2020新课标高考牛津版英语第一轮总复习讲义：第2部分第六讲　情态动词和虚拟语气

第六讲　情态动词和虚拟语气情态动词和虚拟语气也是高考英语非常重要的一个语法项目。毋庸置疑，熟练掌握其用法对于语篇的准确理解大有裨益。另外，在书面表达中恰当地运用情态动词和虚拟语气，则会使文章语言地道，在彰显考生丰厚英语功底的同时，成为吸引阅卷教师的有力法宝。命题趋势：在高考试卷中偶尔会出现在语法填空和短文改错中，常考查情态动词的基本用法；“情态动词＋have done”结构中have done, 或是虚拟语气的基本用法。考点一　can，could与be able to的用法①The police still haven't found the lost child，but they're doing all they can.警察还没有找到那个丢失的孩子，但是他们正在竭尽全力地寻找。(现在的能力)②If you have a good sleep，you will be able to solve this problem.(将来的能力)如果你好好睡一觉，你将能够解决这个问题。③The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.(过去有能力做并且成功地做了某事)尽管这场大火迅速蔓延到了整个宾馆，但是每个人都逃了出去。④I could have worked out the problem，but I was too nervous.(本来有能力做但未做)我本来可以解决这个问题，但我太紧张了。⑤How could you do such a silly thing？(表示惊讶)你怎么能做这样的蠢事呢？⑥Can I have a word with you？It won't take long.(表示请求)我可以和你谈谈吗？不会花很长时间的。[规律总结]1．表示现在的能力：can，am/is/are able to。2．表示将来的能力：will be able to。3．表示过去的能力：could表示过去的能力，不表示是否成功地做了；was/were able to表示过去有能力做而且成功地做了。4．can/could表示惊讶，常用在否定句和疑问句中。5．can/could表示礼貌地请求别人做某事，意为“能，可以”。考点二　may与might的用法①—May I play basketball this afternoon?—No，you can't.“今天下午我可以打篮球吗？”“不，不行。”②—What are you doing this Saturday?—I'm not sure，but I might go to The Rolling Stones concert.“本周六你打算干什么？”“还说不定，但我可能会去滚石乐队的音乐会。”③If you think the price of beef is too high，you might as well buy some pork.It depends on you.如果你认为牛肉太贵的话，你不妨买些猪肉。你自己决定。[规律总结]1．表示请求、允许时，might比may的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时要用mustn't，表示“不可以”“禁止”“阻止”之意。2．may/might还可以表示推测，意为“可能”。3．“may/might as well＋动词原形”意为“最好，倒不如”。考点三　must的用法①That car is my property；you mustn't use it without my permission.那辆车是我的财产，你必须得到我的允许才能使用。②Progress must lead to a better life and a better way of doing things.发展一定会促成一种更好的生活，更好的做事情的方法。③If you must go，at least wait until the storm is over.如果你非要走的话，至少等到暴风雨结束。[规律总结]　1．must用于否定句，表示“禁止”，表示说话者的命令或指令，语气比较强烈。2．must表示必要性，意为“必须”。3．must表示偏执、固执，意为“非得，偏要”。考点四　need与dare的用法①As far as I'm concerned，you needn't worry about us now.就我个人而言，你现在没有必要担心我们。②Adults need to live their own lives and that's difficult with children.成年人需要靠自己的能力生存，但有了孩子就很难做到了。③How dare you say I'm unfair?你竟敢说我不公平？④He daren't/doesn't dare (to) speak English before such a crowd.在这么多人面前他不敢说英语。[规律总结]　1．need作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。2．dare作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用在肯定句中。3．dare和need用作实义动词时，有时态、人称和数的变化。在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带to的不定式；在否定和疑问句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。考点五　will与would的用法①Would you mind opening the window for me?请你给我打开窗户好吗？②Due to its great importance，every student in China would do his best to get ready for it，and I am no exception.由于它的重要性，在中国每一个学生都会做最好的准备，我也不例外。③Every morning he will have a walk along this river.每天早晨，他总是沿着小河散步。④Mum would tell us stories before we went to bed.过去在我们上床睡觉前，妈妈总给我们讲故事。[规律总结]1．表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。2．will和would表示意志、愿望和决心。3．will可以表示一种习惯性的动作，有“总是”或“总要”之意。4．would可以表示过去的习惯性动作，比used to正式，但没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。考点六　shall，should与ought to的用法①—What time shall I pick you up at your house tomorrow，sir?—I haven't decided on the time.But I will call you.“先生，我明天什么时候到你家接你呢？”“我还没有决定时间，但是我会给你打电话的。”②You shall not get my support if you do such a thing.假如你做那种事，你就得不到我的支持。③What do you mean，there are only ten tickets？There should be twelve.你说的是什么意思？只有10张票吗？本来应该有12张票的。④With all his money，he should worry about a little thing like 5 cents!有那么多钱，他竟然为像5分钱一样的小事而烦恼！⑤You ought not to be late for such an important meeting.这么重要的会议你不应该迟到的。⑥According to the newly­made traffic regulation，whoever drives through a red light shall be fined at least 200 dollars.根据新的交通法规，不论谁驾车闯红灯，都要被罚款至少200美元。[规律总结]1．shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。2．shall用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。3．should表示义务、职责等，意为“应该”。4．Why/How＋should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解。有感到意外、惊异等意思，意为“竟会”。5．ought to表示应该。6．shall还可表示法律、规定和条例中规定的“应该”。考点七　情态动词表推测的用法①You'd better put on a heavy coat.Sometimes it can be very cold here at night.你最好穿上一件厚的大衣。在这里晚上有时很冷。②Mr.Bush is on time for everything.How can it be that he was late for the meeting?布什先生做什么事情都很准时。他怎么可能开会迟到呢？③It couldn't be the vocabulary that caused you the problem in the exercise because you know a lot of words.你难以完成那道练习题，不可能是词汇量的原因，因为你掌握了大量的词汇。④—You needn't take an umbrella.It isn't going to rain.—Well.I don't know.It might do.“你不需要带伞，不会下雨的。”“哦，我不知道。也许会下雨。”⑤—Good morning，I've got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department.—Ah，good morning.You must be Mrs.Peters.“早上好，我和人事部的史密斯小姐有约。”“啊哈，早上好。那您一定就是皮特斯女士了。”⑥There shouldn't be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.因为你在驾校训练了那么多，通过路考应该没什么困难。[规律总结]1．can用于肯定句中表示客观的可能性，意为“有时会”；用于疑问句中可以表示推测，意为“可能”，有时表示一种惊讶的语气；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，can't意为“不可能”，语气很强烈。2．may/might用于肯定句中可以用来表示不十分肯定的推测，意为“有可能”；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，may not意为“可能不”，表示一种不太确定的语气。3．must表示推测时只能用于肯定句中，意为“一定，必定”，表示十分肯定的语气(在疑问句中或否定句中要用can/could)。4．should用来表示推测时意为“应该”，即含有“按道理来说应当如此”的意思。考点八　情态动词＋have done的用法①You ought to have come to the party yesterday，but why didn't you come?昨天你本来应该参加聚会的，可是你为什么没来？②—Ye Shiwen won two gold medals in London Olympic Games.—She must have gone through tough training.“叶诗文在伦敦奥运会获得了两枚金牌。”“她肯定受过严格的训练。”③—Do you know where David is？I couldn't find him anywhere.—Well.He can't have gone far—his coat's still here.“你知道大卫在哪里吗？我到处都找不到他。”“大卫的上衣还在这里，因此他肯定没走远。”④I could have saved the poor rabbit，but I didn't have the right drugs with me at that moment.我本来可以拯救那只可怜的兔子的，可是我当时没有合适的药品。[规律总结]1．表示“后怕、责备或遗憾”should/ought to have done原本应该做……(但未做到)should not/ought not to have done原本不应该做……(但做了)could have done原本能做might have done可能做过could not have done一定没有做过might not have done可能没做过needn't have done原本不必做2.表示“对过去事实的推断”must have done肯定已经……；当时必然……may have done或许已经……can't have done不可能已经……考点九　if条件句中的虚拟语气1．与现在事实相反We would go with you if we had time.如果我们有时间，就和你一起去。2．与过去事实相反If you had taken my advice，you would not have failed in the exams.如果你早听了我的建议，你考试就能通过了。3．与将来事实相反If it should rain this afternoon，the basketball match would be put off.要是今天下午下雨，篮球比赛就延期举行。4．错综时间条件句If you had worked hard yesterday，you would be tired now.如果你昨天工作很辛苦的话，那你现在就会感到很疲劳。(从句指过去，主句指现在)[规律总结]if条件从句从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式表示现在情况动词过去式(be的过去式用were)should/would/could/might＋动词原形表示过去情况had＋过去分词should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词表示将来情况should＋动词原形should/would/could/might＋动词原形动词过去式were to＋动词原形如果虚拟条件句中含有were/had/should，有时可把if省略，将were/had/should提至主语之前，形成倒装句；否定形式的not不可提到主语前。Should it rain tomorrow，we would have to cancel the picnic.如果明天下雨，我们将不得不取消野餐。考点十　含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气①We lost our way in that small village，otherwise we would have visited more places of interest yesterday.我们在那个小村庄迷路了，否则的话，我们昨天能参观更多的名胜。②—Did you make it at last?—Yes.But for your help，it would have caused a serious loss.“你最终成功了吗？”“是的，要不是你的帮助，可能会导致严重的损失。”[规律总结]有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示，而是由otherwise，but，or，without，but for等来引导或者通过上下文引出。考点十一　(should)do 结构中的虚拟语气①The school recommends parents not permit their children to swim in rivers or lakes during summer holidays.学校建议父母在暑假不要允许他们的小孩在河里或湖里游泳。②It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week.人们建议会议推迟到下周。③My idea is that we (should) think it over before accepting it.我的意见是在接受之前我们要反复考虑。④Your suggestion that the door (should) be shut when we leave is reasonable.你的那个当我们离开的时候应该关上门的建议是合理的。[规律总结]1．用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后的宾语从句中常见的动词有：demand，order，require，insist，suggest，propose，advise，request，urge，command，prefer，desire，recommend等。宾语从句中的虚拟语气结构为“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。2．用于主语从句中在It is desired/suggested/proposed/recommended/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/essential＋that从句中，从句的谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。3．用于表语从句和同位语从句中在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，request，advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。考点十二　其他句型中的虚拟语气①When my father is upset，he would rather we left him alone.当我的父亲烦恼的时候，他更喜欢我们不打扰他。②It's high time that we devoted ourselves to environmental protection and ecological improvement.是我们致力于环境保护和生态改善的时候了。③She speaks English as if/as though she were a native of New York.她讲英语时好像她是一位纽约本地人。④Look at the trouble we're in.If only we had taken our teacher's advice!看看我们所处的困境，要是我们接受老师的建议就好了！[规律总结]1．would rather后的宾语从句中，表示愿望，意为“宁愿；但愿”。用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。2．在“It is(about/high)time＋that从句”中，谓语动词常用过去式或“should＋动词原形”表示虚拟语气。3．as if，as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反用一般过去时；与过去事实相反用过去完成时。4．if only引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气表示愿望。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2017·高考天津卷改编)—Do you have Betty's phone number?—Yes. Otherwise, I ________(be) able to reach her yesterday.2．(2017·高考江苏卷改编)________ it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.3．(2016·高考北京卷改编)I love the weekend，because I ________ get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.4．You ________ be Carol.You haven't changed a bit after all these years.5．It was so noisy that we ________ hear ourselves speak.6．I ________ (need) have worried before I came to the new school，for my classmates here are very friendly to me.7．You ________ feel all the training a waste of time，but I'm a hundred percent sure later you'll be grateful you did it.8．I wish I ________ (be) at my sister's wedding last Tuesday，but I was on a business trip in New York then.9．Ellen is a fantastic dancer.I wish I ________ (dance) as well as her.10. If I ________ (see) it with my own eyes，I wouldn't have believed it.【答案】1.wouldn't have been　2.Were　3.needn't　4.must5．couldn't　6.needn't　7.may　8.had been　9.danced　10.hadn't seenⅡ.单句改错1．You may be careful with the camera.It costs!_____________________________________________________________2．—Sorry，Mum! I failed the job interview again.—Oh，it's too bad.You must have made full preparations._____________________________________________________________3．—Catherine，I have cleaned the room for you.—Thanks.You shouldn't have done it.I could have managed it myself._____________________________________________________________4．Tom，you needn't leave all your clothes on the floor like this!_____________________________________________________________5．—Excuse me.Is this the right way to the Bird's Nest?—Very sorry，I'm not sure.But it must be._____________________________________________________________【答案】1.may→must　2.must→should　3.shouldn't→needn't　4.needn't→mustn't　5.must→mightⅢ.语法填空AMiss Fang couldn't read for very long without getting a headache.Her mother told her that she 1.________ go to the Health Service and see a doctor.“You should see a doctor as soon as possible，” she said.“You 2.________ need glasses.”When Miss Fang had free time，she went to the Health Service.The appointment clerk said that the doctor 3.________ see her at 3：30.Miss Fang replied that she 4.________ not be able to be there at 3：30 because she had a class then.“The doctor 5.________ take you at about ten to four.” The appointment clerk suggested.“6.________ I put you down for ten to four，or would you rather come tomorrow？”Miss Fang thought she 7.________ (not) waste any more time.The teacher shouldn't be unhappy if she asked for permission to leave the class a little earlier，as he was always so kind to everyone.And she replied，“I think I 8.________  make it at ten to four.”Miss Fang went to the class.She asked her teacher，“9.________ I leave at 3：45 today? I 10.________ have an eye examination.” As expected，the teacher said，“Yes，of course you can.”【答案】1.should　2.might　3.could　4.would　5.might6．Shall　7.shouldn't　8.can　9.May/Can　10.mustBI am a middle school student.I have many dreams.If there 1.________ (be)not so much homework，I would have more time to do what I like to do.How I wish I 2.________ (listen) to my favorite music for an hour a day and 3.________ (play) table tennis for an hour in the morning.It's my desire that we 4.________ (hold) evening parties or 5.________ (organize) some interesting activities at weekend.I suggest that there 6.________ (be)not so many tests.You can imagine what life 7.________ (will) be if I 8.________ (realize) my dream.But I must face the exams.Without good marks，I 9.________ (will) not enter my ideal university.Anyway，it's high time that I 10.________ (encourage) myself and worked hard from now on.【答案】1.were　2.listened　3.played　4.(should) hold5．(should) organize　6.(should) be　7.would8．realized/should realize/were to realize　9.would10．encouraged/should encourage