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押北京卷28—30题 阅读理解C篇说明文或夹叙夹议 -备战2022年高考英语临考题号押题（北京卷）
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这是一份押北京卷28—30题 阅读理解C篇说明文或夹叙夹议 -备战2022年高考英语临考题号押题（北京卷），文件包含押北京卷2830题阅读理解C篇说明文或夹叙夹议解析版-备战2022年高考英语临考题号押题北京卷docx、押北京卷2830题阅读理解C篇说明文或夹叙夹议原卷版-备战2022年高考英语临考题号押题北京卷docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共41页， 欢迎下载使用。
押北京卷第28—30题
阅读理解C篇说明文或夹叙夹议
【命题趋势和规律】
研究近几年高考试题可以发现，高考阅读理解设置的问题往往反映了一篇文章的主要信息和脉络，命题者通常从以下几个维度设题：
1. 段首、段尾句：第一段首句或末段末句往往反映了文章的主题或中心思想；某一段的段首句或段尾句往往是该段的主题句。因此，命题者一般针对它们设置主旨大意题目。
2. 转折、对比处：一般来说，表示转折意义的信号词but、however、yet、on the contrary、in fact或体现对比关系的提示词unlike、while等后的内容往往是表意重点。因此，命题者常常抓住这一特点设置推理判断、观点态度等题目。
3. 引用人物论断处：为了表达自己的观点或使论点更有说服力，作者常常引用他人的论断或重要发现进行证明。命题者常常针对它们设置推理判断题目。
4. 体现因果关系处：命题者常常针对体现因果关系的because、for、since、now that、as a result、consequently、result in、result from等信号词设置细节理解、推理判断、观点态度题目。
5. 举例子、打比方处：为了使自己的观点更有说服力，作者常常采用举例子或打比方等方法。命题者常常抓住for example、for instance、such as、as等设置意图态度、推理判断等题目。
6. 复杂句式处：复杂句式一般包括同位语、插入语、长难句等，它们往往对考生准确理解文意形成障碍。命题者往往针对这些复杂句式设置词义猜测、推理判断等题目。
7. 特殊标点处：破折号、冒号、括号、引号后的内容往往是对前面内容的进一步解释、说明或补充。命题者往往针对这些标点符号后的内容设置细节理解 推理判断 主旨大音等题目
1. 通读全文，把握主题知大意
考生在有限的时间里，充分利用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧速读全文，抓住关键词、高频词、主题句、标题、副标题、插图、表格等关键信息，把握文章结构，快速确定文章主旨大意。
2. 关注细节，理清思路与脉络
记叙文多以时间或空间为线索展开故事；议论文通常包含论点、论据和结论，通过解释、举例来阐述观点；说明文往往有明确的写作顺序。抓住这些特点并结合文章细节，可以在最短的时间内理清文章思路，把握主旨大意。
3. 删繁就简，突破难句捕
遇到结构复杂的句子，要善于略去修饰成分，如定语（从句）、状语（从句）、同位语(从句）等，抓住句子的关键成分，即句子的主干成分，如主语、谓语和宾语，从而迅速锁定句子意思
4. 技巧助力，轻松应考走捷径
在阅读理解的过程中，只要考生把握高考命题的规律，熟练运用略读、扫读、跳读等阅读技巧，就可以获得事半功倍的效果，提高正确率
（2021·北京·高考真题）Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”.
A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway.
The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility.
The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email.
“Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote,
Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品)
In the incurable form of hope.
The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”
1．What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Scientific. B．Credible.
C．Original. D．Relevant.
2．As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________.
A．worried B．puzzled
C．surprised D．scared
3．What can we learn from this passage?
A．The signatories may change the biophysical limits.
B．The author agrees with the message of the poem.
C．The issue of collapse is being prioritized.
D．The global collapse is well underway.
【答案】1．D
2．A
3．B
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（global collapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。
1．
词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A. Scientific科学的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的；C. Original原来的，原创的；D. Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。
2．
推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. worried担忧的；B. puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised惊讶的；D. scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，故选A。
3．
推理判断题。原文诗歌“Man is a victim of dope; In the incurable form of hope.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提到执着于“quieting hope that ignores preparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提到“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选B。
（2022·北京丰台·一模）The people who happen to be in a city center at any given moment may seem like a random collection of individuals. But new research featuring a simple mathematical law shows that urban travel patterns worldwide are, in fact, predictable despite location.
Researchers discovered what is known as an inverse square relation (平方反比关系) between the number of people in a given urban location and the distance they traveled to get there, as well as how frequently they made the trip. It may seem intuitive (直觉的) that people visit nearby locations frequently and distant ones less so, but the newly discovered relation accurately predicts, for instance, that the number of people coming from two kilometers away five times per week will be the same as the number coming from five kilometers twice a week.
The researchers analyzed data from about eight million people between 2006 and 2013 in six urban locations. This study focused on locations and examined how many people were visiting, from how far and how frequently. The researchers found that all the unique choices people make—from dropping kids at school to shopping-obey this inverse square law.
One explanation for this strong statistical patter is that traveling requires time and energy, and people have limited resources for it. At the core is the effort that people are willing to invest collectively to travel to certain locations, trying to optimize their days.
Understanding these patterns is important not only for planning the placement of new shopping centers or public transportation but also for modeling disease transmission within cities, says Kathleen Stewart, a geographer and mobility researcher.
Many researchers estimate travel with “gravity models”, which assume that movement between cities is proportional (成比例的) to their population sizes. But these models do not account for travel patters within cites—information that is particularly critical in dealing with disease transmission Epidemiologist (流行病学家) Sam Scarpino says models based on this new finding might better track that flow.
“Those organizational patterns have really profound (深远的) implications on how COVID will spread,” Scarpino says. In a smaller rural location, where many people regularly go to the same grocery store, the entire town will experience sharp peaks of infections as the virus sweeps through the community. But in a bigger city, the spread takes longer he explains, because mini epidemics can occur in each neighborhood somewhat separately.
4．What does the underlined word “optimize” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Slow down. B．Keep a record of.
C．Think back on. D．Make the most of.
5．Why does the author mention “gravity models” in Paragraph 6?
A．To introduce the travel patterns within cities.
B．To stress the importance of tracking diseases.
C．To compare the urban and rural infection rates.
D．To show the advantage of the inverse square law.
6．Which of the following can be supported by the newly discovered law?
A．Diseases spread faster in rural areas than big cities.
B．Trip distance seldom influences people’s travel choices.
C．Epidemics are harder to discover in big cities than in rural areas,
D．City residents are likely to make frequent trips to a distant place.
【答案】4．D
5．D
6．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述一项新研究，利用简单数学定律预测全球城市旅行模式，并介绍该定律的优点。
4．
词义猜测题。根据第四段“One explanation for this strong statistical patter is that traveling requires time and energy, and people have limited resources for it. (这种深刻的统计模式的一种解释是，行走需要时间和精力，而人们的资源有限。)”可知，人们的资源、时间和精力有限，所以人们要使他们的一天达到最优化的效果。故推知optimize的意思是“使最优化”与make the most of意义一致，故选D。
5．
推理判断题。根据第六段“Many researchers estimate travel with “gravity models”, which assume that movement between cities is proportional (成比例的) to their population sizes. But these models do not account for travel patters within cites—information that is particularly critical in dealing with disease transmission Epidemiologist (流行病学家) Sam Scarpino says models based on this new finding might better track that flow. (许多研究人员使用“重力模型”来估计旅行，该模型假设城市之间的移动与其人口规模成比例的。但这些模型没有考虑到城市内部的旅行。这些信息在处理疾病传播时尤其重要。流行病学家Sam Scarpino表示，基于这一新发现，可能会更好地跟踪这种流动。)”可知，本段主要说明“重力模型”的缺点，它没有考虑到城市内部的旅行，会对处理疾病传播有影响。第五段“Understanding these patterns is important not only for planning the placement of new shopping centers or public transportation but also for modeling disease transmission within cities, says Kathleen Stewart, a geographer and mobility researcher. (地理学家和移动性研究员Kathleen Stewart说：“了解这些模式不仅对于规划新购物中心或公共交通的布局很重要，而且对于模拟城市内的疾病传播也很重要。”)”说明了平方反比原理的优点。故推知，作者在第六段中提到gravity models是为了展现重力模型的缺点及平方反比原理的优点，故选D。
6．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“In a smaller rural location, where many people regularly go to the same grocery store, the entire town will experience sharp peaks of infections as the virus sweeps through the community. But in a bigger city, the spread takes longer he explains, because mini epidemics can occur in each neighborhood somewhat separately. (在一个较小的农村地区，许多人经常去同一家杂货店，随着病毒席卷整个社区，整个城镇将经历急剧的感染高峰。他解释说：“但在一个更大的城市，传播需要更长的时间，因为小型流行病可以轻微地、单独地发生在每个社区。”)”可知，病毒在农村地区的传播速度比在大城市传播的速度快，故选A。
（2022·北京顺义·二模）Make It Modular: Student Design Challenge!
Imagine your community as a material bank, rich with resources to reuse. How could you improve the built environment by upcycling waste, circulating (循环) existing materials, or regenerating nature? Your challenge is to design a structure that meets a need in your community now but could also be repurposed later.
“Designing for deconstruction” involves a modular approach in which building elements could be easily reconfigured, reimagined, and repurposed over time.
Your design should:
•Include an approximately 20’ long x 8’ wide x 9.6’ high volumetric module
•Be relevant to one of the following uses:
*Affordable Housing
*Covid-era Public Space
*Reimagined Outdoor Classroom
•Approach the task with a real-world perspective, demonstrating skills and knowledge from one or more of the following fields: architecture, engineering, construction, and/or the skilled trades
Requirements:
1. Open to students ages 13-21 and currently enrolled (入学)in high school or homeschooled.
2. All entries MUST share the entrant’s grade level in the introductory step.
3. Submissions must be entered between March 7, 2022, and June 20, 2022.
If you have never posted an Instructable before, please refer to How to Write an Instructable guide for more information.
The prizes are intended as scholarship funds to support the winners’ education, such as tuition, books, room & board or transportation.
Entries will be judged based on the following criteria:
*3D Digital Literacy (能力)and Design;
*Engineering Mindset;
*Real-world Relevance;
*Presentation.
Read the full contest rules for more details.
7．According to the passage, the designs can______.
A．be used now and repurposed later B．be placed in a material bank
C．be submitted on August 20, 2022 D．be related to art and literature
8．If a student has never posted an Instructable before, what should he or she do?
A．Contact the organizers. B．Quit the design contest.
C．Refer to an online guide. D．Read the full contest rules.
9．What can winners do with the prizes?
A．To enroll in a high school. B．To pay for tuition and books.
C．To polish his presentation. D．To improve the built environment.
【答案】7．A
8．C
9．B
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇应用文。文章主要告知学生一个模块设计比赛，包括对设计和参赛者的要求，奖金如何利用以及评判方式。
7．
细节理解题。根据第一段的“Your challenge is to design a structure that meets a need in your community now but could also be repurposed later.(你面临的挑战是设计一个既能满足社区需求，又能在以后重新调整用途的结构)”可知，设计要能够满足现在使用和以后重新利用。故选A。
8．
细节理解题。根据倒数第三部分“If you have never posted an Instructable before, please refer to How to Write an Instructable guide for more information.(如果你以前从未发布过可指导的指南，请参阅 How to Write an Instructable的指南以了解更多信息)”可知，如果一个学生从来没有发布过可指导的指南，那么他/她应该参阅一个在线指南。故选C。
9．
细节理解题。根据倒数第二部分“The prizes are intended as scholarship funds to support the winners’ education, such as tuition, books, room & board or transportation.(奖金用于资助获奖者的教育，如学费、书费、食宿费、交通费等)”可知，获奖者可以把奖金用于支付学费、书本费和交通食宿费。故选B。
（2022·北京平谷·模拟预测）No trees are seemingly cut down every time you search something or read a social media post on your phone or laptop. But websites alone do create emissions (排放)—internet usage is responsible for almost four percent of global emissions. That might not seem like a lot, but it is equivalent to about the same emissions caused by global air travel. That percentage is predicted to almost double by 2025 according to a post by Brussels-based energy magazine Energuide. And internet usage is on the rise—as the pandemic pushed many jobs and education online, internet usage went up as high as 40 percent.
The emissions caused by websites come from the hosting company that ensures that websites are up and running when users search for them on their server. By working with an environmentally sound server like Green Geeks, A2 Hosting, and Host Papa that focuses on renewable energy or lowering their energy usage, websites become more sustainable, Wired UK reported. Something as simple as using fewer images on a web page also helps lower emissions. Another way to reduce emissions is to have simply designed websites with little to no moving images like gifts.
Another aspect of creating more sustainable websites means raising awareness, or letting servers or customers in need of new web design know that it’s even an option for them. Some major search engines like Google have promised to reduce their tech centers’ water usage and to rely on more sustainable energy to run their search engines and other online products like Gmail and Google Docs.
Baruch Labunski, CEO of Toronto-based SEO company Rank Secure, explains that when many clients work with the company to have their websites designed, they don’t often think about sustainability. Companies like Rank Secure make a point to have sustainability as part of their process when working with businesses who want help with web design by relying on more sustainable data centers.
Of course, lowering the greenhouse gas footprint of your website is just the start of building up a sustainable company. Just relying on some renewable energy to have an eco-friendly website doesn’t make a company automatically eco-friendly.
“We need to think about the overall impact of our businesses.” says Labunksi. “If your business manufactures or even uses singleuse plastics, then your website’s carbon footprint shouldn’t be your primary concern.”
10．To create more sustainable websites, the hosting company should_________.
A．meet the data needs
B．design new websites with more gifs
C．work with an eco-friendly server
D．improve the education online
11．What can we learn from paragraph 3 and 4?
A．The clients should raise awareness and consider sustainability.
B．Rank Secure has no sustainable awareness when working with business.
C．Creating more sustainable websites can provide the only option for clients.
D．All major search engines promised to reduce their tech center water usage.
12．The passage is written to__________.
A．evaluate the methods to reduce emissions
B．inform readers the harm of overusing websites
C．encourage search engines to lower the energy usage
D．call for building up sustainable companies of emission reduction
【答案】10．C
11．A
12．D
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍网站会造成排放，并且网站设计者很少考虑网站的可持续性。作者呼吁创建可持续的网站，以减少排放。
10．
细节理解题。根据第二段“By working with an environmentally sound server like Green Geeks, A2 Hosting, and Host Papa that focuses on renewable energy or lowering their energy usage, websites become more sustainable, Wired UK reported. (据Wired UK报道，通过与Green Geeks，A2 Hosting和Host Papa等环保服务器合作，专注于可再生能源或降低能源使用，网站变得更加可持续。)”可知，主办公司与环保服务器合作可以创造更多的可再生能源。故选C。
11．
推理判断题。根据第三段“Another aspect of creating more sustainable websites means raising awareness, or letting servers or customers in need of new web design know that it’s even an option for them. (创建更具可持续性的网站的另一个方面意味着提高意识，或者让需要新网页设计的服务器或客户知道这甚至是他们的一种选择。)”及第四段“Baruch Labunski, CEO of Toronto-based SEO company Rank Secure, explains that when many clients work with the company to have their websites designed, they don’t often think about sustainability. (总部位于多伦多的SEO 等级安全公司的首席执行官Baruch Labunski解释说，当许多客户与该公司合作设计他们的网站时，他们通常不会考虑可持续性。)”可知，我们可以从第三段和第四段了解到：客户应该提高意识，考虑网站的可持续性。故选A。
12．
推理判断题。根据第一段“But websites alone do create emissions (排放)—internet usage is responsible for almost four percent of global emissions. (但仅网站就确实会产生排放——互联网使用占全球排放量的近百分之四。)”及第二段“By working with an environmentally sound server like Green Geeks, A2 Hosting, and Host Papa that focuses on renewable energy or lowering their energy usage, websites become more sustainable, Wired UK reported. Something as simple as using fewer images on a web page also helps lower emissions. Another way to reduce emissions is to have simply designed websites with little to no moving images like gifs. (据Wired UK报道，通过与Green Geeks，A2 Hosting和Host Papa等环保服务器合作，专注于可再生能源或降低能源使用，网站变得更加可持续。像在网页上使用较少的图像这样简单的事情也有助于降低排放。减少排放的另一种方法是简单地设计网站，几乎没有像GIF等动态图像。)”可知，作者写这篇文章是为了说明网站的排放，并呼吁建立可持续的减排公司，故选D。
（2022·北京平谷·模拟预测）One morning in 2003, a 19-year-old Amy Purdy left for her job as a nursery teacher, feeling healthy and ready for her day. Halfway through her morning, she started to feel achy and unwell. Once home, she had a fever and fell into a deep sleep that was impossible for her to shake.
After a short, tense ride to the nearest hospital, Purdy was given less than a two percent chance of surviving. Over the course of the 2.5month treatment that followed, she lost kidney (肾) function and hearing in her left ear—then her spleen and, eventually, both of her legs. What doctors thought was the flu ended up being a very deadly meningitis (脑膜炎) infection. Purdy’s life was changed forever.
It was when she was in bed for months that she started to think about that big life question: what was her story going to be? She began dreaming about snowboarding and visualized herself carving down a mountain of powder, feeling the wind on her face.
This made her return to the sport as a double-amputee (截肢者). Being back on the board was rough at first—several times, her board and her prosthetic (假体的) legs flew down the mountain without her. But Purdy had a strong will and set out to build her own prosthetics that would be purpose built for snowboarding. Purdy’s first home made snowboarding feet is on display in the Smithsonian now.
In 2005, after her 21st birthday—and the gift of a new kidney from her father—Purdy decided to start Adaptive Action Sports. Purdy and her family organized a team of snowboarders and began pushing for their sport to be part of the 2014 Paralympic Games in Sochi, Russia. After being turned down several times, they were finally granted access to the Paralympic Games, appearing as parasnowboarding for the first time in history. Since then, her snowboarding team has brought home six medals and raised the visibility of the sport.
Since her illness took her legs 18 years ago, Purdy has managed to squeeze as much achievement and joy out of her life as possible. “Maybe instead of looking at all our challenges and barriers as something negative or bad,” she proposes, “maybe we can look at them as little gifts that fire our imaginations.”
13．Amy Purdy eventually lost her legs because of________ .
A．a sudden accident
B．the serious infection
C．the sports training
D．the kidney failure
14．According to the passage, we can learn that________ .
A．Purdy’s father donated a kidney to her
B．Purdy’s former job was a snowboard athlete
C．Purdy made her snowboarding feet with her friends’ help
D．Purdy’s team snowboarding succeeded when they applied for the first time
15．Which of the following words can best describe Amy Purdy?
A．Smart and mature.
B．Selfless and patient.
C．Determined and optimistic.
D．Creative and modest.
【答案】13．B
14．A
15．C
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述Amy Purdy由于感染，失去肾脏，听力及双腿。但是Purdy依旧坚强乐观地创办自己的公司，实现自己的价值。
13．
细节理解题。根据第二段“After a short, tense ride to the nearest hospital, Purdy was given less than a two percent chance of surviving. Over the course of the 2.5month treatment that followed, she lost kidney (肾) function and hearing in her left ear—then her spleen and, eventually, both of her legs. What doctors thought was the flu ended up being a very deadly meningitis (脑膜炎) infection. Purdy’s life was changed forever. (在短暂而紧张地前往最近的医院后，Purdy只有不到百分之二的生存机会。在随后的两个半月的治疗过程中，她失去了肾脏功能和左耳的听力，然后是脾脏，最终是双腿。医生认为流感最终成为一种非常致命的脑膜炎感染。Purdy的生活永远改变了。)”可知，严重的感染，导致Purdy最终失去了双腿，故选B。
14．
细节理解题。根据第五段“In 2005, after her 21st birthday—and the gift of a new kidney from her father—Purdy decided to start Adaptive Action Sports. (2005年，在她21岁生日之后，她的父亲赠送了新肾脏，Purdy决定创办Adaptive Action Sports。)”可知，Purdy的父亲把肾捐给她，故选A。
15．
推理判断题。根据第四段“But Purdy had a strong will and set out to build her own prosthetics that would be purpose built for snowboarding. Purdy’s first home made snowboarding feet is on display in the Smithsonian now. (但Purdy有坚强的意志，并着手建造自己的假肢，这些假肢是专门为单板滑雪而建造的。Purdy的第一款自制单板滑雪鞋现在在Smithsonian博物馆展出。)”及最后一段“Since her illness took her legs 18 years ago, Purdy has managed to squeeze as much achievement and joy out of her life as possible. (自从18年前她的病夺走了她的腿以来，Purdy已经设法从她的生活中寄出了尽可能多的成就和快乐。)”可知，失去双腿后的Purdy没有被不幸打败，而是坚强乐观地创办自己的公司，实现自己的价值。所以Purdy是一个积极，坚强，乐观，坚定的人，故选C。
（2022·北京顺义·二模）An ageing population is a global phenomenon. Countries are looking for the balm to address the demands of a swelling elderly community.
Many nations are threatened by a shortage of healthcare workers because of unenviable tasks such as bathing, feeding and changing the diapers. Advancements in technology now present an innovative solution to this. Japan has now developed carebots, specially-designed robots, to replace human caregivers. Japan is also working at more coordinated care for the elderly within the community which includes the integration of hospitals, homecare, elderly care centres and nursing homes. Putting in place a system that can effectively track and retrieve the medical history of every elderly person, Japan leverages technology to provide quality healthcare for the seniors.
The unique feature about Sweden is that most of the elderly live in their own homes where they continue to enjoy living independently. Local governments allocate funds and manage services while citizens have the freedom to choose the type of home services and their service provider. They can apply for homecare services including delivering meals to homes, hanging curtains, changing light bulbs etc. In Sweden, the focus is also on preventive care—keeping the elderly healthy. The elderly who are ill are not just given medicines but also a specific type of physical activity, where their doctors also monitor the outcome.
Singapore also provides more homecare services and day-care centres where the older people can go for rehabilitative and social activities. Besides, the government is creating more dementia-friendly communities, where support comes from the community. Various people within a community like policemen, shopkeepers and other volunteers are trained to assist the elderly with dementia (痴呆). With greater community awareness and support, it is more plausible for a dementia sufferer to stay at home instead of a nursing home.
In our search for the best model to meet the demands of a burgeoning ageing population, let us keep in mind that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. What is important is shouldering the responsibilities of caring for them and ensuring them to age well and comfortably.
16．How does Japan deal with the problem of the shortage of healthcare workers?
A．By offering quality healthcare for the seniors.
B．By tracking the medical history of every elderly person.
C．By developing robots programmed with caregiving functions.
D．By integrating places like hospitals, homecare, and nursing homes.
17．According to the passage, what do Sweden and Singapore have in common?
A．Optional care services are both provided free.
B．Independent living is respected and supported.
C．Preventive care for the elderly is highly valued.
D．Social activities and voluntary help are enjoyed.
18．What is the passage mainly about?
A．Models for giving the elderly care.
B．Countries with an ageing population.
C．Responsibilities of caring for the elderly.
D．Demands of a growing elderly community.
【答案】16．C
17．B
18．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在人口老龄化背景下日本、瑞典、和新加坡所采用的养老模式。
16．
细节理解题。根据第二段的“Many nations are threatened by a shortage of healthcare workers because of unenviable tasks such as bathing, feeding and changing the diapers. Japan has now developed carebots, specially-designed robots, to replace human caregivers. （许多国家都面临医疗工作者短缺的威胁，因为这些工作都不值得羡慕，比如洗澡、喂奶和换尿布。日本现在已经开发了专门设计的机器人——carebots，以取代人类护理者）”可知，日本通过开发具有护理功能的机器人来应对医疗工作者短缺的问题。故选C。
17．
细节理解题。根据第三段的“The unique feature about Sweden is that most of the elderly live in their own homes where they continue to enjoy living independently.（瑞典的独特之处在于，大多数老年人都住在自己的家里，他们继续享受独立生活）”和第四段的“With greater community awareness and support, it is more plausible for a dementia sufferer to stay at home instead of a nursing home.（有了更大的社区意识和支持，痴呆症患者更有可能呆在家里，而不是疗养院）”可知，瑞典和和新加坡的相似之处是独立生活收到尊重和支持。故选B。
18．
主旨大意题。根据第一段“An ageing population is a global phenomenon. Countries are looking for the balm to address the demands of a swelling elderly community.（人口老龄化是一个全球现象。各国都在寻找这种灵丹妙药，以满足日益增长的老年群体的需求）”和最后一段的“In our search for the best model to meet the demands of a burgeoning ageing population, let us keep in mind that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. What is important is shouldering the responsibilities of caring for them and ensuring them to age well and comfortably.（在我们寻求最佳模式以应付日益增长的老龄化人口的需求时，我们必须牢记，没有放之四海而皆准的解决办法。重要的是肩负起照顾他们的责任，确保他们健康舒适地老去）”并结合文章第二到第四段分别介绍日本、瑞典和新加坡应对人口老龄化问题可知，本文主要介绍了在人口老龄化背景下的养老模式。故选A。
（2022·北京西城·一模）One question every coach has beard in their coaching career is this.
“Why isn’t my kid playing?”
The stupidity of many “win-at-all-cost” coaches in youth sports is neatly matched by that of “play-my-kid-or-else” parents at the high-school level.
When the games start to count, the main reason why your kid isn’t playing is simple:
“They’re just not good enough.”
“He/she just isn’t fast enough.”
“He/she just isn’t strong enough.”
Good coaches, however, are not usually that blunt. They are very skillful in not telling what you and I would consider the “truth”. The thing is that many kids know what they’re good at, and what they’re not good at. When it comes to football, for instance, most of the middle-schoolers or freshmen already know the one or two kids who are good enough to play on the varsity team or to catch the eye of a college admissions officer. Their parents do not.
The rest play because they enjoy it, need the discipline, want to belong to a team, have dreamed of it since they were five or six, are trying to make their parents happy, need a varsity sport on their college application, or some combination of the factors above. Some of them don’t possess much athletic skill, but make up for it by practicing, by getting stronger and quicker, and with on-field effort.
Far too many children today are living in a world where they never learn “no”. They don’t know how to handle disappointment and failure. Nor do they know how to react and move on when they don’t get their own way.
It’s awful when your kid isn't playing. Been there, done that. No reasonable parent wants to see their child hurt. But no one escapes this life unhurt, emotionally if not physically. When these kids move on in life, they arc going to get rejected when they apply for college, fail to get the job they want, and taste failure and disappointment on multiple fronts.
Coaches should try to make sure everyone gets some playing time. But that should never come at the expense of other kids who arc more talented, try harder or spend more time practicing. No child should ever go out for any team thinking they’re going to be guaranteed a spot or playing time, no matter how loudly their parents complain.
In that sense, sports are a true mirror of life. No one is guaranteed “playing” time in life. For the most part, hard work, effort, planning and desire is rewarded. The benefits can be wonderful. But it’s good to be prepared when it doesn't work out that way.
19．What does the underlined word “blunt” probably mean?
A．Impatient. B．Annoying. C．Direct. D．Serious.
20．The author believes that ______.
A．kids should learn how to face rejection in their life
B．people can live a life without being emotionally hurt
C．parents must help kids escape disappointment and failure
D．coaches need to ensure every student gets enough playing time
21．What probably motivated the author to write this passage?
A．Coaches’ mistaken beliefs about varsity teams.
B．Parents’ unrealistic views of kids’ playing time.
C．Children’s ignorance of the meaning of sports and life,
D．The public’s doubts about why kids need to play sports.
【答案】19．C
20．A
21．B
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇议论文。文章主要就父母对于孩子不参与游戏的错误观点发表了自己的看法，作者认为，孩子在生活中应该学会如何面对拒绝，不应该以为父母的抱怨就能为自己在场上争得一席之地。
19．
词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“They are very skillful in not telling what you and I would consider the “truth”.(他们非常善于隐瞒你我认为的“真相”)”可知，好的教练善于隐瞒真相，即不会那么直接。故画线词意思是“直接的”。A. Impatient.无耐心的；B. Annoying.烦人的；C. Direct.直接的；D. Serious.严肃的。故选C。
20．
细节理解题。根据倒数第四段“Far too many children today are living in a world where they never learn “no”. They don’t know how to handle disappointment and failure. Nor do they know how to react and move on when they don’t get their own way.(今天，有太多的孩子生活在一个永远不会说“不”的世界里。他们不知道如何处理失望和失败。他们也不知道当他们没有得到自己的方式时，该如何反应和继续前进)”以及倒数第三段中“But no one escapes this life unhurt, emotionally if not physically. When these kids move on in life, they arc going to get rejected when they apply for college, fail to get the job they want, and taste failure and disappointment on multiple fronts.(但没有人能在生活中不受伤害，即使身体上不受伤害。当这些孩子在生活中继续前行时，他们会在申请大学时被拒绝，得不到他们想要的工作，并在多个方面尝到失败和失望的滋味)”可知，作者认为，孩子在生活中应该学会如何面对拒绝。故选A。
21．
推理判断题。根据第三段“The stupidity of many “win-at-all-cost” coaches in youth sports is neatly matched by that of “play-my-kid-or-else” parents at the high-school level.(在青少年体育运动中，许多“不惜一切代价取胜”的教练的愚蠢与高中阶段“孩子必须参与”的父母的愚蠢完全一致)”结合文章主要就父母对于孩子不参与游戏的错误观点发表了自己的看法，作者认为，孩子在生活中应该学会如何面对拒绝，不应该以为父母的抱怨就能为自己在场上争得一席之地。可推知，作者写这篇文章的动机可能是父母对孩子玩耍时间的不现实的看法。故选B。
（2022·北京东城·一模）Rene Compean was no stranger to Angeles National Forest. He’d hiked the park numerous times. But when hiking along a new path, the 45-year-old was lost.
As the day faded into darkness, his concern turned to fear. With only a little water in his backpack and 10% battery remaining on his cellphone, Compean was unprepared for anything more than the two-hour trip he’d planned.
Compean climbed to a spot where he found one bar of signal. “SOS. My phone is going to die. I’m lost,” he texted a friend, attaching a photo showing where he was. The shot showed his legs hanging over a rock face. All Compean could do then was wait. The temperature was dropping fast. Dressed only in shorts, and a sweatshirt, the hiker was chilled to the bone. He hugged himself into a tight ball. And after spotting two mountain lions, he spent the night on high alert.
Sixty miles away, Ben Kuo was working at home when he read a posting from the police, showing an image of a man’s legs. The search-and-rescue teams had spent the previous night unsuccessfully looking for Compean, so they released the photo, hoping someone might recognize the location.
“I’ve always loved looking for where photos are taken,” Kuo says. He frequently tries to identify where movie scenes or commercials were filmed. He’s often successful. When he saw the image, he automatically pulled up a satellite map on his laptop. “There’s an amazing amount of information you can get from satellites,” he says. The first thing he noticed in Compean’s photo was plenty of greenery. After comparing it to the satellite map, Kuo realized something: “He’s got to be on the south side because there’re not any green valleys on the north side.”
That finding led him to an area that looked like the territory in the image. The final step was cross- referencing the original photo with 3-D images of the area. The locations matched!
After spending 27 hours in the wilderness, Compean was found.
Compean’s story probably would have ended differently had it not been for the man with strong satellite skills and a sharp eye for detail.
22．What caused Compean to get lost on the hike?
A．The thick forest. B．The unfamiliar route.
C．The coming of nightfall. D．Low battery on the phone.
23．Kuo was able to offer help because of ______.
A．his photo reading ability B．his sense of responsibility
C．his professional experience D．his familiarity with the area
24．What can we learn from this story?
A．One good turn deserves another.
B．Chance favors the prepared mind.
C．Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.
D．There’s no such thing as useless knowledge.
【答案】22．B
23．A
24．D
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲的是Rene Compean在洛杉矶国家森林公园迷路了，Ben Kuo通过对比照片和卫星地图找到了Rene Compean。
22．
细节理解题。根据第一段“But when hiking along a new path, the 45-year-old was lost.”（但当他沿着一条新路径徒步时，45岁的他迷路了。），可知，不熟悉的路线使Compean在徒步旅行中迷路，故选B。
23．
细节理解题。根据第五段““I’ve always loved looking for where photos are taken,” Kuo says. He frequently tries to identify where movie scenes or commercials were filmed. He’s often successful. When he saw the image, he automatically pulled up a satellite map on his laptop.”（“我一直喜欢寻找拍照的地方，”郭说。他经常试图找出电影场景或广告是在哪里拍摄的。他经常成功。当他看到这张照片时，他自动在笔记本电脑上调出了一张卫星地图。），可知，Kuo 能够提供帮助是因为他的照片辨认能力，故选A。
24．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Compean’s story probably would have ended differently had it not been for the man with strong satellite skills and a sharp eye for detail.”（如果不是因为他有很强的卫星技术和对细节的敏锐眼光，Compean的故事可能会以不同的方式结束。）可知，通过Kuo对卫星技术的知识救了迷路的Compean，可推断出“没有无用的知识”。故选D。
（2022·北京朝阳·一模）I first discovered the Little Free Library concept while being on a 2015 vacation in Santa Barbara, California. I fell in love with the idea of free literature-sharing boxes posted at the edges of parks and along sidewalks in neighbourhoods. And because our home was already filled with mountainous piles of books, my husband wasn’t the least bit surprised when I suggested starting a Little Free Library of our own. In our garden shed (棚) , we filled the shelves with books from our personal collection. Over the next two months, strangers discovered our Little Free Library and began their regular visit.
My love of reading dates back to 1970, when I studied in a three-room primary schoolhouse on a dirt road. One day, I accidentally came to the basement library and I was fascinated by the picture books. Unfortunately, the books were later thrown away when the school discovered the basement was full of mould (霉). Happily, weeks later, a truck arrived with a trailer—which, with the help of our county’s public library, had been transformed into a paradise (乐土) for those who enjoyed reading. Now I still remember the floor-to-ceiling shelves and the carpeted benches in it. Every time I left, I wrote my name on several sign-out cards, which were filled with names of children from neighbouring schools. We liked the same books and, although we never met, I considered them friends.
At the beginning of the first COVID-19 lockdown, our Little Free Library began to include children’s stories. I witnessed mothers lifting their children for a look into the library. Walkers included our street in their route so they could check for new offerings. Some folks routinely drove from several blocks away to visit. From time to time, visitors filled shelves with literary fiction, romances, poetry and a range of non-fiction. I smiled when people met me in the yard and commented that our Little Free Library was like a bird feeder.
We remain grateful that we have kept our Little Free Library open. It has become an alternative means of creating a community of people with mutual regard for humanity and the written word. We are together even when apart.
25．What inspired the author to start the Little Free Library?
A．Her large collection of books. B．An experience during a vacation.
C．Her husband’s encouragement. D．Strangers’ visit to her garden shed.
26．From the passage, we can learn that________.
A．neighbouring schools donated books to the Little Free Library
B．the author’s enthusiasm for reading started from her childhood
C．children wrote their names on the sign-out cards to meet friends
D．the county’s public library became a perfect place for book lovers
27．People considered the Little Free Library a bird feeder because________.
A．it provided food for thought B．it attracted birds for shelter
C．visitors could feed birds here D．people could exchange books here
【答案】25．B
26．B
27．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者开办“免费小图书馆”的过程和意义。
25．
细节理解题。由第一段中的“I first discovered the Little Free Library concept while being on a 2015 vacation in Santa Barbara, California. (2015年在加利福尼亚州圣巴巴拉度假时，我第一次发现了免费小图书馆的概念)”和“And because our home was already filled with mountainous piles of books, my husband wasn’t the least bit surprised when I suggested starting a Little Free Library of our own. (因为我们家里已经堆满了堆积如山的书，当我建议建立一个我们自己的免费图书馆时，我丈夫一点也不惊讶)”可知，度假期间的经历启发了作者创建这个免费小图书馆。故选B项。
26．
推理判断题。由第二段中的“My love of reading dates back to 1970, when I studied in a three-room primary schoolhouse on a dirt road. One day, I accidentally came to the basement library and I was fascinated by the picture books. (我对阅读的热爱可以追溯到1970年，当时我在一条土路上的一所三室小学学习。一天，我偶然来到地下室图书馆，我被图画书迷住了)”可得出，作者对阅读的热情始于童年。故选B项。
27．
推理判断题。由倒数二段中的“our Little Free Library began to include children’s stories. I witnessed mothers lifting their children for a look into the library. Walkers included our street in their route so they could check for new offerings. Some folks routinely drove from several blocks away to visit. From time to time, visitors filled shelves with literary fiction, romances, poetry and a range of non-fiction. I smiled when people met me in the yard and commented that our Little Free Library was like a bird feeder. (我们的免费小图书馆包括了儿童故事。我看到母亲们抱着孩子走进图书馆。步行者将我们的街道包括在他们的路线中，以便他们可以查看新书供应。有些人通常会开车从几个街区以外的地方去参观。游客们不时会在书架上摆满文学小说、爱情小说、诗歌和一系列非小说类作品。当人们在院子里遇见我时，我笑了，说我们的免费小图书馆就像喂鸟器)”可知，说免费小图书馆是“喂鸟器”是因为人们来免费小图书馆是看书的，它给人们提供了精神食粮。故选A项。
（2022·北京房山·一模）Many animals depend upon sound to find food, detect predators and communicate with one another. These species understandably suffer when loud motorways cut through their habitats. Some deal with this problem by singing more loudly, some change the timing of their calls to occur when fewer people are driving, others just move to quieter places.
It has always been assumed that noise is a problem unique to animals. But a new study by Ali Akbar Ghotbi-Ravandi, a botanist at Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran, has revealed that plants suffer too.
That plants can be affected indirectly by noise pollution has never been in doubt. Since most flowering species depend upon pollinators and most fruit-bearing species need animals to disperse their seeds, it is obvious that if these animal partners are harmed by noise then their botanical plants will do badly, too. What has remained unknown is whether or not plants themselves suffer directly from noise pollution.
Sounds are pressure waves transmitted through gases, liquids and solids. Scientists have previously predicted that plants may be able to sense these waves as they are struck by them. A number of experiments have confirmed this in recent years—plants attacked with ultrasound in the lab have shown a range of hurtful responses, including the expression of stress-related genes, underdeveloped growth and reduced germination(发芽) of seeds.
Working with a team of colleagues, Dr Ghotbi-Ravandi grew two species in his lab that are commonly found in urban environments. The plants were grown from seeds and allowed to mature for two months in the same space before they were divided into two groups. One group was exposed to 73 decibels(分贝) of traffic noise recorded from a busy motorway in Tehran for 16 hours a day. The other group was left to grow in silence. After 15 days, samples were taken from the youngest fully expanded leaves on every plant in the experiment and studied.
None of the plants exposed to the traffic noise did well. Analysis of their leaves revealed that all of them were suffering. Harmful chemicals in them are indicators of stress in plants and both were found at much higher levels in the plants exposed to the traffic noise. Most notably, levels of the harmful chemicals in the plants exposed to noise were two to three times what they were in those grown in silence. The findings make it clear that the noise of traffic bothers the plants.
28．What’s the function of the first two paragraphs?
A．To lead in the topic of the passage.
B．To prove that only animals suffer from noise.
C．To introduce how animals avoid the urban traffic noise.
D．To compare the different effects of noise on animals and plants.
29．Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the word “disperse” in Paragraph 3?
A．Classify. B．Spread. C．Damage. D．Collect
30．What can we learn from Dr Ghotbi-Ravandi’s experiment?
A．Urban traffic noise mainly poses a threat to animals.
B．Plants themselves suffer indirectly from noise pollution.
C．Plants exposed to the traffic noise bear higher levels of stress.
D．Plants that don't need animals for growth will not be influenced by noise.
【答案】28．A
29．B
30．C
【解析】
【导语】
本文是说明文。动物遭受噪音影响是不容怀疑的，植物是否也遭受噪音影响呢？文章通过一个实验阐述噪音也影响着植物。
28．
推理判断题。根据第一段内容“Many animals depend upon sound to find food, detect predators and communicate with one another. These species understandably suffer when loud motorways cut through their habitats. (许多动物依靠声音来寻找食物、探测捕食者以及相互交流。当嘈杂的高速公路穿过它们的栖息地时，这些物种遭受痛苦是可以理解的。)”可知，第一段讲述动物通过声音寻食，捕猎，交流，并会因为噪音而受苦，第二段第一句“It has always been assumed that noise is a problem unique to animals. (人们一直认为，噪音是动物所特有的问题。)紧跟上文说明人们一直认为只有动物才有噪音困扰，接下来讲述“But a new study by Ali Akbar Ghotbi-Ravandi, a botanist at Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran, has revealed that plants suffer too.(但是，德黑兰沙希德·贝赫什蒂大学的植物学家阿里·阿克巴尔·格尔比-拉万迪的一项新研究表明，植物也会受到影响。)”，下面的段落展开讲述这个话题，因此推断前两段的目的是引出文章的主题。故选A。
29．
词句猜测题。根据划线句“Since most flowering species depend upon pollinators and most fruit-bearing species need animals to disperse their seeds (因为大多数开花物种依赖于传粉者，大多数结果实的物种需要动物disperse它们的种子)”并结合选项A. Classify把……分类；B. Spread传播；C. Damage毁坏；D. Collect收集，以及常识可知，开花物种需要传粉，结果的物种需要传播种子，划线词与B项意思相近。故选B。
30．
细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Most notably, levels of the harmful chemicals in the plants exposed to noise were two to three times what they were in those grown in silence. The findings make it clear that the noise of traffic bothers the plants.(最值得注意的是，暴露在噪音中的植物中的有害化学物质的含量是那些在寂静中生长的植物的两到三倍。调查结果清楚地表明，交通的噪音困扰着植物)”可知，Ghotbi-Ravandi博士的实验表明，暴露在交通噪音中的植物承受着更高水平的压力。故选C
押北京卷第28—30题
阅读理解C篇说明文或夹叙夹议
【命题趋势和规律】
研究近几年高考试题可以发现，高考阅读理解设置的问题往往反映了一篇文章的主要信息和脉络，命题者通常从以下几个维度设题：
1. 段首、段尾句：第一段首句或末段末句往往反映了文章的主题或中心思想；某一段的段首句或段尾句往往是该段的主题句。因此，命题者一般针对它们设置主旨大意题目。
2. 转折、对比处：一般来说，表示转折意义的信号词but、however、yet、on the contrary、in fact或体现对比关系的提示词unlike、while等后的内容往往是表意重点。因此，命题者常常抓住这一特点设置推理判断、观点态度等题目。
3. 引用人物论断处：为了表达自己的观点或使论点更有说服力，作者常常引用他人的论断或重要发现进行证明。命题者常常针对它们设置推理判断题目。
4. 体现因果关系处：命题者常常针对体现因果关系的because、for、since、now that、as a result、consequently、result in、result from等信号词设置细节理解、推理判断、观点态度题目。
5. 举例子、打比方处：为了使自己的观点更有说服力，作者常常采用举例子或打比方等方法。命题者常常抓住for example、for instance、such as、as等设置意图态度、推理判断等题目。
6. 复杂句式处：复杂句式一般包括同位语、插入语、长难句等，它们往往对考生准确理解文意形成障碍。命题者往往针对这些复杂句式设置词义猜测、推理判断等题目。
7. 特殊标点处：破折号、冒号、括号、引号后的内容往往是对前面内容的进一步解释、说明或补充。命题者往往针对这些标点符号后的内容设置细节理解 推理判断 主旨大音等题目
1. 通读全文，把握主题知大意
考生在有限的时间里，充分利用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧速读全文，抓住关键词、高频词、主题句、标题、副标题、插图、表格等关键信息，把握文章结构，快速确定文章主旨大意。
2. 关注细节，理清思路与脉络
记叙文多以时间或空间为线索展开故事；议论文通常包含论点、论据和结论，通过解释、举例来阐述观点；说明文往往有明确的写作顺序。抓住这些特点并结合文章细节，可以在最短的时间内理清文章思路，把握主旨大意。
3. 删繁就简，突破难句捕
遇到结构复杂的句子，要善于略去修饰成分，如定语（从句）、状语（从句）、同位语(从句）等，抓住句子的关键成分，即句子的主干成分，如主语、谓语和宾语，从而迅速锁定句子意思
4. 技巧助力，轻松应考走捷径
在阅读理解的过程中，只要考生把握高考命题的规律，熟练运用略读、扫读、跳读等阅读技巧，就可以获得事半功倍的效果，提高正确率
（2021·北京·高考真题）Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”.
A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway.
The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility.
The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email.
“Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote,
Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品)
In the incurable form of hope.
The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”
1．What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Scientific. B．Credible.
C．Original. D．Relevant.
2．As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________.
A．worried B．puzzled
C．surprised D．scared
3．What can we learn from this passage?
A．The signatories may change the biophysical limits.
B．The author agrees with the message of the poem.
C．The issue of collapse is being prioritized.
D．The global collapse is well underway.
【答案】1．D
2．A
3．B
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（global collapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。
1．
词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A. Scientific科学的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的；C. Original原来的，原创的；D. Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。
2．
推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. worried担忧的；B. puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised惊讶的；D. scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，故选A。
3．
推理判断题。原文诗歌“Man is a victim of dope; In the incurable form of hope.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提到执着于“quieting hope that ignores preparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提到“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选B。
（2022·北京丰台·一模）The people who happen to be in a city center at any given moment may seem like a random collection of individuals. But new research featuring a simple mathematical law shows that urban travel patterns worldwide are, in fact, predictable despite location.
Researchers discovered what is known as an inverse square relation (平方反比关系) between the number of people in a given urban location and the distance they traveled to get there, as well as how frequently they made the trip. It may seem intuitive (直觉的) that people visit nearby locations frequently and distant ones less so, but the newly discovered relation accurately predicts, for instance, that the number of people coming from two kilometers away five times per week will be the same as the number coming from five kilometers twice a week.
The researchers analyzed data from about eight million people between 2006 and 2013 in six urban locations. This study focused on locations and examined how many people were visiting, from how far and how frequently. The researchers found that all the unique choices people make—from dropping kids at school to shopping-obey this inverse square law.
One explanation for this strong statistical patter is that traveling requires time and energy, and people have limited resources for it. At the core is the effort that people are willing to invest collectively to travel to certain locations, trying to optimize their days.
Understanding these patterns is important not only for planning the placement of new shopping centers or public transportation but also for modeling disease transmission within cities, says Kathleen Stewart, a geographer and mobility researcher.
Many researchers estimate travel with “gravity models”, which assume that movement between cities is proportional (成比例的) to their population sizes. But these models do not account for travel patters within cites—information that is particularly critical in dealing with disease transmission Epidemiologist (流行病学家) Sam Scarpino says models based on this new finding might better track that flow.
“Those organizational patterns have really profound (深远的) implications on how COVID will spread,” Scarpino says. In a smaller rural location, where many people regularly go to the same grocery store, the entire town will experience sharp peaks of infections as the virus sweeps through the community. But in a bigger city, the spread takes longer he explains, because mini epidemics can occur in each neighborhood somewhat separately.
4．What does the underlined word “optimize” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Slow down. B．Keep a record of.
C．Think back on. D．Make the most of.
5．Why does the author mention “gravity models” in Paragraph 6?
A．To introduce the travel patterns within cities.
B．To stress the importance of tracking diseases.
C．To compare the urban and rural infection rates.
D．To show the advantage of the inverse square law.
6．Which of the following can be supported by the newly discovered law?
A．Diseases spread faster in rural areas than big cities.
B．Trip distance seldom influences people’s travel choices.
C．Epidemics are harder to discover in big cities than in rural areas,
D．City residents are likely to make frequent trips to a distant place.
【答案】4．D
5．D
6．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述一项新研究，利用简单数学定律预测全球城市旅行模式，并介绍该定律的优点。
4．
词义猜测题。根据第四段“One explanation for this strong statistical patter is that traveling requires time and energy, and people have limited resources for it. (这种深刻的统计模式的一种解释是，行走需要时间和精力，而人们的资源有限。)”可知，人们的资源、时间和精力有限，所以人们要使他们的一天达到最优化的效果。故推知optimize的意思是“使最优化”与make the most of意义一致，故选D。
5．
推理判断题。根据第六段“Many researchers estimate travel with “gravity models”, which assume that movement between cities is proportional (成比例的) to their population sizes. But these models do not account for travel patters within cites—information that is particularly critical in dealing with disease transmission Epidemiologist (流行病学家) Sam Scarpino says models based on this new finding might better track that flow. (许多研究人员使用“重力模型”来估计旅行，该模型假设城市之间的移动与其人口规模成比例的。但这些模型没有考虑到城市内部的旅行。这些信息在处理疾病传播时尤其重要。流行病学家Sam Scarpino表示，基于这一新发现，可能会更好地跟踪这种流动。)”可知，本段主要说明“重力模型”的缺点，它没有考虑到城市内部的旅行，会对处理疾病传播有影响。第五段“Understanding these patterns is important not only for planning the placement of new shopping centers or public transportation but also for modeling disease transmission within cities, says Kathleen Stewart, a geographer and mobility researcher. (地理学家和移动性研究员Kathleen Stewart说：“了解这些模式不仅对于规划新购物中心或公共交通的布局很重要，而且对于模拟城市内的疾病传播也很重要。”)”说明了平方反比原理的优点。故推知，作者在第六段中提到gravity models是为了展现重力模型的缺点及平方反比原理的优点，故选D。
6．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“In a smaller rural location, where many people regularly go to the same grocery store, the entire town will experience sharp peaks of infections as the virus sweeps through the community. But in a bigger city, the spread takes longer he explains, because mini epidemics can occur in each neighborhood somewhat separately. (在一个较小的农村地区，许多人经常去同一家杂货店，随着病毒席卷整个社区，整个城镇将经历急剧的感染高峰。他解释说：“但在一个更大的城市，传播需要更长的时间，因为小型流行病可以轻微地、单独地发生在每个社区。”)”可知，病毒在农村地区的传播速度比在大城市传播的速度快，故选A。
（2022·北京顺义·二模）Make It Modular: Student Design Challenge!
Imagine your community as a material bank, rich with resources to reuse. How could you improve the built environment by upcycling waste, circulating (循环) existing materials, or regenerating nature? Your challenge is to design a structure that meets a need in your community now but could also be repurposed later.
“Designing for deconstruction” involves a modular approach in which building elements could be easily reconfigured, reimagined, and repurposed over time.
Your design should:
•Include an approximately 20’ long x 8’ wide x 9.6’ high volumetric module
•Be relevant to one of the following uses:
*Affordable Housing
*Covid-era Public Space
*Reimagined Outdoor Classroom
•Approach the task with a real-world perspective, demonstrating skills and knowledge from one or more of the following fields: architecture, engineering, construction, and/or the skilled trades
Requirements:
1. Open to students ages 13-21 and currently enrolled (入学)in high school or homeschooled.
2. All entries MUST share the entrant’s grade level in the introductory step.
3. Submissions must be entered between March 7, 2022, and June 20, 2022.
If you have never posted an Instructable before, please refer to How to Write an Instructable guide for more information.
The prizes are intended as scholarship funds to support the winners’ education, such as tuition, books, room & board or transportation.
Entries will be judged based on the following criteria:
*3D Digital Literacy (能力)and Design;
*Engineering Mindset;
*Real-world Relevance;
*Presentation.
Read the full contest rules for more details.
7．According to the passage, the designs can______.
A．be used now and repurposed later B．be placed in a material bank
C．be submitted on August 20, 2022 D．be related to art and literature
8．If a student has never posted an Instructable before, what should he or she do?
A．Contact the organizers. B．Quit the design contest.
C．Refer to an online guide. D．Read the full contest rules.
9．What can winners do with the prizes?
A．To enroll in a high school. B．To pay for tuition and books.
C．To polish his presentation. D．To improve the built environment.
【答案】7．A
8．C
9．B
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇应用文。文章主要告知学生一个模块设计比赛，包括对设计和参赛者的要求，奖金如何利用以及评判方式。
7．
细节理解题。根据第一段的“Your challenge is to design a structure that meets a need in your community now but could also be repurposed later.(你面临的挑战是设计一个既能满足社区需求，又能在以后重新调整用途的结构)”可知，设计要能够满足现在使用和以后重新利用。故选A。
8．
细节理解题。根据倒数第三部分“If you have never posted an Instructable before, please refer to How to Write an Instructable guide for more information.(如果你以前从未发布过可指导的指南，请参阅 How to Write an Instructable的指南以了解更多信息)”可知，如果一个学生从来没有发布过可指导的指南，那么他/她应该参阅一个在线指南。故选C。
9．
细节理解题。根据倒数第二部分“The prizes are intended as scholarship funds to support the winners’ education, such as tuition, books, room & board or transportation.(奖金用于资助获奖者的教育，如学费、书费、食宿费、交通费等)”可知，获奖者可以把奖金用于支付学费、书本费和交通食宿费。故选B。
（2022·北京平谷·模拟预测）No trees are seemingly cut down every time you search something or read a social media post on your phone or laptop. But websites alone do create emissions (排放)—internet usage is responsible for almost four percent of global emissions. That might not seem like a lot, but it is equivalent to about the same emissions caused by global air travel. That percentage is predicted to almost double by 2025 according to a post by Brussels-based energy magazine Energuide. And internet usage is on the rise—as the pandemic pushed many jobs and education online, internet usage went up as high as 40 percent.
The emissions caused by websites come from the hosting company that ensures that websites are up and running when users search for them on their server. By working with an environmentally sound server like Green Geeks, A2 Hosting, and Host Papa that focuses on renewable energy or lowering their energy usage, websites become more sustainable, Wired UK reported. Something as simple as using fewer images on a web page also helps lower emissions. Another way to reduce emissions is to have simply designed websites with little to no moving images like gifts.
Another aspect of creating more sustainable websites means raising awareness, or letting servers or customers in need of new web design know that it’s even an option for them. Some major search engines like Google have promised to reduce their tech centers’ water usage and to rely on more sustainable energy to run their search engines and other online products like Gmail and Google Docs.
Baruch Labunski, CEO of Toronto-based SEO company Rank Secure, explains that when many clients work with the company to have their websites designed, they don’t often think about sustainability. Companies like Rank Secure make a point to have sustainability as part of their process when working with businesses who want help with web design by relying on more sustainable data centers.
Of course, lowering the greenhouse gas footprint of your website is just the start of building up a sustainable company. Just relying on some renewable energy to have an eco-friendly website doesn’t make a company automatically eco-friendly.
“We need to think about the overall impact of our businesses.” says Labunksi. “If your business manufactures or even uses singleuse plastics, then your website’s carbon footprint shouldn’t be your primary concern.”
10．To create more sustainable websites, the hosting company should_________.
A．meet the data needs
B．design new websites with more gifs
C．work with an eco-friendly server
D．improve the education online
11．What can we learn from paragraph 3 and 4?
A．The clients should raise awareness and consider sustainability.
B．Rank Secure has no sustainable awareness when working with business.
C．Creating more sustainable websites can provide the only option for clients.
D．All major search engines promised to reduce their tech center water usage.
12．The passage is written to__________.
A．evaluate the methods to reduce emissions
B．inform readers the harm of overusing websites
C．encourage search engines to lower the energy usage
D．call for building up sustainable companies of emission reduction
【答案】10．C
11．A
12．D
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍网站会造成排放，并且网站设计者很少考虑网站的可持续性。作者呼吁创建可持续的网站，以减少排放。
10．
细节理解题。根据第二段“By working with an environmentally sound server like Green Geeks, A2 Hosting, and Host Papa that focuses on renewable energy or lowering their energy usage, websites become more sustainable, Wired UK reported. (据Wired UK报道，通过与Green Geeks，A2 Hosting和Host Papa等环保服务器合作，专注于可再生能源或降低能源使用，网站变得更加可持续。)”可知，主办公司与环保服务器合作可以创造更多的可再生能源。故选C。
11．
推理判断题。根据第三段“Another aspect of creating more sustainable websites means raising awareness, or letting servers or customers in need of new web design know that it’s even an option for them. (创建更具可持续性的网站的另一个方面意味着提高意识，或者让需要新网页设计的服务器或客户知道这甚至是他们的一种选择。)”及第四段“Baruch Labunski, CEO of Toronto-based SEO company Rank Secure, explains that when many clients work with the company to have their websites designed, they don’t often think about sustainability. (总部位于多伦多的SEO 等级安全公司的首席执行官Baruch Labunski解释说，当许多客户与该公司合作设计他们的网站时，他们通常不会考虑可持续性。)”可知，我们可以从第三段和第四段了解到：客户应该提高意识，考虑网站的可持续性。故选A。
12．
推理判断题。根据第一段“But websites alone do create emissions (排放)—internet usage is responsible for almost four percent of global emissions. (但仅网站就确实会产生排放——互联网使用占全球排放量的近百分之四。)”及第二段“By working with an environmentally sound server like Green Geeks, A2 Hosting, and Host Papa that focuses on renewable energy or lowering their energy usage, websites become more sustainable, Wired UK reported. Something as simple as using fewer images on a web page also helps lower emissions. Another way to reduce emissions is to have simply designed websites with little to no moving images like gifs. (据Wired UK报道，通过与Green Geeks，A2 Hosting和Host Papa等环保服务器合作，专注于可再生能源或降低能源使用，网站变得更加可持续。像在网页上使用较少的图像这样简单的事情也有助于降低排放。减少排放的另一种方法是简单地设计网站，几乎没有像GIF等动态图像。)”可知，作者写这篇文章是为了说明网站的排放，并呼吁建立可持续的减排公司，故选D。
（2022·北京平谷·模拟预测）One morning in 2003, a 19-year-old Amy Purdy left for her job as a nursery teacher, feeling healthy and ready for her day. Halfway through her morning, she started to feel achy and unwell. Once home, she had a fever and fell into a deep sleep that was impossible for her to shake.
After a short, tense ride to the nearest hospital, Purdy was given less than a two percent chance of surviving. Over the course of the 2.5month treatment that followed, she lost kidney (肾) function and hearing in her left ear—then her spleen and, eventually, both of her legs. What doctors thought was the flu ended up being a very deadly meningitis (脑膜炎) infection. Purdy’s life was changed forever.
It was when she was in bed for months that she started to think about that big life question: what was her story going to be? She began dreaming about snowboarding and visualized herself carving down a mountain of powder, feeling the wind on her face.
This made her return to the sport as a double-amputee (截肢者). Being back on the board was rough at first—several times, her board and her prosthetic (假体的) legs flew down the mountain without her. But Purdy had a strong will and set out to build her own prosthetics that would be purpose built for snowboarding. Purdy’s first home made snowboarding feet is on display in the Smithsonian now.
In 2005, after her 21st birthday—and the gift of a new kidney from her father—Purdy decided to start Adaptive Action Sports. Purdy and her family organized a team of snowboarders and began pushing for their sport to be part of the 2014 Paralympic Games in Sochi, Russia. After being turned down several times, they were finally granted access to the Paralympic Games, appearing as parasnowboarding for the first time in history. Since then, her snowboarding team has brought home six medals and raised the visibility of the sport.
Since her illness took her legs 18 years ago, Purdy has managed to squeeze as much achievement and joy out of her life as possible. “Maybe instead of looking at all our challenges and barriers as something negative or bad,” she proposes, “maybe we can look at them as little gifts that fire our imaginations.”
13．Amy Purdy eventually lost her legs because of________ .
A．a sudden accident
B．the serious infection
C．the sports training
D．the kidney failure
14．According to the passage, we can learn that________ .
A．Purdy’s father donated a kidney to her
B．Purdy’s former job was a snowboard athlete
C．Purdy made her snowboarding feet with her friends’ help
D．Purdy’s team snowboarding succeeded when they applied for the first time
15．Which of the following words can best describe Amy Purdy?
A．Smart and mature.
B．Selfless and patient.
C．Determined and optimistic.
D．Creative and modest.
【答案】13．B
14．A
15．C
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述Amy Purdy由于感染，失去肾脏，听力及双腿。但是Purdy依旧坚强乐观地创办自己的公司，实现自己的价值。
13．
细节理解题。根据第二段“After a short, tense ride to the nearest hospital, Purdy was given less than a two percent chance of surviving. Over the course of the 2.5month treatment that followed, she lost kidney (肾) function and hearing in her left ear—then her spleen and, eventually, both of her legs. What doctors thought was the flu ended up being a very deadly meningitis (脑膜炎) infection. Purdy’s life was changed forever. (在短暂而紧张地前往最近的医院后，Purdy只有不到百分之二的生存机会。在随后的两个半月的治疗过程中，她失去了肾脏功能和左耳的听力，然后是脾脏，最终是双腿。医生认为流感最终成为一种非常致命的脑膜炎感染。Purdy的生活永远改变了。)”可知，严重的感染，导致Purdy最终失去了双腿，故选B。
14．
细节理解题。根据第五段“In 2005, after her 21st birthday—and the gift of a new kidney from her father—Purdy decided to start Adaptive Action Sports. (2005年，在她21岁生日之后，她的父亲赠送了新肾脏，Purdy决定创办Adaptive Action Sports。)”可知，Purdy的父亲把肾捐给她，故选A。
15．
推理判断题。根据第四段“But Purdy had a strong will and set out to build her own prosthetics that would be purpose built for snowboarding. Purdy’s first home made snowboarding feet is on display in the Smithsonian now. (但Purdy有坚强的意志，并着手建造自己的假肢，这些假肢是专门为单板滑雪而建造的。Purdy的第一款自制单板滑雪鞋现在在Smithsonian博物馆展出。)”及最后一段“Since her illness took her legs 18 years ago, Purdy has managed to squeeze as much achievement and joy out of her life as possible. (自从18年前她的病夺走了她的腿以来，Purdy已经设法从她的生活中寄出了尽可能多的成就和快乐。)”可知，失去双腿后的Purdy没有被不幸打败，而是坚强乐观地创办自己的公司，实现自己的价值。所以Purdy是一个积极，坚强，乐观，坚定的人，故选C。
（2022·北京顺义·二模）An ageing population is a global phenomenon. Countries are looking for the balm to address the demands of a swelling elderly community.
Many nations are threatened by a shortage of healthcare workers because of unenviable tasks such as bathing, feeding and changing the diapers. Advancements in technology now present an innovative solution to this. Japan has now developed carebots, specially-designed robots, to replace human caregivers. Japan is also working at more coordinated care for the elderly within the community which includes the integration of hospitals, homecare, elderly care centres and nursing homes. Putting in place a system that can effectively track and retrieve the medical history of every elderly person, Japan leverages technology to provide quality healthcare for the seniors.
The unique feature about Sweden is that most of the elderly live in their own homes where they continue to enjoy living independently. Local governments allocate funds and manage services while citizens have the freedom to choose the type of home services and their service provider. They can apply for homecare services including delivering meals to homes, hanging curtains, changing light bulbs etc. In Sweden, the focus is also on preventive care—keeping the elderly healthy. The elderly who are ill are not just given medicines but also a specific type of physical activity, where their doctors also monitor the outcome.
Singapore also provides more homecare services and day-care centres where the older people can go for rehabilitative and social activities. Besides, the government is creating more dementia-friendly communities, where support comes from the community. Various people within a community like policemen, shopkeepers and other volunteers are trained to assist the elderly with dementia (痴呆). With greater community awareness and support, it is more plausible for a dementia sufferer to stay at home instead of a nursing home.
In our search for the best model to meet the demands of a burgeoning ageing population, let us keep in mind that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. What is important is shouldering the responsibilities of caring for them and ensuring them to age well and comfortably.
16．How does Japan deal with the problem of the shortage of healthcare workers?
A．By offering quality healthcare for the seniors.
B．By tracking the medical history of every elderly person.
C．By developing robots programmed with caregiving functions.
D．By integrating places like hospitals, homecare, and nursing homes.
17．According to the passage, what do Sweden and Singapore have in common?
A．Optional care services are both provided free.
B．Independent living is respected and supported.
C．Preventive care for the elderly is highly valued.
D．Social activities and voluntary help are enjoyed.
18．What is the passage mainly about?
A．Models for giving the elderly care.
B．Countries with an ageing population.
C．Responsibilities of caring for the elderly.
D．Demands of a growing elderly community.
【答案】16．C
17．B
18．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在人口老龄化背景下日本、瑞典、和新加坡所采用的养老模式。
16．
细节理解题。根据第二段的“Many nations are threatened by a shortage of healthcare workers because of unenviable tasks such as bathing, feeding and changing the diapers. Japan has now developed carebots, specially-designed robots, to replace human caregivers. （许多国家都面临医疗工作者短缺的威胁，因为这些工作都不值得羡慕，比如洗澡、喂奶和换尿布。日本现在已经开发了专门设计的机器人——carebots，以取代人类护理者）”可知，日本通过开发具有护理功能的机器人来应对医疗工作者短缺的问题。故选C。
17．
细节理解题。根据第三段的“The unique feature about Sweden is that most of the elderly live in their own homes where they continue to enjoy living independently.（瑞典的独特之处在于，大多数老年人都住在自己的家里，他们继续享受独立生活）”和第四段的“With greater community awareness and support, it is more plausible for a dementia sufferer to stay at home instead of a nursing home.（有了更大的社区意识和支持，痴呆症患者更有可能呆在家里，而不是疗养院）”可知，瑞典和和新加坡的相似之处是独立生活收到尊重和支持。故选B。
18．
主旨大意题。根据第一段“An ageing population is a global phenomenon. Countries are looking for the balm to address the demands of a swelling elderly community.（人口老龄化是一个全球现象。各国都在寻找这种灵丹妙药，以满足日益增长的老年群体的需求）”和最后一段的“In our search for the best model to meet the demands of a burgeoning ageing population, let us keep in mind that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. What is important is shouldering the responsibilities of caring for them and ensuring them to age well and comfortably.（在我们寻求最佳模式以应付日益增长的老龄化人口的需求时，我们必须牢记，没有放之四海而皆准的解决办法。重要的是肩负起照顾他们的责任，确保他们健康舒适地老去）”并结合文章第二到第四段分别介绍日本、瑞典和新加坡应对人口老龄化问题可知，本文主要介绍了在人口老龄化背景下的养老模式。故选A。
（2022·北京西城·一模）One question every coach has beard in their coaching career is this.
“Why isn’t my kid playing?”
The stupidity of many “win-at-all-cost” coaches in youth sports is neatly matched by that of “play-my-kid-or-else” parents at the high-school level.
When the games start to count, the main reason why your kid isn’t playing is simple:
“They’re just not good enough.”
“He/she just isn’t fast enough.”
“He/she just isn’t strong enough.”
Good coaches, however, are not usually that blunt. They are very skillful in not telling what you and I would consider the “truth”. The thing is that many kids know what they’re good at, and what they’re not good at. When it comes to football, for instance, most of the middle-schoolers or freshmen already know the one or two kids who are good enough to play on the varsity team or to catch the eye of a college admissions officer. Their parents do not.
The rest play because they enjoy it, need the discipline, want to belong to a team, have dreamed of it since they were five or six, are trying to make their parents happy, need a varsity sport on their college application, or some combination of the factors above. Some of them don’t possess much athletic skill, but make up for it by practicing, by getting stronger and quicker, and with on-field effort.
Far too many children today are living in a world where they never learn “no”. They don’t know how to handle disappointment and failure. Nor do they know how to react and move on when they don’t get their own way.
It’s awful when your kid isn't playing. Been there, done that. No reasonable parent wants to see their child hurt. But no one escapes this life unhurt, emotionally if not physically. When these kids move on in life, they arc going to get rejected when they apply for college, fail to get the job they want, and taste failure and disappointment on multiple fronts.
Coaches should try to make sure everyone gets some playing time. But that should never come at the expense of other kids who arc more talented, try harder or spend more time practicing. No child should ever go out for any team thinking they’re going to be guaranteed a spot or playing time, no matter how loudly their parents complain.
In that sense, sports are a true mirror of life. No one is guaranteed “playing” time in life. For the most part, hard work, effort, planning and desire is rewarded. The benefits can be wonderful. But it’s good to be prepared when it doesn't work out that way.
19．What does the underlined word “blunt” probably mean?
A．Impatient. B．Annoying. C．Direct. D．Serious.
20．The author believes that ______.
A．kids should learn how to face rejection in their life
B．people can live a life without being emotionally hurt
C．parents must help kids escape disappointment and failure
D．coaches need to ensure every student gets enough playing time
21．What probably motivated the author to write this passage?
A．Coaches’ mistaken beliefs about varsity teams.
B．Parents’ unrealistic views of kids’ playing time.
C．Children’s ignorance of the meaning of sports and life,
D．The public’s doubts about why kids need to play sports.
【答案】19．C
20．A
21．B
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇议论文。文章主要就父母对于孩子不参与游戏的错误观点发表了自己的看法，作者认为，孩子在生活中应该学会如何面对拒绝，不应该以为父母的抱怨就能为自己在场上争得一席之地。
19．
词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“They are very skillful in not telling what you and I would consider the “truth”.(他们非常善于隐瞒你我认为的“真相”)”可知，好的教练善于隐瞒真相，即不会那么直接。故画线词意思是“直接的”。A. Impatient.无耐心的；B. Annoying.烦人的；C. Direct.直接的；D. Serious.严肃的。故选C。
20．
细节理解题。根据倒数第四段“Far too many children today are living in a world where they never learn “no”. They don’t know how to handle disappointment and failure. Nor do they know how to react and move on when they don’t get their own way.(今天，有太多的孩子生活在一个永远不会说“不”的世界里。他们不知道如何处理失望和失败。他们也不知道当他们没有得到自己的方式时，该如何反应和继续前进)”以及倒数第三段中“But no one escapes this life unhurt, emotionally if not physically. When these kids move on in life, they arc going to get rejected when they apply for college, fail to get the job they want, and taste failure and disappointment on multiple fronts.(但没有人能在生活中不受伤害，即使身体上不受伤害。当这些孩子在生活中继续前行时，他们会在申请大学时被拒绝，得不到他们想要的工作，并在多个方面尝到失败和失望的滋味)”可知，作者认为，孩子在生活中应该学会如何面对拒绝。故选A。
21．
推理判断题。根据第三段“The stupidity of many “win-at-all-cost” coaches in youth sports is neatly matched by that of “play-my-kid-or-else” parents at the high-school level.(在青少年体育运动中，许多“不惜一切代价取胜”的教练的愚蠢与高中阶段“孩子必须参与”的父母的愚蠢完全一致)”结合文章主要就父母对于孩子不参与游戏的错误观点发表了自己的看法，作者认为，孩子在生活中应该学会如何面对拒绝，不应该以为父母的抱怨就能为自己在场上争得一席之地。可推知，作者写这篇文章的动机可能是父母对孩子玩耍时间的不现实的看法。故选B。
（2022·北京东城·一模）Rene Compean was no stranger to Angeles National Forest. He’d hiked the park numerous times. But when hiking along a new path, the 45-year-old was lost.
As the day faded into darkness, his concern turned to fear. With only a little water in his backpack and 10% battery remaining on his cellphone, Compean was unprepared for anything more than the two-hour trip he’d planned.
Compean climbed to a spot where he found one bar of signal. “SOS. My phone is going to die. I’m lost,” he texted a friend, attaching a photo showing where he was. The shot showed his legs hanging over a rock face. All Compean could do then was wait. The temperature was dropping fast. Dressed only in shorts, and a sweatshirt, the hiker was chilled to the bone. He hugged himself into a tight ball. And after spotting two mountain lions, he spent the night on high alert.
Sixty miles away, Ben Kuo was working at home when he read a posting from the police, showing an image of a man’s legs. The search-and-rescue teams had spent the previous night unsuccessfully looking for Compean, so they released the photo, hoping someone might recognize the location.
“I’ve always loved looking for where photos are taken,” Kuo says. He frequently tries to identify where movie scenes or commercials were filmed. He’s often successful. When he saw the image, he automatically pulled up a satellite map on his laptop. “There’s an amazing amount of information you can get from satellites,” he says. The first thing he noticed in Compean’s photo was plenty of greenery. After comparing it to the satellite map, Kuo realized something: “He’s got to be on the south side because there’re not any green valleys on the north side.”
That finding led him to an area that looked like the territory in the image. The final step was cross- referencing the original photo with 3-D images of the area. The locations matched!
After spending 27 hours in the wilderness, Compean was found.
Compean’s story probably would have ended differently had it not been for the man with strong satellite skills and a sharp eye for detail.
22．What caused Compean to get lost on the hike?
A．The thick forest. B．The unfamiliar route.
C．The coming of nightfall. D．Low battery on the phone.
23．Kuo was able to offer help because of ______.
A．his photo reading ability B．his sense of responsibility
C．his professional experience D．his familiarity with the area
24．What can we learn from this story?
A．One good turn deserves another.
B．Chance favors the prepared mind.
C．Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.
D．There’s no such thing as useless knowledge.
【答案】22．B
23．A
24．D
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲的是Rene Compean在洛杉矶国家森林公园迷路了，Ben Kuo通过对比照片和卫星地图找到了Rene Compean。
22．
细节理解题。根据第一段“But when hiking along a new path, the 45-year-old was lost.”（但当他沿着一条新路径徒步时，45岁的他迷路了。），可知，不熟悉的路线使Compean在徒步旅行中迷路，故选B。
23．
细节理解题。根据第五段““I’ve always loved looking for where photos are taken,” Kuo says. He frequently tries to identify where movie scenes or commercials were filmed. He’s often successful. When he saw the image, he automatically pulled up a satellite map on his laptop.”（“我一直喜欢寻找拍照的地方，”郭说。他经常试图找出电影场景或广告是在哪里拍摄的。他经常成功。当他看到这张照片时，他自动在笔记本电脑上调出了一张卫星地图。），可知，Kuo 能够提供帮助是因为他的照片辨认能力，故选A。
24．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Compean’s story probably would have ended differently had it not been for the man with strong satellite skills and a sharp eye for detail.”（如果不是因为他有很强的卫星技术和对细节的敏锐眼光，Compean的故事可能会以不同的方式结束。）可知，通过Kuo对卫星技术的知识救了迷路的Compean，可推断出“没有无用的知识”。故选D。
（2022·北京朝阳·一模）I first discovered the Little Free Library concept while being on a 2015 vacation in Santa Barbara, California. I fell in love with the idea of free literature-sharing boxes posted at the edges of parks and along sidewalks in neighbourhoods. And because our home was already filled with mountainous piles of books, my husband wasn’t the least bit surprised when I suggested starting a Little Free Library of our own. In our garden shed (棚) , we filled the shelves with books from our personal collection. Over the next two months, strangers discovered our Little Free Library and began their regular visit.
My love of reading dates back to 1970, when I studied in a three-room primary schoolhouse on a dirt road. One day, I accidentally came to the basement library and I was fascinated by the picture books. Unfortunately, the books were later thrown away when the school discovered the basement was full of mould (霉). Happily, weeks later, a truck arrived with a trailer—which, with the help of our county’s public library, had been transformed into a paradise (乐土) for those who enjoyed reading. Now I still remember the floor-to-ceiling shelves and the carpeted benches in it. Every time I left, I wrote my name on several sign-out cards, which were filled with names of children from neighbouring schools. We liked the same books and, although we never met, I considered them friends.
At the beginning of the first COVID-19 lockdown, our Little Free Library began to include children’s stories. I witnessed mothers lifting their children for a look into the library. Walkers included our street in their route so they could check for new offerings. Some folks routinely drove from several blocks away to visit. From time to time, visitors filled shelves with literary fiction, romances, poetry and a range of non-fiction. I smiled when people met me in the yard and commented that our Little Free Library was like a bird feeder.
We remain grateful that we have kept our Little Free Library open. It has become an alternative means of creating a community of people with mutual regard for humanity and the written word. We are together even when apart.
25．What inspired the author to start the Little Free Library?
A．Her large collection of books. B．An experience during a vacation.
C．Her husband’s encouragement. D．Strangers’ visit to her garden shed.
26．From the passage, we can learn that________.
A．neighbouring schools donated books to the Little Free Library
B．the author’s enthusiasm for reading started from her childhood
C．children wrote their names on the sign-out cards to meet friends
D．the county’s public library became a perfect place for book lovers
27．People considered the Little Free Library a bird feeder because________.
A．it provided food for thought B．it attracted birds for shelter
C．visitors could feed birds here D．people could exchange books here
【答案】25．B
26．B
27．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者开办“免费小图书馆”的过程和意义。
25．
细节理解题。由第一段中的“I first discovered the Little Free Library concept while being on a 2015 vacation in Santa Barbara, California. (2015年在加利福尼亚州圣巴巴拉度假时，我第一次发现了免费小图书馆的概念)”和“And because our home was already filled with mountainous piles of books, my husband wasn’t the least bit surprised when I suggested starting a Little Free Library of our own. (因为我们家里已经堆满了堆积如山的书，当我建议建立一个我们自己的免费图书馆时，我丈夫一点也不惊讶)”可知，度假期间的经历启发了作者创建这个免费小图书馆。故选B项。
26．
推理判断题。由第二段中的“My love of reading dates back to 1970, when I studied in a three-room primary schoolhouse on a dirt road. One day, I accidentally came to the basement library and I was fascinated by the picture books. (我对阅读的热爱可以追溯到1970年，当时我在一条土路上的一所三室小学学习。一天，我偶然来到地下室图书馆，我被图画书迷住了)”可得出，作者对阅读的热情始于童年。故选B项。
27．
推理判断题。由倒数二段中的“our Little Free Library began to include children’s stories. I witnessed mothers lifting their children for a look into the library. Walkers included our street in their route so they could check for new offerings. Some folks routinely drove from several blocks away to visit. From time to time, visitors filled shelves with literary fiction, romances, poetry and a range of non-fiction. I smiled when people met me in the yard and commented that our Little Free Library was like a bird feeder. (我们的免费小图书馆包括了儿童故事。我看到母亲们抱着孩子走进图书馆。步行者将我们的街道包括在他们的路线中，以便他们可以查看新书供应。有些人通常会开车从几个街区以外的地方去参观。游客们不时会在书架上摆满文学小说、爱情小说、诗歌和一系列非小说类作品。当人们在院子里遇见我时，我笑了，说我们的免费小图书馆就像喂鸟器)”可知，说免费小图书馆是“喂鸟器”是因为人们来免费小图书馆是看书的，它给人们提供了精神食粮。故选A项。
（2022·北京房山·一模）Many animals depend upon sound to find food, detect predators and communicate with one another. These species understandably suffer when loud motorways cut through their habitats. Some deal with this problem by singing more loudly, some change the timing of their calls to occur when fewer people are driving, others just move to quieter places.
It has always been assumed that noise is a problem unique to animals. But a new study by Ali Akbar Ghotbi-Ravandi, a botanist at Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran, has revealed that plants suffer too.
That plants can be affected indirectly by noise pollution has never been in doubt. Since most flowering species depend upon pollinators and most fruit-bearing species need animals to disperse their seeds, it is obvious that if these animal partners are harmed by noise then their botanical plants will do badly, too. What has remained unknown is whether or not plants themselves suffer directly from noise pollution.
Sounds are pressure waves transmitted through gases, liquids and solids. Scientists have previously predicted that plants may be able to sense these waves as they are struck by them. A number of experiments have confirmed this in recent years—plants attacked with ultrasound in the lab have shown a range of hurtful responses, including the expression of stress-related genes, underdeveloped growth and reduced germination(发芽) of seeds.
Working with a team of colleagues, Dr Ghotbi-Ravandi grew two species in his lab that are commonly found in urban environments. The plants were grown from seeds and allowed to mature for two months in the same space before they were divided into two groups. One group was exposed to 73 decibels(分贝) of traffic noise recorded from a busy motorway in Tehran for 16 hours a day. The other group was left to grow in silence. After 15 days, samples were taken from the youngest fully expanded leaves on every plant in the experiment and studied.
None of the plants exposed to the traffic noise did well. Analysis of their leaves revealed that all of them were suffering. Harmful chemicals in them are indicators of stress in plants and both were found at much higher levels in the plants exposed to the traffic noise. Most notably, levels of the harmful chemicals in the plants exposed to noise were two to three times what they were in those grown in silence. The findings make it clear that the noise of traffic bothers the plants.
28．What’s the function of the first two paragraphs?
A．To lead in the topic of the passage.
B．To prove that only animals suffer from noise.
C．To introduce how animals avoid the urban traffic noise.
D．To compare the different effects of noise on animals and plants.
29．Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the word “disperse” in Paragraph 3?
A．Classify. B．Spread. C．Damage. D．Collect
30．What can we learn from Dr Ghotbi-Ravandi’s experiment?
A．Urban traffic noise mainly poses a threat to animals.
B．Plants themselves suffer indirectly from noise pollution.
C．Plants exposed to the traffic noise bear higher levels of stress.
D．Plants that don't need animals for growth will not be influenced by noise.
【答案】28．A
29．B
30．C
【解析】
【导语】
本文是说明文。动物遭受噪音影响是不容怀疑的，植物是否也遭受噪音影响呢？文章通过一个实验阐述噪音也影响着植物。
28．
推理判断题。根据第一段内容“Many animals depend upon sound to find food, detect predators and communicate with one another. These species understandably suffer when loud motorways cut through their habitats. (许多动物依靠声音来寻找食物、探测捕食者以及相互交流。当嘈杂的高速公路穿过它们的栖息地时，这些物种遭受痛苦是可以理解的。)”可知，第一段讲述动物通过声音寻食，捕猎，交流，并会因为噪音而受苦，第二段第一句“It has always been assumed that noise is a problem unique to animals. (人们一直认为，噪音是动物所特有的问题。)紧跟上文说明人们一直认为只有动物才有噪音困扰，接下来讲述“But a new study by Ali Akbar Ghotbi-Ravandi, a botanist at Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran, has revealed that plants suffer too.(但是，德黑兰沙希德·贝赫什蒂大学的植物学家阿里·阿克巴尔·格尔比-拉万迪的一项新研究表明，植物也会受到影响。)”，下面的段落展开讲述这个话题，因此推断前两段的目的是引出文章的主题。故选A。
29．
词句猜测题。根据划线句“Since most flowering species depend upon pollinators and most fruit-bearing species need animals to disperse their seeds (因为大多数开花物种依赖于传粉者，大多数结果实的物种需要动物disperse它们的种子)”并结合选项A. Classify把……分类；B. Spread传播；C. Damage毁坏；D. Collect收集，以及常识可知，开花物种需要传粉，结果的物种需要传播种子，划线词与B项意思相近。故选B。
30．
细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Most notably, levels of the harmful chemicals in the plants exposed to noise were two to three times what they were in those grown in silence. The findings make it clear that the noise of traffic bothers the plants.(最值得注意的是，暴露在噪音中的植物中的有害化学物质的含量是那些在寂静中生长的植物的两到三倍。调查结果清楚地表明，交通的噪音困扰着植物)”可知，Ghotbi-Ravandi博士的实验表明，暴露在交通噪音中的植物承受着更高水平的压力。故选C
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