专题21 中考阅读理解分析讲解课件

这是一份专题21 中考阅读理解分析讲解课件，共47页。PPT课件主要包含了命 题 类，事实细节型，词义猜测型，做题要领，推理判断型，summary，具体如何做，阅读理解的题型 等内容，欢迎下载使用。
阅读理解 阅读能力是一项语言综合运用能力，是对学生综合知识的考查，是英语能力培养的重点项目，是中考的一个重要题型，分值高、题量大。主要包括理解程度和阅读速度。 阅读理解考查的根本是检验学生对有关信息的加工能力。 阅读理解能力的重要标志是阅读速度和理解力的正确率。
阅读基本技能: 1 ．略读skimming（适用于判断短文 主旨大意及中心思想） 2 ．扫读scanning (适用于细节搜索、 捕捉、提取及理解) 3 ．细读Reading in details（适用于推理判断、揣摩、理解作者意图）(五个W, wh, what, when, where, why)
阅读理解的命题依据:1 ﹑理解主旨和要义 2 ﹑理解文中的具体位置3 ﹑根据上下文推断生词的词义4 ﹑作出判断和推理5 ﹑理解文章的基本结构6 ﹑理解作者的意图﹑观点和态度
事实细节型
词 义 猜 测 型
推 理 判 断 型
Step Tw: Hw t Deal with the Prblems n Reading Cmprehensin
一、主旨大意题 （做题要领）
1. 干扰项 可能属文中某个具体事实或细节。
2. 干扰项 可能属从文中某些 (不完全的) 事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
3. 干扰项 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。
正确答案的出处应多读文章的第一段或最后一段，或每个段落的第一句或最后一句。
（2013云南）65. What’s the main idea f the passage? A. The lady intrduces healthy drinks. B. The lady cares abut fd cst. C. The lady fights besity in students. D. The lady feel wrried abut the height. （2012云南）60. What's the best title(标题) f this passage?A. Lei Feng Spirit B. Lei Feng's DeathC. Lei Feng's Gd Neighbrs D. University Student Vlunteers（2012云南）65. What's the main idea f the passage'? A. Never make mistakes. B. Yu can make mistakes withut thinking.C. Smetimes it's gd t make mistakes.D. Making mistakes is terrible.（2014 云南）59. The passage is mainly written fr _____. A. students at schl B. peple wh dn’t like runningC. students wh never have breakfast D. peple wh want t imprve health
主旨大意题的常见的提问形式:
1、The title (标题) f the passage can be________.2、The main idea f this passage is______.3、The main idea f the first/secnd/last paragraph is_____.4、What is this passage abut?
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节的问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, wh, which, where, hw, why 等。
解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
2013 云南51. The man with his ld axe fell int the river. 52. The fairy came ut and asked what was wrng with him. 53. The sad man nly wanted the gld and silver axes. 54. The fairy fund his lst axe fr the man.2012云南59. Which f the fllwing is NOT TRUE accrding t the passage?A, Lei Feng gave his mney t anther sldier's parents.B. Lei Feng bught a ticket fr a wman and he tld his name t her.C, Lei Feng always helped thers. "D. We shuld learn frm Lei Feng,63. What des the lady want the shps t d? A. T ffer gym classes. B. T plant a vegetable garden. C. T serve meals with less fat. D. T sell healthier fds. 57. Wh brught Lei Feng up?A. His parents B. Chairman Ma C. His neighbrs D. Sldiers64. When yu make a mistake, yu are clser t_______trine B. mney C. success D. everything60. Sun Htel is pen fr ________ mnths f the year. A. nine B. ten C. eleven D. twelve
在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节问题常有以下几种命题方式：
1）Which f the fllwing statement is true/nt true?2）Which f the fllwing is mentined/ nt mentined in the passage?3）Accrding t the passage, when ( where, why, hw, wh, what, which, etc.)___?
同义法 常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或r，顺接关系。Eg：（2012佛山）Mbile phnes can be carried with us wherever we travel. Sme phnes can even let yu take pictures. And these images can be sent t ther mbile phnes. 49.What des the underlined wrd “images” mean? A. pictures B. messages C. telephnes D. letters
反义法 如 but, while, hwever, nt at all等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定，转折关系。Eg: He is s hmely,nt at all as handsme as his brther. 根据“nt at all handsme ”不难推测“hmely”的意思是不好看的。
释义法 ： 对文章中的生词用定语（从句）、表语甚至于用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。Eg:Make sure yurself and thers are all right aftershcks—after the earthquake. 通过破折号后的after the earthquake, 不难猜出aftershcks 是余震的意思。情景推断法：Eg: If traffic is heavy, the taxi will be slw. During the mrnings and afternns , there is the “rush hur”. 根据情景可以推断“rush hur ”为（上下班）交通高峰时刻的意思。
词义猜测型的常见的提问形式: 1、What des the underlined wrd “ ” mean?（新单词考法） 2、What des “it” mean in the passage? What d “ they ” mean in the passage? 3、What des “ it ” refer t? What d “ they ” refer t?(代词考法)此类题型在中考中一般占1题（2分）
（2013云南） 62. The wrd “besity” in the secnd paragraph means ________ in Chinese. 厌食症 B. 抑郁症 C. 肥胖症 D. 强迫症（2012云南） 58. The underlined phrase "gd deeds" means __ in Chinese. A. 好人 B. 好事 C. 好梦 D. 好主意（2014云南）62. The underlined wrds straight A’s in Paragraph 2 mean ___A___ in Chinese. A. 全优 B.及格 C.中等 D.不及格（2014云南） 65. When the writer says “my new friend” in the last paragraph, she is talking abut__B___. A. her sn B. her father C. her byfriend D. her father’s friend
1）文中找线索或信息词;2) 根据熟悉的词及词义判断新单词之意； 3）根据上下文判断新词汇在特定句中确切意思。
推理判断题：着重考查学生归纳概括、逻辑推理等综合能力。
以原文内容为前提，根据作者的观点理论（非考生观点），客观地对文中未明显说明的现象或事例给予合理的逻辑推断，做出一定解释。
透过现象看本质，领悟作者思想倾向、观点、立场、语气及态度等。
推理判断题（做题要领）
既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。
（2013云南） 55. Frm the stry, we knw that an hnest man may get mre. （2012云南） 55. Accrding t the passage, ur life in the future will be better.（2014云南） 64. What des the writer think f her father after visiting him in Arizna’? C A. Strict and hard-wrking. B. Mre critical C. Friendly and interesting. D. Mre successful
推理判断题的常见的提问形式: 1、The writer tells us_________. 2、Frm the stry we can see/ learn / say_____ 3、Accrding t(根据) the passage, we knw that____
根据近几年阅读理解的题目类型，中考试题中，仍以主旨大意型和事实细节型为主，词义猜测和推理判断为辅。
1、词汇量2、阅读理解能力3、语言敏感性4、语言准确性5、思维逻辑性6、心理素质
研究《课标》、《考试说明》及近几年中考题，心中有数，全盘筹划精心安排阶段性教学，灵活复习。
试题特点：基础性、工具性、 教育性、交际性、真实性、运用性、综合性、开放性和时代性。提高语篇理解能力，语言运用能力，培养敏锐的洞察力。
A篇短文，根据短文内容，判断下列句子的正误。正确的填“T”,错误的填“F”。（共5小题，每小题1分，满分5分）
B 、C两篇短文，根据短文内容，从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出正确选项。每篇共5小题，每小题2分，满分10分）
题材: 故事集萃、饮食与健康、校园生活、人物传记、广告图标图 表、自然与环保、文化风俗、科普知识与现代技术、建议励志、热点话题等。体裁: 记叙文、说明文、应用文等。
类型一：判断型 云南近4年判断正误型阅读话题包括事物介绍（7次），哲理故事（3次），人物传记（3次），幽默故事（2次），环境保护（1次），健康（1次），广告海报（2次）和家庭教育（1次）。分析云南近4年判断正误型阅读理解，其词数在160-230词之间，主要考察学生对阅读材料的细节理解能力。
A Sme peple think that chicken sup is gd fr a cld. Others believe that it is unhealthy nt t eat meat. The questin is, are they right? Here are sme facts. Fr centuries, peple have believed that chicken sup helps t fight a cld. Nw, dctrs say it may be true. They think that chicken sup has smething that stps a cld frm getting wrse. Heat frm the sup can als make a persn feel better. Many peple think that it is unhealthy nt t have meat. 1t is true that meat, especially red meat, has prtein(蛋白质)that the bdy needs. A persn wh desn’t eat meat can get enugh prtein and be healthy by eating tfu, eggs, and sme vegetables. A study shwed that tea is better than cffee. Tea has smething that can prtect yur heart, fight cancer, and make yu less fat. Cffee des nt d this. Many peple believe that bread and ptates can easily make peple fat. In fact, bread and ptates d nt have fat in them. But eating t much and nt exercising can make peple fat. Als, adding things like butter t them can raise the chance f becming fat. 根据短文内容，判断下列句子的正误。正确的填“T” 错误的填“F”，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。(共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分) （ ） 51. It is helpful t eat sme chicken sup t fight a cld. （ ） 52. T get enugh prtein and be healthy, peple must eat meat. （ ）53. Prtein can be fund in tfu, eggs and sme vegetables. （ ）54. Tea is better than cffee in fighting cancer. （ ）55. Peple wh like bread and ptates becme fat easily.
类型二：选择型 云南近4年选择型阅读话题包括事物介绍（10次），哲理故事（9次），文化交流和差异（8次），情感故事（6次），人物传记（4次），健康（3次），家庭、社会教育（3次），环保（2次），广告海报（1次）。考察方式以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，穿插设置标题归纳题、词义猜测题和主旨大意题。 每篇短文词汇量在180-260字之间，时代气息浓，可读性强，语篇难度适中，文字表达通俗易懂。
B Smetimes it may seem difficult t imprve ur health. If s, the fllwing health habits may help yu. Eat breakfast every mrning. Research shws that if yu eat a meal in the mrning yu may nt becme t fat r eat t much during lunch. Dating breakfast can help peple feel better thrugh the day. Get enugh sleep. Pr sleep can influence ur memry and learning. It can als cause traffic accident! Studies shw that peple wh dn’t get enugh sleep seem t get int mre accidents. S stay safe and get enugh sleep! Take a walk every day. Walking is an easy way t exercise. Yu’d better meet friends fr a walk, nt fr a meal. As yu walk, yu will see the beautiful wrld arund yu. Once yu try, yu will find that adding a walk int yur daily life is very easy. Jin scial grups. Scial grups can prvide supprt. They might include sprt teams, art r music grups. The peple in the grup can ffer advice and can help each ther in difficult times. Als, being in a grup keeps yur mind busy. An active mind is a healthy mind! Have a hbby. A hbby culd be running, reading r making smething with yur hands. Hbbies help peple t relax and rest. Hbbies bring us jy as well.根据短文内容，从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出正确选项，并将所选答案涂到答题卡的相应位置上。(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)
56. Yu may have a gd memry and learn better if yu___ A. eat breakfast every mrning B. have a gd sleep C. take a walk every day D. jin a scial grup
57. If yu need help and want t help thers, yu’d better _______. A. invite yur friend t a meal B. make smething with yur friends C. becme a member f a scial grup D. have a hbby
58. Which f the fllwing is TRUE? A. If yu have breakfast every mrning, yu’ll be fat. B. All the traffic accidents are caused by pr sleep. C. T jin a scial grup helps yu have a healthy mind. D. Having a hbby is the best way t relax.
59. The passage is mainly written fr _____. A. students at schl B. peple wh dn’t like running C. students wh never have breakfast D. peple wh want t imprve health
60. Which is the best title(标题)f the passage? A. Ways t Imprve Yur Health B. Reasns fr Keeping healthy C. Gd Habits D. Breakfast and Exercise
C Last week my yungest sn and I visited my father at his new huse in Arizna. He mved there a few years ag, and I wanted very much t see his new place and meet his friends. In my earliest memries my father was a tall, handsme and successful man. He lved his wrk and family, but was uncmfrtable with his children. As a child I lved him; as a schl girl and yung adult I was afraid f him. He seemed unhappy with me unless I gt straight A’s in my study and unhappy with my byfriends if their fathers were nt as “successful” as he was. Whenever I went ut with him n weekends, I used t try hard t think up things t say t prtect myself. On the first day f my visit, we went ut with ne f my father’s friends fr lunch. We walked alng that afternn, did sme shpping, ate n the street table, and laughed ver my sn’s funny talks. My father’s critical(挑剔的)air and strict rules were gne. He seemed s friendly and interesting t be with us. The next day my dad pulled ut his childhd pictures and tld me many stries abut his wn childhd. Althugh ur times tgether became easier ver the years, I never felt clser t him at that mment. After s many years, I’m at last seeing anther side f my father. And in s ding, I’m happy with my new friend. My dad, in this new hme in Arizna, is back t me frm where he was.
根据短文内容，从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出正确选项，并将所选答案涂到答题卡的相应位置上（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）61. The father was unhappy with the writer because________. A. he didn’t like her B. he expected t much f her C. she had a byfriend D. she was uncmfrtable62. The underlined wrds straight A’s in Paragraph 2 mean ___A___ in Chinese. A. 全优 B.及格 C.中等 D.不及格63. When the writer went ut with his father fr a walk n weekends she felt __D__. A. tired B. happy C. satisfied D. nervus64. What des the writer think f her father after visiting him in Arizna’? C A. Strict and hard-wrking. B. Mre critical C. Friendly and interesting. D. Mre successful.65. When the writer says “my new friend” in the last paragraph, she is talking abut__B___. A. her sn B. her father C. her byfriend D. her father’s friend
2015年云南省中考阅读理解的命题趋势：
选材侧重科学文化、生活哲理等； 阅读量可能逐渐增多，知识面逐步拓宽，难度系数逐年加大；题目设置包含直接理解、间接理解、综合分析题。
1、快速浏览。2、带着问题，找答案。 （找出处、划线）3、仔细斟酌不确定的答案。4、核对。（总体把握）
阅读理解答题步骤 如何才能巧答阅读理解题呢？可以采取以下几种应试技巧和解题步骤：
注意：先看试题,然后带着问题再看文章.
结合自己的实际情况，进行具体的指导和有针对性的学习，巩固所学，弥补不足，实现各自在原有基础上的进步。“学什么，考什么”, 全面复习所学的基础知识和基本技能，熟记课本词汇。有意识、有计划地增加英语阅读量，题材、体裁多样化.
训练学生阅读理解的解题方法与技巧：
略读全文，抓住话题，掌握主旨大意。寻读，阅读题目，带着问题到短文中寻找相关段落或句子。研读，找到相关段落和语句，认真斟酌，透过表层结构，领会深层含义。复读，内在联系，避免错误或疏漏。
Misunderstandings:
误区一：重字词轻语篇误区二：重兴趣轻学习 误区三：重听说轻读写误区四：重朗读轻默读
许多同学在做阅读理解部分时，最大感受就是时间紧、答题项迷惑性大，因而很难又快又准地选出答案。那么，做阅读理解除了平时多读多看多练之外，还有什么好的方法呢？在没有足够时间仔细阅读或文章太难而看不懂的情况下应该怎样答题呢？下面是一些我常教学生的阅读理解方法和技巧。
第一、摆正心态、化难为易 不要以为阅读理解很难不容易得分，恰恰相反，阅读理解是所有题型中最容易得分，也是完全能够得高分（甚至满分）的题型。
阅读理解题和其他题型不一样，它呈现的是一片完完整整、没有任何隐瞒和挖空的文章，每一个题目的答案全部直接或间接蕴含在原文中了，你所做的事情就是把答案从原文中找出来，除了要具备词汇、语法这些基本功之外，就是看你够不够聪明和细心了。
而其他任何题型（单选、完型、写作等），都不是给你一个完整的句子或文章，要么挖了空让你填，要么完全靠自己写，会不会做除了靠基本功外，还有啥办法呢？（英语的知识成百上千，考到一个你不会的，就很难做对了。）而阅读呢，就一个字“找”，带着问题找答案。Eg:2014年中考阅读51、52、53、54、55、56、57、58、61、63、64、65小题。
第二、边读边划、原文检查 阅读理解的每一个题都可以直接或间接地从原文中找到对应句子来推断答案，所以，依据原文是做阅读理解题的最可靠方法。
从阅读理解的题型设计上来看，不外乎就是细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、猜测词义题等几种常见题型，而这几种题型都不离开原文，所以找到原文后推敲，注意肯定与否定，前缀与后缀等等。
第三：课堂引导、课后积累 我在上阅读理解课时，常用：
我的复习拙见: 英语知识是综合性的知识，听、说、读、写缺一不可，是相辅相成，相互促进的。所以，在复习中，我认为应 抓住课本，因为知识来源于课本。复习以三轮为主：第一轮，过教材。五本书的词汇、句型，打牢基础。第二轮：专题复习。主要是语法专项突破，并加以大量的练习。第三轮：查缺补漏，考前再次查找自己的知识漏洞，提高解题技巧和能力。对于阅读理解来说，我认为从开始复习时，就应该增加阅读量，一天两篇，讲解一篇，自读一篇，各种题材都训练。在冲刺阶段，加大阅读量，一天三篇，以解题技巧为主，让学生限时读，抓各段主旨，找细节，让学生能快而准的得高分。
教师备考应建立在“六知”基础上
“知考” “知书” “知己”“知生” “知练” “知法”
Game• Played inside n a hard ______ ______ teams get _______ int ther team’s ______
Ppularity• Played by _____________________ peple ver ______ cuntries
mre than 100 millin
Develpment• invented by _______________ first game n __________________ became Olympic event in ____in the year____ mst famus games: _________ ppular games in China: __________
James Naismith
December 21, 1891