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Unit 3 Back to the past（A卷·夯实基础）（解析版） 高中英语新牛津译林版选择性必修第三册（2022年）
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这是一份Unit 3 Back to the past（A卷·夯实基础）（解析版） 高中英语新牛津译林版选择性必修第三册（2022年），共14页。
Unit 3 Back to the past
（A卷·夯实基础）
（时间：90分钟，满分：100分）
第一部分 阅读(共两节, 满分50分)
第一节(共10小题:每小题2分, 满分20分)
阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
（2020·四川乐山·高三阶段练习）Looking around your city, it may be hard to imagine that there might be a time when it will disappear. But that's exactly what happened to these communities.
Hashima Island, Japan
Hashima Island was formerly one of the most populated cities in the world. The 6 hectare island provided jobs to more than 5000 people, many of whom made their living at the island's underwater coal mines. When the mines were closed, Hashima Island was abandoned.
Consonno, Italy
Consonno was a tiny town with a population of less than 300 and roots dating back to the middle ages. Then Mario Bagno came along and decided to turn the area into the Las Vegas of Italy. He knocked down nearly every building. Then landslide struck, burying the access road and the project was never finished. Today, Consonno has been abandoned.
Eastern Settlement, Greenland
Eastern Settlement in Greenland isn't just an abandoned city, it's also a mystery. Once the most populated area in Greenland, the area was abandoned and no one knows why. The last known writings from the area applied to a wedding in 1408 and offered no clues. It remains one of many ancient mysteries researchers can,t explain.
Troy, Turkey
Troy was regarded immortal （不朽的）in Homer's epic poem, The Iliad. For many years, the Troy of Ancient Greece was merely the stuff of legend but in the 1800s its location was discovered in what is now Turkey. The site contains layers of ruins archaeologists are still studying.
1．What do the four communities have in common?
A．They were deserted. B．They were capital cities.
C．They were tourist spots. D．They were thickly populated.
2．Which community suffered from a natural disaster?
A．Hashima Island. B．Consonno.
C．Eastern Settlement. D．Troy.
3．What do we know about Eastern Settlement?
A．It disappeared for no obvious reason.
B．It's a place where weddings were held.
C．It's a place for visitors to experience history.
D．It existed as one of the oldest towns in Greenland.
【答案】ABA
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了四个消失的古城。
1.细节理解题。根据Hashima Island, Japan部分最后一句“When the mines were closed, Hashima Island was abandoned.”（矿场关闭后，军舰岛就被废弃了。），Consonno, Italy部分最后一句“Today, Consonno has been abandoned.”（如今，Consonno已被废弃。），Eastern Settlement, Greenland部分第二句“Once the most populated area in Greenland, the area was abandoned and no one knows why.”（这里曾经是格陵兰岛人口最多的地区，现在却被遗弃了，没有人知道原因。）和Troy, Turkey部分最后一句“The site contains layers of ruins archaeologists are still studying.”（考古学家们还在对遗址进行研究。）可知，这四个社区的共同点是它们都被废弃了。故选A。
2.细节理解题。根据Consonno, Italy部分倒第二句“Then landslide struck, burying the access road and the project was never finished. ”（然后发生了山体滑坡，掩埋了道路，工程一直没有完成。）可知，Consonno遭受过自然灾害。故选B。
3.细节理解题。根据Eastern Settlement, Greenland部分第二句“Once the most populated area in Greenland, the area was abandoned and no one knows why. ”（这里曾经是格陵兰岛人口最多的地区，现在却被遗弃了，没有人知道原因。）可知，Eastern Settlement毫无缘由地消失了。故选A。
B
（2020·全国·高二课时练习）There were many battles that took place during the American Revolutionary War (1775—1783), but perhaps so ne of the worst battles involved. the American Continental Army versus(对抗) the winter at Valley Forge in 1777 and 1778. Here many people believe was where the American Army was born. Valley Forge is located about 25 miles northwest of Philadelphia in the southeastern corner of Pennsylvania.
General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and he decided to setup winter camp at Valley Forge. It was close to Philadelphia, which was where the British had been camping out for the winter. This allowed him to keep a watchful eye on their movements. There were high areas in Mount Joy and Mount Misery where the army could make fortifications(防御工事). Nearby was also the Schuylkill River, which was used as a barrier to the North.
The army's stay at Valley Forge turned into a time of training. Besides Washington, two other leaders included General Friedrich von Steuben and General Marquis de Lafayette.
Steuben was born in Prussia and arrived at Valley Forge with a recommendation letter from statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin. He trained the Continental Army using the daily drill(操练), even in the extremely cold weather. In fact, he was responsible for writing the army's Revolutionary War Drill Manual, which served as the standard United States drill manual(手册) until the War of 1812.
Lafayette was a French military leader, working for no pay, and asking for no special treatment. He later became an important commander in several key battles during the war.
Besides the freezing weather, it was consistently cold, wet, and snowy at Valley Forge. In addition, food was lacking, and there were very few warm clothes, shoes, or blankets. The log cabins they lived in were crowded, cold and damp, and allowed diseases to easily spread. Of the 10,000 men at Valley Forge, 2,500 died before the break of spring mostly from diseases.
Following the winter at Valley Forge, under Washington's leadership, a better-disciplined, trained, and more powerful army, in high spirits, left on June 19, 1778. Nine days later, their first victory against the British occurred at the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey.
4．Why was Valley Forge chosen as the site of a winter camp?
A．It was key to the effective conduct of war. B．It was an ideal place for military training.
C．It was very far from the British camp. D．It was an area with adequate supplies.
5．Who was the author of the important drill manual?
A．Benjamin Franklin. B．George Washington.
C．Marquis de Lafayette. D．Friedrich von Steuben.
6．Which can be used to describe the conditions at Valley Forge?
A．Strange. B．Tough. C．Favorable. D．Relaxing.
7．How did the Continental Army change after the winter?
A．It was taken over by the American Army. B．It won more support from the people.
C．It had many more soldiers. D．It became a stronger army.
【答案】ADBD
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述的是美国独立战争期间，大陆军在乔治·华盛顿的领导下在福吉谷不畏严寒、不怕吃苦、顽强训练，最终首次战胜了英国人。
4．推理判断题。由第二段中的“This allowed him to keep a watchful eye on their movements. There were high areas in Mount Joy and Mount Misery where the army could make fortifications(防御工事). Nearby was also the Schuylkill River, which was used as a barrier to the North”（这使他能够密切注视他们的一举一动。乔伊山和瘟神山有高地，军队可以在那里建造防御工事。附近还有斯库尔基尔河(Schuylkill River)，这条河曾被用作通往北方的屏障）可推断，华盛顿把福吉谷选为冬天营地是因为那里具有重要的战略意义，对于高效作战极为关键。根据“It was close to Philadelphia, which was where the British had been camping out for the winter.”（它靠近费城，英国人在那里露营过冬）可以判断C项错误，福吉谷距离英军营地很近。由第六段的“the freezing weather”（寒冷的天气）和“food was lacking, and there were very few warm clothes, shoes, or blankets”（食物缺乏，保暖的衣服、鞋子和毯子也很少）可知，环境极为艰苦，供给也不足，B、D两项与文意不符。故选A。
5．细节理解题。由第四段中的“Steuben was born in Prussia...he was responsible for writing the army's Revolutionary War Drill Marua”（斯图本出生在普鲁士......他负责撰写了《独立战争操练手册》）可知， Steuben编写了《独立战争操练手册》。故选D。
6．推理判断题。由倒数第二段的“Besides the freezing weather, it was consistently cold, wet, and snowy at Valley Forge. In addition, food was lacking, and there were very few warm clothes, shoes, or blankets. The log cabins they lived in were crowded, cold and damp, and allowed diseases to easily spread”（除了寒冷的天气，福吉谷还一直寒冷、潮湿、多雪。此外，食物缺乏，保暖的衣服、鞋子和毯子也很少。他们住的小木屋又冷又湿，很容易传染疾病）可知，福吉谷气候恶劣，环境艰苦。故选B。
7．推理判断题。由最后一段的“Following the winter at Valley Forge, under Washington's leadership, a better-disciplined, trained, and more powerful army, in high spirits, left on June 19, 1778. Nine days later, their first victory against the British occurred at the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey”（在福吉谷度过了一个冬天之后，在华盛顿的领导下，一支更有纪律、训练有素、更强大的军队，在1778年6月19日兴致勃勃地离开了。九天之后，他们在新泽西的蒙茅斯战役中取得了对英国的第一次胜利）可知，经过福吉谷严冬的磨练，大陆军变成了一支更强大的军队。故选D。
C
（2021·北京·人大附中三模）It was a simple letter asking for a place to study at Scotland's oldest university which helped start a revolution in higher education. A 140-year-old letter written by a lady calling for her to be led to study medicine at St Andrews University has been discovered by researchers. Written by Sophia Jex-Blake in 1873, the seven-page document, which urged the university to allow women to study medicine at the institution, was released yesterday on International Women's Day.
The document was discovered buried in the university archives by part-time history student Lis Smith, who is completing her PhD at St Andrews Institute of Scottish Historical Research. She said, "We knew that Sophia Jex-Blake and her supporters, in their effort to open up university medical education for women, had written to the Senatus Academicus（校评议委员会）at St Andrews in an attempt to gain permission to attend classes there, but we didn't know documentary evidence existed. While searching the archives for information about the university's higher certificate for women, I was astonished to come across what must be the very letter Jex-Blake wrote."
In the letter, Sophia and her supporters offered to hire teachers or build suitable buildings for a medical school and to arrange for lectures to be delivered in the subjects not already covered at St Andrews. Although her letter was not successful, it eventually led to the establishment of the Ladies Literate in Arts at St Andrews, a distance-learning degree for women. The qualification, which ran from 1877 until the 1930s, gave women access to university education in the days before they were admitted as students. It was so popular that it survived long after women were admitted as full students to St Andrews in 1892.
Ms Jex-Blake went on to help establish the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874. She was accepted by the University of Berne, where she was awarded a medical degree in January 1877. Eventually, she moved back to Edinburgh and opened her own practice.
8．Sophia wrote a letter to St Andrews University because she wanted________.
A．to carry out a research project there
B．to set up a medical institute there
C．to study medicine there
D．to deliver lectures there
9．Lis Smith found Sophia's letter to St Andrews University________.
A．by pure chance B．in the school office
C．with her supporters' help D．while reading history book
10．Sophia's letter resulted in the establishment of________.
A．the London School of Medicine for Women
B．a degree programme for women
C．a system of medical education
D．the University of Berner
【答案】CAB
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章向人们介绍了一封尘封了140年信。该信被研究人员偶然发现,那是一位女士向圣安德鲁斯大学写的学医申请信，只是要求在苏格兰最古老的大学里能有一席之地学习。这封由名叫索菲亚・杰克斯・布莱克的女性于1873年写的信在昨天的国际妇女节上被发布出来，整整七页的信敦促大学允许女性在医学研究机构学习，从而促使了妇女学位课程的创立。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段“Written by Sophia Jex-Blake in 1873, the seven-page document, which urged the university to allow women to study medicine at the institution, was released yesterday on International Women's Day. (这份长达7页的文件由索菲亚·杰克斯·布莱克于1873年撰写，敦促牛津大学允许女性在该机构学习医学。该文件于昨天的“国际妇女节”发布。)”可知，索菲亚给圣安德鲁斯大学写了一封信，因为她想在那里学医。故选C。
9．推理判断题。根据第二段“The document was discovered buried in the university archives by part-time history student Lis Smith, who is completing her PhD at St Andrews Institute of Scottish Historical Research. (这份文件是由在圣安德鲁斯苏格兰历史研究学院攻读博士学位的历史学学生李·史密斯在大学档案中发现的。)”可推断，此信的发现纯属偶然。故选A。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段“Although her letter was not successful, it eventually led to the establishment of the Ladies Literate in Arts at St Andrews, a distance-learning degree for women. (尽管她的信没有成功，但最终促成了圣安德鲁斯女子艺术教育机构的建立，这是一个面向女性的远程学习学位。)”可知，此信促使了妇女学位课程的创立。故选B。
第二节(共5小题:每小题2分, 满分10分)
阅读下面短文, 从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
（2021·山东胶州·高一期末）Britons are well known for the amount of tea that they drink. The average person in the UK consumes around 1.9 kg of tea annually. That’s around 876 cups of tea. Tea is drunk by all sections of society. ____11____ The vast majority of tea is grown in India and China. So, how did it become an important part of British culture?
Tea arrived in London in the 1600s. ____12____ It was not long before green tea was available to buy. However, this was only available to the richer sections of society.
At the beginning of the 1700s the amount of tea arriving in Britain increased gradually. Black tea arrived at this time. ____13____ They soon discovered that it mixed really well with a little milk and sugar, giving the drink a special British characteristic.
In the 1800s tea was still a product enjoyed only by people with money. At this time they began to have ‘afternoon tea’. This involves drinking tea with a snack around 4 p.m. to avoid feeling hungry between lunch and dinner. ____14____
____15____ It was no longer a drink just for rich people. Tearooms - shops where you could buy and drink tea - started to appear across the country. People enjoyed drinking tea and socialising in these places. At the start of the 20th century, Britons began to make tea in their homes whenever they felt like it. Kettles became essential in every kitchen.A．But tea does not grow in Britain.
B．Britain began to drink tea in the seventeenth century.
C．At first people drank this tea exactly as it was in China.
D．The tea culture of Britain is the most famous and typical.
E．It is a tradition that is still going today but has become less popular in recent times.
F．At this time British ships were exploring the world and came across the drink in China.
G．In the late 1800s, the price of tea decreased sharply as more tea began to arrive on ships from India and China.
【答案】AFCEG
【分析】本文是记叙文。文章讲述了茶从中国到英国、逐渐流行起来的历史。
11．上文“Tea is drunk by all sections of society.”说明社会各阶层都喝茶；下文“The vast majority of tea is grown in India and China.”说明大多数的茶叶都产自中国和印度。空格处承上启下。故应该从谈论喝茶过渡到谈论茶叶种植；而后文指出种于印度和中国，故空格处英国是说英国人虽喝茶但是茶叶却不是产自英国。选项A“But tea does not grow in Britain.”但是茶叶不是在英国种植的，能承上启下。故选A项。
12．上文“Tea arrived in London in the 1600s.”说明茶叶传到英国的时间是17世纪。而后文“It was not long before green tea was available to buy.”告知不久之后绿茶就能买得到了。故可推断出空格处是关于17世纪发生了什么事情导致茶叶不久之后就能购买了。F选项指出英国全球探险的船只在中国偶然发现了茶这种饮品，即“came across the drink in China” 符合前后文设置的语境。故选F项。
13．前文“Black tea arrived at this time.”指出18世纪红茶也传到了英国。后文“They soon discovered that it mixed really well with a little milk and sugar, giving the drink a special British characteristic.”进一步指出英国人很快发现把红茶和一点牛奶、糖混合在一起特别好，由英国风味。故可推测出最初英国人喝红茶和中国人采取一样的方式，后面才进行创新。故C选项“drank this tea exactly as it was in China”与语境相符。故选C项。
14．前文“At this time they began to have ‘afternoon tea’. This involves drinking tea with a snack around 4 p.m. to avoid feeling hungry between lunch and dinner.”指出英国人逐渐开始喝下午茶，用茶搭配一些小点心以缓解午餐和晚餐之间的饥饿。可推断出这一段的核心是“下午茶”。E选项进一步解释“下午茶”是英国一大传统“a tradition”，但最近没那么流行了“become less popular”符合本段段落大意。故选E项。
15．根据前文第二段到第四段的首句“in the 1600s”，“At the beginning of the 1700s”，“In the 1800s”可推断出本文介绍茶在英国的历史主要以时间顺序展开，故这一段首句也应包含一个时间状语。后文“It was no longer a drink just for rich people.”表明茶叶不再是富人专享。可推断出空格处应该讲述发生了何事导致茶叶的价格降低。G选项“as more tea began to arrive on ships from India and China.”指出这是因为越来越多的茶叶通过船运从印度和中国运往英国，符合语境。故选G项。
第二部分 语言运用(共两节，满分30分)
第一节(共15小题:每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
（2019·福建·高一期末）One of the most important events in the modern Olympic Games is the Marathon(马拉松)race. The race ___16___ one of the great events in Greek history.
In 490 B C．about 10,000 Greeks ___17___ against the Persian army at a place called Marathon. It is ___18___ that the Persians were ten times as___19___ as the Greeks. However, where there is a will, there is a way.___20___ the brave attack of the Greeks, the Persians were badly beaten and___21___away from the plain of Marathon. When the Persians had run away, a soldier, who was the most famous___22___in Athens, was ___23___ to carry the good news to the city and he was also asked to march at full speed.
Although he had fought through the battle and ___24___many wounds, the soldier at once started off toward the ____25____ city ____26____ was twenty-six and a quarter miles from the plain of Marathon to the Marketplace of Athens, ____27____ there the elders of Athens had gathered ____28____ for news. He ran and ran over ____29____ and across plains. As he went on, his lips became ____30____ and his breathing hard, but when he thought of the joy of the people of Athens on hearing the news, he ran harder than ever.
At last the elders of Athens heard a great shout and saw a soldier staggering(蹒跚) toward them.” Rejoice! Rejoice! We won!” said the soldier, and fell down dead.
In honor of this noble soldier and athlete, we have in the modern Olympic Games the Marathon race, where the athletes run this same distance.
16．A．come round B．came about C．came out D．came from
17．A．exploded B．competed C．fought D．hunted
18．A．designed B．said C．told D．reported
19．A．little B．few C．many D．much
20．A．In B．To C．Before D．By
21．A．taken B．driven C．got D．rolled
22．A．player B．officer C．soldier D．runner
23．A．advised B．ordered C．succeeded D．allowed
24．A．accepted B．harmed C．received D．formed
25．A．far B．nearby C．close D．distant
26．A．This B．That C．There D．It
27．A．and B．but C．or D．so
28．A．asking B．calling C．waiting D．looking
29．A．railways B．hills C．rivers D．highways
30．A．fancy B．wet C．red D．dry
【答案】DCBCD BDBCD DACBD
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了现代奥运会的马拉松比赛是为了纪念一个从战场上跑到雅典传送捷报的希腊士兵而举办的。
16．考查动词短语辨析。A. come round苏醒；B. came about产生；C. came out出现、出版；D. came from来自、源自。根据本空后的“one of the great events in Greek history.”可知，马拉松比赛源自希腊历史上最伟大的事件之一，故D选项切题。
17．考查动词词义辨析。A. exploded爆炸；B. competed竞争；C. fought斗争、战斗；D. hunted捕猎。根据本空后的“against the Persian army at a place called Marathon.”可知，公元前490年，大约一万希腊士兵与波斯军队作战，故C选项切题。
18．考查动词词义辨析。A. designed设计；B. said说；C. told告诉；D. reported报道。根据本空后的“that the Persians were ten times as…as the Greeks.”可知，据说，波斯军队的人数是希腊人的十倍，故B选项切题。
19．考查形容词词义辨析。A. little少、几乎没有（修饰不可数名词）；B. few少、几乎没有（修饰可数名词复数）；C. many多（修饰可数名词复数）；D. much多（修饰不可数名词）。波斯军队的人数是希腊人的十倍，故C选项切题。
20．考查固定搭配。根据本空后的“the brave attack of the Greeks, the Persians were badly beaten and…away from the plain of Marathon.”可知，在希腊人的英勇进攻下，波斯人遭到重创，被赶出了马拉松平原，By the attack of表示“在……的进攻下”，故D选项切题。
21．考查动词词义辨析。A. taken带走；B. driven驱赶；C. got得到；D. rolled滚动。波斯人遭到重创，被赶出了马拉松平原，故B选项切题。
22．考查名词词义辨析。A. player玩家；B. officer官员；C. soldier士兵；D. runner长跑运动员。这个士兵是雅典最出名的长跑运动员，故D选项切题。
23．考查动词词义辨析。A. advised建议；B. ordered命令；C. succeeded成功；D. allowed允许。根据本空后的“to carry the good news to the city and he was also asked to march at full speed.”可知，这个士兵被命令全速奔跑，把波斯军队撤退的好消息带到城里，故B选项切题。
24．考查动词词义辨析。A. accepted接受；B. harmed有害；C. received收到；D. formed形成。根据本空前的“he had fought through the battle and可知，这个士兵参加了战斗并受了很多伤，故C选项切题。
25．考查形容词词义辨析。A. far久远的；B. nearby近的；C. close亲密的；D. distant遥远的（形容距离）。尽管受了很多伤，这个士兵还是向遥远的城市出发了，故D选项切题。
26．考查形式主语。从马拉松平原到雅典市集有26.25英里， 用It作形式主语，故D选项切题。
27．考查连词词义辨析。A. and并且、还；B. but但是；C. or否则；D. so所以。雅典的长者聚在那里等待前方的消息，此处表示并列，故A选项切题。
28．考查动词词义辨析。A. asking问；B. calling呼叫；C. waiting等待；D. looking看。他们聚在那里等待前方的消息，故C选项切题。
29．考查名词词义辨析。A. railways铁路；B. hills山；C. rivers河流；D. highways高速公路。根据本空后的“and across plains.”可知，他越过高山，穿过平原，故B选项切题。
30．考查形容词词义辨析。A. fancy美妙的；B. wet湿的；C. red红的；D. dry干的。长时间的奔跑使他的嘴唇变干裂，故D选项切题。
第二节 (共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
（2019·全国全国·高一课时练习）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Vikings, a group of people__31__ancestors came from Scandinavia, were the first Europeans__32__(reach) America. In 982 AD, there were 10,000 Vikings__33__(live) in Iceland. According__34__the old stories, Eric the Red was forced to leave Iceland because he had committed__35__murder, for which he got into trouble. He reached Greenland and then returned to Iceland and told people about Greenland. Later, he set sail again, with 25 ships, of which only 14 made__36__to Greenland. A man called Biarni was hoping to join his father who was with Eric, but he was blown off course and found himself in an__37__(know) land that no humans seemed to have stepped on, from where he reached Greenland. In 1002, Eric the Red’s son Leif followed Biarni’s directions and sailed to what is believed to be the coast of present-day Canada. He then sailed__38__(far) south to an island now known as Newfoundland. We know about their deeds through stories which__39__(write) down centuries later in Norway and Iceland. They are the first___40___(record) we have of Europeans sailing to the America.
【答案】
31．whose
32．to reach
33．living
34．to
35．a
36．it
37．unknown
38．further
39．were written
40．records
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了维京人是第一批到达美洲的欧洲人。
31．考查关系代词。句意：维京人是最早到达美洲的欧洲人，他们的祖先来自斯堪的纳维亚半岛。分析句子可知，“1ancestors came from Scandinavia”是定语从句，修饰先行词people，空处在从句中作定语，表示所属关系，所以用关系代词whose。故填whose。
32．考查动词不定式。句意：维京人是最早到达美洲的欧洲人，他们的祖先来自斯堪的纳维亚半岛。当名词被序数词修饰时，要用to do作后置定语。故填to reach。
33．考查现在分词。句意：公元982年，冰岛居住着10000名维京人。这里指住在冰岛的维京人。Vikings与live在逻辑上是主动关系，所以用living。故填living。
34．考查介词。句意：根据古老的故事，Eric the Red被迫离开冰岛，因为他犯了谋杀罪，为此他陷入了麻烦。according to“根据”为固定搭配。故填to。
35．考查冠词。句意：根据古老的故事，Eric the Red被迫离开冰岛，因为他犯了谋杀罪，为此他陷入了麻烦。此处表泛指，且murder的发音是以辅音音素开头的，故用a。故填a。
36．考查代词。句意：后来，他带着25艘船再次起航，其中只有14艘到成功达格陵兰岛。make it “成功”为固定短语。故填it。
37．考查形容词。句意：一个叫Biarni的人原本想和和埃里克在一起的父亲一起航行，但他被吹离了航线，发现自己身处一片无人涉足的未知之地，从那里他到达了格陵兰岛。unknown“未知的”为形容词修饰名词land，且符合句意。故填unknown。
38．考查比较级。句意：然后他继续向南航行，到达一个现在被称为纽芬兰的岛屿。根据语境可知，他接着往更南的地方航行。故用further表示“较远，更远”。故填further。
39．考查一般过去时的被动语态。句意：我们通过几个世纪后在挪威和冰岛写下的故事了解了他们的事迹。根据全文时态可知，此处应用一般过去时，且故事是被写下的，故应用被动语态。故填were written。
40．考查名词复数。句意：它们是我们第一次有欧洲人航行到美国的记录。They指那些故事，说明记录不止一个，record为可数名词，所以用其复数形式。故填records。
【点睛】
定语从句中关系词的选择可考虑以下三点：
(1)一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等。
(2)二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when, where, why。
(3)三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。
分析句子可知，“1ancestors came from Scandinavia”是定语从句，修饰先行词people，空处在从句中作定语，表示所属关系，所以用关系代词whose。故小题1填whose。
第三部分 写作（共两节，满分40分）
第一节 应用文写作（满分15分)
（2021·安徽淮南·一模）你校正在组织英语作文比赛。请以我最喜欢的中国历史人物为题，写一篇短文参赛， 内容包括：
1.该人物及其主要贡献简介；
2.该人物对你的影响。
注意：1.词数100左右；2.短文题目已为你写好。
My favorite figure in Chinese history
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
One possible version:
My favorite figure in Chinese history
When it comes to my favorite figure in Chinese history, it must be Confucius. As is known to all, he is one of the greatest thinkers and educators in China. He established an educational system, which made an enormous impact on the development of Chinese traditional culture. Furthermore, he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature, the world, and the human behavior. To develop friendships with other countries and popularize the Chinese culture, we have set up Confucius Institutes all over the world in recent years.
In fact, his thoughts always inspire me to pursue knowledge and I'd like to be a teacher like him one day.
【分析】
本篇书面表达属于说明文，要求考生以“我最喜欢的中国历史人物”为题写一篇作文，介绍该人物的贡献和对自己的影响。
【详解】
第一步：审题
体裁：说明文
时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般现在时和一般过去时,少量现在完成时。
结构：总分法
总分法指把主题句作为总说，把支持句作为分说，并以这种方式安排所写内容。
要求：
1. 该人物及其主要贡献简介；
2. 该人物对你的影响。
第二步:列提纲 （重点词组）
an educational system; make an enormous impact on; help sb. do sth.; set up; all over the world; inspire sb. to do sth.; would like to do sth.
第三步：连词成句
1. He established an educational system, which made an enormous impact on the development of Chinese traditional culture.
2. Furthermore, he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature, the world, and the human behavior.
3. To develop friendships with other countries and popularize the Chinese culture, we have set up Confucius Institutes all over the world in recent years.
4. In fact, his thoughts always inspire me to pursue knowledge and I'd like to be a teacher like him one day.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
表并列补充关系：Furthermore
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰。
【点睛】
[高分句型1] He established an educational system, which made an enormous impact on the development of Chinese traditional culture. 用了which引导的非限制性定语从句。
[高分句型2] Furthermore, he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature, the world, and the human behavior. 用了that引导的限制性定语从句。
第二节(满分25分)
（2021·福建·厦门市松柏中学高三期中）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为150左右。
For many years, I had a recurring dream. I was a little girl again, rushing about, trying to get ready for school.
“Hurry, you'll be late for school,” my mother called to me.
“I am hurrying, Mom! What did I do with my books?”
Deep inside I knew where the dream came from. It was about some unfinished business in my life. As a kid, I loved everything about school. I loved books, teachers, tests and homework. Most of all I longed to someday march down the aisle to receive my diploma. That seemed more appealing even than getting married.
But at 15, I had to drop out because my parents couldn't afford tuition. My hope of getting a diploma was dead, or so I thought. Pretty soon, I married and had three children, and I thought: “There goes my diploma.”
Even so, I wanted my children to be educated. But Linda, our youngest child, had juvenile arthritis in her hands and knees, which made it impossible for her to function in a normal classroom. I felt sorry for her and I didn't want her to live her life with regret. I didn't give up hope of her being back to school in some way.
One day, I saw an ad in the newspaper for evening courses. “That's the answer,” I said to myself. Linda always feels better in the evening, so I'll just sign her up for night school.
Linda was busy filling out enrollment forms when the secretary said: “Mrs. Schantz, why don't you come back to school?”
I laughed: “There's no way! I'm 55!” But he persisted, and before I knew what I had done, I was enrolled for classes in English and crafts. “This is only an experiment,” I warned him, but he just smiled. So, I told myself to try for just a semester and to see if it would work. Anyway, my dream was still there in my heart.
1. 写作词数应为150左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Paragraph 1：
It was exciting to go to school again but________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2:
Linda and I saw each other through the time.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Paragraph 1:
It was exciting to go to school again but it was no game. Sitting in a classroom full of kids was awkward, even if most of them were respectful and encouraging. During the day, I was still a busy married woman having loads of housework to do. In the evening, I was a hardworking student working on my courses. To my surprise, both Linda and I did very well in night school. I went back again the next semester, and my grades steadily improved.
Paragraph 2:
Linda and I saw each other through the time. When I was down, Linda encouraged me. “Mom, you can't quit now!” And when she was down, I encouraged her. I have to say it was a time which was really hard on both of us. But neither of us gave up. At last, I got my diploma. To my surprise, almost all of my classmates voted for me to be class speaker, and I got a $3,000 college scholarship. The unfinished business in my dreams was eventually finished.
【解析】
【分析】
本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者15岁时因为父母付不起学费，不得不退学，后来结了婚生了三个孩子。作者在为最小的孩子琳达报夜校的时候，自己也打算尝试一个学期，但作者坚持了下来并最终取得了毕业证书，实现了自己的学业梦想。
【详解】
1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“再去上学是令人兴奋的，但这不是游戏。”可知，第一段可描写作者去上学时的感受和学业进步情况。
②由第二段首句内容“琳达和我经常见面。”可知，第二段可描写作者和琳达是如何互相鼓励的，以及作者最后如何取得了毕业证书的。
2.续写线索：感到兴奋——白天做家务——晚上上学——成绩稳步提高——和琳达互相鼓励——取得毕业证书
3.词汇激活
行为类
充满：be full of / be filled with
回去：go back /return
完成：finish /complete
情绪类
尴尬：awkward /embarrassed
惊讶：surprise /astonishment
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Sitting in a classroom full of kids was awkward, even if most of them were respectful and encouraging. (运用了现在分词作状语)
[高分句型2] When I was down, Linda encouraged me. (运用了when引导时间状语从句)
Unit 3 Back to the past
（A卷·夯实基础）
（时间：90分钟，满分：100分）
第一部分 阅读(共两节, 满分50分)
第一节(共10小题:每小题2分, 满分20分)
阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
（2020·四川乐山·高三阶段练习）Looking around your city, it may be hard to imagine that there might be a time when it will disappear. But that's exactly what happened to these communities.
Hashima Island, Japan
Hashima Island was formerly one of the most populated cities in the world. The 6 hectare island provided jobs to more than 5000 people, many of whom made their living at the island's underwater coal mines. When the mines were closed, Hashima Island was abandoned.
Consonno, Italy
Consonno was a tiny town with a population of less than 300 and roots dating back to the middle ages. Then Mario Bagno came along and decided to turn the area into the Las Vegas of Italy. He knocked down nearly every building. Then landslide struck, burying the access road and the project was never finished. Today, Consonno has been abandoned.
Eastern Settlement, Greenland
Eastern Settlement in Greenland isn't just an abandoned city, it's also a mystery. Once the most populated area in Greenland, the area was abandoned and no one knows why. The last known writings from the area applied to a wedding in 1408 and offered no clues. It remains one of many ancient mysteries researchers can,t explain.
Troy, Turkey
Troy was regarded immortal （不朽的）in Homer's epic poem, The Iliad. For many years, the Troy of Ancient Greece was merely the stuff of legend but in the 1800s its location was discovered in what is now Turkey. The site contains layers of ruins archaeologists are still studying.
1．What do the four communities have in common?
A．They were deserted. B．They were capital cities.
C．They were tourist spots. D．They were thickly populated.
2．Which community suffered from a natural disaster?
A．Hashima Island. B．Consonno.
C．Eastern Settlement. D．Troy.
3．What do we know about Eastern Settlement?
A．It disappeared for no obvious reason.
B．It's a place where weddings were held.
C．It's a place for visitors to experience history.
D．It existed as one of the oldest towns in Greenland.
【答案】ABA
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了四个消失的古城。
1.细节理解题。根据Hashima Island, Japan部分最后一句“When the mines were closed, Hashima Island was abandoned.”（矿场关闭后，军舰岛就被废弃了。），Consonno, Italy部分最后一句“Today, Consonno has been abandoned.”（如今，Consonno已被废弃。），Eastern Settlement, Greenland部分第二句“Once the most populated area in Greenland, the area was abandoned and no one knows why.”（这里曾经是格陵兰岛人口最多的地区，现在却被遗弃了，没有人知道原因。）和Troy, Turkey部分最后一句“The site contains layers of ruins archaeologists are still studying.”（考古学家们还在对遗址进行研究。）可知，这四个社区的共同点是它们都被废弃了。故选A。
2.细节理解题。根据Consonno, Italy部分倒第二句“Then landslide struck, burying the access road and the project was never finished. ”（然后发生了山体滑坡，掩埋了道路，工程一直没有完成。）可知，Consonno遭受过自然灾害。故选B。
3.细节理解题。根据Eastern Settlement, Greenland部分第二句“Once the most populated area in Greenland, the area was abandoned and no one knows why. ”（这里曾经是格陵兰岛人口最多的地区，现在却被遗弃了，没有人知道原因。）可知，Eastern Settlement毫无缘由地消失了。故选A。
B
（2020·全国·高二课时练习）There were many battles that took place during the American Revolutionary War (1775—1783), but perhaps so ne of the worst battles involved. the American Continental Army versus(对抗) the winter at Valley Forge in 1777 and 1778. Here many people believe was where the American Army was born. Valley Forge is located about 25 miles northwest of Philadelphia in the southeastern corner of Pennsylvania.
General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and he decided to setup winter camp at Valley Forge. It was close to Philadelphia, which was where the British had been camping out for the winter. This allowed him to keep a watchful eye on their movements. There were high areas in Mount Joy and Mount Misery where the army could make fortifications(防御工事). Nearby was also the Schuylkill River, which was used as a barrier to the North.
The army's stay at Valley Forge turned into a time of training. Besides Washington, two other leaders included General Friedrich von Steuben and General Marquis de Lafayette.
Steuben was born in Prussia and arrived at Valley Forge with a recommendation letter from statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin. He trained the Continental Army using the daily drill(操练), even in the extremely cold weather. In fact, he was responsible for writing the army's Revolutionary War Drill Manual, which served as the standard United States drill manual(手册) until the War of 1812.
Lafayette was a French military leader, working for no pay, and asking for no special treatment. He later became an important commander in several key battles during the war.
Besides the freezing weather, it was consistently cold, wet, and snowy at Valley Forge. In addition, food was lacking, and there were very few warm clothes, shoes, or blankets. The log cabins they lived in were crowded, cold and damp, and allowed diseases to easily spread. Of the 10,000 men at Valley Forge, 2,500 died before the break of spring mostly from diseases.
Following the winter at Valley Forge, under Washington's leadership, a better-disciplined, trained, and more powerful army, in high spirits, left on June 19, 1778. Nine days later, their first victory against the British occurred at the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey.
4．Why was Valley Forge chosen as the site of a winter camp?
A．It was key to the effective conduct of war. B．It was an ideal place for military training.
C．It was very far from the British camp. D．It was an area with adequate supplies.
5．Who was the author of the important drill manual?
A．Benjamin Franklin. B．George Washington.
C．Marquis de Lafayette. D．Friedrich von Steuben.
6．Which can be used to describe the conditions at Valley Forge?
A．Strange. B．Tough. C．Favorable. D．Relaxing.
7．How did the Continental Army change after the winter?
A．It was taken over by the American Army. B．It won more support from the people.
C．It had many more soldiers. D．It became a stronger army.
【答案】ADBD
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述的是美国独立战争期间，大陆军在乔治·华盛顿的领导下在福吉谷不畏严寒、不怕吃苦、顽强训练，最终首次战胜了英国人。
4．推理判断题。由第二段中的“This allowed him to keep a watchful eye on their movements. There were high areas in Mount Joy and Mount Misery where the army could make fortifications(防御工事). Nearby was also the Schuylkill River, which was used as a barrier to the North”（这使他能够密切注视他们的一举一动。乔伊山和瘟神山有高地，军队可以在那里建造防御工事。附近还有斯库尔基尔河(Schuylkill River)，这条河曾被用作通往北方的屏障）可推断，华盛顿把福吉谷选为冬天营地是因为那里具有重要的战略意义，对于高效作战极为关键。根据“It was close to Philadelphia, which was where the British had been camping out for the winter.”（它靠近费城，英国人在那里露营过冬）可以判断C项错误，福吉谷距离英军营地很近。由第六段的“the freezing weather”（寒冷的天气）和“food was lacking, and there were very few warm clothes, shoes, or blankets”（食物缺乏，保暖的衣服、鞋子和毯子也很少）可知，环境极为艰苦，供给也不足，B、D两项与文意不符。故选A。
5．细节理解题。由第四段中的“Steuben was born in Prussia...he was responsible for writing the army's Revolutionary War Drill Marua”（斯图本出生在普鲁士......他负责撰写了《独立战争操练手册》）可知， Steuben编写了《独立战争操练手册》。故选D。
6．推理判断题。由倒数第二段的“Besides the freezing weather, it was consistently cold, wet, and snowy at Valley Forge. In addition, food was lacking, and there were very few warm clothes, shoes, or blankets. The log cabins they lived in were crowded, cold and damp, and allowed diseases to easily spread”（除了寒冷的天气，福吉谷还一直寒冷、潮湿、多雪。此外，食物缺乏，保暖的衣服、鞋子和毯子也很少。他们住的小木屋又冷又湿，很容易传染疾病）可知，福吉谷气候恶劣，环境艰苦。故选B。
7．推理判断题。由最后一段的“Following the winter at Valley Forge, under Washington's leadership, a better-disciplined, trained, and more powerful army, in high spirits, left on June 19, 1778. Nine days later, their first victory against the British occurred at the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey”（在福吉谷度过了一个冬天之后，在华盛顿的领导下，一支更有纪律、训练有素、更强大的军队，在1778年6月19日兴致勃勃地离开了。九天之后，他们在新泽西的蒙茅斯战役中取得了对英国的第一次胜利）可知，经过福吉谷严冬的磨练，大陆军变成了一支更强大的军队。故选D。
C
（2021·北京·人大附中三模）It was a simple letter asking for a place to study at Scotland's oldest university which helped start a revolution in higher education. A 140-year-old letter written by a lady calling for her to be led to study medicine at St Andrews University has been discovered by researchers. Written by Sophia Jex-Blake in 1873, the seven-page document, which urged the university to allow women to study medicine at the institution, was released yesterday on International Women's Day.
The document was discovered buried in the university archives by part-time history student Lis Smith, who is completing her PhD at St Andrews Institute of Scottish Historical Research. She said, "We knew that Sophia Jex-Blake and her supporters, in their effort to open up university medical education for women, had written to the Senatus Academicus（校评议委员会）at St Andrews in an attempt to gain permission to attend classes there, but we didn't know documentary evidence existed. While searching the archives for information about the university's higher certificate for women, I was astonished to come across what must be the very letter Jex-Blake wrote."
In the letter, Sophia and her supporters offered to hire teachers or build suitable buildings for a medical school and to arrange for lectures to be delivered in the subjects not already covered at St Andrews. Although her letter was not successful, it eventually led to the establishment of the Ladies Literate in Arts at St Andrews, a distance-learning degree for women. The qualification, which ran from 1877 until the 1930s, gave women access to university education in the days before they were admitted as students. It was so popular that it survived long after women were admitted as full students to St Andrews in 1892.
Ms Jex-Blake went on to help establish the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874. She was accepted by the University of Berne, where she was awarded a medical degree in January 1877. Eventually, she moved back to Edinburgh and opened her own practice.
8．Sophia wrote a letter to St Andrews University because she wanted________.
A．to carry out a research project there
B．to set up a medical institute there
C．to study medicine there
D．to deliver lectures there
9．Lis Smith found Sophia's letter to St Andrews University________.
A．by pure chance B．in the school office
C．with her supporters' help D．while reading history book
10．Sophia's letter resulted in the establishment of________.
A．the London School of Medicine for Women
B．a degree programme for women
C．a system of medical education
D．the University of Berner
【答案】CAB
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章向人们介绍了一封尘封了140年信。该信被研究人员偶然发现,那是一位女士向圣安德鲁斯大学写的学医申请信，只是要求在苏格兰最古老的大学里能有一席之地学习。这封由名叫索菲亚・杰克斯・布莱克的女性于1873年写的信在昨天的国际妇女节上被发布出来，整整七页的信敦促大学允许女性在医学研究机构学习，从而促使了妇女学位课程的创立。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段“Written by Sophia Jex-Blake in 1873, the seven-page document, which urged the university to allow women to study medicine at the institution, was released yesterday on International Women's Day. (这份长达7页的文件由索菲亚·杰克斯·布莱克于1873年撰写，敦促牛津大学允许女性在该机构学习医学。该文件于昨天的“国际妇女节”发布。)”可知，索菲亚给圣安德鲁斯大学写了一封信，因为她想在那里学医。故选C。
9．推理判断题。根据第二段“The document was discovered buried in the university archives by part-time history student Lis Smith, who is completing her PhD at St Andrews Institute of Scottish Historical Research. (这份文件是由在圣安德鲁斯苏格兰历史研究学院攻读博士学位的历史学学生李·史密斯在大学档案中发现的。)”可推断，此信的发现纯属偶然。故选A。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段“Although her letter was not successful, it eventually led to the establishment of the Ladies Literate in Arts at St Andrews, a distance-learning degree for women. (尽管她的信没有成功，但最终促成了圣安德鲁斯女子艺术教育机构的建立，这是一个面向女性的远程学习学位。)”可知，此信促使了妇女学位课程的创立。故选B。
第二节(共5小题:每小题2分, 满分10分)
阅读下面短文, 从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
（2021·山东胶州·高一期末）Britons are well known for the amount of tea that they drink. The average person in the UK consumes around 1.9 kg of tea annually. That’s around 876 cups of tea. Tea is drunk by all sections of society. ____11____ The vast majority of tea is grown in India and China. So, how did it become an important part of British culture?
Tea arrived in London in the 1600s. ____12____ It was not long before green tea was available to buy. However, this was only available to the richer sections of society.
At the beginning of the 1700s the amount of tea arriving in Britain increased gradually. Black tea arrived at this time. ____13____ They soon discovered that it mixed really well with a little milk and sugar, giving the drink a special British characteristic.
In the 1800s tea was still a product enjoyed only by people with money. At this time they began to have ‘afternoon tea’. This involves drinking tea with a snack around 4 p.m. to avoid feeling hungry between lunch and dinner. ____14____
____15____ It was no longer a drink just for rich people. Tearooms - shops where you could buy and drink tea - started to appear across the country. People enjoyed drinking tea and socialising in these places. At the start of the 20th century, Britons began to make tea in their homes whenever they felt like it. Kettles became essential in every kitchen.A．But tea does not grow in Britain.
B．Britain began to drink tea in the seventeenth century.
C．At first people drank this tea exactly as it was in China.
D．The tea culture of Britain is the most famous and typical.
E．It is a tradition that is still going today but has become less popular in recent times.
F．At this time British ships were exploring the world and came across the drink in China.
G．In the late 1800s, the price of tea decreased sharply as more tea began to arrive on ships from India and China.
【答案】AFCEG
【分析】本文是记叙文。文章讲述了茶从中国到英国、逐渐流行起来的历史。
11．上文“Tea is drunk by all sections of society.”说明社会各阶层都喝茶；下文“The vast majority of tea is grown in India and China.”说明大多数的茶叶都产自中国和印度。空格处承上启下。故应该从谈论喝茶过渡到谈论茶叶种植；而后文指出种于印度和中国，故空格处英国是说英国人虽喝茶但是茶叶却不是产自英国。选项A“But tea does not grow in Britain.”但是茶叶不是在英国种植的，能承上启下。故选A项。
12．上文“Tea arrived in London in the 1600s.”说明茶叶传到英国的时间是17世纪。而后文“It was not long before green tea was available to buy.”告知不久之后绿茶就能买得到了。故可推断出空格处是关于17世纪发生了什么事情导致茶叶不久之后就能购买了。F选项指出英国全球探险的船只在中国偶然发现了茶这种饮品，即“came across the drink in China” 符合前后文设置的语境。故选F项。
13．前文“Black tea arrived at this time.”指出18世纪红茶也传到了英国。后文“They soon discovered that it mixed really well with a little milk and sugar, giving the drink a special British characteristic.”进一步指出英国人很快发现把红茶和一点牛奶、糖混合在一起特别好，由英国风味。故可推测出最初英国人喝红茶和中国人采取一样的方式，后面才进行创新。故C选项“drank this tea exactly as it was in China”与语境相符。故选C项。
14．前文“At this time they began to have ‘afternoon tea’. This involves drinking tea with a snack around 4 p.m. to avoid feeling hungry between lunch and dinner.”指出英国人逐渐开始喝下午茶，用茶搭配一些小点心以缓解午餐和晚餐之间的饥饿。可推断出这一段的核心是“下午茶”。E选项进一步解释“下午茶”是英国一大传统“a tradition”，但最近没那么流行了“become less popular”符合本段段落大意。故选E项。
15．根据前文第二段到第四段的首句“in the 1600s”，“At the beginning of the 1700s”，“In the 1800s”可推断出本文介绍茶在英国的历史主要以时间顺序展开，故这一段首句也应包含一个时间状语。后文“It was no longer a drink just for rich people.”表明茶叶不再是富人专享。可推断出空格处应该讲述发生了何事导致茶叶的价格降低。G选项“as more tea began to arrive on ships from India and China.”指出这是因为越来越多的茶叶通过船运从印度和中国运往英国，符合语境。故选G项。
第二部分 语言运用(共两节，满分30分)
第一节(共15小题:每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
（2019·福建·高一期末）One of the most important events in the modern Olympic Games is the Marathon(马拉松)race. The race ___16___ one of the great events in Greek history.
In 490 B C．about 10,000 Greeks ___17___ against the Persian army at a place called Marathon. It is ___18___ that the Persians were ten times as___19___ as the Greeks. However, where there is a will, there is a way.___20___ the brave attack of the Greeks, the Persians were badly beaten and___21___away from the plain of Marathon. When the Persians had run away, a soldier, who was the most famous___22___in Athens, was ___23___ to carry the good news to the city and he was also asked to march at full speed.
Although he had fought through the battle and ___24___many wounds, the soldier at once started off toward the ____25____ city ____26____ was twenty-six and a quarter miles from the plain of Marathon to the Marketplace of Athens, ____27____ there the elders of Athens had gathered ____28____ for news. He ran and ran over ____29____ and across plains. As he went on, his lips became ____30____ and his breathing hard, but when he thought of the joy of the people of Athens on hearing the news, he ran harder than ever.
At last the elders of Athens heard a great shout and saw a soldier staggering(蹒跚) toward them.” Rejoice! Rejoice! We won!” said the soldier, and fell down dead.
In honor of this noble soldier and athlete, we have in the modern Olympic Games the Marathon race, where the athletes run this same distance.
16．A．come round B．came about C．came out D．came from
17．A．exploded B．competed C．fought D．hunted
18．A．designed B．said C．told D．reported
19．A．little B．few C．many D．much
20．A．In B．To C．Before D．By
21．A．taken B．driven C．got D．rolled
22．A．player B．officer C．soldier D．runner
23．A．advised B．ordered C．succeeded D．allowed
24．A．accepted B．harmed C．received D．formed
25．A．far B．nearby C．close D．distant
26．A．This B．That C．There D．It
27．A．and B．but C．or D．so
28．A．asking B．calling C．waiting D．looking
29．A．railways B．hills C．rivers D．highways
30．A．fancy B．wet C．red D．dry
【答案】DCBCD BDBCD DACBD
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了现代奥运会的马拉松比赛是为了纪念一个从战场上跑到雅典传送捷报的希腊士兵而举办的。
16．考查动词短语辨析。A. come round苏醒；B. came about产生；C. came out出现、出版；D. came from来自、源自。根据本空后的“one of the great events in Greek history.”可知，马拉松比赛源自希腊历史上最伟大的事件之一，故D选项切题。
17．考查动词词义辨析。A. exploded爆炸；B. competed竞争；C. fought斗争、战斗；D. hunted捕猎。根据本空后的“against the Persian army at a place called Marathon.”可知，公元前490年，大约一万希腊士兵与波斯军队作战，故C选项切题。
18．考查动词词义辨析。A. designed设计；B. said说；C. told告诉；D. reported报道。根据本空后的“that the Persians were ten times as…as the Greeks.”可知，据说，波斯军队的人数是希腊人的十倍，故B选项切题。
19．考查形容词词义辨析。A. little少、几乎没有（修饰不可数名词）；B. few少、几乎没有（修饰可数名词复数）；C. many多（修饰可数名词复数）；D. much多（修饰不可数名词）。波斯军队的人数是希腊人的十倍，故C选项切题。
20．考查固定搭配。根据本空后的“the brave attack of the Greeks, the Persians were badly beaten and…away from the plain of Marathon.”可知，在希腊人的英勇进攻下，波斯人遭到重创，被赶出了马拉松平原，By the attack of表示“在……的进攻下”，故D选项切题。
21．考查动词词义辨析。A. taken带走；B. driven驱赶；C. got得到；D. rolled滚动。波斯人遭到重创，被赶出了马拉松平原，故B选项切题。
22．考查名词词义辨析。A. player玩家；B. officer官员；C. soldier士兵；D. runner长跑运动员。这个士兵是雅典最出名的长跑运动员，故D选项切题。
23．考查动词词义辨析。A. advised建议；B. ordered命令；C. succeeded成功；D. allowed允许。根据本空后的“to carry the good news to the city and he was also asked to march at full speed.”可知，这个士兵被命令全速奔跑，把波斯军队撤退的好消息带到城里，故B选项切题。
24．考查动词词义辨析。A. accepted接受；B. harmed有害；C. received收到；D. formed形成。根据本空前的“he had fought through the battle and可知，这个士兵参加了战斗并受了很多伤，故C选项切题。
25．考查形容词词义辨析。A. far久远的；B. nearby近的；C. close亲密的；D. distant遥远的（形容距离）。尽管受了很多伤，这个士兵还是向遥远的城市出发了，故D选项切题。
26．考查形式主语。从马拉松平原到雅典市集有26.25英里， 用It作形式主语，故D选项切题。
27．考查连词词义辨析。A. and并且、还；B. but但是；C. or否则；D. so所以。雅典的长者聚在那里等待前方的消息，此处表示并列，故A选项切题。
28．考查动词词义辨析。A. asking问；B. calling呼叫；C. waiting等待；D. looking看。他们聚在那里等待前方的消息，故C选项切题。
29．考查名词词义辨析。A. railways铁路；B. hills山；C. rivers河流；D. highways高速公路。根据本空后的“and across plains.”可知，他越过高山，穿过平原，故B选项切题。
30．考查形容词词义辨析。A. fancy美妙的；B. wet湿的；C. red红的；D. dry干的。长时间的奔跑使他的嘴唇变干裂，故D选项切题。
第二节 (共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
（2019·全国全国·高一课时练习）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Vikings, a group of people__31__ancestors came from Scandinavia, were the first Europeans__32__(reach) America. In 982 AD, there were 10,000 Vikings__33__(live) in Iceland. According__34__the old stories, Eric the Red was forced to leave Iceland because he had committed__35__murder, for which he got into trouble. He reached Greenland and then returned to Iceland and told people about Greenland. Later, he set sail again, with 25 ships, of which only 14 made__36__to Greenland. A man called Biarni was hoping to join his father who was with Eric, but he was blown off course and found himself in an__37__(know) land that no humans seemed to have stepped on, from where he reached Greenland. In 1002, Eric the Red’s son Leif followed Biarni’s directions and sailed to what is believed to be the coast of present-day Canada. He then sailed__38__(far) south to an island now known as Newfoundland. We know about their deeds through stories which__39__(write) down centuries later in Norway and Iceland. They are the first___40___(record) we have of Europeans sailing to the America.
【答案】
31．whose
32．to reach
33．living
34．to
35．a
36．it
37．unknown
38．further
39．were written
40．records
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了维京人是第一批到达美洲的欧洲人。
31．考查关系代词。句意：维京人是最早到达美洲的欧洲人，他们的祖先来自斯堪的纳维亚半岛。分析句子可知，“1ancestors came from Scandinavia”是定语从句，修饰先行词people，空处在从句中作定语，表示所属关系，所以用关系代词whose。故填whose。
32．考查动词不定式。句意：维京人是最早到达美洲的欧洲人，他们的祖先来自斯堪的纳维亚半岛。当名词被序数词修饰时，要用to do作后置定语。故填to reach。
33．考查现在分词。句意：公元982年，冰岛居住着10000名维京人。这里指住在冰岛的维京人。Vikings与live在逻辑上是主动关系，所以用living。故填living。
34．考查介词。句意：根据古老的故事，Eric the Red被迫离开冰岛，因为他犯了谋杀罪，为此他陷入了麻烦。according to“根据”为固定搭配。故填to。
35．考查冠词。句意：根据古老的故事，Eric the Red被迫离开冰岛，因为他犯了谋杀罪，为此他陷入了麻烦。此处表泛指，且murder的发音是以辅音音素开头的，故用a。故填a。
36．考查代词。句意：后来，他带着25艘船再次起航，其中只有14艘到成功达格陵兰岛。make it “成功”为固定短语。故填it。
37．考查形容词。句意：一个叫Biarni的人原本想和和埃里克在一起的父亲一起航行，但他被吹离了航线，发现自己身处一片无人涉足的未知之地，从那里他到达了格陵兰岛。unknown“未知的”为形容词修饰名词land，且符合句意。故填unknown。
38．考查比较级。句意：然后他继续向南航行，到达一个现在被称为纽芬兰的岛屿。根据语境可知，他接着往更南的地方航行。故用further表示“较远，更远”。故填further。
39．考查一般过去时的被动语态。句意：我们通过几个世纪后在挪威和冰岛写下的故事了解了他们的事迹。根据全文时态可知，此处应用一般过去时，且故事是被写下的，故应用被动语态。故填were written。
40．考查名词复数。句意：它们是我们第一次有欧洲人航行到美国的记录。They指那些故事，说明记录不止一个，record为可数名词，所以用其复数形式。故填records。
【点睛】
定语从句中关系词的选择可考虑以下三点：
(1)一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等。
(2)二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when, where, why。
(3)三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。
分析句子可知，“1ancestors came from Scandinavia”是定语从句，修饰先行词people，空处在从句中作定语，表示所属关系，所以用关系代词whose。故小题1填whose。
第三部分 写作（共两节，满分40分）
第一节 应用文写作（满分15分)
（2021·安徽淮南·一模）你校正在组织英语作文比赛。请以我最喜欢的中国历史人物为题，写一篇短文参赛， 内容包括：
1.该人物及其主要贡献简介；
2.该人物对你的影响。
注意：1.词数100左右；2.短文题目已为你写好。
My favorite figure in Chinese history
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
One possible version:
My favorite figure in Chinese history
When it comes to my favorite figure in Chinese history, it must be Confucius. As is known to all, he is one of the greatest thinkers and educators in China. He established an educational system, which made an enormous impact on the development of Chinese traditional culture. Furthermore, he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature, the world, and the human behavior. To develop friendships with other countries and popularize the Chinese culture, we have set up Confucius Institutes all over the world in recent years.
In fact, his thoughts always inspire me to pursue knowledge and I'd like to be a teacher like him one day.
【分析】
本篇书面表达属于说明文，要求考生以“我最喜欢的中国历史人物”为题写一篇作文，介绍该人物的贡献和对自己的影响。
【详解】
第一步：审题
体裁：说明文
时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般现在时和一般过去时,少量现在完成时。
结构：总分法
总分法指把主题句作为总说，把支持句作为分说，并以这种方式安排所写内容。
要求：
1. 该人物及其主要贡献简介；
2. 该人物对你的影响。
第二步:列提纲 （重点词组）
an educational system; make an enormous impact on; help sb. do sth.; set up; all over the world; inspire sb. to do sth.; would like to do sth.
第三步：连词成句
1. He established an educational system, which made an enormous impact on the development of Chinese traditional culture.
2. Furthermore, he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature, the world, and the human behavior.
3. To develop friendships with other countries and popularize the Chinese culture, we have set up Confucius Institutes all over the world in recent years.
4. In fact, his thoughts always inspire me to pursue knowledge and I'd like to be a teacher like him one day.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
表并列补充关系：Furthermore
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰。
【点睛】
[高分句型1] He established an educational system, which made an enormous impact on the development of Chinese traditional culture. 用了which引导的非限制性定语从句。
[高分句型2] Furthermore, he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature, the world, and the human behavior. 用了that引导的限制性定语从句。
第二节(满分25分)
（2021·福建·厦门市松柏中学高三期中）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为150左右。
For many years, I had a recurring dream. I was a little girl again, rushing about, trying to get ready for school.
“Hurry, you'll be late for school,” my mother called to me.
“I am hurrying, Mom! What did I do with my books?”
Deep inside I knew where the dream came from. It was about some unfinished business in my life. As a kid, I loved everything about school. I loved books, teachers, tests and homework. Most of all I longed to someday march down the aisle to receive my diploma. That seemed more appealing even than getting married.
But at 15, I had to drop out because my parents couldn't afford tuition. My hope of getting a diploma was dead, or so I thought. Pretty soon, I married and had three children, and I thought: “There goes my diploma.”
Even so, I wanted my children to be educated. But Linda, our youngest child, had juvenile arthritis in her hands and knees, which made it impossible for her to function in a normal classroom. I felt sorry for her and I didn't want her to live her life with regret. I didn't give up hope of her being back to school in some way.
One day, I saw an ad in the newspaper for evening courses. “That's the answer,” I said to myself. Linda always feels better in the evening, so I'll just sign her up for night school.
Linda was busy filling out enrollment forms when the secretary said: “Mrs. Schantz, why don't you come back to school?”
I laughed: “There's no way! I'm 55!” But he persisted, and before I knew what I had done, I was enrolled for classes in English and crafts. “This is only an experiment,” I warned him, but he just smiled. So, I told myself to try for just a semester and to see if it would work. Anyway, my dream was still there in my heart.
1. 写作词数应为150左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Paragraph 1：
It was exciting to go to school again but________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2:
Linda and I saw each other through the time.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Paragraph 1:
It was exciting to go to school again but it was no game. Sitting in a classroom full of kids was awkward, even if most of them were respectful and encouraging. During the day, I was still a busy married woman having loads of housework to do. In the evening, I was a hardworking student working on my courses. To my surprise, both Linda and I did very well in night school. I went back again the next semester, and my grades steadily improved.
Paragraph 2:
Linda and I saw each other through the time. When I was down, Linda encouraged me. “Mom, you can't quit now!” And when she was down, I encouraged her. I have to say it was a time which was really hard on both of us. But neither of us gave up. At last, I got my diploma. To my surprise, almost all of my classmates voted for me to be class speaker, and I got a $3,000 college scholarship. The unfinished business in my dreams was eventually finished.
【解析】
【分析】
本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者15岁时因为父母付不起学费，不得不退学，后来结了婚生了三个孩子。作者在为最小的孩子琳达报夜校的时候，自己也打算尝试一个学期，但作者坚持了下来并最终取得了毕业证书，实现了自己的学业梦想。
【详解】
1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“再去上学是令人兴奋的，但这不是游戏。”可知，第一段可描写作者去上学时的感受和学业进步情况。
②由第二段首句内容“琳达和我经常见面。”可知，第二段可描写作者和琳达是如何互相鼓励的，以及作者最后如何取得了毕业证书的。
2.续写线索：感到兴奋——白天做家务——晚上上学——成绩稳步提高——和琳达互相鼓励——取得毕业证书
3.词汇激活
行为类
充满：be full of / be filled with
回去：go back /return
完成：finish /complete
情绪类
尴尬：awkward /embarrassed
惊讶：surprise /astonishment
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Sitting in a classroom full of kids was awkward, even if most of them were respectful and encouraging. (运用了现在分词作状语)
[高分句型2] When I was down, Linda encouraged me. (运用了when引导时间状语从句)
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