第一题 阅读理解之说明文-2022年高三毕业班英语第X题满分练（全国通用）

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第一题  阅读理解之说明文阅读理解中每年都涉及到说明文的考查，是必考问题之一。阅读理解说明文，是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事例，达到教人以知识的目的。以2021年高考英语全国卷为例。   话题考点分布命题趋势 全国甲卷B篇文章主要介绍了在Port Lympne保护区的部分黑犀牛现状。细节理解题 2推理判断题 2从命题形式上来看，说明文阅读常考主旨大意题和猜义题。说明文一般层次分明，结构清晰，逻辑关系清晰。因此考生在备考时要多加关注，勤加练习。全国乙卷B篇文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点。推理判断题 2主旨大意题 1词句猜测题 1全国I卷D篇文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。细节理解题 1推理判断题 3 例题  （2021年全国乙卷）When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座机）?These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only on their smartphones according to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category. More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor（因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do with the makeup of your household. Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）. How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?A. Their target users. B. Their wide popularity.C. Their major functions. D. Their complex design.25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?A. Admit.                B. Argue.            C. Remember.          D. Remark.26. What can we say about Baby Boomers?A. They like smartphone games. B. They enjoy guessing callers’ identity.C. They keep using landline phones. D. They are attached to their family.27. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?A. It remains a family necessity.B. It will fall out of use some day.C. It may increase daily expenses.D. It is as important as the gas light.【答案】24. B    25. A    26. C    27. B【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点。主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. (现在你很难在澳大利亚找到15岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“Of those Australians who still have a landline (在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies (固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。故选A项。推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years.(婴儿潮时代中有84%的人可能已经有50年相同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents (也就是说，老实说，唯一打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选C项。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? (你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B项。一、阅读理解01阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Every person yawns. So do many other vertebrate (有脊椎的) animals, including snakes, dogs, cats, sharks, and chimpanzees. While yawning is contagious (会传染的), not everyone catches a yawn. Around 60-70% of people yawn if they see another person yawn in real life or in a photo or even read about yawning. Contagious yawning also occurs in animals, but it doesn’t necessarily work the same way as in people.Scientists have proposed many theories for why we catch yawns. Probably the most popular theory is that yawning serves as a form of nonverbal communication. Catching a yawn shows you’re accustomed to a person’s emotions. Scientific evidence comes from a 2010 study at the University of Connecticut, which concluded yawning does not become contagious until a child is about four years old when empathy (共情) skills develop. In the study, children with autism, who may have impaired empathy development, caught yawns less often than their peers.Studying contagious yawning in other animals may provide clues to how people catch yawns. Contagious yawning in animals may serve as a means of communication. Siamese fighting fish yawn when they see their mirror image or another fighting fish, generally just prior to an attack.Contagious yawning is linked to temperature, in both animals and people. Most scientists speculate it is a thermoregulatory behavior, while some researchers believe it is used to communicate a potential threat or stressful situation. A 2010 study of budgerigars (虎皮鹦鹉) found that yawning increased as temperature was raised near body temperature.People commonly yawn when tired or bored. Similar behavior is seen in animals. One study found the brain temperature in sleep deprived rats was higher than their core temperature. Yawning reduced brain temperature, possibly improving brain function. Researchers will do further study on this.1．What can we learn about yawning from Paragraph 1?A．All animals yawn.B．Reading about yawning may make a person yawn.C．Only vertebrate animals yawn.D．Yawning works the same for human and animals.2．Why does the author mention children with autism in Paragraph 2?A．To prove a theory. B．To define a conceptC．To develop the theme. D．To provide the background.3．Siamese fighting fish yawn to ________.A．show kindness. B．find a partner.C．give a threat. D．escape from danger.4．What can be inferred from the passage?A．More research in yawning will be carried out in the future.B．Temperature is not a factor concerning yawning.C．The secret to yawing has been worked out.D．Yawning can improve brain function greatly.二、阅读理解02阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。“Boreout (闷爆) is different from burnout (精疲力竭) in the sense that bored-out employees rarely break down with exhaustion. Bored-out people may be present physically but not in spirit, and people can keep doing this for a good while,” says Harju, who has studied boreout for years.Workers who realize they’re experiencing boreout may also be unwilling to flag it up as an issue to line managers or human resources. “While the behaviors that feed into burnout — overwork, drive — are appreciated and rewarded by employers, boreout reflects a lack of interest, a lack of motivation,” says Harju. “These are things that are avoided in organizations.”There are some quick fixes, like taking on work tasks that are more interesting to you. But a 2016 study Harju and her colleagues worked on showed that people who had boreout were less likely to engage in constructive activities like trying to find new, interesting challenges at work.What happens more often, she says, is that people will just show up at their desks and spend time shopping online, chatting with colleagues or planning other activities. She says that these people aren’t lazy, but are using these behaviours as “coping mechanisms”.Fahri Ozsungur, an associate professor of economics at Mersin University, Turkey, who was behind the 2021 study on the health effects of boreout, points out that combating the phenomenon isn’t just down to the individual. “Giving meaning to the job is not just up to the employees,” he says. “Instead, it’s up to management to create an office culture that makes people feel valuable.”If you think boreout is seriously affecting your health either physically or mentally, it may be valuable to ask yourself how you might be able to reselect your career path toward something healthier for you. Seek the advice from advisers, career consultants, friends and family.“If only people take its suggestion, boreout can make a change into something else: a different career entirely, or a different role in the organization,” Harju says.5．What is the purpose of the first paragraph?A．To introduce the topic of the text. B．To describe people with burnout.C．To explain what burnout is. D．To tell us who Harju is.6．Why do people prefer not to talk about their boreout?A．They lack relevant knowledge. B．They are warned not to talk about it.C．They may not want it to be known to employers. D．They fear to be laughed at by their colleagues.7．What does the underlined word “combating” in paragraph 5 mean?A．Encouraging. B．Blaming. C．Trusting. D．Fighting.8．Which of the following may Harju agree with?A．Forcing employers to increase salaries. B．Sticking to the job until you adapt to it.C．Trying spending more time with your family. D．Considering changing a new job interesting you.三、阅读理解03阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。You’re sitting across from a robot, staring at a chessboard. Finally, you see a move that looks pretty good. You reach out and push your queen forward. Now it’s the robot’s turn. Its computer brain calculates a winning move in a second. But when it tries to grab a knight, it knocks down a row of pawns. And it loses the game.“Robots are heavy handed,” says Ken Goldberg, an AI expert at the University of California. A computer can easily defeat a human grandmaster at the game of chess. Yet a robot has trouble picking up an actual chess piece.Goldberg discovered that robots face three challenges in grabbing an object. Number one is the ability to see an object and figure out where it is in space. Cameras and sensors that measure distance have gotten much better at this in recent years. But robots still get confused by anything shiny or transparent.The second challenge is control. People are good at controlling movement, but not perfect. To test yourself, Goldberg says, “Reach out, then touch your nose. Try to do it fast for more times!” You won’t be able to touch the exact same spot on your nose every single time. Likewise, a robot’s cameras and sensors won’t always be in perfect sync with its moving “hand” and it could miss something or drop it.Physics poses the final challenge. Physics predicts motion. But on small scales, this can be unpredictable. To see why, put a pencil on the floor, then give it a big push. Put it back in its starting place and try again, Goldberg says, “If you push it the same way three times, the pencil usually ends up in a different place.” Very tiny bumps on the floor or the pencil may change the motion.Despite these challenges, people grasp things all the time. As you do this, your brain is performing incredible calculation and coordination. You just don’t notice it because you do it without thinking.9．How does the robot lose the chess game according to the text?A．By making wrong calculation. B．By knocking over the chessboard.C．By knocking down some chess pieces. D．By pushing forward the wrong chess piece.10．What may prevent a robot telling the exact location of an object?A．Shape. B．Distance. C．Its own movements. D．Shiny things.11．What can be inferred about robots?A．They have difficulty in predicting motion.B．They should never be allowed to touch our noses.C．Their sensors are in perfect sync with their hands.D．Their movements are affected by the unsmooth floor.12．What is an advantage that humans have over robots?A．Grabbing things. B．Avoiding danger.C．Controlling speed. D．Recognizing objects.四、阅读理解04阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Vegetable displays have become surprisingly similar in markets around the world, which offer primarily commercial vegetables such as tomato, eggplant, onion, carrot, beet, lettuce and broccoli. In other words, world diets are actually becoming more similar and based on fewer crops.A much greater diversity of vegetables exist in traditional food systems, but many of these crops are poorly integrated in current markets and diets. A total of 1,097 vegetable species, with a great variety of uses and growth forms, are cultivated worldwide. Still, we only seem to be familiar with less than 7% of these species.The diversity of vegetables is more than a local preference. It could play an important role in ensuring adequate levels of nutrition and in meeting the challenges of agricultural production posed by climate change and soil degradation (退化). Many traditional vegetables are known to have higher nutritional value than commercial vegetables, and are well-adapted to local conditions, exhibiting resistance to drought, pests, diseases and poor soil conditions. For example, the Mayan spinach (玛雅菠菜) contains exceptional levels of protein, vitamin C and iron, and provides leaves year-round with little water and in poor soil conditions. Traditional crops like this could be strategic in helping more people meet the recommended levels of fruit and vegetable consumption, which is currently n global health concern.Lack of information on traditional vegetables is a major barrier to their use and promotion because it prevents a wider recognition of their values and understanding of how best to grow, process and market them. Organizations around the world are placing increasing efforts on promoting these so called “forgotten foods”, because of their value and potential in bringing nutrition and income benefits to consumers and producers, as well as in strengthening local food traditions. This could be the beginning of a great transformation towards more diverse, vegetable-rich food systems around the world.13．Why are world diets becoming more similar?A．People prefer vegetables rich in nutrition.B．Fewer kinds of vegetables are planted worldwide.C．7% of vegetable crops lost their chances to survive.D．A limited variety of vegetables are available to people.14．What does the underlined word “cultivated” in Paragraph 2 mean?A．Sold. B．Planted. C．Displayed. D．Promoted.15．What can be learned from the example of the Mayan spinach?A．Climate change is a great threat to humans.B．Soil degradation affects vegetable diversity.C．Commercial vegetables are highly profitable.D．Many traditional vegetables have great values to us.16．What is the author’s attitude towards the future of traditional vegetables?A．Hopeful.            B．Doubtful.            C．Indifferent.          D．Pessimistic.五、阅读理解05阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。It is something one half of the population has long suspected and the other half always vocally denied– women really do talk more than men. In fact, women talk almost three times as much as men, with the average woman chalking up 20,000 words in a day – 13,000 more than the average man.Women also speak more quickly, devote more brainpower to chit-chat, and actually enjoy hearing their own voices, a new book suggests. The book – written by a female psychiatrist, Dr. Luan Brizendine – says that inherent (生来就有的) differences between the male and female brain explain why women are naturally more talkative than men.In The Female Mind, Brizendine says the differences can be traced back to the womb (子宫), where the sex hormone (激素) called testosterone moulds the developing male brain. The areas responsible for communication, emotion and memory are all reduced before a baby boy is born.The result is that boys – and men – chat less than their female peers and struggle to express their emotions to the same extent. “Women have an eight-lane superhighway for processing emotion, while men have a small country road,” said Brizendine.There are, however, advantages of being the strong, silent type. Brizendine explains in her book that testosterone also reduces the size of the section of the brain involved in hearing – allowing men to become “deaf” to the most logical arguments put forward by their wives and girlfriends.Other scientists, however, say many of the differences between the male and female personality can be explained by social conditioning, with a child’s upbringing greatly influencing their character.Deborah Cameron, an Oxford University linguistics professor with a special interest in language and gender, said the amount we talk is influenced by who we are with and what we are doing. “If you look through a large number of studies you will find there is little difference between the amount men and women talk,” she added.17．Which claim does the book The Female Mind probably support?A．Women enjoy arguing.                       B．Women are born talkative.C．Women are great public speakers.              D．Women take pride in their talents.18．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “moulds” in Paragraph 3?A．Influences. B．Stimulates. C．Enlarges. D．Harms.19．How are men affected by testosterone according to Dr. Brizendine?A．They have a small size of brain.B．They are not so logical in talking.C．They are usually less communicative.D．They are unwilling to listen to females.20．What message does Cameron carry in the last paragraph?A．Further studies need to be carried out.B．Gender seldom affects one’s talking style.C．The amount we talk shapes our character.D．Men talk as much as women on the whole.六、阅读理解06阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Charles Darwin once said “A man who dares to waste one hour of time has not discovered the value of life”. If you live one hundred years, that is only equal to twelve-hundred months-and when you break it down even further into days, hours and minutes, it gets more frightening. Why is this relevant? Well, quite simply put: life is short. Spending eight hours every day in a sleep means you’re losing a third of your life to bed. So, the question is: is eight hours the exact amount we need, or is it just a myth?While most scientists agree that between seven and nine hours a night is the optimal amount, this is just a rough estimate. In truth, it’s a little more complicated than that. It seems that the amount of sleep you need depends upon your age-with infants needing much more than adults. What does seem apparent is that around seven and a half hours’ sleep is a good amount. In a study conducted at the University of Surrey Sleep Research Centre, the effects of sleep were monitored. One group slept for six and a half and the other for seven and a half hours per night. While some findings were predictable-irritation and lower concentration in the group who slept less, there were some more surprising findings. The genes of people who had less sleep were affected. Genes associated with inflammation (炎症), the immune system and stress response became more active. The team also observed increases in the activity of genes related to diabetes (糖尿病)and risk of cancer.   One of the biggest issues is that myths regarding sleep are constantly perpetuated. For example, have you ever heard that you can train yourself to need less or no sleep? It’s simply not true. We will always need a certain amount of sleep-eight hours might not be the exact sweet spot, and there are factors like age to take into consideration, but one thing is true-there is a certain amount we do actually need.21．What does the Charles Darwin quote mean?A．Spend an hour sleeping is important.B．Sleeping is valuable and should be valued.C．Life is short and don’t waste any time.D．Eight hours is the right amount of time spent in sleeping.22．What is one the factors in considering how much sleep you need?A．The gene. B．The Age. C．The gender. D．The pattern.23．According to the findings, those who sleep less will ________.A．focus on things more attentively B．lose weight easilyC．deal with stress actively D．suffer diseases easily24．What does the underlined word “perpetuated” in the last paragraph probably mean?A．Preserved. B．Challenged. C．Refused. D．Resisted.七、阅读理解07阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。China is a country with many colorful days and festivals. The Dragon Head Raising Day (Longtaitou) is one of them. This special day is on the second day of the second month in the Chinese lunar calendar (阴历). It stands for the start of spring and farming. This year, the day falls on March 4th.The dragon is important in Chinese culture. We Chinese people call ourselves the “descendants (传人) of the dragon”. Therefore, people celebrate the Dragon Head Raising Day with many customs about dragons.On the day in ancient times, people put ashes (灰) in the kitchen. This was to “lead the dragon into the house”. People believed that with the help of the dragon, they could have a good harvest in autumn.Also, people eat special foods on that day. The foods are usually named after dragons. For example, people eat “dragon whisker (细须)” noodles and dumplings called “dragon teeth”.Today, many customs have faded away. But one that has remained is the cutting of hair. It was said that a haircut during the first lunar month may bring bad luck to the mother’s brothers. So many people have their hair cut on the Dragon Head Raising Day.25．Why is the dragon deeply rooted (扎根) in Chinese culture?A．Chinese people think the dragon is a symbol of power.B．Chinese people see the dragon as a symbol of good luck.C．Chinese people think the dragon stands for the start of spring and farming..D．Chinese people consider themselves the descendants of the dragon.26．The underlined word in the last paragraph means ________.A．disappear gradually B．become strongerC．run away D．die off27．On the day in ancient times, why did people put ashes in the kitchen?A．Because the dragon liked the ashes.B．Because the ashes led the dragon into the house.C．Because the ashes brought a good harvest.D．Because the ashes could bring good luck.28．Which custom has been kept according to the passage?A．Putting ashes in the kitchen. B．Eating dragon whisker noodles and dumplings.C．Cutting hair. D．Eating special foods.八、阅读理解08阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Wherever we go, we are surrounded by history. Across the globe, cultural heritage is passed down through the generations. It is in the buildings and structures around us. It is in the arts and artifacts (手工艺品) we treasure. It lives in the languages we speak and the stories we tell. But today, it is under attack as never before. Not only are the damages of time threatening our cultural heritage, but conflicts, climate change, globalization and tourism are all exacting a heavy price. Technology is now the most essential weapon in the battle. Here's how technology is preserving our cultural heritage.As you can imagine, creating the replicas (复制品) via crowd sourced 2D images is extremely time-consuming. Increasingly, artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms (算法) are being used to do all the required sourcing, allowing millions of images to be stored in a matter of hours.   AI will also make restoration and preservation of existing cultural heritage far easier and vastly superior to previous methods. Virtual reality (VR) technology will play a leading role in preserving our cultural heritage in the coming years. Many of the most important sites and architecture are extremely fragile. Human interaction with these locations is doing a great deal of harm. Wastes accumulate everywhere, causing enormous problems. As more cultural heritage sites and objects are digitally mapped and recorded, VR technology will increasingly become the way that people experience them. We'll all eventually be able to walk through places, look at (and touch!) artifacts and works of art without ever seeing them with our own eyes.Finally, our cultural heritage will be preserved via technology. Efforts in research, innovation, data sharing and project work will help promote and preserve the cultural heritage of countries all across the world.29．What does the underlined word “exacting” in paragraph 1 mean?A．Paying. B．Cutting. C．Receiving. D．Demanding.30．What is the advantage of Al in preserving cultural heritage?A．It generates 2D images. B．It makes restoration easier.C．It makes preservation safer. D．It creates replicas in seconds.31．How does VR help to preserve cultural heritage?A．By recycling huge amounts of waste. B．By reducing human impact on the site.C．By forbidding visitors from touching artifacts. D．By educating people about the sites' importance.32．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A．How Technology Changes Art       B．What Cultural Heritage Means to UsC．Preserve the Ancient with the Advanced       D．Prepare for a Revolution in Technology