上海市青浦区2021-2022学年高三上学期期终学业质量调研测试（一模）英语试题

这是一份上海市青浦区2021-2022学年高三上学期期终学业质量调研测试（一模）英语试题，共27页。试卷主要包含了用单词的适当形式完成短文，选用适当的单词或短语补全短文，完形填空，阅读理解，六选四，概要写作，汉译英，图画作文等内容，欢迎下载使用。

上海市青浦区2021-2022学年高三上学期期终学业质量调研测试
（一模）英语试卷
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________


一、用单词的适当形式完成短文
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Lost at sea
Two men from the Solomon Islands have been rescued after spending 29 days lost at sea.
The men 1． (travel) to another island when heavy rain and wind took them out to sea. The two men survived on oranges they had packed, coconuts they found in the sea and by gathering rainwater.
“I look forward to going back home 2． I guess it was a nice break from everything,” one of the men, Livae Nanjikana, told The Guardian.
Nanjikana and Junior Qoloni took off from Mono Island on Sept. 3 in a motorboat to travel 200 km to Noro on New Georgia Island. However, soon after they set out, their boat was hit by heavy winds and rain, which made unclear the coastline they were following 3． a guide. 
“When the bad weather came, it was bad, but it was 4． (bad) and became scary when the GPS died,” he said. “We couldn’t see where we were going and so we just decided to stop the engine and wait, 5． (save) fuel.”
When the rain had finally passed, Nanjikana and Qoloni had already drifted far out to sea. They spent the next 29 days 6． (live) off of limited supplies and by gathering rainwater with 7． they could make use of to keep themselves alive.
A fisherman found and rescued the two men on Oct. 2 off the coast of New Britain, Papua New Guinea, about 400 km from 8． they had started.
Nanjikana and Qoloni 9． (bring) to a local health clinic for treatment and are staying temporarily with a local man, Joe Kolealo, until they 10． return home.


二、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．inclusion B．significant C．exclude D．implement E. saving F. house
G. confirmed H. interconnected I. desirability J. ambitious K. concentrating
Plans revealed for high-tech “10-minute city” in Seoul
The idea of a “15-minute city”, in which residents can all reach work and leisure facilities within a quarter-hour walk — or cycle — of their homes, has gained 11． attention among urban planners during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Now, a group of architects is planning an even more 12． neighborhood in South Korea’s capital, Seoul: a 10-minute city.
Named “Project H1”, the development is set to transform an old industrial site into a(n) 13． “smart” city. Combining eight residential buildings with co-working offices and study spaces, the 125-acre district is also set to 14． entertainment sites, fitness centers, swimming pools and even urban farms.
Designed by Dutch architecture firm UNStudio and backed by a real estate firm, the neighborhood will also be completely car-free. A press release for the project claimed that “all the conveniences of the city” will be within a 10-minute walk of people’s homes.
In a statement, UNStudio co-founder Ben van Berkel said that residents’ “daily life experience” is the project’s “top priority”.
“We do this through the 15． of a rich density of uplifting, on-site experiences that provide an extensive range of options for how they can spend their living, working and leisure time, thereby also 16． them the time needed to travel elsewhere in the city,” he is quoted as saying.
A spokesperson for UNStudio 17． that project has been green-lit but did not reveal when it is likely to break ground.
The architects also said that clean energy will be produced on site, while systems to capture and store rain are being designed to reduce water use.
Critics have suggested that the concept could cause urban renewal by further 18． wealth in the most accessible and convenient districts. The 19． of “15-minute” neighborhoods may, in turn, result in home prices that 20． low-income and marginalized communities. But the Covid-19 pandemic has seen growing interest in the concept.


三、完形填空
Last year Miranda Lim found that taking care of three young children homebound by the pandemic meant she often had to work late into the evening to stay on top of her job. Concerned that the 21 hours were having a bad effect on her sleep, Lim started tracking her sleep time with an app on her mobile phone. She wasn’t quite 22 the results. “I saw my bedtime was 23 anywhere between 9 p.m. and 3 a.m.,” she says. “I was just horrified.” As a result, she immediately set up a daily alarm — not for waking up, but for 24 to bed at a reasonable hour.
It’s 25 why Lim would be a bit of an alarmist when threatened with a lack of a constant night’s sleep. As a sleep disorders physician at the VA Portland Health Care System, Lim is at the forefront of a global team of medical researchers who have in recent years been 26 the ways in which even moderate sleep shortage in middle age strongly link to Alzheimer’s disease later in life. She says, “Our big discovery was that the lack of sleep involves brain processes that may 27 into the disease.”
The finding that getting more and better sleep could offer the best, and 28 only, way to significantly reduce the risks of neuro-degeneration (神经退化) in older age is likely to further 29 an already hot sleep industry. Market research firm Infinium Global Research puts the current worldwide market for sleep 30 — including drugs, special bedding, and health care services — at an estimated $80 billion–plus, and predicts it will 31 to $114 billion over the next five years. Research firm BCC has been projecting a similar growth rate. Now Tim O’Brien, who heads life sciences content at BCC, says he’s watching for “a sudden leap”.
That leap would be driven not only by consumer’s 32 pursuit of better sleep-related health, but also by a stream of new 33 and technologies that are emerging to help achieve it, from sleep drugs to implantable medical devices to smart pillows. Fitbit’s companion app offers a range of insights and exercises aimed at 34 sleep, including sleep “scores” that break down different aspects of sleep, recommendations for when to get to bed and when to wake up, deep breathing and mindfulness exercises, and more. In addition, a big push into the market is being made by 35 a number of sleep-tracking and sleep-promoting features into the latest version of its “Nest Hub” smart speaker-and-screen device.
Nevertheless, some experts think the tech can help with slight pushes, but people still have to develop the healthy habits.
21．A．uncertain B．flexible C．extended D．fixed
22．A．interested in B．amazed at C．replaced with D．prepared for
23．A．flying B．bouncing C．flashing D．ringing
24．A．heading off B．paying off C．putting off D．giving off
25．A．sensible B．natural C．understandable D．surprising
26．A．cutting down B．comparing with C．thinking about D．figuring out
27．A．transform B．develop C．explore D．innovate
28．A．ultimately B．seemingly C．possibly D．slightly
29．A．fuel B．urge C．peak D．sue
30．A．layers B．trends C．aids D．tribes
31．A．appeal B．climb C．resort D．flow
32．A．demanding B．intensifying C．foreseeing D．existing
33．A．therapies B．options C．experiments D．schedules
34．A．monitoring B．affecting C．hanging D．boosting
35．A．packing B．removing C．contrasting D．mixing


四、阅读理解
I’ve been in an 18-year love-hate relationship with a black walnut tree.
It’s a unique tree. In late September or early October, falling fruits as hard as baseballs threaten the skulls (头骨) of you, your children, your neighbors and those that reside next door to them. Umbrellas in the yard are a must while dining in early August, and as for me, I wear my bike helmet while working in the garden.
The black walnut also releases a chemical substance through its roots as a competitive strategy. It’s poisonous to several common plants. There have been many new plant varieties that I brought home with hopes that maybe the black walnut would accept them, but they failed to flourish.
What does work are native plants that naturally grow in the area. Native plants are important to have around since they provide beneficial pollinators (传粉者) like birds, bees and butterflies with seeds and contribute to a healthy and biodiverse environment. Native plants for this area are generally easy to grow, so they experience less stress.
Have I thought of getting rid of this giant pain in my tiny backyard? Yes, however, getting rid of this tree standing at 50 feet with an 87-inch trunk is next to impossible. It’s also protected under the law. Rightfully so. Trees are important to the urban forest and for all of those that inhabit it.
Sometimes I think about my life without the black walnut. I can’t imagine a spring without the birds who arrive every year and loudly sing their songs before dawn. I’d miss falling asleep on lazy weekend afternoons as I look up into its leaves.
Every spring, I wonder what the season holds: What are the chances of being knocked unconscious while barbecuing? Like any good relationship, I’ll never be pleased. I’m stuck with this tree, so I’ll listen to its needs and give it the space it requires. In return, my walnut offers a habitat for wildlife and a reminder.
36．Why does the author wear a bike helmet while working in the garden?
A．To protect the injured skull. B．To prevent herself from sunburn.
C．To avoid being hit by the nuts. D．To reduce the chance of getting bitten by bees.
37．What is the tree’s survival strategy?
A．It attracts beneficial pollinators.
B．It lets out poison to drive away pests.
C．It produces a chemical fatal to some plants.
D．It competes for nutrition with similar species.
38．Which of the following DOESN’T account for the author’s love-hate relationship with the tree?
A．The volume of its fruits may bring inconvenience.
B．The tree outcompetes the native plants in the garden.
C．The tree is home to numerous birds and other creatures.
D．The presence of the tree takes up much space of the garden.
39．The author most probably got a reminder from the tree that ________.
A．it’s better to give than to take
B．trees and plants have their own ways to flourish
C．even a good relationship is not always trouble-free
D．acceptance, instead of resistance, is the better way to be

Robots really are replacing us flesh-and-bone types. They’re making lunch, writing novels… the list goes on and on. What human can compete — especially given that robots don’t complain, ask for raises, or get drunk at the Christmas party? To celebrate the 100th anniversary of the coining of the word robot by Karel Capek, we thought it would be fun to take a look at another side of robotkind.
You Call That Service?
A few years back, a Japanese hotel hired 243 robots to cover positions ranging from doorman to bellboy. Unfortunately, the check-in robots had trouble answering guests’ questions and photo-copying passports, while bellboy robots kept banging into walls and tripping over curbs. One in-room assistant robot sprang to attention every time the guest snored (打鼾), saying, “Sorry, I couldn’t catch that. Could you repeat your request?”
You Look Familiar
Facial recognition software has one problem — it can’t always recognize faces. The American Civil Liberties Union proved that point when it used the Amazon Rekognition software to match photos of criminals to 28 members of Congress. But what about soccer ball recognition? During a match last year, a Scottish soccer team unveiled AI-programmed video cameras designed to automatically follow the ball. Alas, the cameras constantly mistook the referee’s bald head for the soccer ball.
Whatever You Do, Don’t Anger Sophia
“Sophia” is a social humanoid robot developed by Hanson Robotics. She/It has an attractive face, with high cheekbones, and impressive eyebrows. And she can hold a conversation to rival the mere chat of Apple’s Siri. This is surely the robot of the future. When CEO David Hanson and Sophia appeared on a TV program, Hanson asked the robot the question humans have been asking themselves for years: “Sophia, do you want to destroy humans?” Without hesitation, Sophia — smiling a bit too broadly for our taste — responded, “OK, I will destroy humans.” Humans, you have been warned.
40．“Another side” of robotkind in the first paragraph can be described as ________.
A．advanced B．aggressive C．amazing D．awkward
41．Which of the following reflects the reality according to the three stories?
A．The robots are functioning properly as human labor.
B．The robot Sophia interpreted Hanson’s question as a request.
C．The facial recognition software makes accurate searches for the target.
D．The hotel in-room robot paid close attention to the guest’s health condition.
42．Which might be the best title for this passage?
A．Robots Gone Wild B．Robots On the Rise
C．Robots Taking Over D．Robots Under Debate

Science may never know what memories play on the mind of the California sea hare, a foot-long marine snail, when it eats algae — a sea plant — in the tide pools of the Pacific coast.
But in a new study, researchers claim to have made headway in understanding the simplest kind of memory a creature might form.
David Glanzman, a neurobiologist at the University of California, believes the kinds of memories that trigger a defensive reaction in the snail are encoded not in the connections between brain cells, as many scientists would argue, but in RNA molecules (分子) that form part of an organism’s genetic machinery.
In an experiment to test the idea, Glanzman implanted wire into the tails of California sea hares, and gave them a series of electrical shocks. The procedure sensitized the animals so that when they were prodded (戳) in a fleshy spout called a siphon, they contracted their gills (鳃状呼吸器官) in a strong defensive action.
After sensitizing the sea snails, Glanzman extracted RNA from the animals and injected it into other sea snails to see what happened. He found the recipient sea snails became sensitized, suggesting the “memory” of the electrical shocks had been transplanted. When Glanzman repeated the experiment with RNA from sea snails that had been hooked up to wires but not shocked, the reaction behavior did not transfer.
Despite the result, the work has not found widespread acceptance. “Obviously further work needs to be carried out to determine whether these changes can happen without failure in a wide range of conditions,” said Prof Sherilynn Vann, who studies memory at Cardiff University. “While the sea hare is a fantastic model for studying basic neuroscience, we must be very cautious in drawing comparisons to human memory processes.”
Tomas Ryan, who studies memory at Trinity College Dublin, is firmly unconvinced. “It’s interesting, but I don’t think they’ve transferred a memory,” he said. “This work tells me that maybe the most basic behavioral responses involve some kind of switch in the animal and there is something in the liquid that Glanzman extracts that is hitting that switch.”
But Ryan added that different thinking about memory was badly needed: “In a field like this which is so full of accepted beliefs, we need as many new ideas as possible. This work takes us down an interesting road, but I have a huge amount of skepticism about it.”
43．Why were the sea hares given electrical shocks?
A．To rob them of their memory.
B．To see how they defend themselves.
C．To break the connection between nerves.
D．To make them sensitive to external stimulations.
44．What conclusion may Glanzman draw from the experiment?
A．Memory can be encoded and changed by people.
B．Only with strong stimulation can sea snails form reaction.
C．The memory giving rise to sea snail’s sensitization is held in RNA．
D．The sea snail’s defense is probably enabled by connectivity of brain cells.
45．According to the passage, the limitations of Glanzman’s experiment involve the following EXCEPT ________.
A．The recipient sea snail’s response may require further confirmation.
B．Variables (变量) in the experiments may not have remained the same.
C．Something else other than RNA in the extract may lead to the recipient’s reaction.
D．The sea snail “memory transplant” may not apply to more complex memory process.
46．The underlined word “skepticism” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ________.
A．criticism B．doubt C．relief D．optimism


五、六选四
The inside story of how a “band of misfits” saved Lego
When executives at toymaker Lego first learned that adults were buying large quantities of their interlocking plastic bricks and getting together to build Lego creations of their own, “they thought it was very strange,” says Paal Smith-Meyer.
47． “Leadership actually thought ‘adults’ were taking away from the brand.”
Thanks to a handful of employees who worked to change attitudes inside the company, Lego is no longer embarrassed by its adult fans. 48． The bygone slogans “Just Imagine... ” and “Play On” have been overshadowed by Lego’s newest marketing motto: “Adults Welcome”. Even superstar athletes and entertainers like Ed Sheeran, Dwight Howard, and David Beckham boast openly about their affection for Lego building sets.
Today Lego is the world’s largest and most profitable toymaker. The Lego brick was named “Toy of the Century” in 1999, and in 2014 Time magazine crowned it the “Most Influential Toy of All Time”, ahead of Barbie, G.I. Joe, and the Easy Bake Oven.
The enthusiasm and buying power of Adult Fans of Lego — or AFOLs, as they’re known in the industry — played a major role in the company’s rise to the top. 49．
Lego founder Ole Kirk Kristiansen always knew he wanted to market his products exclusively to kids. As the company grew over its first six decades, few imagined that its products could appeal as much to adults as to children. 50． Two decades ago, when Lego began making licensed sets inspired by hit movies like Star Wars and Harry Potter, it was adult fans who snatched up most of the merchandise.
Despite the benefits AFOLs brought to the brand, executives at the company’s corporate offices in Billund, Denmark had little interest in catering to adult customers. As fan mail and product ideas poured in from AFOLs around the world, the company posted its off-putting position: “We don’t accept unsolicited ideas.”
“Adult fans were often seen as a source of irritation,” says Jake McKee, a Lego executive from 2000 to 2006 who oversaw the company’s Global Community Development team.
A.But insiders say the road from “kids only” to “adults welcome” was a long, uphill climb.
B.AFOLs are also organizing unofficial Lego fan conventions and networking in online user groups.
C.Gone are the days when labels on Lego boxes stated that the contents were appropriate only for boys ages 7 to 12.
D.Attitudes began to shift in the late 1990s and early 2000s when the once-invulnerable toymaker started to struggle.
E.AFOLs were having a dramatic impact on Lego’s bottom line years before the company recognized their value.
F.“Before the late 1990s, the company didn’t think their adult fans had value,” says Smith-Meyer, who held a variety of senior posts at Lego from 2000 to 2014.

六、概要写作
51．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Rock Climbing — conservationists’ new concern
Now, with its first appearance at this year’s Tokyo Olympics, the once minority sport is set to reach new heights. Yet the popularity of rock climbing and its sister sport, bouldering (where climbers scramble up large rocks without the use of ropes or safety belts), is raising questions about the damaging environmental effects of climbing chalk — a common and essential climbing tool.
Made from magnesium carbonate (碳酸镁), climbing chalk is the same substance that gymnasts and weightlifters use to improve their grasp on bars and weights. In fact, it was first introduced to rock climbing in the 1950s by John Gill. Since then, amateur and professional climbers alike have come to depend on the chalk’s properties of removing water and increasing friction (摩擦力) — and have been leaving long stripes of the stuff on rock faces around the world.
The resulting “chalk graffiti” has become so bad in the United States that parks are beginning to restrict its use. Utah’s Arches National Park allows only colored chalk that mostly matches rocks, while Colorado’s Garden of the Gods National Natural Landmark banned all chalk and chalk substitutes.
Beyond the visual pollution, new research suggests chalk may be harming the plants that grow on rocks. The latest study on the effects of climbing chalk, released October 2020, found that it negatively impacted both the growing and survival of four species of ferns and mosses (蕨类和苔藓) inhabiting rocks in laboratory settings.
That matters because some climbing spots, such as erratic boulders (the study’s focus), host unique ecosystems. These unpredictable boulders — rocks scattered across the globe by large masses of slowly flowing ice at the end of the Ice Age — are islands of vegetation, different from the land they sit on.
It’s not even clear whether chalk improves climbing performance at all. Some papers found no additional grip benefits, while others found the opposite. Some climbers may find it helpful, says Daniel Hepenstrick, a co-author of the 2020 study and a doctoral candidate at ETH Zürich.
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七、汉译英（整句）
52．网购有风险，下单需谨慎。（汉译英）
53．安保人员需要具备快速应变能力，这样才能把事故苗头消灭在萌芽状态。（before）(汉译英）
54．为增进外国友人对中国书法的了解，他将书法与历史故事结合起来教授。（combine) (汉译英）
55．这位女大学生回乡当“羊倌”是为了实现一个愿望，既可以陪在父母身边生活又能带动村民增收。 （that）(汉译英）

八、图画作文
56．Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
下面的漫画展示的是剧场中的场景。请以此为素材写篇短文。你的作文必须包括：
= 简要描述漫画内容；
= 就其折射出的社会现象谈谈你的感想。
（注：文中不得出现真实的姓名及学校名称。）

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参考答案
1．were traveling /were travelling
2．but /though/although
3．as
4．worse
5．to save /saving
6．living
7．whatever /what /anything/everything/all
8．where
9．were brought /have been brought
10．can
【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述的是所罗门群岛的两名男子在海上失踪29天后获救的事情。

1．考查时态。句意：这两个人正在前往另一个岛屿时，大雨和大风把他们带到海上。由句意和when可知，此处为“be doing …when…”结构，表示“正当……时……”，结合并列句谓语took可知，此处应用过去进行时，主语the men为复数，助动词用were，故填were trave(l)ling。

2．考查连词。句意：其中一名男子Livae Nanjikana告诉卫报：“我期待着回家，但/尽管我认为这是一次很好的休息。”。由语境可知，这名男子很期待回家，尽管这次经历是一次很好的休息，前后句之间为转折关系或让步关系，可用连词but或though/although连接句子，故填but或though/although。

3．考查介词。句意：然而，他们出发后不久，他们的船就遭遇了大风和大雨，这使得他们当作向导所遵循的海岸线变得不清晰。由语境和空后的a guide(向导)可知，他们把海岸线“当作”向导，表示“当作”用介词as，故填as。

4．考查形容词。句意：他说：“当坏天气来临时，情况很糟糕，但当GPS失灵时情况更糟，变得可怕。”。由语境“但当GPS失灵时”和前面的bad可知，空处表示“更糟糕”，应用形容词比较级，故填worse。

5．考查非谓语动词。句意：“我们看不到我们要去哪里，所以我们决定停止引擎等待，以节省燃料。”句中已有谓语动词decided，save应用非谓语动词形式，结合句意可知，此处表示“为了节约能源”，表目的，且save与主语之间为主动关系，所以可用动词不定式to save或现在分词saving作状语，故填to save或saving。

6．考查非谓语动词。句意：在接下来的29天里，他们依靠有限的补给和收集雨水维持生命。由“spent the next 29 days”可知，此处为“spend…（in）doing(花费时间做……)”结构，所以应填入动名词形式，故填living。

7．考查宾语从句或代词。句意：在接下来的29天里，他们依靠有限的补给和利用可以利用的一切收集雨水来维持生命。空处位于介词with后可知，空处引导后面的宾语从句，结合句意，可知从句缺少宾语，可用代词whatever或what指代“他们可以利用的任何东西”，引导从句，作从句的宾语。或此处为定语从句，缺少先行词，结合句意可知，可用不定代词anything，everything或all做先行词，指代“他们可以利用的任何东西/一切”，省略引导词that。故填whatever/what或anything/everything/all。

8．考查宾语从句。句意：10月2日，一名渔民在巴布亚新几内亚新不列颠海岸发现并营救了这两名男子，距离他们出发地点约400公里。空处位于介词from后，所以此处为宾语从句，结合句意可知，从句缺少地点状语，所以用where引导该从句，故填where。

9．考查谓语动词。句意：Nanjikana和Qoloni被带到当地一家医疗诊所接受治疗，目前暂时与当地一名男子Joe Kolealo住在一起，直到他们能够回家。分析句子可知，空处为句子的谓语，由语境可知，事情发生在过去，时态可用一般过去时或现在完成时，且主语Nanjikana和Qoloni与bring之间为被动关系，应用一般过去时或现在完成时的被动语态结构，故填were brought或have been brought。
10．考查情态动词。句意：Nanjikana和Qoloni被带到当地一家医疗诊所接受治疗，目前暂时与当地一名男子Joe Kolealo住在一起，直到他们能够回家。根据句意和return可知应用情态动词can，表示“可以，能够”回家，故填can。


11．B
12．J
13．H
14．F
15．A
16．E
17．G
18．K
19．I
20．C
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了首尔推出高科技“十分钟城市”计划。
11．
考查形容词。句意：在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间，“15分钟城市”的概念得到了城市规划者的高度重视，在“15分钟城市”中，所有居民都可以在离家1 / 4小时的步行或骑行时间内到达工作和休闲场所。修饰名词attention，前用形容词形式作定语。形容词significant为“重要的”之意。故选B。
12．
考查形容词。句意：现在，一群建筑师正在韩国首都首尔规划一个更具雄心的社区：一个10分钟车程的城市。修饰名词neighborhood，前用形容词形式作定语。形容词ambitious为“雄心的”之意。故选J。
13．
考查形容词。句意：该项目名为“H1项目”，旨在将一个老工业基地转变为一个互联的“智能”城市。修饰名词city，前用形容词形式作定语。形容词interconnected为“相互连接的”之意。故选H。
14．
考查动词。句意：这片125英亩的区域由8栋住宅楼、联合办公办公室和学习空间组成，还设有娱乐场所、健身中心、游泳池甚至城市农场。动词不定式to后接动词原形。动词house为“容纳，安置”之意。故选F。
15．
考查名词。句意：他说：“我们通过丰富的高密度现场体验来做到这一点，为他们如何度过他们的生活、工作和休闲时间提供了广泛的选择，从而也节省了他们在城市其他地方旅行所需的时间。”the +名词+ of +名词，名词所有格。名词inclusion为“包含”之意。故选A。
16．
考查非谓语动词。句意：他说：“我们通过丰富的高密度现场体验来做到这一点，为他们如何度过他们的生活、工作和休闲时间提供了广泛的选择，从而也节省了他们在城市其他地方旅行所需的时间。”动词save为“节省”之意，与逻辑主语We之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。故选E。
17．
考查时态。句意：UNStudio的一名发言人证实，该项目已经获得批准，但没有透露动工时间。主句缺少谓语动词，根据连词but后面的句子时态可知，用一般过去时。动词confirm为“证实”之意，用过去式confirmed。故选G。
18．
考查非谓语动词。句意：批评人士认为，这一概念可能会导致城市更新，因为它会将财富进一步集中在交通最便利的地区。介词by后接动名词形式。动词concentrate为“专心；集中”之意。故选K。
19．
考查名词。句意：“15分钟”社区的有利条件可能反过来导致房价将低收入和边缘化社区排除在外。the +名词+ of +名词，名词所有格。名词desirability为“有利条件”之意。故选I。
20．
考查时态。句意：“15分钟”社区的有利条件可能反过来导致房价将低收入和边缘化社区排除在外。定语从句缺乏谓语，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。句中先行词为home prices，在定语从句中作主语，所以谓语动词用复数形式。动词exclude为“排除”之意。故选C。

21．C
22．D
23．B
24．A
25．C
26．D
27．B
28．C
29．A
30．C
31．B
32．B
33．A
34．D
35．A
【分析】
本文是说明文。文章讲述了研究人员发现，中年人哪怕只是轻微的睡眠不足，都很可能导致阿尔茨海默症。研究还发现，提升睡眠质量可能是显著降低老年神经退行性病变风险的最佳方法，可能也是唯一的方法。文章还讲述了这一发现极大促进了睡眠市场的腾飞。
21．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：由于担心延长的时间会对她的睡眠产生不良影响，Lim开始用手机上的一个应用程序跟踪她的睡眠时间。A. uncertain不确定的；B. flexible灵活的；C. extended延长的；D. fixed规定的。根据上文“she often had to work late into the evening to stay on top of her job”可推断，Lim的工作时间延长了。故选C。
22．
考查固定短语辨析。句意：她对结果并没有做好充分的准备。A. interested in对……感兴趣；B. amazed at对……感到惊奇；C. replaced with代替；D. prepared for为……做准备。根据下文“I was just horrified.”可推断，Lim为自己看到的结果完全没有心理 准备。故选D。
23．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我发现我的就寝时间在晚上9点至凌晨3点之间波动。A. flying飞行；B. bouncing弹跳，上下晃动；C. flashing使闪烁；D. ringing按铃。根据上文“Lim started tracking her sleep time with an app on her mobile phone.”和下文“between 9 p.m. and 3 a.m.”可推断，Lim通过检测发现自己的就寝时间在晚上9点至凌晨3点之间波动。故选B。
24．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：因此，她立即设置了一个每日闹钟，不是为了起床，而是为了在合理的时间前去睡觉。A. heading off朝……前进；B. paying off付清；C. putting off推迟；延期；D. giving off发出。根据上文“Concerned that the ____1____ hours were having a bad effect on her sleep”，“I was just horrified.”和“not for waking up”可推断，Lim设置了闹钟是为了让自己在合理的时间前去睡觉。故选A。
25．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当受到持续睡眠不足的威胁时，Lim有点大惊小怪，这是可理解的。A. sensible明智的；合理的；B. natural自然的；C. understandable可理解的；D. surprising令人吃惊的。根据下文“even moderate sleep shortage in middle age strongly link to Alzheimer’s disease later in life”可推断，Lim听到自己的睡眠不足，就会有点大惊小怪，这是可理解的，故选C。
26．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：作为VA波特兰保健系统的睡眠障碍医师，林一直位于全球医学研究团队的最前沿领域，他们一直试图弄清楚，中年时期的适度睡眠不足与阿尔茨海默病之间的关系。A. cutting down裁断；减少；B. comparing with比较；C. thinking about考虑；D. figuring out弄清楚。根据下文“Our big discovery was…”可推断，作为全球最前沿的团队，Lim一直试图弄清楚，中年时期的适度睡眠不足与阿尔茨海默病之间的关系。故选D。
27．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们最大的发现是，睡眠不足与大脑变化过程有关，这一过程可能会发展成疾病。A. transform转变；B. develop患病；发展；C. explore开发；D. innovate改革；创新。根据上文“even moderate sleep shortage in middle age strongly link to Alzheimer’s disease later in life”可知，缺乏睡眠与大脑变化过程有关，而这一过程可能会发展成疾病。故选B。
28．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：获得更多更好的睡眠可能是显著降低老年神经退行性病变风险的最佳方法，可能也是唯一的方法，这一发现或将会进一步推动本已火热的睡眠行业。A. ultimately最后；最终；B. seemingly表面上看来；C. possibly可能地；D. slightly轻微地。根据上文的“could offer the best”可推断，获得更多更好的睡眠可能是最佳方法，因此推断也可能是唯一的方法。故选C。
29．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：获得更多更好的睡眠可能是显著降低老年神经退行性病变风险的最佳方法，可能也是唯一的方法，这一发现或将会进一步加强本已火热的睡眠行业。A. fuel刺激；加剧；B. urge敦促；催促；C. peak达到高峰；D. sue控告；控诉。根据下文“at an estimated $80 billion–plus, and predicts it will ____11____ to $114 billion over the next five years”可推断，这项发现会加剧本已火热的睡眠行业。故选A。
30．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：市场研究公司Infinium Global research预测，目前全球睡眠辅助设备市场——包括药品、专门的床上用品和医疗保健服务——预计达到800多亿美元——未来五年将攀升至1140亿美元。A. layers层次；B. trends趋势；倾向；C. aids辅助设备；D. tribes部落。根据下文“including drugs, special bedding, and health care services”可知，这些都是睡眠辅助设备。故选C。
31．
考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. appeal呼吁；B. climb增长；C. resort诉诸；D. flow流出。根据上文的“an estimated $80 billion”和下文的“$114 billion”可知，数字在接下来的五年会增长。故选B。
32．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：行业之所以发展迅速，不仅因为消费者强烈渴望优质睡眠带来的健康，还有一系列新疗法和技术的出现，从睡眠药物到植入式医疗设备再到智能枕头，都有利于实现目标。A. demanding要求；B. intensifying增强；加剧；C. foreseeing预见；D. existing存在。根据上文“That leap would be driven”和下文“pursuit of better sleep-related health”可知，睡眠设备市场行业的突然蹿升的驱动力是消费者对优质睡眠带来健康的增强了的渴望。故选B。
33．
考查名词词义辨析。 句意同上。A. therapies疗法；B. options选择；C. experiments实验；D. schedules计划。根据下文“from sleep drugs to implantable medical devices to smart pillows”可知，此处说的是一系列的新疗法。故选A。
34．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：Fitbit的配套应用程序提供了一系列旨在提升睡眠的见解和练习，包括分解睡眠不同方面的睡眠分数，何时上床和何时醒来的建议，深呼吸和正念练习以及更多。A. monitoring监视；监控；B. affecting影响；C. hanging悬挂；D. boosting增强；提升。根据下文“including sleep “scores” that break down different aspects of sleep, recommendations for when to get to bed and when to wake up, deep breathing and mindfulness exercises, and more.”可知，这些都是提升睡眠的见解和练习。故选D。
35．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，该公司还在其最新版本的Nest Hub智能扬声器和屏幕设备中加入了一系列睡眠跟踪和睡眠促进功能，从而大举进军市场。A. packing挤满；塞满；B. removing移除；C. contrasting对比；D. mixing混合。根据下文“a number of sleep-tracking and sleep-promoting features into the latest version of its ‘Nest Hub’ smart speaker-and-screen device”可推断，该公司把一系列的睡眠跟踪和睡眠促进功能加进最新版本的Nest Hub智能设备。故选A。

36．C
37．C
38．B
39．D
【分析】
这是一篇记叙文，主要讲述作者后院的黑胡桃树给他带来困扰，但同时也让作者感到自然的生机。于是，作者学会包容接纳，享受与黑核桃树相伴的生活。
36．
细节理解题。根据第二段“falling fruits as hard as baseballs threaten the skulls (头骨) of you, your children, your neighbors and those that reside next door to them. (掉落的果实会和棒球一样坚硬，可能伤到你、孩子、邻居和那些住在隔壁的人的脑袋。)”可知，作者在果园里劳动时，会佩戴一个自行车头盔，是为了保护头部不会被树上掉落的坚硬果实砸伤，故选C项。
37．
细节理解题。根据第三段“The black walnut also releases a chemical substance through its roots as a competitive strategy. It’s poisonous to several common plants. (作为一种竞争策略，黑胡桃也会通过根部释放一种化学物质。它对几种常见的植物来说是有毒性的。)”可知，黑胡桃树的生存策略就是释放一种对其他一些常见植物物种有毒的物质，以独占生存资源。故选C项。
38．
细节理解题。根据第四段“Native plants for this area are generally easy to grow, so they experience less stress. (这个地区的原生植物通常很容易生长，所以它们承受的压力较小。)”可知，在这个果园中，黑胡桃树在与当地原生植物的生存竞争中并未占据优势，原生植物长势繁荣，这并非是作者对黑胡桃树又爱又恨的原因之一。故选B项。
39．
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Have I thought of getting rid of this giant pain in my tiny backyard? Yes, however, getting rid of this tree standing at 50 feet with an 87-inch trunk is next to impossible. (我有没有想过摆脱这个小小的后院的大麻烦吗？是的，然而，要摆脱这棵50英尺高、树干只有87英寸的树几乎是不可能的。)”和最后一段“I’m stuck with this tree, so I’ll listen to its needs and give it the space it requires. (我就与这棵树相伴，所以我会倾听它的需求，给它所需的空间。)”可知，作者从这棵树身上得到了这样启示：包容接纳，而非抗拒，会让生活更美好。故选D项。

40．D
41．B
42．A
【分析】
这是一篇说明文，主要阐述了机器人被人类寄予厚望，完全替代人类去工作。但事实上，它们在一些情况下表现笨拙，难以控制。
40．
指代猜测题。根据第二段“Unfortunately, the check-in robots had trouble answering guests’ questions and photo-copying passports, while bellboy robots kept banging into walls and tripping over curbs. (不幸的是，前台机器人在回答客人的问题和复印护照方面表现糟糕，而服务生机器人不断地撞到墙壁或绊倒在路边。)”可知，机器人在服务行业表现糟糕，无法像真人那样，提供足够优质的服务。故划线词应表示机器人笨拙、使用不便。故选D项。
41．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Hanson asked the robot the question humans have been asking themselves for years: “Sophia, do you want to destroy humans?” Without hesitation, Sophia — smiling a bit too broadly for our taste — responded, “OK, I will destroy humans.”(汉森向机器人提出了一个人类多年来一直在问自己的问题：“索菲亚，你想毁灭人类吗?”索菲娅毫不犹豫地回答说：“好吧，我要毁灭人类。”她满脸的笑容对我们来说有点太过分了。)”可知，机器人会将人类的问题误解为要求，无法准确理解人类的语言指示，也就无法正常与人类交流。故选B项。
42．
主旨大意题。根据第一段“we thought it would be fun to take a look at another side of robotkind.”(让我们来看看机器人笨拙、变得无法控制且经常出现问题的一些情况。我想这应该会挺有趣)”可知，本文主要讲述机器人无法完全替代人类的一些方面：它们有时很难使用、表现笨拙，无法很好地胜任工作。故选A项。

43．D
44．C
45．B
46．B
【分析】
本文是说明文。文章主要介绍加利福尼亚大学神经生物学家David Glanzman的实验证明，蜗牛的防御反应的各种记忆是通过形成生物体遗传机制的核糖核酸分子决定的。
43．
推理判断题。根据第三段“David Glanzman, a neurobiologist at the University of California, believes the kinds of memories that trigger a defensive reaction in the snail are encoded not in the connections between brain cells, as many scientists would argue, but in RNA molecules (分子) that form part of an organism’s genetic machinery.”（加利福尼亚大学神经生物学家David Glanzman相信，引发蜗牛的防御反应的各种记忆被编成密码，不是像许多科学家争论的那样的在大脑细胞间的联系，而是在形成生物体的遗传机制的核糖核酸分子。）和第四段“In an experiment to test the idea, Glanzman implanted wire into the tails of California sea hares, and gave them a series of electrical shocks.”（在为了测试这个想法的实验中，Glanzman在加利福尼亚海兔的尾巴上植入了电线，并且给他们一系列的电击。）可知，科学家们给海兔电击，目的是为了让它们对外界的刺激敏感。故选D。
44．
推理判断题。根据第五段“After sensitizing the sea snails, Glanzman extracted RNA from the animals and injected it into other sea snails to see what happened. He found the recipient sea snails became sensitized, suggesting the “memory” of the electrical shocks had been transplanted.”（在刺激了那些海兔之后，Glanzman从这些动物身上萃取了核糖核酸，并且把它注射到其它的海兔体内去看看会发生什么。他发现那些接受者海兔变得敏感了，表明那些电击的“记忆”被移植了。）可知，Glanzman从实验中得到的结论是，海兔的记忆是通过核糖核酸移植的。故选C。
45．
推理判断题。根据第六段“Despite the result, the work has not found widespread acceptance. “Obviously further work needs to be carried out to determine whether these changes can happen without failure in a wide range of conditions,””（尽管有了这个结果，但是却没有发现可普及的接受性。“很明显，进一步的工作需要被做去检查这些改变是否会发生而不会有在更广泛的条件下的失败。”）可知，如果实验环境和条件发生了变化，不知道结果会不会还一样。故选B。
46．
词义猜测题。根据最后一段“But Ryan added that different thinking about memory was badly needed: “In a field like this which is so full of accepted beliefs, we need as many new ideas as possible. This work takes us down an interesting road, but I have a huge amount of skepticism about it.””（但是Ryan补充说，关于记忆的不同观点是急迫需要的：“在这样一个已经被广泛接受理念的领域里，我们还需要尽可能多的新的想法。这项工作引领着我们沿着一条有趣的道路前行，但是我还有大量的疑问。”）可知，在这句话里，作者倡导大家要有新的想法和观点，言外之意，就是对目前的结果还有疑惑。所以，“skepticism”的意思应该是“疑问，疑惑”。故选B。

47．F
48．C
49．A
50．E
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。本文讲述了乐高成年粉丝在乐高市场的价值，同时也说到了乐高公司内部领导人对成年粉丝的不同态度。
47．
下文“Leadership actually thought ‘adults’ were taking away from the brand.(领导层实际上认为这些成年人是在贬低他们的品牌)”说到领导层对成年粉丝的贬低看法。F项““Before the late 1990s, the company didn’t think their adult fans had value,” says Smith-Meyer, who held a variety of senior posts at Lego from 2000 to 2014.(“在20世纪90年代末之前，公司从来不认为成年人粉丝有价值。”乐高公司2000年到2014年高级管理领导人Smith-Meyer说到)”引出下文Smith对成年人粉丝的不好看法，符合文意，故选F项。
48．
下文“The bygone slogans “Just Imagine... ” and “Play On” have been overshadowed by Lego’s newest marketing motto: “Adults Welcome”.(过去的口号——‘仅仅想象……’以及‘继续玩’已经被最新的宣传口号——‘欢迎成年人’遮盖住)”可以看出乐高公司现在开始欢迎成年粉丝加入。C项“Gone are the days when labels on Lego boxes stated that the contents were appropriate only for boys ages 7 to 12.(乐高盒子上印着商品内容只适合7至12岁的男孩子的时代已经过去)”可引出下乐高公司新宣传口号，符合文意，故选C项。
49．
通过下文“Lego founder Ole Kirk Kristiansen always knew he wanted to market his products exclusively to kids.(乐高创始人Ole Kirk Kristiansen一直都知道他想把自己的产品专门卖给孩子们)”看出Ole Kirk Kristiansen的宣传群体还是孩子们。A项“But insiders say the road from “kids only” to “adults welcome” was a long, uphill climb.(但是内行人说从“孩子群体”到“欢迎成年人”是一段漫长而艰难的上升之路)”引出下文Ole Kirk Kristiansen的看法，讲述原因认为将客户群体转到成年人还是比较困难的。符合文意，故选A项。
50．
上文“As the company grew over its first six decades, few imagined that its products could appeal as much to adults as to children.(在公司过去的60年发展中，很少有人能想象到他们的产品对成年人的吸引和孩子们一样多) ”说明公司很长时间都没注意到成年粉丝对乐高的喜爱。E项“AFOLs were having a dramatic impact on Lego’s bottom line years before the company recognized their value.(乐高成年粉丝在公司意识到他们的价值之前，对乐高关键的那几年有着显著的影响)”承接上文，说明成年粉丝的价值，符合文意，故选E项。
51．One possible version:
The popularity of rock climbing has caused some environmental problems because of its essential climbing tool—climbing chalk. Besides the visual pollution by “chalk graffiti”, the ecosystem unique to rock-dwelling species has been damaged, so many nature reserves set some restrictions on chalk. However, climbers hold different attitudes towards the effect of climbing chalk on their performance. (57 words)
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，攀岩的流行造成了一些环境问题，重要的攀岩工具——攀岩粉笔，除了造成视觉的污染外，岩石物种特有的生态系统也受到了破坏，因此许多自然保护区对它进行了一些限制，至于这种粉笔是否对登山有益还不清楚，然而，一些登山者认为它是有用的。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①The popularity of rock climbing and its sister sport is raising questions about the damaging environmental effects of climbing chalk.
②Climbing chalk have been leaving long stripes of the stuff on rock faces around the world.
③Some parks are beginning to restrict its use.
④Beyond the visual pollution, new research suggests chalk may be harming the plants that grow on rocks.
⑤It’s not even clear whether chalk improves climbing performance at all.
2.缜密构思
将第1、5两个要点进行重组，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
The popularity of rock climbing has caused some environmental problems because of its essential climbing tool—climbing chalk.
Besides the visual pollution by “chalk graffiti”, the ecosystem unique to rock-dwelling species has been damaged, so many nature reserves set some restrictions on chalk.

Climbers hold different attitudes towards the effect of climbing chalk on their performance.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Besides the visual pollution by “chalk graffiti”, the ecosystem unique to rock-dwelling species has been damaged, so many nature reserves set some restrictions on chalk.（运用了besides构成的介词短语作状语，so连接并列句）
[高分句型2] However, climbers hold different attitudes towards the effect of climbing chalk on their performance. （运用了动名词作宾语）
52．Risks exist in online shopping, so we should be cautious/careful when placing orders.
【详解】
考查固定短语和时态。结合句意表示“风险”应用复数名词risks，作主语；表示“有，存在”应用短语exist in；表示“网购”短语为online shopping；此处为so连接的并列句，主语为we；表示“谨慎”短语为be cautious/careful，should后跟动词原形；此处为when引导的时间状语从句，表示“下单”短语为place orders。句子为状语从句的省略，还原后为： when we are placing orders.故翻译为Risks exist in online shopping, so we should be cautious/careful when placing orders.
53．Security workers should have rapid response ability so that accidents can be avoided before things/they go out of control.
【详解】
考查目的状语从句和时间状语从句。表示“安保人员”应用短语security worker，应用复数形式表泛指，作主语，即security workers；谓语动词语“需要具备”用情态动词should have；表示“快速应变能力”用rapid response ability作宾语；根据句意，“将事故消灭在萌芽状态”是“安保人员具备应变能力”的目的，应用 so that引导目的状语从句，表示“为了”；目的状语从句中，表示“事故”应用accidents，名词复数形式表示泛指，作从句主语；表示“消灭”应用avoid作从句谓语，aviod与主语accidents之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，即can be avoided；用连词before表示 “趁......还没有，以免”，引导时间状语从句，使用一般现在时；时间状语从句中，使用代词they指代accidents，作主语；表 示“失控”用go out of control，主语they为复数形式，谓语动词使用原形形式。故翻译为Security workers should have rapid response ability so that accidents can be avoided before things/they go out of control.
54．In order to enhance foreign friends’ understanding of Chinese calligraphy, he combined calligraphy with historical stories in his teaching.
【详解】
考查短语、时态和非谓语动词。in order to为了，引导目的状语；enhance the understanding of增强对……的理解；combine...with...把……与……结合；陈述过去事情，用一般过去时。根据句意，故翻译为In order to enhance foreign friends’ understanding of Chinese calligraphy, he combined calligraphy with historical stories in his teaching.
55．The female college student returned home to raise sheep / be a person who raises sheep / a shepherd in order to realize a dream that she can not only live with her parents, but also help the villagers (to) increase the income.
【详解】
考查同位语从句和目的状语。表示“这位女大学生”应用The female college student；表示“回乡”应用return home，本句描述过去动作，应用一般过去时；表示“当羊倌”应用raise sheep / be a person who raises sheep / a shepherd ，表目的用不定式to连接；表 示“实现一个愿望”应用realize a dream；名词dream后接同位语从句，表示“既可以陪在父母身边生活又能带动村民增收。”应用 she can not only live with her parents, but also help the villagers (to) increase the income，同位语从句不缺少成分，引导词用that。故翻译为The female college student returned home to raise sheep / be a person who raises sheep / a shepherd in order to realize a dream that she can not only live with her parents, but also help the villagers (to) increase the income.
56．Opera is the treasure of the Chinese nation, but fewer and fewer people go to see it.
In the cartoon, grandpa and Grandson are watching a play in a theater. To the same play, two people’s reaction is very different. The grandfather is listening to the music with great interest, while the grandson is bowing his head to sleep. The cartoon reflects that nowadays young people are not interested in traditional Chinese opera culture. I think young people should actively promote traditional Chinese culture, especially opera culture. In addition, under the background that contemporary young people do not “catch a cold” in opera culture, Chinese traditional opera culture should adapt to the trend of times, and make use of network technology and information means to reform and innovate opera culture, so that Chinese opera can enter the public’s vision and be loved by the public.
All in all, Chinese opera, especially Peking Opera, is the quintessence of Chinese culture. The contemporary youth have the responsibility and obligation to carry it forward, pass on the quintessence of Chinese culture, and make it popular at home and abroad.
【分析】
本篇书面表达属于看图作文，所给漫画展示的是剧场中的场景。要求考生以此为素材写篇短文。文章必须包括：简要描述漫画内容；就其折射出的社会现象谈谈你的感想。
【详解】
1.词汇积累
对……感兴趣：be interested in→have interest in→show interest in
总之：all in all→in short →in brief
另外，此外：in addition→furthermore→moreover
反应，回应：reaction→response→reflection
2.句式拓展
合并简单句
原句：In the cartoon, grandpa and Grandson are watching a play in a theater. To the same play, two people’s reaction is very different.
拓展句：In the cartoon, grandpa and Grandson are watching the same play, to which two people’s reaction is very different.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] The grandfather is listening to the music with great interest, while the grandson is bowing his head to sleep. (运用了由并列连词while连接的并列句，前后形成鲜明对比)
[高分句型2] In addition, under the background that contemporary young people do not “catch a cold” in opera culture, Chinese traditional opera culture should adapt to the trend of times, and make use of network technology and information means to reform and innovate opera culture, so that Chinese opera can enter the public’s vision and be loved by the public. (运用了so that引导的结果状语从句)