2021版英语全能大一轮复习人教版讲义：语法精讲强化系列二非谓语动词　

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语法精讲强化系列
二、非谓语动词　


考纲解读
近几年高考主要考查非谓语动词的作用和形式。在作用方面, 主要考查作宾语时用不定式还是动名词; 作宾语、状语、补语时用不定式还是分词; 它们作某一成分时的特殊情况及特殊结构。在形式方面, 主要考查用一般式还是用完成式、主动式还是被动式、现在分词还是过去分词。
考题链接
Ⅰ. 用所给词的适当形式填空
1. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You don’t have to run fast or for long to see(see)the benefit.  
2. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ) I can’t imagine doing(do) anything else with my life.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
3. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.
(sell改为selling)
4. (2018·天津高考)I started doing anything I could help them build a little pride. (help前加to)
5. (2017·全国卷Ⅱ)When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
(pick前加to)
6. (2018·天津高考)My boys beat the best team in Georgia, gave me one of the greatest thrills of my life!
(gave改为giving)
解题思路
1. 分析结构, 确定句型
分析句子结构, 弄明白要填的动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。如果句子中已经有谓语动词, 且没有and, but, so, if, when等连词连接并列谓语、并列句或从句, 而且标点是逗号时, 就要考虑此处所给动词为非谓语动词。
【例1】He was told(tell)many times, but he still couldn’t understand it .  
【例2】Having been told(tell)many times, he still couldn’t understand it.  
【点拨】句1中用连词but连接两个并列分句, 因此, 前面也是个独立句子成分, 故填He was told。句2中用逗号隔开, 且无连词引导, 因此, 前面不是句子结构, 只是句子的一个成分, 故填Having been told, 用非谓语动词作状语。
2. 确定非谓语动词在句中所作成分(如状语、定语或宾语补足语等), 并分析其逻辑主语
确定要选非谓语动词之后, 要分析其在句子中充当的成分(如状语、定语或宾语补足语等)。然后再找出其相应的逻辑主语: 作定语时, 被修饰的词是其逻辑主语; 做状语时, 句子的主语是其逻辑主语; 作宾语补足语时, 句子的宾语是其逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时, 其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致, 则须加上自己的逻辑主语。
【例】It being Sunday, we have no class.
【点拨】句中表示原因, 应用独立主格结构, 即加上其逻辑主语it。
3. 分析语态
分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后, 分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。
【例1】Seen(see)from space, the earth looks blue.
【例2】Seeing(see)from space, we can see the earth is blue.
【点拨】这两个题中的非谓语动词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。句1. “地球”被“看起来”, 表被动, 应用过去分词表被动。句2. 我们“主动看……”即表主动, 用现在分词表主动。
4. 分析时态, 在选定了主动或被动后, 还要考虑动作发生的时间问题, 即时态。
【例1】The building being built(build)now will be a restaurant.  
【例2】The building to be built(build)next year will be a restaurant .  
【例3】The building built(build)last year is a restaurant.
【点拨】句1中 now 说明大楼正在被建, 故用进行时。句2中next year 说明大楼将在明年被建, 故用表将来的不定式。句3中 last year 说明大楼已建好, 用过去分词表完成。
根据以上步骤, 可正确分析和掌握非谓语动词在考题中的准确应用。
考点清单
考点1 非谓语动词作状语
1. 不定式作状语
(1)原因状语多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后。
(2)目的状语可与so as to/in order to替换, 但so as to一般不可置于句首。
(3)结果状语常表示意想不到的结果, 常用only to do。
*I was satisfied to hear the news. (原因状语)
*To catch the first bus, he got up very early. (目的状语)
*I rushed to school only to find nobody was there. (结果状语)
【点津】熟记不定式表结果的固定结构:
only/just. . . to. . . ; too. . . to. . . ; so/such. . . as to. . . ; . . . enough (for sb. ) to. . .
2. 分词作状语
(1)v. -ing形式: 作状语, 用来表时间、条件、让步、原因、伴随、结果等。所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。
(2)v. -ed形式:
a. 作状语, 用来表时间、条件、让步、原因、伴随等。所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。
b. 源于系表结构的部分过去分词作状语, 表示句子主语所处的一种状态。不表示被动关系, 其前不用being, 常见的有: seated(坐着的), hidden(隐藏的), devoted(专注的), surprised/frightened/puzzled at/by(惊奇于/害怕于/困惑于), lost/absorbed in(沉溺于), born in(出身于), dressed in(穿着), tired of(厌烦), faced with(面临)等。
*Not knowing what to do, I had to wait here.
*Given more attention, the children could have grown better.
*Absorbed in reading, we all didn’t hear the sound.
*Having driven all day, we were rather tired.
【点津】①把握分词与句子主语之间的逻辑关系, 区别现在分词与过去分词; ②不定式作结果状语为主观上意想不到的结果, 现在分词作结果状语为客观上顺其自然而产生的结果; ③准确理解形容词化的过去分词作状语的用法; ④动词-ing形式的完成式having done表示分词的动作和句子主语之间是主动关系, 同时分词动作先于句子谓语动词发生。
3. 有些分词或不定式短语作状语, 构成独立结构, 其形式的选择不受上下文的影响。常见的有:
generally speaking一般来说; frankly speaking坦白地说; judging from/by. . . 根据……来判断; considering. . . 考虑到……; taking. . . into consideration考虑到……; to tell you the truth说实话; compared to/with与……相比较; to begin with首先; seeing. . . 鉴于/由于……; supposing假设, 如果; assuming假使; given考虑到, 鉴于; provided/providing (that. . . )如果; concerning关于
4. 独立主格结构
(1)独立主格结构的特点: ①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同, 它独立存在; ②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主动或被动关系; ③独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开。
(2)独立主格结构的构成:
名词/代词+不定式/现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/介词短语。
*Much work to do(=Because he has much work to do), he can’t go to the cinema now.
*Weather permitting(=If weather permits), the party will be held in the garden.
*All the work finished(=Since all the work was finished), he went back home happily.
*He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.
*The lamp on, he fell asleep.
*The teacher came in, book in hand.
用所给词的适当形式填空
(2019·江苏高考)______ (enjoy) the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.  
解题关键: 根据语境可知此处是目的状语, 应用动词不定式。
答案判定: To enjoy

1. (2019·天津高考)Having studied (study) volcanoes for many years, I am still amazed at their beauty as well as their potential to cause great damage.  
2. (2019·北京高考)Nervously facing (face) challenges, I know I will whisper to myself the two simple words “Be yourself”.
3. (2019·江苏高考)A city is the product of the human hand and mind, reflecting (reflect) man’s intelligence and creativity.
4. (2018·北京高考)During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together to share (share) a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.  
5. Given (give) the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.
6. All of us were surprised to see (see) a stranger walk in.  
考点2 非谓语动词作定语
结构形式
功　能
动词
-ing形式
一般式doing
表示动作是主动进行的行为或者正在进行当中
一般式的被动结构being done
表示动作是被动行为且正在进行当中
过去分词done
表示动作是被动完成的行为或者单纯表示已经完成
动词不定式to do
表示将要发生的动作
动词不定式一般式的被动结构to be done
表示将要被做的动作
*That can be a lot more efficient than pages explaining the data.
*The problem discussed at last meeting was of great importance.
*The matter being discussed now is of great importance.
*The problem to be discussed at the next meeting is of great importance.
【点津】①准确判定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系; ②准确判定非谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间, 即是正在进行或已经完成还是将要发生。
用所给词的适当形式填空
(2019 · 全国卷Ⅱ)When we got a call ______(say)she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke.  
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为后置定语, 解释名词call的内容, call与say是主动关系, 应用现在分词形式。
答案判定: saying

用所给词的适当形式填空
1. (2018·浙江11月高考)Larger amounts of caffeine can cause a problem called (call) caffeinism.
2. Do you have the ability to read (read) and write in English?  
3. (2019·北京高考)Earth Day, marked (mark) on 22 April, is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection.
4. (2019·天津高考)Most colleges now offer first-year students a course specially designed (design) to help them succeed academically and personally.
5. What will you do if the people sitting(sit)at the back of the hall have trouble hearing the speech?
考点3 非谓语动词作补足语
1. “五看二听一感觉”的感官动词和短语(see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, feel等)后面的宾语补足语常见的有三种非谓语动词形式(do/doing/done)。do表主动和完成(被动句中to还原), doing表主动或正在进行, done表被动或完成。
*The missing boy was last seen playing near the river.
2. 热点动词let, make, have, get, leave, keep, find等后接非谓语动词形式作补足语。
*I decided to try at all costs to rid them of their fear and dislike of books, and to get them to read oftener.
3. 固定短语, 如advise/allow/encourage/request/warn sb. to do sth. 等。
*Our English teacher advises us to practise speaking more after class.
4. with复合结构常用形式:
*John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it.
*With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly elected president is having a hard time.
*With the little boy leading the way, we had no difficulty finding the village.
用所给词的适当形式填空
(2019·江苏高考)China’s image is improving steadily, with more countries ______(recognize) its role in international affairs.  
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为“with + 名词 +补语”结构, 且more countries和recognize之间是主动关系, 应用现在分词作补语。
答案判定: recognizing

用所给词的适当形式填空
1. (2018·天津高考) I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taken (take).
2. With the homework done(do), the students can go to have a picnic.
3. In the dream Peter saw himself chased(chase)by a fierce wolf, and he woke suddenly with a start.
4. The entrance examination is drawing near, making us trapped(trap)in plenty of exercises.
5. In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing(point)at another person.
考点4 非谓语动词作宾语
非谓语动词中能作宾语的有动名词和不定式:
1. 只能跟动词-ing形式作宾语的动词和短语: suggest, imagine, include, mind, admit, practice, allow, advise, risk, keep, keep on, avoid, escape, enjoy, consider, excuse, finish, miss, insist on, look forward to, feel like, get down to, object to等。
*I admit breaking the window.
*It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like going for a swim?
2. 只能跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语: wish, hope, decide, refuse, promise, pretend, manage, plan, fail, choose, would like等。
*If I fail to appear by 7 o’clock, I will not be coming at all.
3. 既可跟动词-ing形式又可跟不定式的动词和短语: remember, forget, regret, stop, go on, need, start, begin, try等。
*Remember to turn off the lights before you go to bed.
*I remember reading about the earthquake in the newspaper.
4. it作形式宾语, 代替真正作宾语的动词不定式或动名词。
*I think it important to learn English well.
用所给词的适当形式填空
(2019·浙江高考)But some students didn’t want ______(wear) the uniform.  
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为“want to do sth. ”结构, 应用不定式作want的宾语。
答案判定: to wear

Ⅰ. 用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for being (be) Britain’s oldest full-time employee—still working 40 hours a week.
2. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me to stay(stay)and watch.  
3. (2018·浙江高考)I still remember visiting(visit)a friend who’d lived here for five years.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
4. Above all, I have learned that smile is the key to solve any problem. ( solve改为solving)
5. On the other hand, we can use the water we just used to watering plants. (watering改为 water)
6. I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes. (wear改为wearing)
考点5 非谓语动词作主语、表语或其他
1. 非谓语动词中能作主语的有动词-ing形式和不定式。
(1)动词-ing形式作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性动作, 不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。
(2)it作形式主语, 代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词。常见句型有:
It is/was no use/good + doing sth. ;
It is/was not any use/good + doing sth. ;
It is/was of little use/good + doing sth. ;
It is/was useless doing sth. ;
It’s a waste of time doing sth. ;
It is important/necessary/impossible to do sth. 等。
【点津】在语篇中, 注意所填空前是否有it, 并进一步判定是不是形式主语或形式宾语it, 从而快速判定所填空是否要用to do或doing的相应形式。
2. 非谓语动词中能作表语的有动词-ing形式、动词-ed形式和不定式。注意动词-ing形式作表语意为“令人感到……的”, 而动词-ed形式作表语意为“本身感到……的”。
*The news was exciting and we were excited the whole night.
3. 固定句式do/have/其他动词+sth. +but (to) do sth. 中的不定式用法。此结构要遵循前有实义动词do, but后则无to, 反之则有to的原则。
*He did nothing but save the child without hesitation.
*She had no choice but to cry in face of the difficulty.
4. 非谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
(1)在need, want, require, deserve, bear等动词以及worth等形容词的后面, 动词-ing形式主动形式表示被动意义, 其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
*The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这房子需要修理。
(2)在某些“主语(人/物)+be+形容词+不定式”中, 不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。
*The problem is difficult to work out.
这道题很难计算出。
用所给词的适当形式填空
(2019·天津高考)______ (learn) to think critically is an important skill today’s children will need for the future.  
解题关键: 根据句子结构可知, 本句缺少主语成分, 故用动名词作主语。
答案判定: Learning

用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to get (get) there.  
2. (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Now my dream is to open (open) a cafe.  
3. (2018·北京高考)Traveling (travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.

基础题组
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. Dressed(dress)in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.
2. He glanced over at her, noting(note)that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.
3. The manager, making(make)it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room.
4. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk losing(lose)the good opportunity.
5. You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it explained(explain)often enough.
6. We have been away for a long time, as you know, so our room needs cleaning/to be cleaned(clean).  
7. There are hundreds of visitors waiting(wait)in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Gogh’s paintings.
8. It is difficult to imagine his accepting(accept)the decision without any consideration.
9. When comparing(compare)different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
10. Mr Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one to blame(blame).  
11. Five people won the “China’s Green Figure” award, a title given(give)to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
1. The World Health Organization and other organizations are working improve health all over the world.
(working后加to)
2. Get up late not only affects your studies but also is a bad habit. (Get改为Getting)
3. Over 1, 000 patients suffered from eye problems have received medical treatment. (suffered改为suffering)
4. The new college graduate insisted on being sending where he was most needed. (sending改为sent)
5. Time permitted, I’ll go over all these lessons before the exam. (permitted改为permitting)
6. I dream of standing on the platform in the classroom and give lessons to lovely boys and girls. (give改为giving)
7. Although he is stubborn, he is not difficult to get along. (在along后加with)
8. In the distance, some lovely children were seen ride on the backs of the cows. (ride改为riding)
9. They don’t have the ability tell right from wrong. (tell前加to)
10. I found the article difficult to be read. (去掉be)
语篇题组
Ⅰ. 语法填空
　　阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1. __________(keep)a diary in English is one of the effective ways to improve our English writing ability.  
2. __________(compare)with other forms of writing, it is shorter and takes less time. It can help us 3. __________(develop)the habit of thinking in English. 4. __________ we persist in this practice, gradually we’ll learn how to express ourselves in English. In keeping a diary in English, we certainly run up against many 5. __________(difficult). In the first place, it often happens that we have trouble 6. __________(find)appropriate words and phrases to give expression to our mind. Secondly, there are many idiomatic ways of saying things in Chinese. And it is extremely hard for us 7. __________(put)them into English properly.  
As far as I 8. __________(concern), my suggestion is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese-English dictionary within easy reach. Whenever something beats us, we can first put it down in our notebook and then consult our dictionary. We can also turn to our English teacher for help if necessary. In short, I believe that it is 9. __________ great use to keep a diary in English for 10. __________ development of our writing skills.  
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章阐述了用英语写日记是一种提高英语写作能力的有效方法, 也可以帮助我们养成用英语思考的习惯。另外谈及了可能会遇到的困难及其应对办法。
1. 【解析】Keeping。考查非谓语动词。从句子结构可以看出, 此处应用v. -ing形式作主语表示泛指的动作。句意: 写英语日记是提高我们英语写作水平的有效途径之一。
2. 【解析】Compared。考查非谓语动词。Compare与其逻辑主语it之间为被动关系, 故填过去分词。句意: 跟其他写作形式相比, 日记更短, 并且花费的时间更少。
3. 【解析】(to)develop。考查非谓语动词。help sb. (to)do sth. 结构中to可省略。句意: 写日记还可以帮助我们培养用英语思考的习惯。
4. 【解析】If。考查状语从句的连接词。根据句式结构可知, 此处填连词, 结合句意可知填If。句意: 如果我们坚持写日记, 渐渐地我们就会学会如何用英语表达我们的意思。
5. 【解析】difficulties。考查词性转换(名词复数)。根据空前面的many可知, 答案为名词的复数。句意: 在用英语写日记时, 我们一定会遇到许多困难。
6. 【解析】finding。考查非谓语动词。have trouble(in)doing sth. “做……有困难”。句意: 首先, 经常发生的事是, 我们很难找到恰如其分的词或短语来表达我们的思想。
7. 【解析】to put。考查非谓语动词。it为形式主语, 真正主语为to do sth. 。句意: 我们很难正确地把它们译成英语。
8. 【解析】am concerned。考查固定句式。as far as sb. be concerned “就某人而言”。句意: 就我而言, 我的建议是我们手边应该总是要有一本笔记本和一本汉英词典。
9. 【解析】of。考查介词。“of+n. ”相当于名词对应的形容词。
10. 【解析】the。考查冠词的特指。在名词前的空格处通常填限定词, 结合语境可知填the。句意: 总之, 我认为用英语写日记对于我们写作能力的培养是非常有用的。
Ⅱ. 短文改错
　　假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文, 请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误, 每句中最多有两处; 每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加: 在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧), 并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除: 把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改: 在错的词下划一横线, 并在该词下面写出修改的词。
注意: 1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
2. 只允许修改10处, 多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Boys and girls,
May I have your attention, please?
There will a lecture in our library, at 4: 00 on Wednesday afternoon. We are very honor to have invited Professor Tang Wenfang, who has been studied cultural differences in Tsinghua University for many years. She will talk about the differences between American and Chinese cultures, that may be quite an interested topic. After a lecture, you are welcome to share your experience in China with everyone else present. Since you have stayed in China for half a year, because you have anything that puzzles to you, it would be great to talk with Mr Tang. He will be glad to communicate with you. Please be present in time.
That’s all. Thank you.
答案:


1. 【解析】第二句will后加be。考查there be句型。There be+n. 句型中要有系动词, 故在will后加be。
2. 【解析】第三句honor改为honored。考查形容词。be动词后用形容词表状态, 同时We are honored to do也是常用句式, 意为“我们对于做……深感荣幸”。故将honor改为honored。
3. 【解析】第三句studied改为studying。考查动词的语态。Professor Tang Wenfang与动词study之间是主动关系, 应用主动语态, 故将studied改为studying。
4. 【解析】第四句that改为which。考查定语从句。这是一个非限制性定语从句, 关系代词在从句中作主语, that不能引导非限制性定语从句, 故将that改为which。
5. 【解析】第四句interested改为interesting。考查形容词。修饰物, 表示“令人感兴趣的”, 用现在分词形式的形容词。故将interested改为interesting。
6. 【解析】第五句a改为the。考查冠词。根据上下文可知, 此处特指上文提到的那个讲座, 应用定冠词。故将a改为the。
7. 【解析】第五句experience改为experiences。考查名词单复数。句意为: 讲座之后, 欢迎你们与在场的每一个人一起分享在中国的经历。根据句意可知, experience此处指“经历”, 是可数名词, 要用复数。故将experience改为experiences。
8. 【解析】第六句because改为if。考查状语从句。句意为: 因为你们在中国已经待了半年, 如果还有任何让你们困惑的事情, 跟唐教授交流一下是很好的。Since在句中表示原因, because在逻辑上不通; 根据句意可知, 此处表示假设。故将because改为if。
9. 【解析】第六句删除第一个to。puzzles是及物动词, 后面不需要介词, to多余, 故删除。
10. 【解析】第八句in改为on。考查固定短语。in time意为“及时”, on time意为“准时”, 根据上文语境可知应为on time。
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