2021高三全国统考英语（话题版）一轮学案：第1编话题十Book3　Unit4Astronomythescienceofthestars


话题十　宇宙探索

[对应教材]　Book 3　Unit 4　Astronomy: the science of the stars
(一)核心素养下的话题解读
“宇宙探索”是高中课程标准中“人与自然”主题语境内容要求之一，该内容包括“人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系；自然科学研究成果；地球与宇宙奥秘探索”等方面。这些话题为学生打开了一个了解宇宙的窗口。高考英语通过这些话题让学生认识宇宙、了解宇宙，从而培养学生对宇宙探索的好奇心和欲望。
[高考探究]
“宇宙探索”这个话题在近几年高考中并无涉及。
(二)构建思维导图，提升思维品质
图　Book 3　Unit 4　Astronomy: the science of the stars

(三)根据思维导图，完成概要写作
图：概要写作
①No one knows exactly how the earth began. ②According to a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a “Big Bang”. The earth exploded loudly and produced water vapor and other gases, making the earth's atmosphere. As the earth cooled down, water appeared and stayed on the surface. It was the presence of water that allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas, which made it possible for life to develop. First, the appearance of small plants encouraged the development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish. Next, green plants began to grow on land, which were followed by land animals. So reptiles appeared for the first time. Later, dinosaurs developed. However, they suddenly disappeared. After that, mammals came into being. Finally, humans appeared and spread all over the earth. However, they are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, making the earth too hot to live on. ③So, whether life will continue on the earth will depend on whether this problem can be solved.


1．Last week, a lecture about the total lunar eclipse was delivered by Prof. Zhang, attracting a lot of astronomical enthusiasts to attend.
上周张教授做了关于月全食的讲座，吸引了许多天文爱好者参加。
2．A lecture about astronomy was delivered last week by our teacher, which appealed to lots of teachers and students to attend.
上周我们的老师做了一个关于天文学的讲座，吸引了很多老师和学生参加。
3．To help you have a better understanding of universe, Student Union will organize a lecture related to it.
为了帮助你们对宇宙有更进一步的了解，学生会将组织一次相关讲座。
4．To make sure you have a better idea about astronomy, Student Union will organize a competition about the related knowledge.
为了保证你对天文学有更进一步的了解，学生会将组织相关知识大赛。


自主排查 夯基固本


Ⅰ　核心单词
(1)system (n.) 系统；体系；制度
(2)theory (n.) 学说；理论→theoretical (adj.) 理论上的
(3)violent (adj.) 猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的→violence (n.) 暴力→violently (adv.) 猛烈地
(4)unlike (prep.) 与……不同；不像→like (反义词) (prep.& v．) 像；喜欢→dislike (v.& n．) 不喜欢
(5)harmful (adj.) 有害的→harm (n.) 害处 (vt.) 对……有害
(6)exist (vi.) 存在；生存→existence (n.) 存在
(7)puzzle (vt.& vi.) (使)迷惑； (使)为难 (n.) 谜；难题→puzzled (adj.) 迷惑不解的
(8)pull (n.& vt.) 拉(力)；拖；牵引力
Ⅱ　阅读单词
(1)religion (n.) 宗教；宗教信仰
(2)billion (pron.& n．& adj.) 〈英〉万亿；〈美〉十亿
(3)globe (n.) 球体；地球仪；地球
(4)atmosphere (n.) 大气层；气氛
(5)fundamental (adj.) 基本的；基础的
(6)chain (n.) 链子；连锁；锁链
(7)multiply (vi.& vt.) 乘；增加
(8)thus (adv.) 因此；于是
(9)biology (n.) 生物学
(10)gravity (n.) 万有引力；重力
(11)gentle (adj.) 温和的；文雅的
(12)climate (n.) 气候
(13)crash (vi.& vt.) 碰撞；坠落
(14)float (vt.& vi.) (使)浮动 (n.) 漂浮物
　[单句语法填空]
1．Harvard University takes in any outstanding student regardless of ________ (religious), colour or background.
答案：religion
2．Water ________ (exist) in three forms, which are liquid, gas and solid.
答案：exists
3．Some experts think reading is the ________ (fundament) skill upon which school education depends.
答案：fundamental
4．Fruit juice can be ________ (harm) to children's teeth.
答案：harmful
5．There is a lot of rubbish ________ (float) on the surface of the river.
答案：floating
6．What makes me ________ (puzzle) is why he left the country without telling anyone.
答案：puzzled
7．They have the chance to build an outward­looking Europe that lives up to its ________ (globe) responsibilities.
答案：global
8．She got interested in plants and decided to be a ________ (biology)．
答案：biologist
9．The volcano erupted ________ (violent), yet the village at the foot of it survived.
答案：violently
10．The man took the little boy ________ (gentle) in his hand and put him up into the tree.
答案：gently
联想积累
1．“太空”单词集锦
①astronomer n. 天文学家　②astronomy n. 天文学
③astronaut n. 宇航员 ④satellite n. 卫星
⑤orbit n. 轨道 ⑥universe n. 宇宙
⑦gravity n. 重力；引力 ⑧spaceship n. 宇宙飞船
⑨planet n. 行星
2．“碰、撞”家族
①hit v. 碰撞；打击 ②crash v. 碰撞；坠落
③bump n．& v. 撞；碰撞(声)
④collide v. 碰撞；相撞
⑤collision n. 撞击；碰撞 ⑥run into 撞上

1．in_time 及时；终于；迟早
2．lay_eggs 下蛋
3．give_birth_to 产生；分娩
4．in_one's_turn 轮到某人
5．prevent ... from 阻止；制止
6．block_out 挡住(光线)
7．cheer up 感到高兴；感到振奋
8．now that 既然
9．get the hang of 熟悉；掌握；理解
10．break out 突发；爆发
11．watch out for 密切注意；当心；提防
　[选词填空]
prevent ... from, watch out for, now that, in time, break out, cheer up
1．He climbed the mountain carefully, all the time ________ loose rocks.
答案：watching out for
2．Doctors say many diseases can be ________ spreading by hand washing.
答案：prevented from
3．She's enjoying the job ________ she's got more responsibility.
答案：now that
4．She started as an office junior, and ________ became the director of the whole company.
答案：in time
5．Does everyone know what to do if a fire ________？
答案：breaks out
6．Whenever I encounter difficulties, she will encourage me and help me ________.
答案：cheer up

联想积累
1．动词＋out短语大全
①burst out 大声喊叫；突然(哭，笑……)起来
②go out 外出；不再流行；(灯)熄灭
③put out 熄灭；扑灭；生产
④come out 出来；出版
⑤help out 帮助解决难题(摆脱困境)
⑥look out 留神；注意
⑦watch out 注意；提防
⑧find out 找出；查明
⑨break out 突发；爆发
⑩give out 分发；耗尽，用光，发出(光、热等)
⑪work out 计划，思考；计算出；锻炼身体
⑫run out 用光；耗尽
⑬make out 理解；辨认出
⑭carry out 实行；实施
⑮figure out 理解；弄清楚
2．birth用法小结
①give birth to 分娩；出现；产生
②at birth 在出生时
③by birth 在血统上
④from birth 自出生以来
3．“动词 ... from”表“阻止；禁止”短语
①prevent sb. from doing sth.
②discourage sb. from doing sth.
③stop sb. from doing sth.
④ban sb. from doing sth.
⑤keep sb. from doing sth.


课文原句
句式梳理
仿写训练
1.But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.
而当我试着向前迈步时，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。
倍数的常用表示法：以twice为例，①A is twice as big as B “A是B的两倍大”；②A is twice bigger than B “A比B大一倍”；③A is twice the size of B “A的尺寸是B的两倍大”。三倍以上用“基数词＋ times”。
You devoted __________________ as you did before, so I believe you will succeed this time.
你付出的是以前的时间和精力的三倍，所以我相信你这次能成功。
2.“Oh, dear，”I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.”
“天哪，”我大声说，“重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”
now that“既然，因为”，引导原因状语从句。
______________ you apply for being the volunteer, you should take on your responsibility.
既然你申请当志愿者，就要承担起责任。

答案：1.three times as much time and energy　2.Now that
直击重点 突破考点



①　harmful　adj. 有害的(P26)

(1)单句语法填空
①It's important to protect your skin from the ______ (harm) effects of the sun.
②As we all know, a bad eating habit does harm ________ one's health.
答案：①harmful　②to
(2)单句写作
He may not be able to help but ________________ asking him.
他可能帮不了忙，但是求他一下倒也无妨。
答案：there is no harm in

(1)be harmful to 对……有害
(2)harm n．& vt. 伤害；损害
do harm to sb.＝do sb. harm 伤害某人
mean no harm to ... 对……没有恶意
There is no harm in doing ... 不妨做……

②　exist　vi. 生存；存在(P26)

(1)单句语法填空
①Some species exist ________ this small area of forest and nowhere else on the earth.
②As is known to us, the People's Republic of China came into ________ (exist) as an independent country in 1949.
③The service is available to all __________ (exist) customers.
答案：①in　②existence　③existing
(2)单句改错
There exists different operas in China, such as Yue Opera, Yu Opera, Kunqu Opera, Huangmei Opera, etc.
________________________________________________________________
答案：exists→exist

(1)exist in 存在于……之中
exist on 靠……而生存
There exist(s)/existed ... 某地有……；存在……
(2)existence n. 存在；生存
come into existence 产生；成立；开始存在
(3)existing adj. 现存的；正在使用的

③　puzzle　n. 谜；难题　vt.& vi. (使)迷惑；(使)为难(P27)

(1)单句语法填空
①Why Lily makes the sachets (香囊) so beautifully is ________ puzzle to me.
②I'm not puzzled ________ why many foreigners are so interested in Chinese kung fu.
③Her ________ (puzzle) look on her face suggested she didn't understand what I said.
答案：①a　②about/over　③puzzled
(2)单句改错
The reporters as well as some critics remained puzzling by the election results.
________________________________________________________________
答案：puzzling→puzzled

(1)puzzle about/over 冥思苦想；苦苦思索
(2)a puzzle to sb. 一件让某人感到困惑的事情
(3)puzzling adj. 令人迷惑的
puzzled adj. 迷惑不解的；困惑的

④　pull　n．& vt. (拉)力；拖；牵引力(P30)

单句写作
①The boss employed ten workers to ____________ the old house.
老板雇用了十个工人拆除那座旧房子。
②They said the operation had been successful and they expected his wife to ______________.
他们说手术很成功，预计他妻子能恢复健康。
③He ______________ in front of the gates.
他把车停在门前。
答案：①pull down　②pull through　③pulled up

pull away (车辆等)驶离；开走
pull in (车辆等)进站；驶向路边停下
pull down 拆除
pull out 拔出；驶出
pull through 恢复健康
pull up (使)停车

①　in time 及时；终于(P25)

单句写作
①As the proverb goes, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Our efforts will pay off ______________.
常言道，“有志者，事竟成”，我们的努力迟早会有所回报。
②You'd better do one thing __________________， so that you can concentrate on it.
你最好一次做一件事，这样你就能集中注意力。
③______________________ did anyone involved speak to the press.
任何相关人员都没有向媒体发表过言论。
④We'll be able to finish repairing your car ____________________.
我们很快就能把你的车修好。
答案：①in time　②at a time　③At no time　④in no time

(1)in time for ... 刚好赶上……
in time to do sth. 及时做某事
(2)in no time 立刻；马上
at no time 决不(放在句首时，句子用部分倒装)
at a time 每次；一次
at one time 曾经；一度
at the same time 同时；然而
from time to time有时；偶尔
(3)take one's time 别着急；慢慢来
kill time 消磨时光

②　in one's turn 轮到某人(P26)

(1)单句语法填空
Now the young parents have to take turns ________ (look) after their sick baby.
答案：to look
(2)单句写作
①Theory is based on practice and ________ serves practice.
理论以实践为基础，相应地又服务于实践。
②This week ______________________ raise the national flag and deliver a speech at the flag­raising ceremony in our school.
本周轮到我们在学校升旗仪式上升国旗并发言。
答案：①in turn　②it is our turn to

in turn 依次地；相应地
by turns 轮流地；交替地
take turns to do ... 轮流做……
It's one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事了

③　break out 突发；爆发(P31)

单句写作
①At last the firefighters put out the fire in the supermarket, which ______________ at ten this morning.
最终消防员们扑灭了今早十点超市发生的大火。
②More healthy food, or your body will ______________ sooner or later.
多吃健康食品，不然你的身体迟早会垮掉。
③He ______________ the guard and rushed into the hall.
他挣脱了警卫，冲进了大厅。
答案：①broke out　②break down　③broke away from

break away (from) 摆脱；脱离
break in 闯入；打断
break into 破门而入
break off 断开；中断
break through 突破；克服；战胜
break up 粉碎；解散；(关系)破裂；结束；放假
break down (机器)出故障；(身体)垮掉；(谈判等)失败；(化学)分解


①　[教材原句]The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.(P25)
地球变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。

(1)单句语法填空
①________ we will go outing or not depends on the weather.
②It is obvious to the students ________ they should get well prepared for their future.
③Exactly ________ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.
④I think ________ impresses me about his painting most is the colours he uses.
答案：①Whether　②that　③when　④what
(2)单句改错
Whomever is responsible for this project will be punished.
________________________________________________________________
答案：Whomever→Whoever

(1)本句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是whether the shape would last or not。
(2)①在复合句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句(Subject Clause)。引导主语从句的连接词主要有三类：
a．连词that, whether等；
b．连接代词what, who, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever等；
c．连接副词when, where, why, how, whenever, however, wherever等。
②常用it作形式上的主语
由于主语从句太长，为了避免头重脚轻，常常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末。比较常见的句型有：
a．It＋be＋形容词(important, likely, possible, clear等)＋主语从句；
b．It＋be＋名词(secret/idea/mystery/pity/pleasure/wonder等)＋主语从句；
c．It＋be＋过去分词(known/said/reported/suggested等)＋主语从句；
d．It＋特殊动词(appear/seem/happen/matter等)＋主语从句。

②　[教材原句]This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.(P26)
这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命就有可能开始发展了。

(1)单句语法填空
①The sun gives off light and warmth, which makes ________ possible for plants to grow.
②They were made ________ (work) day and night in the past.
③While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges, we must also make it safe ________ (express) opinions and challenge majority views.
④As busy people, we are always looking for ways to save time and make our lives ________ (easy)．
答案：①it　②to work　③to express　④easier
(2)单句改错
They want to make clear to the public that they do an important and necessary job.
________________________________________________________________
答案：make后加it

(1)本从句是“make it＋形容词/名词＋for sb./sth.＋to do sth.”句型。其中it为形式宾语，指代后面的不定式结构。
(2)make＋复合宾语的结构
①make＋it＋形容词/名词＋不定式/从句
②make＋宾语＋宾语补足语
③find, feel, think, leave等动词也有这样的用法。
课文回练 升华运用

No one __1__ (know) exactly how the earth began. According to a __2__ (wide) accepted theory, the universe began with a “Big Bang”. The earth __3__ (explode) loudly and produced water vapour and other __4__ (gas) making the earth's atmosphere. As the earth cooled down, water appeared and stayed __5__ the surface. It was the presence of water that allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas, which made __6__ possible for life to develop. First, the appearance of small plants encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish. Next, green plants began to grow on land, __7__ (follow) by land animals. So reptiles appeared for the first time. Later, dinosaurs developed. However, they suddenly disappeared. After that, mammals came into being. Finally, humans __8__ (appear) and spread all over the earth. However, they are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, __9__ (make) the earth too hot to live on. So, __10__ life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________　5.________　6.________　7.________　8.________　9.________　10.________
答案：1.knows　2.widely　3.exploded　4.gases　5.on　6.it　7.followed　8.appeared　9.making　10.whether

基础达标 自主训练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Every year, ________ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
答案：whoever　whoever “无论谁”，表泛指，在句中作主语，相当于anyone who。
2．My relationship with the actors is fundamental ________ my work as a director.
答案：to　be fundamental to ... “是……的基础”。
3．I can say that it is the ________ (violence) film that I have ever seen.
答案：most violent　由“that I have ever seen”可知，此处应用形容词最高级。
4．His last paintings are perhaps the most ________ (puzzle), which even the artists can't make sense of.
答案：puzzling　此处形容词puzzling “令人困惑的”作表语，描述主语paintings的本质特征。
5．There ________ (exist) a good way to solve the problem in geography.
答案：exists　There exists ... “存在……；有……”。
6．As second­hand smoking is ________ (harm) and dangerous, people want a total ban against smoking in public.
答案：harmful　此处形容词harmful “有害的”作表语。
7．She bought a heavy curtain ________ (block) out the light.
答案：to block　此处动词不定式短语to block out作目的状语。
8．Though injured seriously, he tried to cheer ________， hoping to make his parents less worried.
答案：up　cheer up “(使)感到高兴，(使)振作起来”。
9．Measures have been taken to prevent the river from ________ (pollute)．
答案：being polluted　prevent sb./sth. from doing sth. “阻止某人/某物做某事”，且本句中river和pollute之间是被动关系，故填动名词的被动结构。
10．________ (like) what you supposed, only a few people attended the party, which was disappointing.
答案：Unlike　根据语意可知，“并不像”你所猜测的那样，故填Unlike，引导名词性从句。
Ⅱ.单句写作
1．If she __________________ (生下) a boy, she would name it Aihua, meaning “loving China”．
答案：gave birth to
2．__________ (总有一天) you'll appreciate the beauty of this language.
答案：In time
3．Nothing will ______________________ Huangmei Opera.
没有什么能阻止我学习黄梅戏。
答案：prevent me from learning
4．______________________________________________________________
因为重阳节快要到了，我们打算本周六去敬老院。(now that)
答案：Now that the Double Ninth Festival is around the corner, we decide to visit the nursing home this Saturday.
5．______________________________________________________________
他一想到要参加龙舟赛，心里就高兴起来。
答案：He cheered up at the thought of taking part in the dragon boat race.
Ⅲ.语法填空
Last December my mother and I __1__ (fly) to London. The first thing we did was to go on a bus sightseeing tour.
This is the best way to see all the sights and learn all about the history of the city. By the time the tour was over it was dark. The Christmas lights were very colorful. And __2__ really impressed me was so many people made __3__ (they) way home through the heavy traffic on bicycles. I was looking forward to spending the next day in Oxford Street with all its __4__ (amaze) shops. And what __5__ wonderful experience that was! We bought a ticket for the underground and could go everywhere very quickly.
We spent all morning shopping and admiring the Christmas displays inside the shops and out in the streets. Then we went to a wax museum __6__ (call) Madame Tussauds (杜莎夫人蜡像馆), which had a lot of wax __7__ (figure) of famous people. My mother took a picture of me standing __8__ Prince Charles and Prince Harry. From there we took the tube to Buckingham Palace, the home of the two princes, to watch the Changing of the Guard but __9__ (fortunate) we couldn't really see well as there were thousands of tourists waiting __10__ (take)photos of the ceremony.
1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________　5.________　6.________　7.________　8.________　9.________　10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者和妈妈去年12月份坐飞机前往英国伦敦旅游的经历。
1．flew　考查动词的时态。由时间状语“Last December”可知，应用一般过去时，故填flew。
2．what　考查主语从句的连接词。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导主语从句且在从句中作主语，所填词意为“……的事物”，故填what。
3．their　考查代词。make one's way意思是“前往”，且主语为people，故填their。
4．amazing　考查词性转换。amaze意思是“使惊奇”，它的形容词amazing意思是“令人惊奇的”，常用来修饰物。由shops可知应填amazing。
5．a　考查冠词。此处是what引导的感叹句，句中experience作名词，意为“经历”，是可数名词，所以要用不定冠词修饰，故填a。
6．called　考查非谓语动词。wax museum与call之间为被动关系，故此处应用过去分词作后置定语，故填called。
7．figures　考查名词。此处表示“那里有许多名人的蜡像”。由a lot of可知，此处要用可数名词的复数形式，故填figures。
8．between　考查介词。between ... and表示“在……之间”。
9．unfortunately　考查副词。根据空格后的“we couldn't really see well”可知，应用提示词的否定形式，且要用副词来修饰整个句子。故填unfortunately。
10．to take　考查非谓语动词。wait to do sth. “等待做某事”，为固定用法。
Ⅳ.短文改错
It is five years now since I graduate from high school. Last Saturday, our class held a get­together, which took us a long time prepare. It was indeed not easy to get in the touch with everybody and set a properly time for all of us. We all enjoyed this precious day greatly, talk about the people and things they were familiar with. It was a pity which some of us were not present as they had gone abroad with further study. Besides, they called back or sent greeting card from different places.
答案：
It is five years now since I from high school. Last Saturday, our class held a get­together, which took us a long time prepare. It was indeed not easy to get in touch with everybody and set a time for all of us. We all enjoyed this precious day greatly, about the people and things were familiar with. It was a pity some of us were not present as they had gone abroad further study. ， they called back or sent greeting from different places.
难项分析：
第一处：graduate→graduated　考查动词的时态。在“It is＋时间段＋since引导的时间状语从句”中，从句要使用一般过去时，故graduate应用其过去式。
第五处：talk→talking　考查非谓语动词。主语We与talk之间为主动关系，故应使用现在分词作伴随状语。
第九处：Besides→However　考查副词。根据前后句句意可知，前后为转折关系，且此处用逗号隔开，故应用副词However。