专题09 阅读理解之科普类-2022年高考英语毕业班二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（全国通用）

这是一份专题09 阅读理解之科普类-2022年高考英语毕业班二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（全国通用），文件包含专题09阅读理解之科普类解析版-2022年高考英语毕业班二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练全国通用docx、专题09阅读理解之科普类原卷版-2022年高考英语毕业班二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练全国通用docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共40页， 欢迎下载使用。

目录
TOC \ "1-3" \h \u \l "_Tc29376" 一、热点题型归纳
\l "_Tc17993" 【题型一】寻找最佳标题或主旨题
\l "_Tc26924" 【题型二】推理判断题（包括写作目的题）
\l "_Tc12217" 【题型三】作者的观点态度题
\l "_Tc30563" 【题型四】例证题
\l "_Tc21895" 二、最新模考题组练
科普类文章是高考英语的常考题材，每年高考都有所涉及，每四篇阅读文章至少有一篇是科普文章，有的省份的考题甚至出现两篇科普文章，以体现英语语言的实用性，同时也增加了试题的难度。因此，同学们在平时的学习中一定要对此引起高度的重视。
【应对策略】
1. 要熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。标题是文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括，但根据历年的高考真题情况来看，这类阅读理解材料一般不给标题，而要同学们选择标题。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述。这一部分命题往往最多，因此，阅读时，同学们要把这部分作为重点。
2. 结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。在进行推理判断时，同学们一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。
根据不同文体，推断目的意图。不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的， t infrm readers（告知读者某些信息），多见于科普类的文章。
【典例分析】
【2021年高考浙江卷C篇】
If yu ever get the impressin that yur dg can "tell" whether yu lk cntent r annyed, yu may be nt smething. Dgs may indeed be able t distinguish between happy and angry human faces, accrding t a new study
Researchers trained a grup f 11 dgs t distinguish between images(图像)f the same persn making either a happy r an angry face. During the training stage, each dg was shwn nly the upper half r the lwer half f the persn's face. The researchers then tested the dgs' ability t distinguish between human facial expressins by shwing them the ther half f the persn's face n images ttally different frm the nes used in training. The researchers fund that the dgs were able t pick the angry r happy face by tuching a picture f it with their nses mre ften than ne wuld expect by randm chance.
The study shwed the animals had figured ut hw t apply what they learned abut human faces during training t new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule ut that the dgs simply distinguish between the pictures based n a simple cue, such as the sight f teeth," said study authr Crsin Muller. "Instead, ur results suggest that the successful dgs realized that a smiling muth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies t an angry muth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With ur study, we think we can nw cnfidently cnclude that at least sme dgs can distinguish human facial expressins," Muller tld Live Science.
At this pint, it is nt clear why dgs seem t be equipped with the ability t recgnize different facial expressins in humans. "T us, the mst likely explanatin appears t be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lt f expsure t human facial expressins," and this expsure has prvided them with many chances t learn t distinguish between them, Muller said.
8. The new study fcused n whether dgs can_________.
A. distinguish shapesB. make sense f human faces
C. feel happy r angryD. cmmunicate with each ther
9. What can we learn abut the study frm paragraph 2?
A. Researchers tested the dgs in randm rder.
B. Diverse methds were adpted during training.
C. Pictures used in the tw stages were different
D. The dgs were phtgraphed befre the lest.
10. What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A. A suggestin fr future studies.B. A pssible reasn fr the study findings.
C. A majr limitatin f the studyD. An explanatin f the research methd.
【答案】8. B 9. C 10. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。一项研究证明狗能够识别人类的面部表情，但目前还不清楚它们为什么有这种能力，可能的原因是它们长时间与人类共同生活。
【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的“Researchers trained a grup f 11 dgs t distinguish between images f the same persn making either a happy r an angry face.(研究人员训练了11只狗来区分同一个人脸上的表情是高兴还是愤怒)”可知，该新研究的关注点是狗是否能够区分人的面部表情。故选B。
【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的“During the training stage, each dg was shwn nly the upper half r the lwer half f the persn’s face. The researchers then tested the dgs’ ability t distinguish between human facial expressins by shwing them the ther half f the persn’s face r images ttally different frm the nes used in training.(在训练阶段，每只狗只看到人脸的上半部分或下半部分。研究人员随后测试了狗辨别人类面部表情的能力，向狗展示了人的另一半面部或与训练中使用的完全不同的图像)”可知，在训练和测试阶段，狗看的照片是不一样的。故选C。
【10题详解】主旨大意题。根据最后一段的“T us, the mst likely explanatin appears t be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lt f expsure t human facial expressins, and this expsure has prvided them with many chances t learn t distinguish between them” Muller said.(Muller说：“对我们来说，最可能的解释似乎是，基于他们与人类生活在一起，这让他们有很多机会接触人类的面部表情，而这种接触为他们提供了很多机会，让他们学会区分他们。”可知，最后一段主要讲述了狗能够辨别人类面部表情的可能原因。故选B。
【2021年新高考 I 卷D篇】
Ppularizatin has in sme cases changed the riginal meaning f emtinal (情感的) intellingence. Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable in a persn's makeup that cannt be measured by an IQ test, such as character, mtivatin, cnfidence, mental stability, ptimism and “peple skills.” Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities, but mst f them mve far beynd skill-based emtinal intelligence.
We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses. The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. Being emtinally intelligent des nt necessarily make ne a mral persn.
Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) n emtin by emplyers, educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well-being. The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re-evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives (视角) frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. Emtinal intelligence, with its fcus n bth head and heart, may serve t pint us in the right directin.
32. What is a cmmn misunderstanding f emtinal intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.B. It helps t exercise a persn’s mind.
C. It includes a set f emtinal skills.D. It refers t a persn’s psitive qualities.
33. Why des the authr mentin “dctr” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. T explain a rule.B. T clarify a cncept.
C. T present a fact.D. T make a predictin.
34. What is the authr’s attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?
A. Favrable.B. Intlerant.
C. Dubtful.D. Unclear.
35. What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut cncerning emtinal intelligence?
A. Its appeal t the public.B. Expectatins fr future studies.
C. Its practical applicatin.D. Scientists with new perspectives.
【答案】32. D 33. B 34. A 35. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. (医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. …The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. (我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。
【2020年高考全国卷III D篇】
We are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes (基因), they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years. Peple in Ethipian highlands have adapted t living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising peple in East Africa and nrthern Eurpe have gained a mutatin (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptatin - nt t air r t fd, but t the cean. A grup f sea-dwelling peple in Sutheast Asia have evlved int better divers. The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in the hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally lived n husebats; in recent times, they’ve als built huses n stilts (支柱) in castal waters. “They are simply a stranger t the land,” said Redney C. Jubilad, a University f Hawaii researcher wh studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilad first met the Bajau while grwing up n Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing r harvesting shellfish. “We were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders,” Dr. Jubilad said. “I culd see them actually walking under the sea.”
In2015, Melissa Ilard, then a graduate student in genetics at the University f Cpenhagen, heard abut the Bajau. She wndered if centuries f diving culd have led t the evlutin f physical characteristics that made the task easier fr them. “it seemed like the perfect chance fr natural selectin t act n a ppulatin,” said Dr. Ilard. She als said there were likely a number f ther genes that help the Bajau dive.
32. What des the authr want t tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Envirnmental adaptatin f cattle raisers.B. New knwledge f human evlutin.
C. Recent findings f human rigin.D. Significance f fd selectin.
33. Where d the Bajau build their huses?
A. In valleys.B. Near rivers.C. On the beach.D. Off the cast.
34. Why was the yung Jubilad astnished at the Bajau?
A. They culd walk n stilts all day.B. They had a superb way f fishing.
C. They culd stay lng underwater.D. They lived n bth land and water.
35. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Bdies Remdeled fr a Life at SeaB. Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C. Basic Methds f Genetic ResearchD. The Wrld’s Best Divers
【答案】32. B 33. D 34. C 35. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段的we are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes, they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years.(我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子)可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。B. New knwledge f human evlutin.(人类进化的新知识)符合以上说法，故选B项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally live n husebats; in recent times, they've als built huses n stilts in castal waters.(这些人被称为Bajau，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾有数十万人。他们一直住在船屋上；最近他们也把房子建在沿海水域的吊脚楼上)可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海区域。D. Off the cast.(沿海)符合以上说法，故选D项。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的we were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders.(我们很惊讶，他们在水下待的时间比我们当地的岛民要长的多)可知，让Jubilad感到吃惊的是Bajau人能在水下待更长的时间。C. They culd stay lng underwater. (他们能在水下待很长时间)符合以上说法，故选C项。
【35题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第二段的On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptin-nt t air r t fd, but t the cean.(周四，在《细胞》杂志上发表的一篇文章中，一群研究人员报道了一种新的适应——不是空气也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要讲述了一种新的进化，即长期生活在海边，靠海为生的生活方式，让Bajau人的身体进化成更适应海洋生活。A. Bdies Remdeled fr a Life at Sea.(身体为适应海洋生活而重塑)可以作为本文标题，故选A项。
【2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（天津卷）C篇】
There’s a new frntier in 3D printing that’s beginning t cme int fcus: fd. Recent develpment has made pssible machines that print, ck, and serve fds n a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stpping there.
Fd prductin
With a 3D printer, a ck can print cmplicated chclate sculptures and beautiful pieces fr decratin n a wedding cake. Nt everybdy can d that — it takes years f experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Fdini t “re-create frms and pieces” f fd that are “exactly the same,” freeing cks t cmplete ther tasks. In anther restaurant, all f the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed,rather than farm t table.
Sustainability(可持续性）
The glbal ppulatin is expected t grw t 9.6 billin by 2050, and sme analysts estimate that fd prductin will need t be raised by 50 percent t maintain current levels. Sustainability is becming a necessity. 3D fd printing culd prbably cntribute t the slutin. Sme experts believe printers culd use hydrcllids (水解胶体) frm plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass t replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissins. Grcery stres f the future might stck "fd" that lasts years n end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transprtatin and strage requirements.
Nutritin
Future 3D fd printers culd make prcessed fd healthier. Hd Lipsn, a prfessr at Clumbia University, said, “Fd printing culd allw cnsumers t print fd with custmized nutritinal cntent, like vitamins. S instead f eating a piece f yesterday’s bread frm the supermarket, yu’d eat smething baked just fr yu n demand.”
Challenges
Despite recent advancements in 3D fd printing, the industry has many challenges t vercme. Currently, mst ingredients must be changed t a paste(糊状物) befre a printer can use them, and the printing prcess is quite time-cnsuming, because ingredients interact with each ther in very cmplex ways. On tp f that, mst f the 3D fd printers nw are restricted t dry ingredients, because meat and milk prducts may easily g bad. Sme experts are skeptical abut 3D fd printers, believing they are better suited fr fast fd restaurants than hmes and high-end restaurants.
46. What benefit des 3D printing bring t fd prductin?
A. It helps cks t create new dishes.
B. It saves time and effrt in cking.
C. It imprves the cking cnditins.
D. It cntributes t restaurant decratins.
47. What can we learn abut 3D fd printing frm Paragraphs 3?
A. It slves fd shrtages easily.
B. It quickens the transprtatin f fd.
C. It needs n space fr the strage f fd.
D. It uses renewable materials as surces f fd.
48. Accrding t Paragraph 4, 3D-printed fd ________.
A. is mre available t cnsumers
B. can meet individual nutritinal needs
C. is mre tasty than fd in supermarkets
D. can keep all the nutritin in raw materials
49. What is the main factr that prevents 3D fd printing frm spreading widely?
A. The printing prcess is cmplicated.
B. 3D fd printers are t expensive.
C. Fd materials have t be dry.
D. Sme experts dubt 3D fd printing.
50. What culd be the best title f the passage?
A. 3D Fd Printing: Delicius New Technlgy
B. A New Way t Imprve 3D Fd Printing
C. The Challenges fr 3D Fd Prductin
D. 3D Fd Printing: Frm Farm t Table
【答案】46. B 47. D 48. B 49. C 50. A
【解析】本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。
46. 推理判断题。根据文章Fd prductin中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D打印机做出复杂的巧克力雕塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出3D打印的优势是节省了做饭的时间和精力。故选B。
47. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段Sme experts believe printers culd use hydrcllids (水解胶体) frm plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass t replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).可知，3D打印机可以使用可再生材料作为食物来源。故选D。
48. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段Fd printing culd allw cnsumers t print fd with custmized nutritinal cntent, like vitamins.（食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物），从而可以推断出3D打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选B。
49. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段mst f the 3D fd printers nw are restricted t dry ingredients, because meat and milk prducts may easily g bad.可知，阻止3D打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D打印因为很容易坏。故选C。
50. 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。所以用标题3D Fd Printing: Delicius New Technlgy，故选A。
【2018年高考北京卷C篇】
Plastic-Eating Wrms
Humans prduce mre than 300 millin tns f plastic every year. Almst half f that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up t 12 millin tns pllute the ceans. S far there is n effective way t get rid f it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stmachs f sme hungry wrms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently fund that the wrms f the greater wax mth can break dwn plyethylene, which accunts fr 40% f plastics. The team left 100 wax wrms n a cmmercial plyethylene shpping bag fr 12 hurs, and the wrms cnsumed and brke dwn abut 92 milligrams, r almst 3% f it. T cnfirm that the wrms’ chewing alne was nt respnsible fr the plyethylene breakdwn, the researchers made sme wrms int paste(糊状物) and applied it t plastic films. 14 hurs later the films had lst 13% f their mass — apparently brken dwn by enzymes (酶) frm the wrms’ stmachs. Their findings were published in Current Bilgy in 2017.
Federica Bertcchini, c-authr f the study, says the wrms’ ability t break dwn their everyday fd — beeswax — als allws them t break dwn plastic. ＂Wax is a cmplex mixture, but the basic bnd in plyethylene, the carbn-carbn bnd, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax wrm evlved a methd r system t break this bnd. ＂
Jennifer DeBruyn, a micrbilgist at the University f Tennessee, wh was nt invlved in the study, says it is nt surprising that such wrms can break dwn plyethylene. But cmpared with previus studies, she finds the speed f breaking dwn in this ne exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be t identify the cause f the breakdwn. Is it an enzyme prduced by the wrm itself r by its gut micrbes(肠道微生物)?
Bertcchini agrees and hpes her team’s findings might ne day help emply the enzyme t break dwn plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in sme kind f industrial prcess — nt simply ＂millins f wrms thrwn n tp f the plastic.＂
43. What can we learn abut the wrms in the study?
A. They take plastics as their everyday fd.
B. They are newly evlved creatures.
C. They can cnsume plastics.
D. They wind up in landfills.
44. Accrding t Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step f the study is t .
A. identify ther means f the breakdwn
B. find ut the surce f the enzyme
C. cnfirm the research findings
D. increase the breakdwn speed
45. It can be inferred frm the last paragraph that the chemical might .
A. help t raise wrms
B. help make plastic bags
C. be used t clean the ceans
D. be prduced in factries in future
46. What is the main purpse f the passage?
A. T explain a study methd n wrms.
B. T intrduce the diet f a special wrm.
C. T present a way t break dwn plastics.
D. T prpse new means t keep ec-balance.
【答案】43. C 44. B 45. D 46. C
【解析】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料污染提供了新的途径。
43. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段Federica Bertcchini, c-authr f the study, says the wrms’ ability t break dwn their everyday fd — beeswax — als allws them t break dwn plastic.可知，研究结果发现，蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料。故选C。
44. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段The next step, DeBruyn says, will be t identify the cause f the breakdwn. Is it an enzyme prduced by the wrm itself r by its gut micrbes(肠道微生物)?可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明这种酶来源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的。故选B。
45. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段But she expects using the chemical in sme kind f industrial prcess — nt simply ＂millins f wrms thrwn n tp f the plastic.＂可以推断出，Bertcchini希望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。故选D。
46. 写作意图题。根据文章第一段最后一句S far there is n effective way t get rid f it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stmachs f sme hungry wrms.可知，有一种新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根据最后一段最后一句But she expects using the chemical in sme kind f industrial prcess — nt simply ＂millins f wrms thrwn n tp f the plastic.＂可知，Bertcchini希望将这种方法推广到工业中。由此可以推知写作意图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法。故选C。
【2019年高考全国新课标I卷D篇】
Ancient Fish Returns t Illinis Waters
The Illinis Department f Natural Resurces is returning a fish called the alligatr gar t the state’s rivers.Sme peple call the fish a “living fssil.” Experts believe the fish first appeared during the Early Cretaceus perid mre than 100 millin years ag.
Randy Sauer is an Illinis state fisheries bilgist. He says the fish disappeared frm the state’s rivers in the 1990s, althugh they have cntinued t d well in suthern states. Sauer says bilgists want t bring the fish back t nrthern rivers “because it is imprtant t have tp predatrs t balance the species belw them,” he said.
Sprt fishermen like t try t catch the alligatr gar. Alligatr gar are the secnd-largest freshwater fish in Nrth America. They can grw as large as 2.7 meters and weigh mre than 136 kilgrams. Sauer says their large size is ne reasn they disappeared in the 1990s. Experts say alligatr gars are “pprtunistic feeders.” This means they will eat almst anything -- including small turtles r ducks. They als eat invasive species such as Asian and silver carp. Sauer hpes the re-intrductin f the alligatr gar will help the state’s effrts t cntrl the carp. Because gar can live up t 60 years, the prgram will cntinue t increase fr many years.
Sauer ntes that female alligatr gars d “nt sexually mature until 11 years, and the male nt till 6 r 7 years.”That means the bilgists will try t raise and release a lt f fish early in the prgram t re-intrduce them.
“We’re prbably ging t stck mre heavily than 10 r 20 years dwn the rad when hpefully these fish will find each ther and start ding the jb n their wn,” Sauer says.
Small devices have been placed in 7,000 f the fish s they can be bserved after they are released int the waterways f Illinis. As it rains and flds, bilgists expect sme f the fish will fllw the rivers int the states f Luisiana and Texas.
32.why peple call the alligatr gar“living fssil”?
A.They can grw up t 2.7 meters.
B.They can grw up t 136 kilgrams.
C.Their fssil can be fund n earth.
D.They have existed fr ver 100 millin years.
33.Bilgists will bring the alligatr gar back t nrthern rivers in rder t______.
A.keep the species balance.
B.help peple make mre mney.
C.help t prtect the envirnment.
D.increase the number f the alligar gar.
34.Accrding t Randy Sauer, alligar gar died ut in nrthern rivers prbably because _______.
A.they ate almst anything.
B.they were caught by sprt fishermen.
C.they were very huge in size.
D.the rivers were plluted then.
35.What can we learn frm the underlined statement?
A.It will be decades befre these fish prduce yung.
B.There is a lng way t g befre the fish find each ther.
C. 10 r 20 years will be needed t find these fish.
D.These fish can find each ther themselves alng the waterways.
【答案】DACA
【解析】 伊利诺斯州自然资源部正在把一种叫做 alligatr gar的鱼放回该州的河流。有些人把这种鱼称为“活化石”。专家们认为，该种鱼类最早出现于1亿多年前的白垩纪早期。尽管在南方各州保持良好的状态，但它们在20世纪90年代从该州的河流中消失。生物学家希望把它们带回北方的河流，来平衡它们的物种。
D 【解析】细节理解题。由文章第一段内容可知，alligar gar之所以被称为“活化石”是因为它们一亿年前就出现在地球上。故答案选D.
A 【解析】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句bilgists want t bring the fish back t nrthern rivers “because it is imprtant t have tp predatrs t balance the species belw them, 可知生物学家将这种鱼类放回北方河流目的是为了保持物种生态平衡。故选A.
C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段中 says their large size is ne reasn they disappeared in the 1990s.一句可知alligatr gar灭绝的原因之一可能是由于尺寸太大。其余选项文中出现但都不是其灭绝的原因。故答案选C.
A 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第四段内容可知，雌性alligatr gar“直到11年才会性成熟，而雄性直到6或7年才会成熟。因此可以推断出该句划线部分句意指的是这些鱼类要10或20年时间才能够完成生产下一代的任务。故A 选项正确。
【2020全国卷I 篇】
The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn，Ohi，fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther，emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them t perfrm diverse，even unusual functins. These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they’re shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater. ＂We’re thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Stran, a prfessr f chemical engineering at MIT.
One f his latest prjects has been t make plants grw(发光)in experiments using sme cmmn vegetables. Stran’s team fund that they culd create a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The light，abut ne-thusandth f the amunt needed t read by，is just a start. The technlgy, Stran said, culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn tree int self-pwered street lamps.
in the future，the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff＂switch＂where the glw wuld fade when expsed t daylight.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce(电源)-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin(传输).
Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. A new study f different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D. Benefits frm green plants.
33. What is the functin f the sensrs printed n plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A. T detect plants’ lack f water
B. T change cmpsitins f plants
C. T make the life f plants lnger.
D. T test chemicals in plants.
34. What can we expect f the glwing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy prductin.
B. They may transmit electricity t the hme.
C. They might help reduce energy cnsumptin.
D. They culd take the place f pwer plants.
35. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Can we grw mre glwing plants?
B. Hw d we live with glwing plants?
C. Culd glwing plants replace lamps?
D. Hw are glwing plants made pllutin-free?
【答案】32. D 33. A 34. C 35. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。
【32题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study cnducted in Yungstwn, Ohi, fr example ,discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther, emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中These include plants that have sensrs printed n their leaves t shw when they're shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater.可知这就包括叶子上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选A。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源消耗。故选C。
【35题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lighting accunts fr abut 7%f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin. Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。
盐城市2021 届高三年级第三次模拟考试
C
Time t lad up sme ppular games: new research indicates pigs pssess the mental capability t play vide games. The study, published in Frntiers In Psychlgy,tested the ability f fur pigs(Hamlet, Omelette Ebny and Ivry) 10 play a simple jystick (操纵杆) game with their nses,mving a cursr(光标)t fur targets n the screen.Althugh the animals didn't demnstrate the skills t win a rund any time sn, they did shw an understanding f sme elementary games.
Perfrming well abve chance, the pigs appeared t recgnize the mvement f the cursr was cntrlled by the jystick. The fact that they did s well despite a lack f flexible fingers is"extrardinary", accrding t the researchers.
"It is n small achievement fr an animal t grasp the cncept hat the behaviur they are perfrming is having an affect elsewhere.That pigs can d this t any degree shuld give us pause as t what else they are capable f learning and hw such learning may impact them,"said Purdue University's Dr Candace Crney, the study's lead authr.
Researchers als nted that while the pigs culd be taught t play the game using fd as psitive mtivatin, they als respnded well t scial interactin.In fact, when the game was made mre challenging and the pigs became unwilling t participate in, "nly ral encuragement by the experimenter"wuld see training cntinue.
These findings are the latest t highlight the intelligence f pigs. Nt nly have they been shwn t use mirrrs t find hidden fd, but studies have als demnstrated hw pigs can be taught t "cme"and "sit"after ral cmmands.
"As with any sentient （有感觉力的） beings，hw we interact with pigs and what we d t them impacts and mattes t them,"Crney said."We therefre have a mral duty t understand hw pigs acquire infrmatin,and what hey are capable f learning and remembering, because it ultimately ffer the ptential fr hw they understand their interactins with us and their envirnments."
28. What can we learn frm Paragraphs 1 and 2?
A. Pigs have the ptential t play games well.
B. Pigs have nses as flexible as human hands
C. Pigs psses the mental ability we didn't knw.
D. Pigs knw well abut what they are playing
29. What des the underlined wrd "this"in Paragraph 3 refer t?
A.Playing jystick games s well. B. Realizing the effects f their acts.
C. Carrying ut tasks with their nses. D. Fllwing human ral cmmands.
30. Which f the fllwing can imprve the perfrmance f trained pigs?
A. Less challenging vide games. B. A nice treat befre the experiment.
C. Severe punishment if necessary. D. Inspiring wrds frm experimenters.
31. What des the authr think f the research findings?
A. They reflect the needs t interact mre with animals.
B.They ffer humans ideas f hw t live with animals.
C.They encurage us t explre hw pigs interact with us.
D. They shw us hw pigs interact with their envirnments.
【答案】CBDC
【解析】文章是一篇科研类文章，一项新表明猪可以通过自己的鼻子来使用操纵杆完成一些游戏，并且能够意识到光标是跟随自己移动操纵杆而移动，此类的研究是一个巨大的突破，让我们更有可能了解猪是如何与我们和环境互动的。
第28题 C 主旨大意题 定位文章第1段和第2段，第一段的最后一句话说即使猪没有展现出随时可以赢的能力，但他们以及展现了有一些初级游戏的理解，第二段也讲述了他们能够意识到光标的移动是受到自己控制的，即他们是有潜力玩好游戏的，故选C。
第29题 B 词义猜测题 定位文章第3段，这是Purdue的一段话，this出现在最后一句中，因此将其指代的对象定位在第一句话，即他们能够意识到自己的行为是会对别的事物产生影响的。故选B。
第30题 D 细节理解题 定位文章第4段，提到当难度加大时，猪便不愿意参与，实验员的口头鼓励能够使实验进行下去，也就是猪的积极性会上来，表现会变好。故选D。
第31题 C 推断题 定位第5段，这里写到是作者如何看待，而第6段是教授的话，所以定位是第5段。第五段第一行提到这些科研发现强调了猪的智力水平，因此本文的描述对象是pig而非animal，排除AB，并且第二行提到猪是可以在人的口头指令下完成一些动作，即完成与人的互动。故选C。
2020-2021年南通考前调研卷（四模）
D
Catching nearly 4, 000 wild butterflies with handheld nets and taking the temperature f each tiny insect must rank amng the harder f scientific effrts
Hwever, researchers have discvered significant differences in the ability f British butterflies t maintain a suitable temperature, raising fears that glbal heating will threaten the ppulatins f sme species
Butterflies are ecttherms-unable t generate their wn bdy heat-and require warm temperatures t fly. Hwever, extreme temperatures can pse prblems， particularly fr thse butterflies that must find shady habitats t regulate(调节) their bdy temperature.
The study shws that larger, paler butterflies are best able t prtect themselves frm extreme temperatures, changing the angles f their reflective wings in relatin t the sun t direct heat away frm r n t their bdies. Darker large species have greater difficulty cntrlling their bdy temperature, but even they are better than"thermal specialists", which rely n finding a spt at a specific temperature in a landscape-a micrclimate -t cntrl their bdy temperature.
After being caught in butterfly nets n British nature reserves, the 29 different species f butterflies temperatures were taken with a fine prbe. The surrunding temperature f the butterfly's perch( 栖息处), r air temperature, was als taken, which indicated the degree t which butterflies were seeking specific lcatins t regulate their bdy temperature.
"As we plan cnservatin measures t address the effects f climate change it will be imprtant t understand nt nly the habitat requirements f different butterfly species, but als their temperature requirements, "said Dr Ed Turner. f the University Museum f Zlgy, Cambridge, wh led the wrk. "With this new understanding f butterflies, we shuld be able t better manage habitats and landscapes t prtect them, and in ding s were prbably als prtecting ther insects t.
32. Why did scientists take the temperatures f butterflies
A. T seek slutins t glbal heating
B. T uncver climate threats t them
C. T classify them int different species
D. T stress the tughness f scientific research.
33. Hw d larger, paler butterflies regulate their temperature?
A. By angling their wings
B. By generating the bdy heat
C. By chsing a micrclimate
D By making use f their clur
34. On what basis d butterflies seek specific lcatins?
A. Finding a nature reserve.
B. Attracting ther butterflies
C Adapting t climate change
D. Perceiving the surrundings
35. What can we learn frm the last paragraph?
A. Understanding butterflies shuld be strengthened
B Better management f butterfly habitats is ppular
C Prtecting butterflies can lead t additinal benefits
D. Gals f prtecting butterflies have been achieved
【答案】BADC
【解析】
第32题B细节理解题定位文章第二段“ that glbal heating will threaten the ppulatins f sme specles.“，由此可知，这项实验揭露了气候变化对蝴蝶的威胁。
第33题A细节理解题根据“ Paler butterflies“定位到第四段“ changing the angles f their reflective wings in relatin t the sun t direct heat away frm r n t their bdies”，故选A。
第34题D根据 special lcatin”定位到文章倒数第二段，这一段讲科学家对蝴蝶梄息地周围环境的温度进行测量得到了蝴蝶寻特定位置来调节体温的程度的结论，从侧面表明蝴蝶寻找梄息地的时候对环境是有要求的，故选D。
第35题C推理判断题定位最后一段最后一句话，“and in ding s were prbably als prtecting ther insects t”说明保护蝴蝶的同时还可以保护其他昆虫，即保护蝴蝶还有额外的好处。