高中英语2025届高考语法复习句子基本成分和句型知识讲解

这是一份高中英语2025届高考语法复习句子基本成分和句型知识讲解，共4页。学案主要包含了句子成分，基本句型，补充学习等内容，欢迎下载使用。
一、句子成分
什么叫句子成分呢?句子的组成成分叫句子成分｡在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分｡
句子成分由词或词组充当｡
英语的基本成分有七种:主语(subject)､谓语(predicate)､表语(predicative)､宾语(bject)､定语(attribute)､状语(adverbial) 和补语(cmplement)｡
二、基本句型
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大､组合､省略或倒装｡掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础｡
（一）S V (主+谓)
主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如by),主格代词(如yu),动词不定式,动名词等｡主语一般在句首｡注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!
谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态､语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后｡不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如:We cme.此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思｡这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词､介词短语､状语从句等｡
S │ V (不及物动词)
The sun │was shining.
The mn │rse.
The universe │remains.
We all breathe, eat, and drink.
Wh cares?What he said des nt matter.
They talked fr half an hur.
The pen writes smthly.
（二）S V P (主+系+表)
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思｡这类动词叫做连系动词｡
系动词分两类:be, lk, keep, seem等属一类,表示情况;
get, grw, becme, turn等属另一类,表示变化｡be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用｡其它系动词仍保持其部分词义｡
S │V(是系动词)│ P
1.This │is │an English-Chinese dictinary.
2.The dinner │smells │ │lks │different.
4.He is grwing tall and strng.
5.The truble is that they are shrt f mney.
7.Our well has gne dry.
8.His face turned red.
（三）S V O (主+谓+宾)
此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整｡这类动词叫做及物动词｡宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是“代词宾格”,如:me,him,them等｡
S│V(及物动词)│ O
1.Wh │knws │the answer?2.She │smiled │her thanks.
3.He │has refused │t help them.
4.He enjys reading.
5.They ate what was left ver.
6.He said "Gd mrning."7.I want t have a cup f tea.
8.He admits that he was mistaken.
（四）S V O(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:give,pass,bring,shw｡这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语｡间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前｡一般的顺序为: 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语｡
如:Give me a cup f tea, please.
亦可以强调间接宾语顺序为:动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语｡
如:Shw this huse t Mr.Smith.
S │V(及物)│ (多指人) │ O(多指物)
1.She │rdered │herself │a new dress.
2.She │cked │her husband │a delicius meal.
3.He │brught │yu │a dictinary.
4.He denies her nthing.
5.I shwed him my pictures.
6.I gave my car a wash.
7.I tld him that the bus was late.
8.He shwed me hw t run the machine.
（五）S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整｡
宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分｡宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语｡
名词/代词宾格 + 名词 The war made him a sldier.
名词/代词宾格 + 形容词 New methds make the jb easy.
名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语 I ften find him at wrk.
名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式 The teacher ask the students t clse the windws.
名词/代词宾格 + 分词 I saw a cat running acrss the rad.
S │V(及物)│ O(宾语) │ C(宾补)
1.They │appinted │him │manager.
2.They │painted │the dr │green.
3.This │set │them │thinking.
4.They fund he huse deserted.
5.What makes him think s?6.We saw him ut.
7.He asked me t cme back sn.
8.I saw them getting n the bus.
三、补充学习
定语､状语､同位语､独立成分､分词独立结构
但常用的英语句子并不像基本句型这样简短,这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语(mdifier)而加以扩大｡这些修饰语可以是单词(主要是形容词､副词和数词),也可以是各种类型的短语(主要是介词短语､不定式短语和分词短语)｡我们称之为:定语､状语｡
1.定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰､限定作用的词､短语或句子,汉语中常用“……的”表示｡定语通常位于被修饰的成分前｡
形容词作定语:The little by needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词by;blue修饰名词pen.)
Tm is a handsme by. There is a gd by.
数词作定语相当于形容词:Tw bys need tw pens.
The tw bys are students. There are tw bys in the rm.
代词或名词所有格作定语:His by needs Tm's pen.
His name is Tm. There are tw bys f Tms there.
介词短语作定语:The by in the classrm needs a pen f yurs.
The by in blue is Tm. There are tw bys f 9, and three f 10.
名词作定语:The by needs a ball pen. There is nly ne ball pen in the pencil bx.
副词作定语:The by there needs a pen. The best by here is Tm.
不定式作定语:The by t write this letter needs a pen.
The by t write this letter is Tm.
There is nthing t d tday.｡
分词(短语)作定语:The smiling by needs a pen bught by his mther.
The pen bught by her is made in China.
There are five bys left.
定语从句:The by wh is reading needs the pen which yu bught yesterday.
The by yu will knw is Tm.
There are five bys wh will play the game.
2.状语:状语修饰动词､形容词､副词或全句,说明时间､地点､原因､结果､目的､程度､让步､条件等｡
状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首,修饰某个词时放句中｡
【补充】状语从句:时间状语从句､地点状语从句､原因状语从句､结果状语从句､目的状语从句､比较状语从句､让步状语从句､条件状语从句副词(短语)作状语:The by needs a pen very much.( 状语)
The by needs very much the pen bught by his mther.( 状语)
The by really needs a pen.( 状语)
The by needs a pen nw./Nw, the by needs a pen./The by, nw, needs a pen.( 状语) 介词短语作状语:In the classrm, the by needs a pen.( 状语)
Befre his mther, Tm is always a by.( 状语)
On Sundays, there is n student in the classrm.( 状语) 分词(短语)作状语:
Having t finish his hmewrk, the by needs a pen.( 状语)
Frightened, he sits there sundlessly.(因为)受了惊吓,他无声地坐在那儿｡( 状语) 不定式作状语:The by needs a pen t d his hmewrk.( 状语)
T make his dream cme true, Tm becmes very interested in business.( 状语)
名词作状语:Cme this way! ( 状语)
3.同位语:同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语｡如:
We students shuld study hard.We all are students.
4.独立成分:有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分(注意:区别于分词独立结构)｡
感叹词:h, hell, aha, ah,等｡
肯定词:yes 否定词:n 称呼语:称呼人的用语｡
插入语:一些句中插入的 I think, I believe等｡
The stry, I think, has never cme t the end.
情态词:表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语),perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然,等｡