2021高三统考人教英语一轮（经典版）学案：第一部分Book8Unit1Alandofdiversity


Book 8
Unit 1 A land of diversity

基础自主检测

阅读
识记
Ⅰ.英译汉
1.strait n. 海峡
2.immigration n. 移民；移居入境
3.crossing n. 横渡；横越；十字路口；人行横道
4.cattle n. 牛(总称)
5.shave vt.& vi. 刮；剃
6.mourn vt.& vi. 哀悼；悼念；表示悲痛
7.insert vt. 插入；嵌入
Ⅱ.汉译英
1.percentage n. 百分比；百分率
2.boom n. (人口、贸易的)繁荣
vi. 处于经济迅速发展时期
3.brake n. 闸；刹车；制动器　vi.& vt. 刹(车)；用制动器减速
4.justice n. 正义；公平
5.civil adj. 公民的；国内的；民间的
6.authority n. 权威；权力　pl. 当局；官方
高频
应用
1.hardship n. 苦难；困苦　　　　
2.vice n．& adj. 代理；副职
3.luggage n. 行李
4.fascinating adj. 迷人的；吸引人的
5.nowhere adv. 无处；到处都无
6.grasp vt.& n. 抓住；抓紧；掌握；领会
7.thankful adj. 感激的；感谢的
拓展
变形
1.distinct (adj.) 清晰的；明显的；明确的→distinction (n.) 差别；区分；卓著→distinctive (adj.) 独特的；特别的
2.means (n.) 方法；手段→meaning (n.) 意思→mean (v.) 打算；意味→meaningful (adj.) 有意义的
3.majority (n.) 大多数；大半→major (adj.) 主要的 (vi.) 主修→minority (反义词) (n.) 少数；少数民族→minor (adj.) 较小的；次要的
4.elect (vt.) 选择；决定做某事；选举某人→election (n.) 选举
5.racial (adj.) 人种的；种族的→race (n.) 种族；比赛→racism (n.) 种族主义；种族歧视
6.applicant (n.) 申请人→apply (vi.) 申请→application (n.) 申请书；申请
7.customs (n.) 海关；关税；进口税→custom (n.) 风俗；习惯 →customer (n.) 顾客；主顾
8.socialist (n.) 社会主义者；社会党人 (adj.) 社会主义者的→social (adj.) 社会的→socialism (n.) 社会主义→society (n.) 社会
9.occur (vi.) 发生；出现→occurrence (n.) 事件；发生的事→occurred (过去式/过去分词)
10.indicate (vt.) 指出；标示；表明；暗示→indication (n.) 象征；标示；表明；暗示→indicator (n.) 指示器；指示牌
11.apparent (adj.) 显而易见的；显然的；表面上的→apparently (adv.) 显然地；显而易见地
12.conductor (n.) (公车)售票员；列车员；(乐队)指挥→conduct (vt.) 组织，安排
13.slip (vi.) 滑动；滑行；滑跤 (n.) 滑动；滑倒→slipper (n.) 拖鞋→slippery (adj.) 滑的；狡猾的
14.hire (vt. & n．) 租用；雇用→fire (反义词) (vt.) 解雇
15.punishment (n.) 惩罚；处罚→punish (vt.) 惩罚


1.单复数意义不同的名词
①custom (风俗)→customs (海关)
②manner (方式)→manners (礼貌)
③paper (纸)→papers (文件)
④art (艺术)→arts (文科)
⑤arm (手臂)→arms (武器)
⑥brain (脑袋)→brains (智力)
⑦work (工作)→works (作品)
2.带后缀­ing的名词
①crossing 十字路口
②training 训练
③feeling 感觉
④wedding 婚礼
⑤marketing 销售
⑥spending 花销
⑦engineering 工程
⑧well­being 幸福
3.后缀“­or”表示“人”的高频名词
①conductor 售票员；列车员
②administrator 管理者；行政人员
③director 导演；主管
④educator 教育工作者
⑤editor 编辑
⑥inventor 发明家；发明者
⑦operator 操作员；接线员
⑧translator 翻译家；译者

一 动词＋介/副词
1．live on 继续存在；继续生存
2．keep up 坚持；维持；沿袭(风俗、传统等)
3．team up with 与……合作或一起工作
4．mark out 用线画出范围；标出……界线
5．take in 包括；吸收
6．apply for 申请；请示得到
二 动词/介词＋宾语
7．by means of ... 用……办法；借助……
8．make a life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等
三 其他
9．back to back 背靠背
10．a great/good many 许多；很多

1．“v.＋out”结构短语小结
①mark out 标出……界线　②turn out 结果是
③make out 理解；辨认出 ④work out 锻炼
⑤cut out 删去 ⑥come out 出版；开花
2．“v.＋in”结构短语小结
①turn in 上交 ②give in 屈服；投降
③break in 强行闯入 ④take in 吸收；欺骗
⑤succeed in 在……上取得成功
⑥engage in 从事；参加
3．“名词＋to＋名词”短语小结
①back to back 背靠背
②heart to heart 心连心地
③face to face 面对面地
④mouth to mouth 口对口地
⑤knee to knee 促膝地
⑥shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩地
__________________________________________________________________

1．名词性从句作介词的宾语
Exactly when the first people arrived in what_we_now_know_as (我们现在称之为) California, no one really knows.(教材P2)
2．it is likely that ... “很可能……”
However, it_is_likely_that (很可能) Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.(教材P2)
3．why引导的表语从句，表示“……的原因”
That_is_why (那就是为什么) today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.(教材P2)
4．过去分词短语作原因状语
People from different parts of the world, attracted_by (被吸引) the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California.(教材P3)
5．借助于it作形式主语的主语从句
It_is_believed_that (人们认为) before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.(教材P3)

单句语法填空
1．It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, ________ (attract) people from all over the world.
答案：having attracted
2．The customs and languages of the immigrants live ________ in their new home.
答案：on
3．Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means ________ a land bridge.
答案：of
4．In addition, many died from the diseases ________ (bring) by the Europeans.
答案：brought
5．In the 18th century California ________ (rule) by Spain.
答案：was ruled
6．The dream of ________ (become) rich quickly attracted people ________ all over the world.
答案：becoming; from
7．In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps ________ their Danish culture.
答案：up
8．________ the 1920s the film industry was well established in Hollywood, California.
答案：By
9．It's a 79 km round­trip that takes ________ all the famous tourist spots.
答案：in
10．From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigration station ________ many Chinese people applied for right to live in USA.
答案：where
考点步步冲关

1 majority　n．大多数；大半
Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. (P2)
在首批移居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原住居民传授天主教。
(1)the majority of ... ＝most of ... 大多数
be a/the majority in 构成大多数/占多数
(2)major adj. 主要的 vi. 专修；主攻
major in 主修……
(3)minority n. 少数；少数派；少数民族
[名师点津]　(1)the majority单独用作主语时，若强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若强调个体，谓语动词则用复数形式。
(2)“the majority of＋可数名词复数”用作主语时，其谓语动词一般用复数。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练1
单句语法填空
①What she has just said doesn't correspond with the views of the ________ (major)．
②An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members ________ (be) against it.
③I graduated from Chongqing Normal University and majored ________ information management.
答案：①majority　②are　③in
2 occur　vi.发生；出现
It didn't occur to me that ... (P5)
我没有想到……
(1)occur＋prep./adv. 发生；存在
(2)sth. occurs to sb.＝sth. strikes sb.＝sth. comes to sb. 某人想起某事
(3)It occurs to sb. to do sth. 某人想起做某事
(4)It occurs to sb. that ...＝It strikes/hits sb. that ... 某人想起某事
(5)occurrence n. 发生；事件；出现
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练2
单句语法填空
①Frequent ________ (occur) of natural disasters in recent years have caused great losses in the Asian­Pacific region.
②It occurred to him ________ he hadn't eaten anything since the night before.
答案：①occurrence　②that
一句多译
我突然想到，自上封信以来，已经有太长时间没收到华莱士的信了。
③____________________________ it had been too long since I heard from Wallace. (strike)
④____________________________ it had been too long since I heard from Wallace. (occur)
答案：③It (suddenly) struck me that　④It occurred to me that
3 indicate　vt.指出；标示；表明；暗示
Try to use the expressions above to indicate that you are listening carefully to your partner.(P7)
试着用以上表达来表明你在认真倾听你搭档的话。

(1)indicate sth. to sb. 向某人指出/暗示某物
indicate that ... 示意；表明……
(2)indication n. 指示；象征；预示
There is no indication that ... 无迹象表明……
There are some indications that ... 有迹象表明……
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练3
单句语法填空
①With a nod of his head, he indicated ________ me where I should sit.
②He gave no ________ (indicate) that he was ready to compromise.
③The horse is a frequent theme in Chinese painting, ________ (indicate) a kind of advancement.
④The bell ________ (indicate) the end of the period rang, interrupting our heated discussion.
答案：①to　②indication　③indicating　④indicating

1
by means of 通过；用；借助于
教材
原句
Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times.(P2)
科学家们认为这些迁居者通过一条史前时期曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。
by this means 用这种方法
by no means＝in no way＝in no case＝on no account＝at no time 决不；一点也不(放在句首时，句子用倒装语序)
by all means (用于交际英语表示同意)当然可以；没问题
[名师点津]　means用作“方式；方法”讲时单复数同形。若all/some/several/many means作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。若every/each/one/a means作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练1
单句语法填空
①Every possible means ________ (try), and we find only by this means is it possible to persuade him.
②All possible means ________ (try), but we still can't work out the problem.
③I've tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means ________ (be) the teacher satisfied with my progress.
答案：①has been tried　②have been tried　③is
用means相关短语的适当形式填空
④She could not speak, but made her wishes known __________________ signs.
⑤This is ________________ the first time you have been late.
⑥The local army men helped the victims of the earthquake ________________ at their command.
答案：④by means of　⑤by no means　⑥by every means
2
make a life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等
教材
原句
Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship.(P2)
有些人死了或回家了，但是尽管条件十分艰苦，多数人仍然留在了加利福尼亚劳作谋生。
(1)come to life 变得更有趣(或使人兴奋)；变得活跃
live/lead a ... life 过着……的生活
come back to life 苏醒过来；恢复生气
bring ... back to life 使……苏醒过来
(2)make/earn a/one's living 谋生
(3)make it 成功；到达某地


　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练2
用life相关短语的适当形式填空
①They settled down in Canada and ________________ for themselves.
②To our great joy, he __________________ soon.
③On that night, it was believed that the spirits of the dead would try to ________________________.
答案：①made a life　②came to life　③come back to life
3
team up with (＝cooperate with) 相称；合伙，合作，协作
教材
原句
Teamed up with a couple from my hotel (Peter and Terri) and hired a car.(P8)
同饭店里的一对夫妻(彼得和泰莉)作伴，一起租了一辆小汽车。
keep up with 跟上
catch up with 赶上
put up with 忍受；容忍
end up with 以……结束
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练3
用team up with/keep up with/put up with/end up with的适当形式填空
①She always stays up late to study in order to ____________________ the others.
②It's too delightful of you to be so nice to him, and __________________ all his tiresome stories.
③The party __________________ a song that everyone was familiar with.
④I need to __________________ your firm in a business project. Could you put me through to your boss?
答案：①keep up with　②put up with　③ended up with
④team up with

4
take in 包括；领会；理解；欺骗；收留；收养；吸收
教材
原句
It's a 79 km round­trip that takes in all the famous tourist spots.(P8)
这是一次往返79公里的旅行，它涵盖了所有著名的旅游景点。
take apart 拆开；把……打得一败涂地；抨击(论点等)
take back 收回；带回；使回想起
take care of 照料；保管
take down 拿下；取下；拆卸；记下
take it easy 别紧张；慢慢来
take over 接收；接管
take off 脱下(衣服等)；起飞
take on 承担；呈现
take one's place 代替某人的位置
take one's time 不急；慢慢来
take up 开始从事；占用(时间或空间)；着手处理；拿起；继续
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练4
写出下列句中take in 的含义
①The price takes in the cost of all the accommodation and food.________
②Brett's always taking in stray animals.________
③Don't be taken in by products promising to make you lose weight quickly.________
④I found it easy to take in what the professor had said.________
⑤It is said that black takes in more heat than white. ________
答案：①包括　②收养　③欺骗　④理解　⑤吸收　
用take相关短语的适当形式填空
⑥I'm sorry I was rude; I ________________ everything I said.
⑦We find it difficult to __________________ what he teaches.
⑧I'll ____________________ the story where I finished yesterday.
⑨When the picture was __________________， the wall looked very bare.
⑩Would you like me to __________________ the driving for a while?
⑪Bill Gates is really a great man, whose career ________________ in his early thirties.
答案：⑥take back　⑦take in　⑧take up　⑨taken down　⑩take over　⑪took off

5
a great many 很多；许多(修饰可数名词)
教材
原句
Saw some interesting temples here, a number of markets and a great many restaurants.(P8)
参观了这里的一些有趣的寺庙，不少的集贸市场和许多餐馆。
(1)
(2)＋不可数名词＋单数谓语
(3)a mass of＋可数名词的复数/不可数名词(谓语动词的单复数与of后的名词的数保持一致)
(4)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练5
单句语法填空
①Our institute has ordered a great many __________ (instrument) from the company.
②A good many new books __________ (publish) by the Foreign Language Press last month.
③Large quantities of oil __________ (discover) in a place near my hometown recently.
答案：①instruments　②were published　③have been discovered

1
However, it_is_likely_that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.(P2)
翻译
然而，美洲土著人很可能在至少15,000年前就住在加利福尼亚了。
It is likely that ... “很可能……”。本句中it为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。句中likely为形容词，意为“可能的”。其近义词有possible, probable。


　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练1
单句语法填空
①The more stress you are under, the ________ (likely) you are to catch a cold.
②They are likely ________ (fire) by the company just because of their fault.
答案：①more likely　②to be fired
一句多译
当你在山里旅行时，你很可能会遇到大型野生动物。
③You ________________________ large wild animals while travelling in the mountain.
④__________________________ large wild animals while travelling in the mountain.
答案：③are very likely to come across　④It's very likely that you will come across
2
By_the_time California elected to become the thirty­first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.(P2)
翻译
到1850年加利福尼亚被选为美国第31个州的时候，它已经是一个有多种文化的社会了。
by the time 意为“到……的时候”，是一个介词短语，在句中起连接作用，引导时间状语从句。其用法如下：
(1)如从句谓语是一般过去时，则主句用过去完成时；
(2)如从句谓语是一般现在时或现在完成时，则主句用将来完成时；
(3)如主句动作不强调已经完成，只是说明某个时候的状况，此时主句不用完成时，而应根据实际需要选用适当的时态，此时by the time 相当于when。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练2
单句语法填空
①By the time they arrived, the famous astronaut ________ (leave) the hall.
②By the time she gets home, her mother ________ (leave) for London to attend a meeting.
③When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we ________ (hang) up, her voice had been full of life.
答案：①had left　②will have left　③hung

名词性从句
(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)
概念
在句子中起名词作用的从句称为名词性从句，又根据其在复合句中具体充当的成分，可分为主语从句(Subject Clause)、宾语从句(Object Clause)、表语从句(Predicative Clause)和同位语从句(Appositive Clause)。
名词性从句的引导词
引导名词性从句的连接词分为三类：
1．连词：that (在从句中不充当成分，无语义); whether, if(在从句中不充当成分，语义为“是否”)
①It's good to know that the dogs will be well cared for while we're away.
知道我们不在的时候狗会被精心照看真好。
2．连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which(在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语)
②“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is what my mother used to tell me.
“每次吃甜点的时候，喝绿茶”。这是我妈妈过去常常告诉我的。
3．连接副词：when, where, how, why (在从句中充当状语)
③Exactly when the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.
土豆是什么时候被引进到欧洲的还不确定，但可能是1565年左右。
主语从句
主语从句一般位于谓语动词之前，但有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it 作形式主语，而把主语从句置于句末。
④It is strange that the children are so quiet.
真奇怪，孩子们如此安静。
宾语从句
1．形式宾语it
动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语时，有时需要用it作形式宾语而将宾语从句后置。
⑤Susan made it clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.
苏姗明确向我表示，她希望自己过上新生活。
2．介词后的宾语从句
连词 that 引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in等后；其他的介词后的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步作形式宾语。
⑥You may depend on it that Tom will help you with your English.
你可以相信汤姆会帮助你学英语。
3．某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that 可省略。
⑦They are afraid (that) I will feel lonely.
他们担心我会感觉孤独。
4．宾语从句中的时态与主句时态的呼应
主句动词是现在时，从句应根据具体情况使用不同时态。当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外)时，从句则要用相应的过去时态，如：一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时等；但当从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象时，则从句仍用现在时态。
⑧We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody had broken into the office during the night.
我们早晨上班，发现有人夜间闯入了办公室。
⑨Our teacher told us that January is the first month of the year.
我们的老师告诉我们一月是一年的第一个月。
表语从句
1．引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但是有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语＋系动词＋从句。
⑩—What a mess! You're always so lazy!
—I'm not to blame, mum. I am what you have made me.
——太乱了！你总是这么懒！
——妈妈，不该责备我。是你造成我这个样子的。
2．when, where, why, how, because引导的从句作This is 或That is的表语时，表示具体的时间、地点、原因、方式等。
⑪That is why I don't finish the task in time.
那是我没有及时完成任务的原因。
3．当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that而不是because引导。
⑫The reason why he was late was that he missed the train this morning.
他迟到的原因是今天早晨他错过了火车。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The new book is about ________ Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent into space.
答案：how
2．Some people believe ________ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.
答案：whatever
3．She's no longer ________ she used to be.
答案：what
4．I truly believe ________ beauty comes from within.
答案：that
5．Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, “That's ________ I was born.”
答案：where
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．It struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.
________________________________________________
答案：It→What
2．The best moment for the football star was how he scored the winning goal.
________________________________________________
答案：how→when
3．The customs office is that your luggage is inspected when you enter or leave a country.
________________________________________________
答案：that→where
基础达标演练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．By the time he got to the station, the train ________ (leave)．
答案：had left
2．As the wages were low, there were few ________ (apply) for the job.
答案：applicants
3．In my opinion, it is not so helpful to give someone some bread as it is important to teach him how to make ________ life.
答案：a
4．By the middle of the 21st century, the vast majority of the world's population ________ (live) in cities rather than in the country.
答案：will be living
5．She had looked everywhere for her children, but they were nowhere ________ (find), which made her very worried.
答案：to be found
6．Oil prices fell this week to their lowest level in fourteen months, ________ (apparent) because of over­production.
答案：apparently
7．They have pledged to end ________ (race) discrimination in areas such as employment.
答案：racial
8．After the explosion, every means ________ (use) to prevent the river from being polluted.
答案：has been used
9．In some rural places of China, some people still prefer keeping ________ their traditional lifestyle.
答案：up
10．________ is believed that the wilder the animal or plant is, the better the effects are.
答案：It
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．It didn't occur him that his wife was having an affair.
________________________________________________
答案：occur后加to
2．Only a few of them thought highly of the plan. The majority of people was against it.
________________________________________________
答案：was→were
3．That makes me think of Lagos, which may be the third large city on the planet by the end of the decade.
________________________________________________
答案：large→largest
4．We're dealing with probably the biggest missing link in that we know about human evolution.
________________________________________________
答案：that→what
5．A great many of people gain a great deal of information from the Internet.
________________________________________________
答案：去掉many后的of
Ⅲ.教材微写作
A．根据提示完成句子
1．众所周知，自从1978年改革以来，中国经历了移民大潮。(immigration)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
答案：As we all know, China has experienced immigration movements since the reform in 1978.
2．据报道成千上万的农民从农村涌向城市。(It is reported that ...)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
答案：It is reported that thousands of farmers from the countryside crowded into the cities.
3．尽管辛苦，他们中的多数人都能适应城市生活。(make a life)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
答案：The majority of them can make a life in the cities despite the great hardship.
4．有些农民甚至申请了城市居住权，以享受和当地人一样的权利。(apply for)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
答案：Some even have applied for the right to live in the city and enjoy the same rights as the local people.
5．并且他们通过努力工作为城市的繁荣做出了贡献，自己也过上了幸福的生活。(by means of; boom)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
答案：In addition, they have made great contributions to the boom of the cities by means of working hard and live a happy life.
B．将以上句子连成一篇逻辑严密的短文，注意书写规范

答案：As we all know, China has experienced immigration movements since the reform in 1978. It is reported that thousands of farmers from the countryside crowded into the cities. The majority of them can make a life in the cities despite the great hardship. Some even have applied for the right to live in the city and enjoy the same rights as the local people. In addition, they have made great contributions to the boom of the cities by means of working hard and live a happy life.