2022年中考英语语法专题复习学案被动语态

十三  被动语态

一、英语的两大语态：主动语态和被动语态

A.主动语态中主语是谓语动词的发出者。宾语是谓语动词的对象。

B.被动语态中主语是谓语动词的承受者(动作的对象)。

   (把主动语态改为被动语态也就是把主动句中的宾语改为被动句的主语，这是最关键的着眼点，同时谓语动词作相应的变化。)

被动语态的谓语构成:  助动词be＋动词过去分词

二、什么时候要用被动语态呢？

① 不知道动作的执行者是谁。

如：The machine was invented in 1876. 这台机器是1876年发明的。

② 没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。

如：The books are written for children. 这些书是为孩子们写的。

③ 需要强调动作的承受者时。

如：She is greatly influenced by her parents. 她深受她父母的影响。

④ 出于礼貌措辞等原因而不愿意说出动作的执行者。如：You are invited to the party at eight o'clock tomorrow. 你被邀请参加明天八点的聚会。

⑤动作的发出者不是人。如：The little tree was blown down by the strong wind. 这棵小树被大风吹倒了。

⑥有些动词习惯上只用于被动语态。如：He was born in this city. 他出生在这个城市。

三、主动语态与被动语态的转换

(1)主语+及物动词+宾语

变化规则:主语和宾语交换位置,及物动词用被动形式。

主动语态: They  planted  a tree.

被动语态: A tree      was planted       by them.

宾语变主语   be+过去分词     主语变为by...

[用法口诀]  宾变主，主变宾，谓语动词变被动。

(2)主语+及物动词+间接宾语(人) +直接宾语(物)

变化规则:

①将间接宾语变为被动句的主语,保留直接宾语;

②将直接宾语变为被动句的主语,保留间接宾语,但是间接宾语前须加介词to/for。若间接宾语作被动句中的主语,则无需加介词。

主动语态: My uncle   gave    me      some new stamps.

主语     谓语  间接宾语     直接宾语

被动语态:I  was given  some new stamps   by my uncle.

.       主语   谓语      直接宾语      间接宾语  

Some new stamps    were given   to me      by my uncle.

主语           谓语    间接宾语

 (3)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语

变化规则:

主语和宾语交换位置,原来的宾语补足语保留下来,谓语动词用被动形式。

主动语态: I     saw    him     <run>     on the road just now.

主语  谓语   宾语  宾语补足语

被动语态: He   was seen   by me    <run>     on the road just now.

主语   谓语    宾语    宾语补足语

四、五种常用时态的被动语态构成

1.含有情态动词：情态动词+ be+ done     

Eg: Amy can take good care of Gina.

Gina can be taken good care of (by Amy).

2.一般现在时：am/is /are +done .

 Eg:They make shoes in that factory.

Shoes  are made  (by them) in that factory.

3.一般过去时：was/were +done

Eg:They    bought    ten computers last term．

Ten computers were bought  (by them) last term.       

4.一般将来时：will+be+ done  

  Eg:They will finish the work in ten days.

The work will be finished (by them) in ten days.       

5.现在完成时：have/has + been+ done   

Eg:I have painted the picture for 2 weeks.

    The picture has been painted (by me) for 2 weeks.

考点一：五种常用时态的被动语态

1.含有情态动词的被动语态：

You must turn off the lights.  —→ The lights                             (by me).

Jim could do it yesterday.  —→ It                     (by Jim) yesterday.

2. 一般现在时的被动语态：

People speak English as the first language in UK.

English              (by people) as the first language in UK.

We make these machines in Shanghai.  —→ These machines              (by us) in Shanghai.

3.一般过去时的被动语态：

They built the tall building last year.  —→The tall building               (by them) last year.

They planted many trees years ago.  —→Many trees              (by them) trees years ago. 

4.一般将来时的被动语态：

Lucy will do the homework in the evening.

The homework               (by Lucy) in the evening.

We will have a sports meeting next week.

A sports meeting                     (by us) next week.

5.现在完成时的被动语态：

  Tom has done his homework.  —→His homework                     (by Tom).

  Jim has finished the work.   —→The work                     (by Jim).

考点二：被动语态中的特殊情况

1.不及物动词带介词和介词宾语时，在变为被动语态时，仍然要带上介词。

主动句：The students listen to the teacher carefully in class.

被动句：The teacher is listened to carefully (by the students) in class.      

主动句：They look after the new students in the school.

被动句：The new students are looked after (by them) in the school.

2.当动词带有复合宾语(有宾补), 并且宾补是省去“to”的动词不定式时，在被动语态中应加上“to”

主动句：They make us do all the work.

被动句：We are made to do all the work (by them).

主动句：We often hear her sing songs.

被动句 ：She is often heard to sing songs (by us).

主动句：I saw him walk to school.

被动句：He was seen to walk to school (by me).

注意：这些动词真奇怪，主动句中to 离开，被动句中to回来。（ let ，have ，make，feel，see ,watch, hear,notice…)

3.当动词带双宾语时(一个宾语是指人，一个是指物)，将其中指人的宾语提前作被动句的主语时，另一个宾语按顺序照抄下来；如是将指物的宾语提前作被动句的主语，在被动句中则指人宾语前应加“to”或“for” 。常见加to的动词有give，send, teach，write, show, pass, ask, tell…常见加for的动词有make, draw, buy…

主动句：He gives me a flower everyday.

  被动1  I am given a flower (by him) everyday.

  被动2  A flower is given to me (by him) everyday.

  主动句：My mother bought me a computer.

  被动1  I was bought a computer (by my mother) .

  被动2  A computer was bought for me (by my mother) .

同步练习：

1.Tom looks at the lovely dog.    —→ The lovely dog                     (by Tom.)

2. He noticed Kate come in the room.   —→Kate                    come in the room (by him).

3.Mum let me water these flowers.   —→I                    water these flowers (by mum).

4.Jack sent me an E-mail yesterday.   —→I             an E-mail(by Jack ) yesterday.

                                   An E-mail                    me (by Jack ) yesterday.

考点三：主动结构表被动意义

1. open,lock, write, read, sell, clean, wash, cut, burn, drive等词作不及物动词时若是和well, easily,

smoothly等修饰词连用,用主动语态表示被动意义。

例如: This kind of shirt sells well among teenagers.这款衬衫在青少年中很畅销。

2. look , sound, taste, smell等系动词用主动结构表被动意义。

例如: The hamburger tastes delicious. 这个汉堡尝起来很美味。

3. be worth doing中的doing表示被动意义。

例如: Her experience is worth learning from. 她的经历值得学习。

4. want/ need/ require+ doing = want/ need/ require+ to be done. (to be done是不定式的被动结构)

例如: The house needs painting. = The house needs to be painted.这间房子需要粉刷。

同步练习：

1.这支钢笔写字很流利。   The pen                .

2.这首歌曲听起来很美妙。   The song               .

3.院子需要打扫了。         The garden               .

=The garden