高中英语课时作业12UNIT4Scientistswhochangedtheworld含解析译林版必修第三册 练习

课时分层作业(十二)

Ⅰ.阅读理解

A

Many of the world's most successful people were once failures.Here are the stories of a few of them.

Abraham Lincoln(1809－1865)

Abraham Lincoln was one of America's greatest leaders，taking the country through the Civil War(from 1861 to 1865)．However，his life was never easy.He started numerous businesses that failed，he went bankrupt twice，and was defeated in 26 campaigns for public office.He later said，“My great concern is not whether you have failed，but whether you are content with your failure.”

Vincent Van Gogh(1853－1890)

Van Gogh is one of the most famous and influential painters in the history of Western Art.He's renowned for paintings such as The Starry Night，The Potato Eaters and Sunflowers.However，during his lifetime，Van Gogh sold only one painting for a very small amount of money.Despite this，he carried on painting，something even going without food so he could complete his collection of over 800 known works.

Albert Einstein(1879－1955)

Albert Einstein won the Noble Prize in Physics in 1921.However，he wasn't always considered a “genius”．He didn't speak until he was four，and couldn't read until he was seven.His teachers and parents thought he was slow，so he was expelled from school and couldn't get into the Zurich Polytechnic School.He later famously said，“Success is failure in progress.”

Stephen King(born 1947)

Stephen King is one of the best­selling authors of all time，but his first book，Carrie，was rejected by about 30 publishers.Eventually，Stephen threw it in the bin，but his wife fished it out and encouraged him to resubmit it，which he did and succeeded this time!

【语篇解读】　世界上有许多人在成功之前都遭遇了失败，本文就为我们列举了几位著名人物的相关事例。

1．Which statement is TRUE about Abraham Lincoln?

A．He led the American War of Independence.

B．He never succeeded in his business.

C．He was full of courage and perseverance.

D．He is the greatest president of the United States.

C　[推理判断题。由Abraham Lincoln部分的最后一句“He later said，‘My great concern is not whether you have failed，but whether you are content with your failure.’”可推断出，虽然历经失败，但亚伯拉罕·林肯仍充满勇气并坚持不懈，故选C。]

2．Who became famous all over the world after his death?

A．Abraham Lincoln. B．Vincent Van Gogh.

C．Albert Einstein. D．Stephen King.

B　[推理判断题。由Vincent Van Gogh部分的第三句“However，during his lifetime，Van Gogh sold only one painting for a very small amount of money.”可推断出，梵·高是在去世之后才闻名于全世界的，故选B。]

3．What was the most likely reason for Albert Einstein's dropping out of school?

A．He was too slow to learn.

B．He couldn't speak or read.

C．His teacher thought he was stupid.

D．He didn't obey the school rules.

C　[推理判断题。由Albert Einstein部分的第四句“His teachers and parents thought he was slow，so he was expelled from school and couldn't get into the Zurich Polytechnic School.”可推断出爱因斯坦被退学，最可能的原因就是老师认为他很笨，slow在此处意为“迟钝的，笨的”，故选C。]

4．What do these people have in common?

A．They are all Americans.

B．They are known for their writings.

C．They were born in the same century.

D．They all suffered failure before they succeeded.

D　[推理判断题。由文章第一段“Many of the world's most successful people were once failures.Here are the stories of a few of them.”可知，这些人的共同之处是他们在成功之前都遭遇了失败，故选D。]

B

Your alarm goes off on your phone，and instead of turning it off and going on sleeping，you pick it up and stupidly say，“Hello？”

You are，to use the technical term，suffering from sleep drunkenness(醉态)，those first few confused minutes people sometimes experience after waking，according to a just­published paper in Neurology(神经学)．For the first time，the phenomenon has been studied in a general adult population.

In telephone interviews the researchers conducted with more than 19，000 healthy individuals；about 25 percent reported experiencing some sort of sleep­drunk episodes in the last year，and 12 percent said this happened to them at least once a week.

“Most of their stories were actually pretty funny，”said Stanford University School of Medicine psychiatrist(精神病学家) Maurice Ohayon.One man picked up his alarm clock and mistook it for his phone，holding a two­minute conversation on it.Another participant woke in the middle of the night and couldn't find the bathroom in her own home.Other common examples are that foggy feeling you get when you first wake up with a start on a Saturday before realizing it's the weekend，or when you wake up in a hotel room and can't immediately figure out where you are.

Ohayon explains that an abrupt awakening，to our poor，half­asleep brains，signals an emergency—a time for action，not reason.

“For most people，and especially if this only happens to you every once in a while，it's nothing to worry about.But for people who experience sleep drunkenness once a week or more，you might as well refer to professional help to have a sound sleep.”Ohayon adds.

【语篇解读】　这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了人们在刚刚睡醒时，会有几分钟非常迷糊，这种现象被叫作睡醉。对于偶尔的睡醉不用担心，但是睡醉比较严重的人应该寻求专业的帮助。

5．The intended readers of the passage are probably________．

A．adults who don't sleep well

B．teenagers who don't have enough sleep

C．people who suffer from sleep drunkenness

D．researchers who are fond of sleep disorder

C　[推理判断题。根据文章第二段内容可知，有些人在刚刚醒来时的几分钟会非常迷糊，研究者们对这一现象进行了研究，下文介绍了这一研究的发现。因此，本文是针对患有睡醉的人写的。]

6．What can we learn from the first three paragraphs?

A．It's stupid to leave the alarm on when sleeping.

B．After waking up all people struggled for awareness.

C．There are many studies on adults' sleep patterns.

D．It's common for adults to experience sleep drunkenness.

D　[推理判断题。文章前两段主要介绍了什么是“睡醉”，根据第三段中的“19，000 healthy individuals，about 25 percent reported experiencing some sort of sleep­drunk episodes”可知，在那么多被调查的人中，有25%的人有过这样的经历。由此可推知，睡醉这种现象比较常见。]

7．What do we know about sleep drunkenness according to Paragraph 4?

A．It occurs in different occasions.

B．It comes without any reason.

C．It hurts when people are sleeping.

D．It attacks those who are cloudy.

A　[推理判断题。第四段举了几个睡醉的例子，有的人误把闹钟当作电话；有的人半夜醒来，找不到自己家的卫生间；有的人在周六早起，没有意识到这是周末；有的人在旅馆醒来，分不清自己身在何处。由此可知，睡醉会发生在不同的场合。]

8．What will be talked about in the next paragraph?

A．Something to extend your sleep time.

B．Ways to improve your sleep pattern.

C．Methods of curing sleep drunkenness.

D．Tips on how to help you sleep better.

D　[推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“But for people who experience sleep drunkenness once a week or more，you might as well refer to professional help to have a sound sleep.”可知，对于大部分人来说，尤其是偶尔发生睡醉的人而言，不用担心。但是，对于一周至少经历一次睡醉的人而言，最好寻求专业的帮助来获得良好的睡眠。由此可猜测，下文应该具体给出一些有助于获得良好睡眠的建议。]

Ⅱ.概要写作

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

It is generally believed that scientific research should improve our quality of life.Meanwhile，there is almost universal agreement that the government should provide financial and political support for any research that is likely to result in immediate and significant benefits for the majority of people.However，when it comes to whether the government should support scientific research with no practical use，people's ideas vary.I agree with the statement that the government should distribute enough funds to any scientific research that aims to improve the well­being of people，even if it is of no practical use in the short run.

Scientific research whose social benefits are immediate，predictable，and far­reaching should continue to be a high priority(优先事项)．For example，biotechnology research has been proven to help cure and prevent diseases；advances in medical technology make it possible to offer safer treatments；information technology enables education to be more accessible；and communication technology promotes global peace by improving mutual understanding among people and their participation in the democratic(民主的) process.

However，this is not to say that research whose benefits are less immediate or clear should be given a lower priority.It is difficult to predict what research will finally lead to the greatest contributions to society.Unwillingness to finance less practical scientific research could have a harmful effect on the efforts to explore new knowledge.This is particularly true of the computer science.For example，before the first computer was invented，public opinions went against it，as most people saw nothing practical in computer research.However，computers transformed the way human society developed and proved to be of great use in the long run，especially in terms of scientific development in fields such as the military，medicine，aviation，and education.

Therefore，never should we think that scientific research whose benefits are unknown is not worth undertaking since the purpose of any research should be to discover the truth，whatever it might be.

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【参考范文】

There exists disagreement about whether the government should support scientific research without immediate benefits.It is essential to fund it for its potential contribution.It's universally accepted that scientific research with instant and significant social benefits should be given privileges.But it doesn't mean less attention to research having no immediate or obvious social benefits，for it may eventually make unexpected contributions.In short，all scientific research deserves equal attention and support considering its aim of exposing the truth.

【导读】　《百年孤独》内容复杂，人物众多，情节离奇，手法新颖。马尔克斯在书中溶汇了南美洲特有的五彩缤纷的文化。他通过描写小镇马孔多的产生、兴盛到衰落、消亡，表现了拉丁美洲令人惊异的疯狂历史。让我们通过下面的节选了解一下。

One Hundred Years of Solitude(Excerpt)

Aureliano did not understand until then how much he loved his friends, how much he missed them, and how much he would have given to be with them at that moment. He put the child in the basket that his mother had prepared for him, covered the face of the corpse with a blanket, and wandered aimlessly through the town, searching for an entrance that went back to the past. He knocked at the door of the pharmacy, where he had not visited lately, and he found a carpenter shop. The old woman who opened the door with a lamp in her hand took pity on his delirium and insisted that, no, there had never been a pharmacy there, nor had she ever known a woman with a thin neck and sleepy eyes named Mercedes. He wept, leaning his brow against the door of the wise Catalonian's former bookstore, conscious that he was paying with his tardy sobs for a death that he had refused to weep for on time so as not to break the spell of love. He smashed his fists against the cement wall of The Golden Child, calling for Pilar Ternera, indifferent to the luminous orange disks that were crossing the sky and that so many times on holiday nights he had contemplated with childish fascination from the courtyard of the curlews. In the last open salon of the tumbledown red­light district an accordion group was playing the songs of Rafael Escalona, the bishop's nephew, heir to the secrets of Francisco the Man. The bartender, who had a withered and somewhat crumpled arm because he had raised it against his mother, invited Aureliano to have a bottle of cane liquor, and Aureliano then bought him one. The bartender spoke to him about the misfortune of his arm. Aureliano spoke to him about the misfortune of his heart, withered and somewhat crumpled for having been raised against his sister. They ended up weeping together and Aureliano felt for a moment that the pain was over. But when he was alone again in the last dawn of Macondo, he opened up his arms in the middle of the square, ready to wake up the whole world, and he shouted with all his might：

“Friends are a bunch of bastards！？” 

Nigromanta rescued him from a pool of vomit and tears. She took him to her room, cleaned him up, made him drink a cup of broth. Thinking that it would console him, she took a piece of charcoal and erased the innumerable loves that he still owed her for, and she voluntarily brought up her own most solitary sadnesses so as not to leave him alone in his weeping. When he awoke, after a dull and brief sleep, Aureliano recovered the awareness of his headache. He opened his eyes and remembered the child.

《百年孤独》(节选)

直到此刻，奥雷连诺·布恩蒂亚才感到自己多么热爱自己的朋友们，多么需要他们，为了在这一瞬间能和他们相处一起，他是愿意付出任何代价的。他把婴儿安放在阿玛兰塔·乌苏娜生前准备的摇篮里，又用被子蒙住死者的脸，然后就独自在空旷的小镇上踯躅，寻找通往昔日的小径。他先是敲那家药房的门。他已经好久没来这儿了，发现药房所在地变成了木器作坊，给他开门的是一个老太婆，手里提着一盏灯。她深表同情地原谅他敲错了门，但执拗地肯定说，这儿不是药房，从来不曾有过药房，她有生以来从没见过一个名叫梅尔塞德斯的、脖子纤细、睡眼惺忪的女人。当他把额头靠在博学的加泰隆尼亚人昔日的书店门上时，禁不住啜泣起来，他懊悔自己当初不愿摆脱爱情的迷惑，没能及时为博学的加泰隆尼亚人的逝世哀悼，如今只能献上一串串悔恨的眼泪。他又挥动拳头猛击“金童”的水泥围墙，不住地呼唤着皮拉·苔列娜。此时，他根本没有注意到天上掠过一长列闪闪发光的橙黄色小圆盘，而他过去曾在院子里怀着儿童的天真，不知多少次观看过这种小圆盘。在荒芜的妓院区里，在最后一个完好无损的沙龙里，几个拉手风琴的正在演奏弗兰西斯科人的秘密继承者——一个主教的侄女——拉法埃尔·埃斯卡洛娜的歌曲。沙龙主人的一只手臂枯萎了，仿佛被烧过了，原来有一次他竟敢举手揍他的母亲。他邀奥雷连诺·布恩蒂亚共饮一瓶酒，奥雷连诺· 布恩蒂亚也请他喝了一瓶。沙龙主人向他讲了讲他那只手臂遭到的不幸，奥雷连诺·布恩蒂亚也向沙龙主人谈了谈他心灵的创伤，他的心也枯萎了，仿佛也被烧过了，因为他竟敢爱上了自己的姑姑。临了，他们两人都扑簌簌地掉下了眼泪，奥雷连诺·布恩蒂亚感到自己的痛苦刹那间消失了。但他独自一人沐浴在马孔多历史上最后的晨曦中，站在广场中央的时候，禁不住张开手臂，像要唤醒整个世界似的，发自内心地高喊道：

“所有的朋友原来全是些狗崽子！”

最后，尼格罗曼塔把他从一汪泪水和一堆呕出的东西中拖了出来。她把他带到自己的房间里，把他身上擦干净，又让他喝了一碗热汤。想到自己的关心能够安慰他，尼格罗曼塔便一笔勾销了他至今还没偿还她的多日情场之账，故意提起自己最忧愁、最痛苦的心事，免得奥雷连诺·布恩蒂亚独自一人哭泣。翌日拂晓，在短暂地沉睡了一觉之后，奥雷连诺·布恩蒂亚醒了过来，他首先感到的是可怕的头痛，然后睁开眼睛，想起了自己的孩子。

[知识积累]

1．aimlessly adv. 漫无目的地

2．take pity on   同情……

3．conscious adj.   神志清醒的；意识到的

4．contemplate vi.   沉思

5．end up    以……结束

[文化链接]

《百年孤独》创作背景

外来文明以一种侵略的态度来吞噬这个家族，于是他们就在这样一个开放的文明世界中持续着“百年孤独”。作者表达着一种精神状态的孤独来批判外来者对拉美大陆的一种精神层面的侵略，以及西方文明对拉美的歧视与排斥。