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2022届高三英语二轮复习课件：专题七 概要写作
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这是一份2022届高三英语二轮复习课件：专题七 概要写作，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了内容索引，命题透析•知考情，策略指导•觅捷径，技法1 句子提升，技法2 篇章提升等内容，欢迎下载使用。
N.1 考情透析•明晰概要写作考什么
N.2 读文总策略•破解概要写作必备3大策略
N.3 题型微技法•提升概要写作解题2大技法
N.4 真题实战•经典对练拿高分
◆思路清晰。概要写作考查对文章大意进行归纳概括, 并用简洁的语言转述文章重要信息的能力。考生首先要思路清晰, 提炼文章结构, 然后完全用自己的语言转述要点。◆懂得取舍。“断舍离”的精髓是舍掉不必要的, 抓住更宝贵的。确定文章要点, 删除次要内容。描述性的语言、细节和列举的示例等都要删除。由于有词数限制, 这就要求考生明确文章主旨, 理清重点与次重点, 果断取舍。
◆夯实基础, 锻炼从容答题的技巧。概要写作看似是对文章结构的考查, 实际上, 对考生的语言功底要求很高。由于要用自己的语言准确转述各段要点, 考生为了避免和原文的句子重复, 就要用句子重构的方式来完成要点归纳。这对考生的词汇、句式以及语法结构之间进行准确转述表达的能力提出了很高的要求。概要写作要想取得高分,就要在日常学习中下功夫。
N.2 读文总策略•破解概要 写作必备3大策略
策略一 学习评分标准, 实现高分有方向
(一)评分原则1.本题总分为25分, 按5个档次给分。2.评分时, 先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次, 然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次, 最后给分。3.词数少于40的和多于80的, 从总分中减去2分。
4.评分时, 应主要从以下四个方面考虑:(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;(3)上下文的连贯性;(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面, 评分时, 应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。6.如书写较差以致影响交际, 可将分数降低一个档次。
(二)各档次的给分范围和要求
策略二 牢记4原则, 避免概要误失分
策略三 研究典例, 掌握高分技巧
【典例印证】(2019·6月浙江卷)阅读下面短文, 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman,authr f The A t Z Guide t Raising Happy and Cnfident Kids, says,“We’ve gne t the ppsite extreme f a few decades ag when parents tended t be mre strict.” By giving kids a lt f praise, parents think they’re building their children’s cnfidence, when, in fact, it may be just the ppsite. T much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that’s insincere, make kids afraid t try new things r take a risk fr fear f nt being able t stay n tp where their parents’ praise has put them.
Still, dn’t g t far in the ther directin. Nt giving enugh praise can be just as damaging as giving t much. Kids will feel like they’re nt gd enugh r that yu dn’t care and, as a result, may see n pint in trying hard fr their accmplishments.S what is the right amunt f praise? Experts say that the quality f praise is mre imprtant than the quantity. If praise is sincere and fcused n the effrt nt the utcme, yu can give it as ften as yur child des smething that deserves a verbal reward.“We shuld especially recgnize ur children’s effrts t push themselves and wrk hard t achieve a gal,” says Dnahue,authr f Parenting withut Fear: Letting G f Wrry and Fcusing n What Really Matters.“One thing t remember is that it’s the prcess nt the end prduct that matters.”
Yur sn may nt be the best basketball player n his team. But if he’s ut there every day and playing hard, yu shuld praise his effrt regardless f whether his team wins r lses. Praising the effrt and nt the utcme can als mean recgnizing yur child when she has wrked hard t clean the yard, ck dinner, r finish a bk reprt. But whatever it is, praise shuld be given n a case-by-case basis and be prprtinate(相称的) t the amunt f effrt yur child has put int it.
【语篇解读】这是2019年6月浙江高考真题的概要写作, 语篇文体为议论文。主要论述了父母过多地表扬孩子或者几乎不表扬孩子都会给孩子带来不良的影响。是否对孩子进行表扬, 关键看孩子努力的过程而非结果, 父母应该视其每一次努力的情况给予恰当的表扬。全文共4段, 语篇结构简单清晰, 主旨句明显。每一段就是一个意义段, 因此确定需归纳的要点应该为4个。下面我们分段落剖析。
【写作思路】概要写作最有效的办法就是提炼主旨句, 删除细节, 用简明、精练的语言对主旨句进行替换加工, 然后使用语句间的连接成分, 使之成为一篇结构紧凑, 完全使用自己语言的内容概要。上文通过对语篇的分析, 我们删除了短文中的细节、例证等细枝末节, 确定了每段的主旨句, 要点已经明确。下面就要用自己的语言准确地转述各段的要点。为避免和原文的句子重复, 我们要使用词汇替换、词性改变、转换句式等各种形式, 对原文要点进行转述表达。
【范文欣赏1】Parents believe that praising can help create children’s cnfidence while t much praise may result in ppsite effects.(要点1) Kids may feel discuraged when nt given enugh praise.(要点2) Accrding t experts, it is the quality f praise rather than quantity that matters, and parents shuld fcus n effrts.(要点3) Praise ffers recgnitin, but parents are expected t praise kids n a reasnable basis in accrdance with kids’ amunt f effrts.(要点4)
【范文欣赏2】Nwadays, parents tend t ffer t much praise t their children, hping t bst their cnfidence, but it may prduce the ppsite effect.(要点1) Hwever, lacking praise frm parents als des harm t the children.(要点2) Therefre, experts claim that praise shuld be given in a sincere way fr the prcess nt the result.(要点3) Meanwhile, kids d deserve praise if they strive t d their duty but the amunt f praise shuld depend n hw hard they wrk.(要点4)
N.3 题型微技法•提升概要 写作解题2大技法
一、转换句式在概要写作中, 恰当运用一些简单的常用句式来改变原文的句式, 可以彰显考生的语言综合运用能力, 提高文章的档次。1.时态的转换(1)The bus is cming nw.(现在进行时) Here cmes the bus.(一般现在时)(2)He jined the army tw years ag.(一般过去时)He has been a sldier fr tw years.(现在完成时)
2.语态的转换(1)Parents shuld give children mre praise.(主动语态)Children shuld be given mre praise.(被动语态) (2)We are ging t discuss this prblem in ur class meeting.(主动语态)This prblem is ging t be discussed in ur class meeting.(被动语态)
3.非谓语动词代替句子(1)It is difficult and I can’t finish it.I find it difficult t finish it.(动词不定式) (2)They knw the plan and it will be carried ut next week.They knw the plan t be carried ut next week.(动词不定式) (3)When yu arrive, yu can send me a message.On arriving, yu can send me a message.(动词-ing形式做宾语)
(4)The teacher walked ut f the lab and the children fllwed her.Fllwed by the children, the teacher walked ut f the lab.(动词-ed形式做状语)(5)The bk is very interesting and it has been published recently.The bk published recently is very interesting.(动词-ed形式做定语)
4.复合句来代替简单句(1)Simn is ur teacher. He will leave fr Japan next week.Simn, wh is ur teacher, will leave fr Japan next week. (2)I wn’t believe what she says.N matter what she says, I wn’t believe. (3)It was a cld day.There was nbdy n the street.It was such a cld day that there was nbdy n the street.
(4)T ur surprise, the little by knws s many things.What surprises us is that the little by knws s many things. (5)He didn’t turn up and we felt disappinted.The fact that he didn’t turn up made us feel disappinted.
5.使用虚拟语气(1)He suggested eating ut fr a change this weekend.He suggested that we (shuld) eat ut fr a change this weekend. (2)We didn’t have a pleasant jurney because f the rain.But fr the rain, we wuld have had a pleasant jurney.
6.使用特殊句式(1)Thugh I am weak, I’ll spare n effrt.Weak as I am, I’ll spare n effrt. (2)I can help the ld lady nly in this way.Only in this way can I help the ld lady. (3)The first step matters.It is the first step that matters.
(4)I didn’t realise hw much time I had wasted until I began t wrk.It was nt until I began t wrk that I realised hw much time I had wasted.
二、巧妙使用衔接词要想清晰地概括出文章中的逻辑关系, 就要恰当巧妙地使用衔接词, 这些衔接词会为你得高分助一臂之力。1.表示并列或递进的14种高分衔接单词:additinally; furthermre; besides; mrever短语和结构:in additin t; as well as; alng with; wrse still; apart frmwhat’s wrse; t make matters wrse; what’s mre; ; nt als...
2.表示因果的30种高分衔接表示原因的连词: because; as; fr; since表示原因的短语和结构:because f; due t; wing t; thanks t; in that; nw that; as a result f; the cause f; fr fear that; the reasn fr; seeing that; ne reasn is that...表示结果的副词:therefre; thus; cnsequently; hence; accrdingly表示结果的短语和结构:result in; the effect f; the cnsequence f; causing+n.; leading t+n.; resulting in+n.; cntribute t; have an effect n; we sth t
3.表示转折的25种高分衔接单词:but; hwever; nevertheless; yet; althugh; therwise; instead; despite; unlike; actually; unfrtunately; unexpectedly短语和结构:n the cntrary; differ frm; different frm; even s; even thugh; in spite f; by cntrast; in cntrast; n matter wh (what/when/where); in spite f the fact that...; as a matter f fact; in fact; in deed
4.表示对比的10种高分衔接单词: while; whereas; similarly; alike; resemble; meanwhile短语和结构: equally imprtant; at the same time; n the ne the ther hand...; fr ne anther...
5.表示顺序、程度等的42种高分衔接首先: first; first f all; at first; in the first place; chiefly; initially肯定: certainly; definitely; undubtedly; bviusly; apparently; inevitably; essentially; surely; certainly程度: ttally; entirely; cnsiderably; relatively最近情况: recently; in recent years; these years; presently; lately; currently总结: n the whle; in cnclusin; in a wrd; t sum up; in shrt; in belief; t cnclude; in general; generally speaking; significantly; abve all; in any case; anyway; abve all; in fact; especially; mst imprtantly
一、高度概括概要写作评分标准第五档要求,“理解准确, 涵盖全部要点”。用有限的字数涵盖全部要点就需要高度概括。高度概括除了把事物的共同点归纳总结外, 还要简明扼要。部分学生概要写作得分低, 主要原因是不会概括。他们只是照抄了原文中的个别句子, 或者句子的一部分, 不能用自己的话凝练表达。要学会概括, 首先要学会寻找主题句。
寻找主题句时, 要注意以下小技巧: ①转折词语后面的部分, 有可能是主题句; ②段首出现疑问时, 回答部分可能是主题句; ③作者有意识重复强调的观点, 往往是主旨; 反复出现的词语, 往往是体现主旨的关键词;④表示总结或者结论的句子常包含therefre; in shrt; cnclude; thus等。下面我们从段落开始, 通过具体案例, 来学习、感悟、掌握寻找主题句并进行概括。
1.如何寻找主题句?【典例】①Additinally, if we get up early and d sme mrning exercise r nly take a shrt walk in the mrning, withut dubt we can imprve ur health and becme much healthier.②That is why many peple get up early t d physical exercise year after year.详细解析: 根据语言特点来判断哪个是主题句, 哪些不是。一般来说, 主题句前具有明确表明观点的词, 其他句子都是支撑句。本段中, 第一句话表示如果我们进行一些晨练是可以强身的, 此处用withut dubt “毫无疑问”, 引出了主题句, 表明了作者反复强调的观点。第二句话表示这就是为什么许多人年复一年早起锻炼身体, 进一步阐释了作者的观点。
参考表达: What’s mre, peple sticking t mrning exercise will be increasingly healthy.简要解析: 用What’s mre替换Additinally, 将we get up early and d sme mrning exercise r nly take a shrt walk in the mrning及many peple get up early t d physical exercise year after year高度概括为peple sticking t mrning exercise, 用will be increasingly healthy替换we can imprve ur health and becme much healthier, 简洁明了。
2.主题句在段首【典例】①The findings can help peple wh are battling against temptatin.②Willpwer isn’t driven by a bilgy-based prcess as much as we used t think.③The belief in it is what influences yur behaviurs.
详细解析: 段落中第一句话表示这些发现可以帮助人们抵制诱惑。第二、三句话具体阐述了意志力并不像我们过去认为的那样是由基于生物学的过程驱动的, 对它的信仰影响了你的行为。后面两句话都是围绕第一句进行的, 因此主题句在段首。参考表达: The findings are a ptential help t resist temptatin.简要解析: 用a ptential help替换can help, 用resist替换短语battle against, 因此概要句子成为:The findings are a ptential help t resist temptatin.
3.主题句在段中【典例】①Let us remember getting up early is a gd habit.②If yu are a late riser, yu may find it difficult t frm the habit f getting up early.③Yu will have t make effrts t d s.④If yu want t get up early, sleeping earlier the night befre is expected t be successful.⑤Besides, yu can set yur alarm clck r ask smene whm yu knw will be awake at that time t call yu.⑥If yu stick t getting up early every day, yu will certainly benefit a lt frm it.
详细解析: 本段讲述的是如何做到早起。第一句话表示早起是一个好习惯。第二、三句话表示如果你是一个晚起的人, 可能很难养成早起的习惯。前三句表明:早起的习惯很难养成。从而引出主题句:早起的策略。第四、五句话表示如果你想早起, 你可以前一天晚上早睡。此外, 还可以设置闹钟, 或让别人打电话叫醒你。第六句话表示如果你坚持每天早起, 你一定会受益很多, 是对主题句的进一步阐释。因此, 需要将第四、五句话进行概括。参考表达:If yu want t get up early, sleeping earlier and setting a clck r turning t thers fr help are suggested.简要解析:用sleeping earlier, setting a clck r turning t thers fr help简明地概括了要做到早起的三种策略, 使用are suggested提出建议。
4.主题句在段末【典例】① “Stp the wrld; I want t get ff!”②This ppular expressin refers t a feeling f panic, r stress, that makes peple want t stp whatever they are ding, try t relax, and becme calm again.③Stress is ne f the mst cmmn causes f health prblems in mdern life.④T much stress results in physical, emtinal, and mental health prblems.
详细解析: 本段讲述的是心理压力导致健康问题。段落中第一、二句话阐释了一种表达自己恐慌和压力的流行语。第三句话表明压力是现代生活中最常见的健康问题的原因之一。第四句话明确表明过多的压力会导致身体、情绪和心理健康问题, 点明主题。参考表达: Nwadays, the stress peple suffer cntributes t many health prblems.简要解析: 用the stress peple suffer替换T much stress, cntributes t替换results in, 将physical, emtinal, and mental health prblems概括为many health prblems, 高度提炼段落大意。
5.提炼主题句【典例】①Mst f Finland’s schls get their mney frm the gvernment.②The peple wh are in charge f the educatinal system, frm teachers t fficials, are trained teachers, nt pliticians like in ther cuntries.
详细解析: 本段讲述的是芬兰教育系统的运作模式。第一句表示芬兰大多数学校的资金都来自政府。第二句表示专业人员负责教育系统的运作。两句是并列的。因此, 概括时两句要融合。参考表达: The gvernment finances the schls, and prfessinals manage the system.简要解析: 用finances概括get their mney frm, 将The peple wh are in charge f the educatinal system, frm teachers t fficials, are trained teachers高度概括为prfessinals, 用manage替换in charge f, 简洁明了。
二、删除细节在概要写作中, 我们首先要学会辨别哪些是概括性语言, 哪些是细节性语言。能恰当地删除细节、删除具体例子更容易把握主旨大意。细节主要包括哪些方面呢?通常情况下, 具体的描述性语言、事例、数据、论据、重复强调的观点, 往往都是细节。在概括主旨时, 往往都要考虑删除。
1.删除描绘性语言【典例】①The researchers designed fur experiments t test students’ belief in willpwer.②After a tiring task, thse wh believed, r were led t believe that willpwer is a limited resurce, perfrmed wrse n standard cncentratin tests than thse wh thught f willpwer as smething they had mre cntrl ver.③They als fund that during the final exam week, students wh believed in the limited resurce thery ate junk fd 24 percent mre ften than thse wh believed they had mre cntrl ver willpwer.④Mr Jb said,“The thery that willpwer is a limited resurce is interesting.Belief in willpwer as a nn-limited resurce makes peple strnger in their ability t wrk thrugh challenges.”
详细解析: 段落第一句表示研究人员设计了四个实验来测试学生对意志力的信念。第二、三句话对实验结果进行了具体描述。第四句话表示相信意志力是一种无限的资源, 这让人们更有能力应对挑战。前三句话是对实验的描述, 最后一句是结论, 是主题句。参考表达: Researchers discvered that if yu believed willpwer was limitless, yu wuld be mre pwerful.简要解析: 提炼重要信息, 删除文中第二、三句话对实验结果进行的具体描述, 用if引导的条件状语从句对文章最后的结论进行高度概括与压缩, 简洁明了。
2.删除事例与数据等【典例】①The mst imprtant aspect f speaking is having gd self-esteem.②Self-esteem is hw yu feel abut yurself.③When mst Chinese peple are asked hw their English is, r they are tld their English is very gd, they immediately respnd by saying,“Oh, my English is very pr.”④If yu say this t yurself ften enugh, yu will believe it.⑤When smene cmpliments (称赞) yu, just say “thank yu”.
详细解析: 段落第一句表示演讲最重要的一点是要有良好的自尊心。第二句表示自尊是你对自己的感觉。第三句表示当大多数中国人被问及他们的英语如何, 或者被告知他们的英语很好时, 他们立即回答说,“哦, 我的英语很差。” 第四句表示如果你经常这样对自己说, 你就会相信它。第五句表示当有人赞美你时, 你只要说“谢谢” 就可以。主题句是第一句, 后面几句话是对前面观点的具体阐述。参考表达: Having gd self-esteem is f vital imprtance in speaking English.简要解析: 删除第二句话对self-esteem具体的描述, 删除第三、四、五句讲述的具体事例, 然后对第一句话进行概括, 变imprtant为imprtance, 进行词性替换, 修饰词也相应地变换, 运用了高档句型sth be f vital imprtance进行同义转述。
(2018·11月浙江卷)阅读下面短文, 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。It’s a really gd idea t visit clleges befre yu apply because their websites can all start t lk and sund the same. Nthing will give yu the sense f what it will actually be like t live n a cllege campus(校园) like visiting and seeing fr yurself the drms, classrms and athletic equipment and, f curse, the students. It seems a little crazy nce senir year hits t find the time t visit cllege campuses, and it can als be pricey if the schls yu are applying t happen t be mre than a car ride away. But keep in mind that yu are making a decisin abut the next fur years f yur life, and d all the research yu can t make sure yu are making the right ne.
There’s n excuse nt t visit the schls in yur lcal area. In fact, a lt f cllege applicatins even ask if yu have visited campus, and bviusly, if yu live acrss the cuntry that wn’t be as much f a pssibility, but if yu live nearby, g check it ut!If campus visits aren’t ging t happen befre yu apply, at the very least yu shuld find sme time between applying and getting yur acceptance letters t visit the schls yu’d like t attend. It can save yu a lt f heartache if yu rule ut nw the things that yu dn’t like abut certain campuses, things that yu wuldn’t knw unless yu actually visit.
Nw, if time and mney are making it impssible, then check ut the nline cllege fairs at CllegeWeekLive. It’s a chance t chat nline with admissins fficers, students, and cllege cunselrs (顾问), and it wn’t cst yu a penny! Yu can register fr its nline cllege fair at cllegeweeklive.cm. While visiting an nline cllege fair can’t take the place f an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tl that alng with all yur ther research will help yu make an infrmed decisin abut which clleges r universities yu’d like t attend.
It’s really wrthwhile t pay a visit t their desired clleges persnally befre applying.(要点1)Undubtedly, students shuld visit their lcal clleges, which may be included in applicatins.(要点2)At least, they shuld visit the schl and figure ut its real cnditins in advance.(要点3)Fr students wh are shrt f mney and time, registering nline is a gd alternative t help them better understand schls.(要点4)
N.1 考情透析•明晰概要写作考什么
N.2 读文总策略•破解概要写作必备3大策略
N.3 题型微技法•提升概要写作解题2大技法
N.4 真题实战•经典对练拿高分
◆思路清晰。概要写作考查对文章大意进行归纳概括, 并用简洁的语言转述文章重要信息的能力。考生首先要思路清晰, 提炼文章结构, 然后完全用自己的语言转述要点。◆懂得取舍。“断舍离”的精髓是舍掉不必要的, 抓住更宝贵的。确定文章要点, 删除次要内容。描述性的语言、细节和列举的示例等都要删除。由于有词数限制, 这就要求考生明确文章主旨, 理清重点与次重点, 果断取舍。
◆夯实基础, 锻炼从容答题的技巧。概要写作看似是对文章结构的考查, 实际上, 对考生的语言功底要求很高。由于要用自己的语言准确转述各段要点, 考生为了避免和原文的句子重复, 就要用句子重构的方式来完成要点归纳。这对考生的词汇、句式以及语法结构之间进行准确转述表达的能力提出了很高的要求。概要写作要想取得高分,就要在日常学习中下功夫。
N.2 读文总策略•破解概要 写作必备3大策略
策略一 学习评分标准, 实现高分有方向
(一)评分原则1.本题总分为25分, 按5个档次给分。2.评分时, 先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次, 然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次, 最后给分。3.词数少于40的和多于80的, 从总分中减去2分。
4.评分时, 应主要从以下四个方面考虑:(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;(3)上下文的连贯性;(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面, 评分时, 应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。6.如书写较差以致影响交际, 可将分数降低一个档次。
(二)各档次的给分范围和要求
策略二 牢记4原则, 避免概要误失分
策略三 研究典例, 掌握高分技巧
【典例印证】(2019·6月浙江卷)阅读下面短文, 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman,authr f The A t Z Guide t Raising Happy and Cnfident Kids, says,“We’ve gne t the ppsite extreme f a few decades ag when parents tended t be mre strict.” By giving kids a lt f praise, parents think they’re building their children’s cnfidence, when, in fact, it may be just the ppsite. T much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that’s insincere, make kids afraid t try new things r take a risk fr fear f nt being able t stay n tp where their parents’ praise has put them.
Still, dn’t g t far in the ther directin. Nt giving enugh praise can be just as damaging as giving t much. Kids will feel like they’re nt gd enugh r that yu dn’t care and, as a result, may see n pint in trying hard fr their accmplishments.S what is the right amunt f praise? Experts say that the quality f praise is mre imprtant than the quantity. If praise is sincere and fcused n the effrt nt the utcme, yu can give it as ften as yur child des smething that deserves a verbal reward.“We shuld especially recgnize ur children’s effrts t push themselves and wrk hard t achieve a gal,” says Dnahue,authr f Parenting withut Fear: Letting G f Wrry and Fcusing n What Really Matters.“One thing t remember is that it’s the prcess nt the end prduct that matters.”
Yur sn may nt be the best basketball player n his team. But if he’s ut there every day and playing hard, yu shuld praise his effrt regardless f whether his team wins r lses. Praising the effrt and nt the utcme can als mean recgnizing yur child when she has wrked hard t clean the yard, ck dinner, r finish a bk reprt. But whatever it is, praise shuld be given n a case-by-case basis and be prprtinate(相称的) t the amunt f effrt yur child has put int it.
【语篇解读】这是2019年6月浙江高考真题的概要写作, 语篇文体为议论文。主要论述了父母过多地表扬孩子或者几乎不表扬孩子都会给孩子带来不良的影响。是否对孩子进行表扬, 关键看孩子努力的过程而非结果, 父母应该视其每一次努力的情况给予恰当的表扬。全文共4段, 语篇结构简单清晰, 主旨句明显。每一段就是一个意义段, 因此确定需归纳的要点应该为4个。下面我们分段落剖析。
【写作思路】概要写作最有效的办法就是提炼主旨句, 删除细节, 用简明、精练的语言对主旨句进行替换加工, 然后使用语句间的连接成分, 使之成为一篇结构紧凑, 完全使用自己语言的内容概要。上文通过对语篇的分析, 我们删除了短文中的细节、例证等细枝末节, 确定了每段的主旨句, 要点已经明确。下面就要用自己的语言准确地转述各段的要点。为避免和原文的句子重复, 我们要使用词汇替换、词性改变、转换句式等各种形式, 对原文要点进行转述表达。
【范文欣赏1】Parents believe that praising can help create children’s cnfidence while t much praise may result in ppsite effects.(要点1) Kids may feel discuraged when nt given enugh praise.(要点2) Accrding t experts, it is the quality f praise rather than quantity that matters, and parents shuld fcus n effrts.(要点3) Praise ffers recgnitin, but parents are expected t praise kids n a reasnable basis in accrdance with kids’ amunt f effrts.(要点4)
【范文欣赏2】Nwadays, parents tend t ffer t much praise t their children, hping t bst their cnfidence, but it may prduce the ppsite effect.(要点1) Hwever, lacking praise frm parents als des harm t the children.(要点2) Therefre, experts claim that praise shuld be given in a sincere way fr the prcess nt the result.(要点3) Meanwhile, kids d deserve praise if they strive t d their duty but the amunt f praise shuld depend n hw hard they wrk.(要点4)
N.3 题型微技法•提升概要 写作解题2大技法
一、转换句式在概要写作中, 恰当运用一些简单的常用句式来改变原文的句式, 可以彰显考生的语言综合运用能力, 提高文章的档次。1.时态的转换(1)The bus is cming nw.(现在进行时) Here cmes the bus.(一般现在时)(2)He jined the army tw years ag.(一般过去时)He has been a sldier fr tw years.(现在完成时)
2.语态的转换(1)Parents shuld give children mre praise.(主动语态)Children shuld be given mre praise.(被动语态) (2)We are ging t discuss this prblem in ur class meeting.(主动语态)This prblem is ging t be discussed in ur class meeting.(被动语态)
3.非谓语动词代替句子(1)It is difficult and I can’t finish it.I find it difficult t finish it.(动词不定式) (2)They knw the plan and it will be carried ut next week.They knw the plan t be carried ut next week.(动词不定式) (3)When yu arrive, yu can send me a message.On arriving, yu can send me a message.(动词-ing形式做宾语)
(4)The teacher walked ut f the lab and the children fllwed her.Fllwed by the children, the teacher walked ut f the lab.(动词-ed形式做状语)(5)The bk is very interesting and it has been published recently.The bk published recently is very interesting.(动词-ed形式做定语)
4.复合句来代替简单句(1)Simn is ur teacher. He will leave fr Japan next week.Simn, wh is ur teacher, will leave fr Japan next week. (2)I wn’t believe what she says.N matter what she says, I wn’t believe. (3)It was a cld day.There was nbdy n the street.It was such a cld day that there was nbdy n the street.
(4)T ur surprise, the little by knws s many things.What surprises us is that the little by knws s many things. (5)He didn’t turn up and we felt disappinted.The fact that he didn’t turn up made us feel disappinted.
5.使用虚拟语气(1)He suggested eating ut fr a change this weekend.He suggested that we (shuld) eat ut fr a change this weekend. (2)We didn’t have a pleasant jurney because f the rain.But fr the rain, we wuld have had a pleasant jurney.
6.使用特殊句式(1)Thugh I am weak, I’ll spare n effrt.Weak as I am, I’ll spare n effrt. (2)I can help the ld lady nly in this way.Only in this way can I help the ld lady. (3)The first step matters.It is the first step that matters.
(4)I didn’t realise hw much time I had wasted until I began t wrk.It was nt until I began t wrk that I realised hw much time I had wasted.
二、巧妙使用衔接词要想清晰地概括出文章中的逻辑关系, 就要恰当巧妙地使用衔接词, 这些衔接词会为你得高分助一臂之力。1.表示并列或递进的14种高分衔接单词:additinally; furthermre; besides; mrever短语和结构:in additin t; as well as; alng with; wrse still; apart frmwhat’s wrse; t make matters wrse; what’s mre; ; nt als...
2.表示因果的30种高分衔接表示原因的连词: because; as; fr; since表示原因的短语和结构:because f; due t; wing t; thanks t; in that; nw that; as a result f; the cause f; fr fear that; the reasn fr; seeing that; ne reasn is that...表示结果的副词:therefre; thus; cnsequently; hence; accrdingly表示结果的短语和结构:result in; the effect f; the cnsequence f; causing+n.; leading t+n.; resulting in+n.; cntribute t; have an effect n; we sth t
3.表示转折的25种高分衔接单词:but; hwever; nevertheless; yet; althugh; therwise; instead; despite; unlike; actually; unfrtunately; unexpectedly短语和结构:n the cntrary; differ frm; different frm; even s; even thugh; in spite f; by cntrast; in cntrast; n matter wh (what/when/where); in spite f the fact that...; as a matter f fact; in fact; in deed
4.表示对比的10种高分衔接单词: while; whereas; similarly; alike; resemble; meanwhile短语和结构: equally imprtant; at the same time; n the ne the ther hand...; fr ne anther...
5.表示顺序、程度等的42种高分衔接首先: first; first f all; at first; in the first place; chiefly; initially肯定: certainly; definitely; undubtedly; bviusly; apparently; inevitably; essentially; surely; certainly程度: ttally; entirely; cnsiderably; relatively最近情况: recently; in recent years; these years; presently; lately; currently总结: n the whle; in cnclusin; in a wrd; t sum up; in shrt; in belief; t cnclude; in general; generally speaking; significantly; abve all; in any case; anyway; abve all; in fact; especially; mst imprtantly
一、高度概括概要写作评分标准第五档要求,“理解准确, 涵盖全部要点”。用有限的字数涵盖全部要点就需要高度概括。高度概括除了把事物的共同点归纳总结外, 还要简明扼要。部分学生概要写作得分低, 主要原因是不会概括。他们只是照抄了原文中的个别句子, 或者句子的一部分, 不能用自己的话凝练表达。要学会概括, 首先要学会寻找主题句。
寻找主题句时, 要注意以下小技巧: ①转折词语后面的部分, 有可能是主题句; ②段首出现疑问时, 回答部分可能是主题句; ③作者有意识重复强调的观点, 往往是主旨; 反复出现的词语, 往往是体现主旨的关键词;④表示总结或者结论的句子常包含therefre; in shrt; cnclude; thus等。下面我们从段落开始, 通过具体案例, 来学习、感悟、掌握寻找主题句并进行概括。
1.如何寻找主题句?【典例】①Additinally, if we get up early and d sme mrning exercise r nly take a shrt walk in the mrning, withut dubt we can imprve ur health and becme much healthier.②That is why many peple get up early t d physical exercise year after year.详细解析: 根据语言特点来判断哪个是主题句, 哪些不是。一般来说, 主题句前具有明确表明观点的词, 其他句子都是支撑句。本段中, 第一句话表示如果我们进行一些晨练是可以强身的, 此处用withut dubt “毫无疑问”, 引出了主题句, 表明了作者反复强调的观点。第二句话表示这就是为什么许多人年复一年早起锻炼身体, 进一步阐释了作者的观点。
参考表达: What’s mre, peple sticking t mrning exercise will be increasingly healthy.简要解析: 用What’s mre替换Additinally, 将we get up early and d sme mrning exercise r nly take a shrt walk in the mrning及many peple get up early t d physical exercise year after year高度概括为peple sticking t mrning exercise, 用will be increasingly healthy替换we can imprve ur health and becme much healthier, 简洁明了。
2.主题句在段首【典例】①The findings can help peple wh are battling against temptatin.②Willpwer isn’t driven by a bilgy-based prcess as much as we used t think.③The belief in it is what influences yur behaviurs.
详细解析: 段落中第一句话表示这些发现可以帮助人们抵制诱惑。第二、三句话具体阐述了意志力并不像我们过去认为的那样是由基于生物学的过程驱动的, 对它的信仰影响了你的行为。后面两句话都是围绕第一句进行的, 因此主题句在段首。参考表达: The findings are a ptential help t resist temptatin.简要解析: 用a ptential help替换can help, 用resist替换短语battle against, 因此概要句子成为:The findings are a ptential help t resist temptatin.
3.主题句在段中【典例】①Let us remember getting up early is a gd habit.②If yu are a late riser, yu may find it difficult t frm the habit f getting up early.③Yu will have t make effrts t d s.④If yu want t get up early, sleeping earlier the night befre is expected t be successful.⑤Besides, yu can set yur alarm clck r ask smene whm yu knw will be awake at that time t call yu.⑥If yu stick t getting up early every day, yu will certainly benefit a lt frm it.
详细解析: 本段讲述的是如何做到早起。第一句话表示早起是一个好习惯。第二、三句话表示如果你是一个晚起的人, 可能很难养成早起的习惯。前三句表明:早起的习惯很难养成。从而引出主题句:早起的策略。第四、五句话表示如果你想早起, 你可以前一天晚上早睡。此外, 还可以设置闹钟, 或让别人打电话叫醒你。第六句话表示如果你坚持每天早起, 你一定会受益很多, 是对主题句的进一步阐释。因此, 需要将第四、五句话进行概括。参考表达:If yu want t get up early, sleeping earlier and setting a clck r turning t thers fr help are suggested.简要解析:用sleeping earlier, setting a clck r turning t thers fr help简明地概括了要做到早起的三种策略, 使用are suggested提出建议。
4.主题句在段末【典例】① “Stp the wrld; I want t get ff!”②This ppular expressin refers t a feeling f panic, r stress, that makes peple want t stp whatever they are ding, try t relax, and becme calm again.③Stress is ne f the mst cmmn causes f health prblems in mdern life.④T much stress results in physical, emtinal, and mental health prblems.
详细解析: 本段讲述的是心理压力导致健康问题。段落中第一、二句话阐释了一种表达自己恐慌和压力的流行语。第三句话表明压力是现代生活中最常见的健康问题的原因之一。第四句话明确表明过多的压力会导致身体、情绪和心理健康问题, 点明主题。参考表达: Nwadays, the stress peple suffer cntributes t many health prblems.简要解析: 用the stress peple suffer替换T much stress, cntributes t替换results in, 将physical, emtinal, and mental health prblems概括为many health prblems, 高度提炼段落大意。
5.提炼主题句【典例】①Mst f Finland’s schls get their mney frm the gvernment.②The peple wh are in charge f the educatinal system, frm teachers t fficials, are trained teachers, nt pliticians like in ther cuntries.
详细解析: 本段讲述的是芬兰教育系统的运作模式。第一句表示芬兰大多数学校的资金都来自政府。第二句表示专业人员负责教育系统的运作。两句是并列的。因此, 概括时两句要融合。参考表达: The gvernment finances the schls, and prfessinals manage the system.简要解析: 用finances概括get their mney frm, 将The peple wh are in charge f the educatinal system, frm teachers t fficials, are trained teachers高度概括为prfessinals, 用manage替换in charge f, 简洁明了。
二、删除细节在概要写作中, 我们首先要学会辨别哪些是概括性语言, 哪些是细节性语言。能恰当地删除细节、删除具体例子更容易把握主旨大意。细节主要包括哪些方面呢?通常情况下, 具体的描述性语言、事例、数据、论据、重复强调的观点, 往往都是细节。在概括主旨时, 往往都要考虑删除。
1.删除描绘性语言【典例】①The researchers designed fur experiments t test students’ belief in willpwer.②After a tiring task, thse wh believed, r were led t believe that willpwer is a limited resurce, perfrmed wrse n standard cncentratin tests than thse wh thught f willpwer as smething they had mre cntrl ver.③They als fund that during the final exam week, students wh believed in the limited resurce thery ate junk fd 24 percent mre ften than thse wh believed they had mre cntrl ver willpwer.④Mr Jb said,“The thery that willpwer is a limited resurce is interesting.Belief in willpwer as a nn-limited resurce makes peple strnger in their ability t wrk thrugh challenges.”
详细解析: 段落第一句表示研究人员设计了四个实验来测试学生对意志力的信念。第二、三句话对实验结果进行了具体描述。第四句话表示相信意志力是一种无限的资源, 这让人们更有能力应对挑战。前三句话是对实验的描述, 最后一句是结论, 是主题句。参考表达: Researchers discvered that if yu believed willpwer was limitless, yu wuld be mre pwerful.简要解析: 提炼重要信息, 删除文中第二、三句话对实验结果进行的具体描述, 用if引导的条件状语从句对文章最后的结论进行高度概括与压缩, 简洁明了。
2.删除事例与数据等【典例】①The mst imprtant aspect f speaking is having gd self-esteem.②Self-esteem is hw yu feel abut yurself.③When mst Chinese peple are asked hw their English is, r they are tld their English is very gd, they immediately respnd by saying,“Oh, my English is very pr.”④If yu say this t yurself ften enugh, yu will believe it.⑤When smene cmpliments (称赞) yu, just say “thank yu”.
详细解析: 段落第一句表示演讲最重要的一点是要有良好的自尊心。第二句表示自尊是你对自己的感觉。第三句表示当大多数中国人被问及他们的英语如何, 或者被告知他们的英语很好时, 他们立即回答说,“哦, 我的英语很差。” 第四句表示如果你经常这样对自己说, 你就会相信它。第五句表示当有人赞美你时, 你只要说“谢谢” 就可以。主题句是第一句, 后面几句话是对前面观点的具体阐述。参考表达: Having gd self-esteem is f vital imprtance in speaking English.简要解析: 删除第二句话对self-esteem具体的描述, 删除第三、四、五句讲述的具体事例, 然后对第一句话进行概括, 变imprtant为imprtance, 进行词性替换, 修饰词也相应地变换, 运用了高档句型sth be f vital imprtance进行同义转述。
(2018·11月浙江卷)阅读下面短文, 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。It’s a really gd idea t visit clleges befre yu apply because their websites can all start t lk and sund the same. Nthing will give yu the sense f what it will actually be like t live n a cllege campus(校园) like visiting and seeing fr yurself the drms, classrms and athletic equipment and, f curse, the students. It seems a little crazy nce senir year hits t find the time t visit cllege campuses, and it can als be pricey if the schls yu are applying t happen t be mre than a car ride away. But keep in mind that yu are making a decisin abut the next fur years f yur life, and d all the research yu can t make sure yu are making the right ne.
There’s n excuse nt t visit the schls in yur lcal area. In fact, a lt f cllege applicatins even ask if yu have visited campus, and bviusly, if yu live acrss the cuntry that wn’t be as much f a pssibility, but if yu live nearby, g check it ut!If campus visits aren’t ging t happen befre yu apply, at the very least yu shuld find sme time between applying and getting yur acceptance letters t visit the schls yu’d like t attend. It can save yu a lt f heartache if yu rule ut nw the things that yu dn’t like abut certain campuses, things that yu wuldn’t knw unless yu actually visit.
Nw, if time and mney are making it impssible, then check ut the nline cllege fairs at CllegeWeekLive. It’s a chance t chat nline with admissins fficers, students, and cllege cunselrs (顾问), and it wn’t cst yu a penny! Yu can register fr its nline cllege fair at cllegeweeklive.cm. While visiting an nline cllege fair can’t take the place f an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tl that alng with all yur ther research will help yu make an infrmed decisin abut which clleges r universities yu’d like t attend.
It’s really wrthwhile t pay a visit t their desired clleges persnally befre applying.(要点1)Undubtedly, students shuld visit their lcal clleges, which may be included in applicatins.(要点2)At least, they shuld visit the schl and figure ut its real cnditins in advance.(要点3)Fr students wh are shrt f mney and time, registering nline is a gd alternative t help them better understand schls.(要点4)
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