专题14 完形填空说明文 -2025年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（新高考通用）

这是一份专题14 完形填空说明文 -2025年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（新高考通用），文件包含专题14完形填空说明文-2025年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练新高考通用解析版docx、专题14完形填空说明文-2025年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练新高考通用原题版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共36页， 欢迎下载使用。
TOC \ "1-3" \h \z \u \l "_Tc148898652" 题型综述2
\l "_Tc148898652" 解题攻略2
\l "_Tc148898653" 题型01 利用语义复现解题2
\l "_Tc148898654" 题型02 利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题 PAGEREF _Tc148898654 \h 3
\l "_Tc148898655" 题型03 利用逻辑关系解题4
\l "_Tc148898656" 题型04 利用语境暗示分析法解题5
\l "_Tc148898657" 高考练场 PAGEREF _Tc148898657 \h 6
题型简介
说明文是高考英语完形填空中的一种并不常考文体，其主要功能是介绍、解释或说明事物的特征、本质、性能、状态、用途、原理等。与记叙文相比，说明文的语言更加简练、平实、准确，通常采用客观描述。文章主题明确，层次分明，作者通常在文章开头就点明说明对象。
命题类型
词汇选择题：主要考查名词、动词、形容词和副词等实词在具体语境中的运用。
逻辑关系题：考查考生对文章逻辑关系的理解，需要根据上下文的逻辑关系进行选择。
语境理解题：要求考生在理解上下文的基础上，选择最合适的词汇。
解题思路
抓住首句，明确说明对象：首句通常不设空，提供了文章的主题或说明对象，帮助考生快速把握文章的大意。
理清段落关系：通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面进行说明的，概括每一段的侧重点，理清各段之间的关系。
弄清说明顺序，把握文章脉络：作者在说明过程中会选择合理的说明顺序（如时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序等），把握这些顺序有助于理解文章的整体结构。
关注语境和逻辑：在选择答案时，要结合上下文的语境和逻辑关系，确保所选词汇使文章意思通顺、逻辑合理。
先易后难，逐步推进：先解决那些容易判断的空格，再逐步处理较难的题目，避免在难题上耗费过多时间。
技巧一：利用语义复现解题
【题型诠释】
复现是一种语义衔接手段,它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等重复出现来表达某一概念,使整篇文章上下连贯,有机地衔接在一起因此,考生可根据文章的具体情况,理解文章的结构和语境利用文章中的语义复现来选择正确的答案。它包括：1.原词复现；2.同义复现；3.反义复现；4.代词复现等。

该类题是完形填空中比较简单的，也是送分题。要仔细阅读，但是这些词可能隐藏的比较深；上文可能暗示下文答案，下文可能暗示上文答案，甚至上下文信息相隔较远，因此要注意集中寻找这些暗示信息。
[示例] While high schl des nt generally encurage students t explre new aspects f life，cllege sets the stage fr that explratin. I myself went thrugh this __41__ prcess and fund smething that has changed my 42.experience at cllege fr the better：I discvered ASL—American Sign Language(美式手语)．
41．A.searching B．planning C．natural D．frmal
[示例] Gd manners at mealtimes help yu and thse arund yu t feel 49 . This is true at hme as much as it is true in smene else’s hme r in a restaurant. Gd 50 make meals mre enjyable fr everyne at the table.
50.A. dishes B. manners C. atmspheres D. friends
技巧二：利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题
【题型诠释】
在完形填空中,我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中，仔细找出能够反映作者态度和感情色彩的重要词汇,它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的参照线索,可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案。

考生在解答该类问题时，要善于把握与作者的写作态度、感悟色彩相关的词汇，特别是某些形容词、副词。这类题型主观性较强，心理描写较多。属于较难的题目。
解该类题时，注意一要紧扣能够体现文章或段落主旨的关键词，二要计言简练。
[示例] When men are held up tgether fr a lng perid, they begin t feel uneasy. Everyne has little habits f speaking and behaving that are rdinarily acceptable. In the limited space ver a lng perid f time, hwever, these little habits may becme very 50 .
50．A．pleasing B．annying C．cmmn D．valuable
[示例]... gt me rck-bttm prices n airfares, cars, and htels. But her cld vice really 28 me.
28. A. annyed B. interested C. discuraged D. cnfused
技巧三：利用逻辑关系解题
【题型诠释】
在句组层次题中，利用逻辑关系解题同样是一种重要的方法。从逻辑关系的高度整体上把握，就会不无惊喜地发现逻辑关系才是征服完形填空的最佳途径。所谓逻辑关系并不缥缈，它就隐藏在句子中、句与句之间以及段落的衔接中。通过逻辑关系的方法，我们可以通过确切、具体的线索，把答案的逻辑意义推测出来，从而在答案中寻找表现了相同逻辑意义的选项。这样做，使得题目的难度大大降低。

这种逻辑关系包括：(1) 句中逻辑关系；(2)句间逻辑关系：往往通过转折、让步、递进、因果等明确的逻辑关系词来体现。当然，句子的逻辑关系也不一定体现在一句话的内部，它还可以渗透到篇章的层面上，在句与句之间表现出来。(3) 段间逻辑关系：这种逻辑关系主要体现在段落之间的衔接上。
[示例] Are yur table manners much better when yu are eating at a friend’s hme r in a restaurant than they are at yur wn hme? Prbably s, 45 yu are aware that peple judge yu by yur table manners.
45. A. because B. but C. unless D. thugh
[示例] As a French graduate wh has taught fr mre than twenty-five years, I believe I have sme idea f why the failure is s ttal. 55 the faults already fund ut in the educatin system as a whle — such as child-centered learning, the “discvery” methd, and the lw expectatins by teachers f pupils — there have been several serius 56 which have a direct effect n language teaching.
55. A. Due t B. In additin t C. Instead f D. In spite f
技巧四：利用语境暗示分析法解题
【题型诠释】
在句组层次题中,有些题目我们往往也需要通过上下文的语境暗示来解题,即根据已知信息,推导出正确答案。完形填空题中虽然也穿插了对语法、短语和词的辨析、句子结构的考查等，但对文章故事情节发展线索的逻辑考查仍是重点。

暗示与上下对应的思维方法，是突破此类完形填空最关键的思维方式。考生在做题时要有全局观念，进行连贯性思维，做题时要把每个空白处的含义与前后句的意思联系起来理解，进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。难选之处前后通常多有暗示，这种暗示多为后面暗示前面。
[示例] He had always been interested in medicine and had read a bk, which discussed the idea f hw bdy chemistry and health can be damaged by emtinal stress and negative __47__. The bk made Cusins think abut the pssible __48__ f psitive attitudes and emtins.
47. A. attitudes B. beliefs C. gals D. psitins
48. A. shrtcming B. harm C. benefit D. interest
[示例] When yu revise, yu change aspects f yur wrk in 54 t yur evlving purpse, r t include 55 ideas r newly discvered infrmatin.
55. A. fixed B. ambitius C. familiar D. fresh
（2022全国乙卷）
Yung children acrss the glbe enjy playing games f hide and seek. Fr them, there’s smething highly exciting abut 41 smene else’s glance and making neself unable t be seen.
Hwever, we all witness that preschl children are remarkably 42 at hiding. They ften cver nly their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest f their bdies 43 .
Fr a lng time, this ineffective hiding methd was 44 as evidence that children are hpelessly “egcentric” (自我中心的) creatures. But ur 45 research results in child develpmental psychlgy 46 that idea.
We brught yung children aged 2-4 int ur Minds in Develpment Lab at USC. Each 47 sat dwn with an adult wh cvered her wn eyes r 48 . We then asked the child if she culd 49 r hear the adult. Surprisingly, children replied that they culdn’t. The same 50 happened when the adult cvered her wn muth: 51 children said that they culdn’t 52 t her.
A number f 53 ruled ut that the children misunderstd what they were being asked. The results were clear: Our yung subjects 54 the questins and knew 55 what was asked f them. Their 56 t the questins reflected their true 57 that “I can see yu nly if yu can see me, t.” They simply 58 mutual (相互的) recgnitin and regard. Our 59 suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket ver her head, it is nt a result f egcentrism. In fact, children cnsider this methd 60 when thers use it.
41. A. fllwingB. takingC. escapingD. directing
42. A. cleverB. badC. scaredD. quick
43. A. expsedB. examinedC. untuchedD. imbalanced
44. A. supprtedB. guaranteedC. imaginedD. interpreted
45. A. disappintingB. mixedC. surprisingD. desired
46. A. explainedB. cnfirmedC. cntradictedD. tested
47. A. parentB. childC. researcherD. dctr
48. A. feetB. nseC. handsD. ears
49. A. seeB. helpC. reachD. fl
50. A. eventB. thingC. actinD. accident
51. A. YetB. NwC. SnD. Once
52. A. speakB. listenC. turnD. wave
53. A. instructinsB. descriptinsC. experimentsD. assumptins
54. A. cmprehendedB. predictedC. explredD. ignred
55. A. partlyB. hnestlyC. vaguelyD. exactly
56. A. respnsesB. apprachesC. cntributinD. sensitivity
57. A. abilityB. beliefC. identityD. purpse
58. A. hld backB. relate tC. insist nD. make up
59. A. limitatinsB. requirementsC. theriesD. findings
60. A. tentativeB. impressiveC. creativeD. effective
(2018年上海高考)
When 17-year-ld Quattr Musser hangs ut with friends, they dn't drink beer r cruise arund in cars with their dates. 1 , they stick t G-rated activities such as rck- climbing r talking abut bks.
They are in gd cmpany, accrding t a new study shwing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had lng been seen as rites f passage int 2 . The study, published Tuesday in the jurnal Child Develpment, fund that the percentage f adlescents in the U. S. wh have a driver's license, wh have tried alchl, wh date, and wh wrk fr pay has plummeted since 1976, with the mst precipitus (急剧的) 3 in the past decade. The declines appeared acrss race, gegraphic, and sciecnmic lines, and in rural, urban, and suburban areas.
T be sure, mre than half f teens still engage in these activities, but the 4 have slimmed cnsiderably. Teens have als reprted a steady decline in sexual activity in recent decades, as the prtin f high schl students wh have had sex fell frm 54 percent in 1991 t 41 percent in 2015, accrding t Centers fr Disease Cntrl statistics. u Peple say, 'Oh, it's because teenagers are mre respnsible, r mre lazy, r mre bring, ' but they're 5 the larger trend," said Jean Twenge, lead authr f the study, which drew n seven large time-lag surveys f Americans. Rather, she said, kids may be less 6 in activities such as dating, driving r getting jbs because in tday's sciety, they n lnger need t.
Accrding t an evlutinary psychlgy thery that a persn's "life strategy" slws dwn r speeds up depending n his r her 7 , expsure t a "harsh and unpredictable" envirnment leads t faster develpment, while a mre resurce-rich and secure envirnment has the 8 effect, the study said. In the first 9 , "Yu'd have a lt f kids and be in survival mde, start having kids yung, expect yur kids will have kids yung, and expect that there will be mre 10 and fewer resurces, " said Twenge, a psychlgy prfessr at San Dieg State University wh is the authr f "iGen： Why Tday's Super- Cnnected Kids Are Grwing Up Less Rebellius, Mre Tlerant, Less Happy-and Cmpletely Unprepared fr Adulthd."
In that mdel a teenage by might be thinking mre 11 abut marriage, and driving a car and wrking fr pay wuld be imprtant fr “ establishing mate value based n prcurement f resurces," the study said. But America is shifting mre tward the 12 mdel, and the change is apparent acrss the sciecnmic spectrum, Twenge said. uEven in families whse parents didn't have a cllege educatin. . . families are smaller, and the idea that children need t be carefully 13 has really sunk in. ‘‘ The 14 f 41 adult activities'' culd nt be attributed t mre hmewrk r extracurricular activities, the study said, nting that teens tday spend fewer hurs n hmewrk and the same amunt f time n extracurriculars as they did in the 1990 s (with the exceptin f cmmunity service, which has risen slightly). Nr culd the use f smartphnes and the Internet be entirely the 15 , the reprt said, since the decline began befre they were widely available. If the delay is t make rm fr creative explratin and frming better scial and emtinal cnnectins, it is a gd thing, he said.
1．A．TherefreB．RatherC．MreverD．Besides
2．A．childhdB．neighbrhdC．adlescentsD．adulthd
3．A．escapesB．endsC．decreasesD．changes
4．A．minritiesB．majritiesC．massesD．amunts
5．A．takingB．avidingC．sendingD．missing
6．A．interestedB．enviedC．relievedD．realized
7．A．emtinsB．surrundingsC．custmsD．habits
8．A．wrngB．sameC．ppsiteD．similar
9．A．eventB．issueC．caseD．ccasin
10．A．trubleB．questinsC．benefitsD．diseases
11．A．respectivelyB．delicatelyC．seriuslyD．cnsiderably
12．A．slwerB．betterC．smallerD．faster
13．A．emphasizedB．relatedC．rganizedD．educated
14．A．implementB．pstpnementC．achievementD．payment
15．A．causeB．impactC．factD．result
A
（24-25高三上·山东·阶段练习）China’s space explratin has nce again achieved a great success. The launch f the Shenzhu-19 spacecraft was a memrable mment fr all Chinese, marking the beginning f a new 1 in China’s space jurney.
The Lng March-2F rcket was the perfect 2 fr this imprtant missin with its impressive appearance and stable technlgy, and the astrnauts underwent 3 training.
At zer secnds, with everyne’s hearts 4 , the rcket sared int the sky, leaving a trail f fire and smke. Back n Earth, peple watched the launch n TV and 5 the astrnauts’ prgress thrugh live bradcast. The successful launch and peratin f the spacecraft 6 China’s ability t cmpete with the wrld’s leading space agencies.
During the missin, the astrnauts will have 7 tasks t accmplish. They will 8 scientific experiments and prepare fr future missins. They will als take time t enjy the beautiful 9 f Earth frm space. The Shenzhu-19 spacecraft is suppsed t 10 its missin after six mnths in space. The success f the missin will inspire many yung peple t pursue their dreams f becming astrnauts.
Since 2003, with each new missin, China has shwn its ability t 11 and push the bundaries f human knwledge. And with its strng scientific and technlgical 12 , China is sure t make greater achievements in the future.
The Shenzhu-19 missin is a cnstant 13 f China’s grwing influence in space explratin. It marks a new era in China’s space explratin and 14 the wrld’s attentin t the cuntry’s develpment. As China cntinues t prgress, we can nly imagine what the future hlds fr this 15 natin.
1．A．framewrkB．chapterC．mdeD．platfrm
2．A．ptinB．cmbinatinC．lcatinD．definitin
3．A．dramaticB．appealingC．flexibleD．demanding
4．A．beatingB．sinkingC．racingD．melting
5．A．fllwedB．dcumentedC．mnitredD．nticed
6．A．facilitatedB．identifiedC．clarifiedD．demnstrated
7．A．multipleB．urgentC．physicalD．risky
8．A．draw nB．carry utC．bring upD．deal with
9．A．imagesB．fieldsC．sightsD．figures
10．A．summarizeB．ccupyC．interruptD．cmplete
11．A．wnderB．innvateC．sustainD．apply
12．A．expansinB．backgrundC．intrductinD．cmpetence
13．A．reminderB．warningC．peratinD．factr
14．A．referB．limitsC．absrbsD．cnnects
15．A．humbleB．pwerfulC．reliableD．generus
B
（24-25高三上·河南濮阳·阶段练习）Mst wrthwhile careers require sme kind f specialized training. Ideally, the chice f an 16 shuld be made even befre the chice f the curriculum (课程) in high schl. 17 , many peple just have a few ideas buncing arund in their minds and mst peple make several jb chices during their wrking lives, 18 because f ecnmic and industrial changes and partly t imprve their psitins. Actually, the “perfect jb” des nt exist. Yung peple shuld enter int a brad flexible training prgram that will prepare them fr a field f wrk rather than just fr a single 19 .
Unfrtunately, many yung peple have t make career plans 20 getting prper help frm a cmpetent ccupatinal cunselr (置业顾问) r psychlgist. Knwing 21 abut the ccupatinal wrld, r themselves fr that matter, they chse their lifewrk n a hit-r-miss 22 . Sme drift frm jb t jb. Others 23 t a piece f wrk in which they are unhappy and fr which they are nt fitted.
One cmmn mistake is chsing an ccupatin fr its 24 prestige (声望). T many high schl students—r their parents-chse a prfessinal field, 25 bth the relatively small percentage f wrkers in the prfessin and the extremely high educatinal and persnal 26 . The imaginary prestige f a prfessin is 27 gd reasn fr chsing it as a lifetime’s wrk. What’s wrse, these ccupatins are nt always well paid. Since a large percentage f jbs are mechanical and manual wrk, the 28 f yung peple shuld give serius 29 t these fields.
Befre making an ccupatinal chice, a persn shuld have a general idea f what he/ she wants ut f life and hw hard he/she is willing t wrk t get it. Sme peple desire scial prestige, thers intellectual satisfactin. Sme want security; thers are willing t take 30 fr financial gain. Each ccupatinal chice has its demands as well as its rewards. S, yu must be careful r d sme career aptitude tests befre making the final chice t get a head start.
16．A．identificatinB．accmmdatinC．entertainmentD．ccupatin
17．A．OtherwiseB．HweverC．ThusD．Therefre
18．A．thrughlyB．mainlyC．usuallyD．partly
19．A．meansB．jbC．taleD．certificate
20．A．withutB．viaC．withD．thrugh
21．A．littleB．mreC．muchD．less
22．A．chanceB．purpseC．basisD．mixture
23．A．applyB．appealC．accuseD．stick
24．A．imaginaryB．inspiratinalC．generusD．greedy
25．A．cncerningB．fllwingC．ignringD．cnsidering
26．A．priritiesB．requirementsC．tendenciesD．ambitins
27．A．neB．anyC．theD．n
28．A．majrityB．chrusC．minrityD．number
29．A．prpsalB．prfileC．apprvalD．cnsideratin
30．A．turnsB．partsC．risksD．chices
C
（24-25高三上·黑龙江大庆·期中）During the Nv. 11 shpping event, many peple tend t buy mre than they need because f sales and prmtin r just a plain urge. But what nrmally 31 the shpping madness is nt 32 but regret. That’s because many peple just buy things t fill the emptiness in their hearts, but accumulating things actually 33 the burden in their minds.
The cncept f Danshari may prvide a(n) 34 t the prblem. Danshari is based n three Chinese characters, duan she li, 35 refusal, dispsal and separatin. It prmtes the idea f remving 36 things and separating neself frm the drive t wn 37 pssessins. There are tw basic rules that 38 whether yu shuld keep smething — the relatinship between yu and the item under 39 as well as the timing. S befre yu 40 yur payment passwrd fr smething, ask yurself tw questins: D I need it nw? Des it suit me?
Danshari encurages yu nt nly t 41 things, but t give up the unreasnable desire assciated with wning them. Nwadays, peple need t learn t 42 their daily lives. Buy nly the necessities and suitable items, regularly 43 things yu dn’t need any mre, and then yu’ll get freedm in yur heart.
Hwever, it desn’t mean that yu shuld kill yur desire and live a less interesting life. Instead, yu shuld 44 yurself rather than material gds. Thrugh 45 what t buy and what t thrw away, yu can see a deeper reflectin f yurself, therefre learning t make wise decisins abut mre imprtant things.
31．A．preventsB．prmtesC．startsD．fllws
32．A．satisfactinB．wealthC．reliefD．expectatin
33．A．measuresB．cversC．relievesD．indicates
34．A．limitB．alternativeC．slutinD．intrductin
35．A．ablishingB．meaningC．vilatingD．predicting
36．A．unnecessaryB．tempraryC．usedD．updated
37．A．privateB．valuableC．materialD．ppular
38．A．prveB．permitC．decideD．affect
39．A．guaranteeB．cntrlC．discussinD．cnsideratin
40．A．changeB．enterC．prvideD．create
41．A．get verB．get alng withC．get rid fD．get thrugh
42．A．fixB．riskC．enrichD．simplify
43．A．discverB．recycleC．cherishD．abandn
44．A．reflect nB．fcus nC．give upD．cheer up
45．A．chsingB．avidingC．cmparingD．mentining
D
（24-25高三上·河北邯郸·阶段练习）Every mrning at 4:30 a.m., Yang He, a 64-year-ld phtgrapher, wakes up in the 46 hurs and drives t the banks f the Yangtze River in Yichang, Hubei prvince. Upn arrival, he patiently waits there fr finless prpises (江豚) t cme ut frm the water, hping t 47 their beauty.
As a devted 48 f finless prpises, Yang has taken mre than 100,000 vivid phts f the 49 species in the past six years. “I knw this grup f finless prpises very 50 . They are just like my children,” he says.
Yangtze finless prpises are s cnnected t the Yangtze River that any change in the health f it can supprt r threaten their 51 . “I first 52 a finless prpise as a teenager when there were far fewer bats n the River. I wuld 53 see them pursuing bats as they made their way dwn the river,” Yang says, adding that as human activity increased, they becme rare.
Over the past few decades, hwever, significant measures have been 54 t change the fate f this species. In 2017, Yang was frtunate enugh t spt a finless prpise after a lng 55 . Over the last five years alne, the ppulatin f Yangtze finless prpises has increased t 1,249, marking a 56 f 23.4 percent. Tday, grups f these creatures can nce again be 57 leaping abve the water’s surface.
“I will cntinue t take mre beautiful phts f them as lng as I am able t 58 a camera and keep a(n) 59 n them,” Yang says, adding that he will make it his life’s missin t 60 these remarkable creatures.
46．A．fficeB．smallC．bigD．rush
47．A．reflectB．inquireC．phtgraphD．justify
48．A．admirerB．specialistC．keeperD．subscriber
49．A．mtivatedB．endangeredC．ccupiedD．caged
50．A．furtherB．slightlyC．littleD．well
51．A．cmprehensinB．weightC．survivalD．visin
52．A．picturedB．trainedC．reservedD．encuntered
53．A．frequentlyB．rarelyC．ccasinallyD．never
54．A．called ffB．carried utC．put asideD．gt acrss
55．A．referenceB．inquiryC．gapD．inference
56．A．declineB．tendencyC．shareD．rise
57．A．justifiedB．expectedC．bservedD．dminated
58．A．hldB．abandnC．deserveD．plish
59．A．paceB．earC．secretD．eye
60．A．advcateB．dcumentC．transfrmD．dnate