新高考英语一轮复习练习考向45 概要写作之三步优化语言表达（2份打包，原卷版+解析版）

这是一份新高考英语一轮复习练习考向45 概要写作之三步优化语言表达（2份打包，原卷版+解析版），文件包含新高考英语一轮复习练习考向45概要写作之三步优化语言表达原卷版doc、新高考英语一轮复习练习考向45概要写作之三步优化语言表达解析版doc等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共16页， 欢迎下载使用。

概要写作的评分原则之一是“对各要点表达的独立性情况”，即要用自己的语言表述原文要点，不能照抄原文的语句。同时各要点之间应注意利用恰当的过渡衔接词汇，使所写的句子连贯流畅。
第一步：替换单词/短语
在找出文中的要点后，利用替换单词、短语等方法来增强语言表达的独立性。
①利用同义词(短语)或近义词(短语)代替原文单词或短语。
②将原文动词短语转换为介词短语、名词短语替换成动词短语、动词转换为名词、形容词转换为副词等。
第二步：合理地调整句式
除了用替换单词、短语等方式增强语言表达的独立性外，还可以采用灵活调整句式的方式达到语气目标。
(1)长变短：压缩长的句子和词组，使其变得短小精悍，如两个简单句整合为一个并列句或主从复合句；复合句或并列句简化为简单句、从句简化为介词短语或者分词短语等。
(2)主动变被动：主动句变为被动句式，更生动更符合英语表达。
(3)善用定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、倒装句、强调句、省略句等丰富的句型结构等。
第三步：使用恰当的过渡衔接
概要写作的评分标准之一是上下文的连贯性，要求你有效运用一定的衔接手段。
3种使上下文连贯的衔接手段
①词汇衔接：运用原词、近义词或反义词、上下义词等的复现。
②逻辑衔接：利用表逻辑关系的过渡词衔接上下文，如besides, in additin, therefre等，在选用过渡衔接词时，应考虑前后句子之间的内在逻辑关系。
③语法衔接：常见的语法衔接有替代和省略。
替代：用代词替代前面的名词(短语)和句子，用助动词代替前面的动词(短语)。
省略：在语境表达清晰的情况下，为了表达简洁，省略上文或下文的某个词句。
【策略演示】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
(2019年6月，浙江高考)Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, authr f The A t Z Guide t Raising Happy and Cnfident Kids, says, “We've gne t the ppsite extreme f a few decades ag when eq \a\vs4\al(parents tended t be mre strict).” By giving kids a lt f praise, parents think they're building their children's cnfidence, when, in fact, it may be just the ppsite. eq \a\vs4\al(T much praise can backfire) and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid t try new things r take a risk fr fear f nt being able t stay n tp where their parents' praise has put them.
Still, dn't g t far in the ther directin. eq \a\vs4\al(Nt giving enugh praise) eq \a\vs4\al(can be just as damaging as giving t much). Kids will feel like eq \a\vs4\al(they're nt) eq \a\vs4\al(gd enugh r that yu dn't care) and, as a result, may see n pint in trying hard fr their accmplishments.
S what is the right amunt f praise? Experts say that eq \a\vs4\al(the quality) eq \a\vs4\al(f praise is mre imprtant than the quantity). If praise is sincere and fcused n the effrt nt the utcme, yu can eq \a\vs4\al(give it as ften as yur) eq \a\vs4\al(child des smething that deserves a verbal reward). “We shuld especially recgnize ur children's effrts t push themselves and wrk hard t achieve a gal，” says Dnahue, authr f Parenting Withut Fear: Letting G f Wrry and Fcusing n What Really Matters. “One thing t remember is that it's the prcess nt the end prduct that eq \a\vs4\al(matters).”
Yur sn may nt be the best basketball player n his team. But if he's ut there every day and playing hard, yu shuld praise his effrt regardless f whether his team wins r lses. eq \a\vs4\al(Praising the effrt and nt) eq \a\vs4\al(the utcme) can als mean recgnizing yur child when she has wrked hard t clean the yard, ck dinner, r finish a bk reprt. But whatever it is, praise shuld be given n a case­by­case basis and be prprtinate eq \a\vs4\al(相称的 t the amunt f effrt yur child has put int it).
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【思路点拨】
第1步 读懂原文，明确篇章结构
本文是议论文，提出当前父母对孩子进行过度赞扬和不表扬是同样有害的，正确的做法是找到其闪光点进行适度的表扬，以培养其自信乐观的心态。文章四个自然段，就是4个意义段，对应4个要点。
第一段：指出过度表扬不利于孩子的成长。
第二段：对孩子的表扬不足同样有害。
第三段：对孩子的表扬要恰当而且适时。
第四段：关注孩子的努力，不必太过关注结果。
第2 步 去次留精，提炼关键信息
本文关键信息已在文中用画线和阴影形式体现， 其中画线词为与主题句相关的关键词，其他则为次要信息。
第3步 归纳要点，合理转换表达
采用同义转述、句式转换等方法灵活准确归纳要点，如：
①第一段主题句可归纳为要点1：该要点中的“the ppsite”可利用同义表达改为cntrary t；“stay n tp where their parents' praise has put them”(指的是父母对孩子过度表扬而设定的目标)可转换为 unrealistic gals。
②第二段主题句可归纳为要点2：该要点中的“Nt giving enugh praise”可转换为inadequate praise; “they're nt gd enugh r that yu dn't care”可转换为they are nt ding well r they are ignred。
第4步 句式多样，注意过渡衔接
句式要多样，可利用非谓语动词、定语从句和名词性从句，归纳整合要点。
要点1指出过度表扬不利于孩子的成长，而要点2说明对孩子的表扬不足同样有害，由此前两个要点为转折关系，可利用hwever衔接；第3个要点说明要给予恰当适时的表扬，由此可知该要点与前两个要点是因果关系可利用therefre衔接；第3个要点中的恰当适时的表扬与第4个要点中的表扬努力为并列关系， 可利用表“并列，顺承”的过渡衔接词汇，如besides, additinally等。
【参考范文】
Cntrary t the past, sme parents are likely t verpraise their kids, making them feel given unrealistic gals. (要点1) eq \a\vs4\al(Hwever)， thers give their kids inadequate praise, which gives them a false idea that they are nt ding well r they are ignred. (要点2) eq \a\vs4\al(Therefre)， praising them prperly and punctually is definitely favrable. (要点3) eq \a\vs4\al(Additinally)， t d s parents are advised t fcus n their kids' effrt instead f the result. (要点4)
【检测训练】
1. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Eighty-five percent f the jbs that tday's students will d in 2030 dn't exist yet,the Institute fr the Future has predicted.That might seem like a high number t reach in nly 10 years.But think abut the nn-mainstream careers that did nt exist just a handful f years ag: scial media manager,app develper and clud cmputing engineer,etc.What rle shuld clleges and universities play in preparing students fr a wrkplace that is cnstantly changing? Educatinal institutins are trying t answer that questin."We hpe they will nt nly be prepared fr whatever the jb market lks like in 10,20 r 50 years but be the nes shaping it," said Jenn Stringer,prfessr at the University f Califrnian,Berkeley.Here are sme f the appraches they're taking.
Sme experts argue that the fur-year learning mdel needs t be rethught in a big way. They say educatin can n lnger be seen as smething that stps when a persn graduates frm cllege.If students culd take a year r tw ff schl,get a jb,and then return t schl a few years later,the educatin system wuld ffer true life-lng learning and better adapt t changing technlgy.
Fewer emplyers are willing t train peple n the jb than the emplyers 50 years ag, largely as part f an effrt t cut csts.T fill the jb skills gap,sme curses are ffered as an add-n t a student's main degree.Fr example,the curses may include data analysis,web design and digital marketing.The gal is t ffer students,a degree aside,sme advantages when they seek jbs r prmtins in the future.
Other institutins are trying t imitate the wrkplace within the traditinal classrm. Several clleges have partnered with private cmpanies,such as the sftware cmpany Adbe, t integrate their prducts int the classrm.Prfessrs at schls wh partner with the cmpany are encuraged t use the prduct fr assignments.The idea is that students learn hw t create a prject that can be used in the real wrld and the"sft skills"such as teamwrk and creativity.
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【参考范文】
T help students better suit and reshape the ever-shifting wrk landscape, clleges are taking varius measures. (要点1) Firstly, life-lng and adaptive learning mdel is expected t replace the present 4-year ne. (要点2) Besides, additinal training prgrams beneficial t acquiring practical jb skills are prvided fr cllege students. (要点3) Mrever, sme clleges cperate with enterprises t make classrms mre like wrkplaces and enhance students’ all rund capabilities. (要点4)
【写作步骤】
第1步:根据文章内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。文章第一段用提问的方式引出主题：大学在帮助学生们适应不断变化的职场起到什么角色？所以本文的内容概要是为了帮助学生更好适应职场，大学采取了各种各样的措施。要点1要先写出文章目的。要点2第二段讲到第一点措施ffer true life-lng learning and better adapt t changing technlgy.终身和适应型学习模式预计会替换现在4年教育。要点3在第三段sme curses are ffered as an add-n t a student's main degree.有益于获得工作技能的格外的培训项目被提供给大学生。要点4.在最后一段：大学和公司合作把课堂营造成职场并加强学生全面能力。
第2步:根据写作要求,确定关键词(组) , 如: beneficial t 有益的； are prvided fr 被提供 Mrever 而且, sme clleges cperate with 合作；enhance students’ all rund capabilities增强全面的技能. 等。
第3步:根据提示及关键词(组)进行遣词造句,注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第4步:连句成文,注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持整洁美观的卷面是非常重要的。
【写作亮点】
本文内容完整,语言规范,语篇连贯,词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级表达方式,如T help students better suit and reshape the ever-shifting wrk landscape, 和Mrever, sme clleges cperate with enterprises t make classrms mre like wrkplaces and enhance students’ all rund capabilities.中都出现非谓语动词的运用，全文中没有中国式英语的句式,显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外, 文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然,为文章增色添彩。
2. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
These days, ftball is ne f the mst ppular sprts in the wrld. Given that Neil Armstrng wanted t take a ftball t the Mn, we culd even say that it is als the mst ppular sprt ut f this wrld! The histry f the game ges back ver tw thusand years t Ancient China. It was then knwn as cuju(kick ball), a game using a ball f animal skins with hair inside. Gals were hung in the air. Ftball as we knw it tday started in Great Britain, where the game was given new rules.
That ftball is such a simple game t play is perhaps the basis f its ppularity. It is als a game that is very cheap t play. Yu dn't need expensive equipment; even the ball desn't have t cst much mney. All ver the wrld yu can see kids playing t their hearts 'cntent with a ball made f plastic bags; just like Pele did when he was a by.
Anther factr behind ftball's glbal ppularity is the creativity and excitement n the field. It is fun enugh t attract millins f peple. Yu d nt have t be a fan t recgnize the skill f prfessinal player-hw they use their bdies t pass, scre and defend can be amazing t see-r t feel the excitement f a game ending with a surprising twist.
What's mre, ftball has becme ne f the best ways fr peple t cmmunicate: it des nt require wrds, but everyne understands it. It breaks dwn walls and brings peple tgether n and ff the field. Take, fr example, the famus ftball game n Christmas Day 1914. Wrld War I had brken ut mnths befre, but British and German sldiers put dwn their guns and played ftball tgether-ne mment f peace t remember during years f cnflict.
“Sme peple believe ftball is a matter f life and death, “said Bill Shankly, the famus ftballer and manager. “I can assure yu it is much, much mre imprtant than that.” This might sund funny, but ne nly has t think abut the Earth t realize that ur planet is shaped like a ftball.
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【参考范文】
Ftball enjys universal ppularity with a histry tracing back t Ancient China and its mdern rules riginating frm Great Britain. (要点1)Such ppularity lies first in the simplicity and lw cst f playing the game. (要点2)Creative ftball skills and exciting game atmsphere als cntribute t its ppularity. (要点3)Furthermre, ftball is a means f cmmunicatin beynd wrds, pwerful enugh t disslve barriers and prmte peace. (要点4) Accrdingly, ftball is mre than just a sprt. (要点5)(71 wrds)
【写作步骤】
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了足球的历史可以追溯到古代中国，它的现代规则起源于英国。这种流行首先在于游戏的简单和低成本。创造性的足球技巧和激动人心的比赛气氛也有助于它的流行。此外，足球是一种超越语言的交流手段，它足以消除障碍，促进和平。因此，足球不仅仅是一项运动。
2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
3. 阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It was nce cmmn t regard Britain as a sciety with class distinctin. Each class had unique characteristics. In recent years, many writers have begun t speak f the “decline f class” and “classless sciety” in Britain. And in mdern day cnsumer sciety everyne is cnsidered t be middle class.
But prnuncing the death f class is t early. A recent wide-ranging study f public pinin fund 90 percent f peple still placing themselves in a particular class; 73 percent agreed that class was still a vital part f British sciety; and 52 percent thught there were still sharp class differences. Thus, class may nt be culturally and plitically bvius, yet it remains an imprtant part f British sciety. Britain seems t have a lve f classes.
One unchanging aspect f a British persn's class psitin is accent. The wrds a persn speaks shw her r his class. A study f British accents during the 1970s fund that a vice sunding like a BBC newsreader was viewed as the mst attractive vice. Mst peple said this accent sunded “educated” and “sft”. The accents placed at the bttm in this study, n the ther hand, were reginal (地区的) city accents. These accents were seen as “cmmn” and “ugly”. Hwever, a similar study f British accents in the US turned these results upside dwn and placed sme reginal accents as the mst attractive and BBC English as the least. This suggests that British attitudes twards accent have deep rts and are based n class prejudice.
In recent years, hwever, yung upper middle-class peple in Lndn, have begun t adpt sme reginal accents, in rder t hide their class rigins. This is an indicatin f class becming unnticed. Hwever, the 1995 pp sng “Cmmn Peple” puts frward the view that thugh a middle-class persn may “want t live like cmmn peple” they can never appreciate the reality f a wrking-class life.
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【参考范文】
Currently Britain seems t be classless in the cnsumer sciety. (要点1)Hwever, a study shws British still have a strng sense f class which cntinues t be a crucial part fr them. (要点2) What remains the same is that the accent represents a persn's class while peple's attitudes t the accent are related t class prejudice. (要点3)Nevertheless, nwadays the yung upper middle class cver up their rigins with ther accents. (要点4)
4. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
With the develpment f the cmputer, virtual reality ( 虚 拟 现 实 ) steps in ur life. If smething is virtual, then it is created by cmputer technlgy and appears as if it were real.VR is a cmputer system with a special headset(耳机). When yu put n the headset, yu will lk at tw tiny televisin screens. They are s clse t yur eyes as if yu see just ne picture and yu will believe that yu have entered a different wrld. In many systems, yu als wear special glves. With the glves yu can reach ut and tuch things in the unreal wrld.
The first VR games, which have already been sld arund the wrld,enable yu t drive a sprts car,fly a plane, r fight an enemy.In the future, it may be difficult t tell the virtual wrld f the games frm the real wrld utside. Hwever, VR is nt just fr entertainment. One day, delighted children will be able t learn histry by visiting the pyramids f Egypt. In additin,businesses will be able t use VR fr many tasks. Pilt will be able t practise flying virtual planes befre they g int the air. VR can help us imprve the wrld in hundreds f ways.
Hwever, sme peple have warned that there culd be dangers. It might be dangerus if we d smething wrng, r if peple d nt want t return t reality because it is safer than real life. Besides, we will frget hw t live and wrk with real peple.
There will be sme prblems with VR, as it is new fr us. Hwever,ne thing is fr sure: VR is here t stay.Get ready t step int anther wrld!
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【参考范文】
VR is a cmputer system with a special headset and special glves, which enables peple t enter an unreal wrld. It is applied t mre and mre fields, such as, entertaining peple,educating children, dealing with business and training pilts. Hwever, it might be dangerus if peple dn’t use it prperly. In cnclusin, n matter what prblems it brings, VR is sure t be part f peple’s life in the near future.
【写作分析】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了什么是虚拟现实技术以及它的应用。如果不正确使用的话，将会有危险。
阅读短文可知，文章主要描述了虚拟现实技术，介绍了虚拟现实技术的定义以及其用途。以及若不正确使用的话会有危险。但是总之，不管它带来什么问题，虚拟现实在不久的将来一定会成为人们生活的一部分。
结合大意进行英文写作，可参考短文内容，注意字数在60字左右。
5. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, authr f The A t Z Guide t Raising Happy and Cnfident Kids, says, “We’ve gne t the ppsite extreme f a few decades ag when parents tended t be mre strict.” By giving kids a lt f praise, parents think they’re building their children’s cnfidence, when, in fact, it may be just the ppsite. T much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that’s insincere, make kids afraid t try new things r take a risk fr fear f nt being able t stay n tp where their parents’ praise has put them.
Still, dn’t g t far in the ther directin. Nt giving enugh praise can be just as damaging as giving t much. Kids will feel like they’re nt gd enugh r that yu dn’t care and, as a result, may see n pint in trying hard fr their accmplishments.
S what is the right amunt f praise? Experts say that the quality f praise is mre imprtant than the quantity. If praise is sincere and fcused n the effrt nt the utcme, yu can give it as ften as yur child des smething that deserves a verbal reward. “We shuld especially recgnize ur children’s effrts t push themselves and wrk hard t achieve a gal,” says Dnahue, authr f Parenting Withut Fear: Letting G f Wrry and Fcusing n What Really Matters. “One thing t remember is that it’s the prcess nt the end prduct that matters.”
Yur sn may nt be the best basketball player n his team. But if he’s ut there every day and playing hard, yu shuld praise his effrt regardless f whether his team wins r lses. Praising the effrt and nt the utcme can als mean recgnizing yur child when she has wrked hard t clean the yard, ck dinner, r finish a bk reprt. But whatever it is, praise shuld be given n a case-by-case basis and be prprtinate(相称的) t the amunt f effrt yur child has put int it.
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【参考范文】
Parents tend t g t extremes when it cmes t praising their kids. (要点一) Yet, bth t much and t little praise can be equally damaging. (要点二) When giving praise, parents shuld be sincere and cncentrate n the prcess instead f the result. (要点三) Similarly, they ught t give praise fr hw much effrt their kids have invested in the wrk they’re invlved in. (要点四)