More Free Time

C.Market Nature to Children

D.David Bond: A Role Model for Children

第二组

Although the weather is very hot now, the carnival of ice and snow is getting closer. The preparation work for Beijing Winter Olympic Games, which are expected to begin on Feb 4, 2022, has entered its final stage. In January, 2021, the ice-making work on the “Ice Ribbon”, a landmark venue for the Beijing Winter Olympics, was completed.

In the Winter Olympics, where races can be won or lost by a small time gap, tiny imperfections in the ice can make all the difference. “It's not just a hunk of ice like you'd normally think of, like ice cubes sitting in your freezer,” told Kenneth Golden, a US mathematician who studies the structures of ice. “It's a much more fascinating and complex substance than people would normally think.”

The first step for building any ice rink is to purify the water to remove dissolved solids like salts and minerals. Such impurities don't fit in the regular hexagonal (六边形的) structure of ice that forms as water freezes. The more pure the water is, the more consistent the ice surface.

In addition to the need for excellence in the raw materials of ice-making, technology is also very important. As one of the most advanced technologies for winter sports venues, a carbon dioxide (CO2) cooling technology has been applied on a large scale for the Beijing Winter Olympic Games. CO2 is not new when it comes to ice-making. However, it has been gradually replaced by the man-made refrigerant, like Freon.

With increasing attention toward climate change, the old refrigerant has come into use again. As an element of the atmosphere, CO2 doesn't damage the ozone layer. Although CO2 is a greenhouse gas, its greenhouse effect is much lower than that of other synthetic refrigerants. The Winter Olympics venues adopted CO2 instead of Freon as a refrigerant in ice-making, which will reduce carbon dioxide emissions greatly.

“We believe these technological innovations will bring Beijing 2022 to spectators all over the world in a more impressive way,” told Gao Bo from the Media Operations Department of the Organizing Committee of the Beijing Winter Olympic Games.

8．What is the result of impurities in water for ice-making?

A．The water isn't able to freeze completely.

B．The quality of the ice will be affected.

C．The ice surface will be more consistent.

D．It's likely for athletes to fall on the ice.

9．Why has CO2 cooling technology been applied for the Winter Olympic Games?

A．It's the most advanced technologies for ice-making.

B．CO2 is more efficient than other refrigerants.

C．CO2 is more environmentally-friendly than Freon.

D．CO2 has already existed in the atmosphere.

10．What is Gao Bo's attitude to CO2 being applied to ice-making?

A．Unclear. B．Opposed. C．Doubtful. D．Favourable.

11．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?

A．The Beijing Winter Olympic Games Is Coming.    B．Beneath Olympic Ice.

C．The Use of Refrigerants in Olympic Games.       D．The Structure of Ice.

                                   第三组

 Six "sacrificial pits (祭祀坑)", dating back 3,200 to 4,000 years, were newly discovered in Sanxingdui Ruins site in Guanghan, Southwest China's Sichuan province. Over 500 artifacts, including gold masks, bronze wares, ivories, jades, and textiles, were unearthed from the site.

Sanxingdui site, first found in 1929, is generally considered as one of the most important archaeological sites along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. However, large-scale excavation on the site only began in 1986, when two pits — widely believed for sacrificial ceremonies — were accidentally discovered.

Investigation in the area around No 1 and 2 pits was relaunched in October 2019, and No 3 pit was found in December 2019, according to Lei Yu, a researcher of Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute who heads the ongoing excavation. Thirty-four research universities and research institutes have cooperated in this project. He said the new discoveries will help to better understand many unexplained findings in 1986.

More excavation followed in March 2020, and five more pits were found last year. And detailed research began in October. Excavation capsules with hi-tech equipment were set up in the pits to better conserve the site.

Sanxingdui site covers an area of 12 square kilometers, and its core zone of an ancient city covers nearly 4 square kilometers. According to the National Cultural Heritage Administration, studies of Sanxingdui site will become a crucial project in an ongoing program Archaeology China, which tries to explain the origins of Chinese civilization and how diverse cultures communicate and come together.

8．What does the underlined word “excavation” in paragraph 2 probably mean?

A．Discovery B．Dig

C．Exploration D．Expansion

9．How did archaeologists preserve the Sanxingdui site?

A．By dividing the task of excavation into several parts.

B．By cooperating with research universities and institutes.

C．By using excavation capsule armed with hi-tech equipment.

D．By conducting more investigations around the site.

10．What can we infer about the pits from the text?

A．All sacrificial sites were discovered in the meantime.

B．The excavation of Sanxingdui site only began in 1986.

C．There were altogether six sacrificial pits discovered in Sanxingdui site

D．The size of the core zone is approximately 1/3 times that of Sanxingdui site.

11．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A．Sacrificial pits were unearthed in Sanxingdui Site.

B．Sanxingdui Site needed to be conserved.

C．Sanxingdui discoveries cast light on ancient China.

D．Hi- tech helped to excavate Sanxingdui Site.

                                        第四组

Ellie was a skilled gymnast（体操运动员）. But she liked showing off（炫耀））. At the gymnastics tryout（选拔赛）, she put on a perfect performance. "See who can do that! " she said proudly.

The next Friday, the list was posted announcing who had made the team. Ellie's name wasn't on it. "It's unfair. I'm better than all the other girls! " she said. She went to see the coach.

"You are quite talented, but your attitude is terrible, " the coach said. "Making the gymnastics team isn't just about gymnastics. It's also about being on a team. " That night Ellie complained to her parents. Her mother was angry, but her father said that the coach had a point. They had a big argument. Ellie couldn't sleep. She kept thinking about what the coach had said.

Ellie couldn't stay away from the gym, so she practiced alone. One day, after watching Ann fall off the parallel bars（双杠）again and again, Ellie ran to her and explained to Ann what she was doing wrong. Ann did as Ellie suggested and improved. Ellie didn't notice the coach was looking at her. Over the next few months, Ellie always helped the other girls. They did better and better. "We couldn't have done this without Ellie's help, " the girls said.

The following year, Ellie tried out for the gymnastics team again. This time, she was modest. When the girls praised her, she just smiled and thanked them. When the coach posted the list of who had made the team, her name was on it. Ellie and the other girls were all very happy.

4．How did Ellie feel when she went to see the coach?

A．Angry. B．Happy. C．Proud. D．Nervous.

5．Ellie couldn't sleep on the Friday night because ______.

A．she slept too much in the afternoon

B．she had an argument with her mother

C．she was worried about the gymnastics tryout

D．she was thinking about the meanings of the coach's words

6．Which is the right order of the following events?

①Ellie practiced alone.             ②Ellie's parents argued.

③Ellie coached other girls.         ④Ellie showed off at the gymnastics tryout.

A．③①④② B．③④②① C．④②①③ D．④①③②

7．What's the best title for the text?

A．A serious coach B．A gymnastics team C．Gymnastics tryouts D．Gymnastics competitions

第五组

In 1953, when visiting his daughter’s maths class, the Harvard psychologist B.F. Skinner found every pupil learning the same topic in the same way at the same speed. Later, he built his first “teaching machine”, which let children tackle questions at their own pace. Since then, education technology (edtech) has repeated the cycle of hype and flop (炒作和失败), even as computers have reshaped almost every other part of life.

Softwares to “personalize” learning can help hundreds of millions of children stuck in miserable classes—but only if edtech supporters can resist the temptation to revive harmful ideas about how children learn. Alternatives have so far failed to teach so many children as efficiently as the conventional model of schooling, where classrooms, hierarchical year-groups, standardized curriculums and fixed timetables are still the typical pattern for most of the world’s nearly 1.5 billion schoolchildren. Under this pattern, too many do not reach their potential. That condition remained almost unchanged over the past 15 years, though billions have been spent on IT in schools during that period.

What really matters then? The answer is how edtech is used. One way it can help is through tailor-made instruction. Reformers think edtech can put individual attention within reach of all pupils. The other way edtech can aid learning is by making schools more productive. In California schools, instead of textbooks, pupils have “playlists”, which they use to access online lessons and take tests. The software assesses children’s progress, lightening teachers’ marking load and allowing them to focus on other tasks. A study suggested that children in early adopters of this model score better in tests than their peers at other schools.

Such innovation is welcome. But making the best of edtech means getting several things right. First, “personalized learning” must follow the evidence on how children learn. It must not be an excuse to revive pseudoscientific ideas such as “learning styles”: the theory that each child has a particular way of taking in information. This theory gave rise to government-sponsored schemes like Brain Gym, which claimed that some pupils should stretch or bend while doing sums. A less consequential falsehood is that technology means children do not need to learn facts or learn from a teacher—instead they can just use Google. Some educationalists go further, arguing that facts get in the way of skills such as creativity. Actually, the opposite is true. According to studies, most effective ways of boosting learning nearly all relied on the craft of a teacher.

Second, edtech must narrow, rather than widen, inequalities in education. Here there are grounds for optimism. Some of the pioneering schools are private ones in Silicon Valley. But many more are run by charter-school groups teaching mostly poor pupils, where laggards (成绩落后者) make the most progress relative to their peers in normal classes. A similar pattern can be observed outside America.

Third, the potential for edtech will be realized only if teachers embrace it. They are right to ask for evidence that products work. But skepticism should not turn into irrational opposition. Given what edtech promises today, closed-mindedness has no place in the classroom.

1. According to the passage, education technology can ________.

A. decrease teachers’ working load

B. facilitate personalized learning

C help standardize curriculums

D. be loved by schoolchildren

2. Which example best argues against the underlined sentence in Para. 4?

A. The students who are better at memorization tend to be less creative.

B. Schools with bans on phones have better results than high-tech ones.

C. Shakespeare was trained in grammar but he penned many great plays.

D. Lu Xun’s creativity was unlocked after he gave up studying medicine.

3. The author believes that edtech functions well only when it is ________.

A. at the service of teaching

B. limited in use among pupils

C. aimed at narrowing the wealth gap

D. in line with students’ learning styles

4. What is the main purpose of the passage?

A. To stress the importance of edtech.

B. To introduce the application of edtech.

C. To discuss how to get the best out of edtech.

D. To appeal for more open-mindedness to edtech.

第六组

Cetaceans(鲸目动物) communicate through sound to find food and to interact socially. Their sounds vary between species and within communities. The long-finned pilot whales can mimic (模仿) artificial noise, but nobody had previously recorded them. A new study, however, found overlap in the cetacean sound book.

Pilot whales and orcas(虎鲸)，the two largest species of cetaceans, are often seen in the same environments and are similar sizes, and both live in social groups with strong union, says Charlotte Cure, a researcher at CEREMA Lab in France, who was not involved in the study. Orcas compete for food with long-finned pilot whales and are potentially their predators.

Evidence from orca stomachs shows they do occasionally eat pilot whales. But pilot whales can mob(成群田住) and chase them away, the only cetaceans seen defending themselves from the strong enemies in this way.

Mimicry could serve as additional defense; “One assumption is that if they use similar sounds, they may not be recognized as prey," Erbe says. Pilot whales eating orcas' food remains might go unnoticed if they use orca-like calls. “This is all underwater," she adds, “so these animals rely on sound for detecting their prey and predators.”Long-finned pilot whales have shown an ability to distinguish between orca calls with different meanings; Cure suggests that instead of tricking orcas, the callers could instead be presenting a new orca sound to other group members.

Additional work would confirm whether mimicry is actually occurring. Researchers could pair their listening data with direct observations of the animals' interactions in the wild or perhaps even play orca sounds and watch the whales' reactions.

But if a future experiment used predatory sounds, it would need to be done. very carefully.“A reaction to a predator can be very strong," Cure says.“In some protected areas, you are not allowed to do more than two predatory playbacks per year."

12．Which of the following is NOT shared by the pilot whales and orcas?

A．They communicate through sound.

B．They often live in the same environments.

C．They can defend themselves through mimicry.

D．They always live together with other group members.

13．What do we know from the fourth paragraph?

A．The pilot whales mimic the sounds to detect their prey.

B．The pilot whales only mimic one kind of the sounds of the orcas.

C．The pilot whales can pretend to be orcas to share the food remains.

D．The pilot whales can distinguish different meanings of orca calls to trick them.

14．How do the researchers confirm whether mimicry is actually occurring?

A．By observing the whales from the distance.

B．By mimicking the sounds in the experiment.

C．By analyzing the data from the cetacean sound book.

D．By listening or playing the sounds and watching the whales' reactions.

15．Which can be a suitable title for the text?

A．Pilot Whales: Copy Orca Calls B．How Orcas Mimic Pilot Whale Calls

C．How Pilot Whales Defend Themselves D．Orcas and Pilot Whales: Predators and Prey