高中英语2024高考复习语法知识讲解（5种基本句型+4种句子成分）

高考英语基本句型英语中常见的句型有以下五种：1、主语 + 谓语2、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语3、主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语4、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语5、主语 + 谓语（系动词）+ 表语一、主谓结构I write、（我写字）You smile、（你微笑）He leaves、（他离开了）She dances、（她跳舞）The river floods、（河水泛滥）The accident happened、（那场事故发生了）某人（或事物）做某事，其中某人（或事物）是动作或行为的发起者，我们称其为主语，后面的动作或行为我们称之为谓语。二、主谓宾结构I write a letter.You leave your home.He goes to school.She beats me.The flood destroys many houses.The accident causes 2 deaths.上述句子的共同点在于除了表示某人（或事物）做某事之外，还牵涉了另一个人（或事物），这个人（或事物）作为动作或行为的承受者，我们称其为宾语。三、主谓+双宾结构I write you a letter.His father left him a lot of money.He bought me a new phone.She told me the truth.The government gave him a new mission.在主谓宾结构之外，上述句子又增加了一个人（或事物）作为动作的承受者，也就是又一个宾语。也可以改写为：I wrote a letter to you.His father left a lot of money to him.He bought a new phone for me.She told the truth to me.The government gave a new mission to him.可以看到，这样调整之后句子的前半部分仍然是完整的主谓宾结构。为了表示区分，我们将两个宾语分别称为间接宾语和直接宾语。四、主谓宾+宾补结构I feel the water too hot.He found the letter interesting.I heard the birds singing.He saw an old man knocked down by a car.She told me to go to school.The music makes me happy.The World Bank helped the country get through the crisis.（划线部分为宾语补足语）上述的句子前半部分虽然包含主谓宾结构，但是如果没有后半部分的补充，句子的含义是不完整的。同时，划线部分的修饰对象都是宾语，因此我们把这一成分称为宾语补足语（宾补），上述句型则称为主谓宾宾补结构。五、主系表结构I am Mike.Mike is a teacher.I am happy.I feel relaxed.It sounds interesting.The water is hot.The letter is in the envelope.That is why you failed.在主谓宾结构中宾语是作为“主语发起的动作或行为的承受者”。在主系表结构中，表语是对主语的一种补充说明、解释或者重命名。从用途或作用的角度我们再来看上述句子：I am Mike、将主语 I 命名为 MikeMike is a teacher.补充说明主语 Mike 的职业I am happy.补充说明主语 I 的心情I feel relaxed.补充说明主语 I 的感受It sounds interesting.补充说明主语 It 带给人的感受The water is hot.补充说明主语 the weather 的属性The letter is in the envelope.补充说明主语 the letter 的属性That is why you failed.对主语 that 作解释英语中绝大部分的句子，不论长短，均可以归类到这五种句型。下面是一些练习，测试一下你能否发现以下句子的句型。1、This is good news.2、I had a wonderful day yesterday.3、My friend asked me for help.4、If you had asked, I would give you all I have.5、The reason you cannot win is that your faith is too weak.6、I asked Jenifer to hand me the book.7、Such a high evaluation did not match the real worth of the company.8、After a long-time inquest, the criminal refused to confess the detail of his crime.9、The US Air Force has denied the accusation of the air raid aiming at a military base belonging to the Syrian government.10、I know you don’t always mean it when you say “I’m serious”.高考英语句子成分一、主语主语是一个句子的主题，它表明这句话说的是谁或是什么东西或情况。如果是主动态，句子的主语是动作的执行者；如果是被动态或系表结构，句子的主语是动作的承受者或是被描绘的对象。1、种类（1）单一主语John is nice.（词） 约翰人很好。Being with John is nice.（短语） 和约翰在一起真好。What John said is nice.（句子） 约翰说的话真好。注：作主语的名词或代词常带有修饰语，动词的数必须与主语一致，与修饰语无关；不定式、动名词短语、主语从句作主语用单数动词。（2）复合主语由逗号或连词连接的两个或更多的单一主语。The little kid and his step-mother get along well with each other.这个小孩和他的继母相处的很好。Neither he nor Mary has a house.他和玛丽都没有房子。（3）形式主语与真实主语主语若是短语或句子，常常将其（真实主语）放在句尾，而用it（形式主语）代替它原位置。It is no use waiting here.在这里等是没用的。It’s a pity that you missed the chance.你失去了这次机会太遗憾了。（4）逻辑主语原则上，谓语动词才有主语，而非谓语动词中失去动词性质的动词有意义上的主语，称为逻辑主语。I wish him to go to that school.我希望他去那所学校。Wish的动作发出者为I，to go to that school的动作发出者为him，him为其后的不定式的逻辑主语。That’s the cause of his being late.那就是他迟到的原因。being late的逻辑主语为his。(5) 地点主语用表示地点的名词作主语，省去地点状语。London is foggy、(=It is foggy in London.) 伦敦有雾。The garden swarms with bees、(=Bees swarm in the garden.) 花园里飞满了蜜蜂。2、表示法（1）名词作主语Prevention is better than cure.（谚语）预防胜于治疗。（2）代词作主语Nobody knows who took the ring.没人知道谁拿了戒指。（3）数词作主语Two-thirds of the workers are women.三分之二的工人是女工。（4）动名词作主语Traveling in Paris last summer vacation was an unforgettable experience for me.去年暑假的巴黎之旅对我来说是一段难忘的经历。There is no telling when they can get ready.他们什么时候能准备好还没法说。（5）不定式作主语To see is to believe.（谚语）眼见为实。To persevere means victory.坚持就是胜利。（6）短语作主语All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.（谚语）只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, happy and wise.睡得早，起得早，使人聪明快乐身体好。（7）名词化的形容词作主语The unemployed usually lead a hard life.失业人员一般生活很困难。The rich are not always happy.富人未必总是快乐。（8）从句作主语What he has done was very touching.他所做的事很让人感动。Whether we’ll go depends on the weather.我们是否去要看天气。（9）句子作主语“How do you do!”was the first sentence she said to me.“你好！”是她对我说的第一句话。二、谓语1、简单谓语凡是由一个动词（包括短语动词）或一个以上的并列动词构成的，不管是什么时态、语态、语气，都是简单谓语。People’s standards of living are going up steadily.人民的生活水平在稳步上升。The children sang and danced happily on Children’s Day.儿童节那天孩子们幸福地唱歌、跳舞。2、复合谓语复合谓语是由两部分构成的，主要有以下两类：（1）带不定式的复合谓语。由情态动词或某些其他动词加不定式构成。可以与不定式构成复合谓语的动词有：seem, happen, turn out, prove, appear, be due to, get to, be likely to, used to等。We should give him a chance to turn over a new leaf.我们应该给他改过自新的机会。He appeared to be happy but was really sad at heart.他看上去高兴，实际上他内心很难过。She is not likely to accept your offer.她不可能接受你的赠与。（2）带表语的复合谓语。由“系动词+表语”构成，主要说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。系动词根据意思可以分为三类：A、表示表示状态的连系动词be, appear, seem, keep, remain, continue, stay, prove等。Developing economy remains our pressing task.发展经济仍然是我们的迫切任务。We should keep calm under all circumstances.在任何情况下我们都应该保持冷静。B、表示感觉的连系动词look, feel, smell, sound, taste等。Your suggestion doesn’t sound applicable.你的建议听起来不切合实际。This dish smells nice.这个菜闻起来很香。C、表示转变的连系动词become, fall, come, get, go, grow, turn等。Our dream may come true someday.我们的梦想可能有一天会变为现实。The leaves have turned yellow.树叶已经变黄了。此外，还有一些动词如wear, flush, blush, break, flash, lie, sit, return, die, ring等常可跟表语来和它们构成复合谓语。His father died a martyr at his post.他父亲以身殉职。While others were talking and laughing, she sat silent in the corner.别人都有说有笑，她却坐在角落里默不作声。It didn’t ring true.这话听起来不真实。三、表语表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份、类属等，它可以说是一种主语补语。它位于连系动词之后，与之一起构成复合谓语。表语的表示法如下：1、名词作表语She became a teacher after graduation.毕业后她当了老师。有些“all+名词”的短语可在系动词be后作表语，构成习惯用法。The students are all ears in class.学生们在上课时都认真听讲。He’s all attention listening to the broadcast.他全神贯注地收听广播。名词的所有格也可用作表语。This math book is Tom’s.这本数学书是汤姆的。2、形容词作表语This medicine tastes bitter.这药吃起来是苦的。3、代词作表语That’s something we have always to keep in mind.这是我们应当经常牢记的。4、数词作表语She was the first to arrive.她是第一个到的。5、分词作表语She felt exhausted after a day’s hard work.在辛苦一天后她觉得累极了。The problem is quite pressing.这个问题很紧迫。6、动名词作表语What he likes is reading novels.他喜欢的事是读小说。7、不定式作表语Her dream is to go abroad for further study.她的梦想是去国外深造。8、副词作表语Time is up！时间到了！9、介词短语作表语The patient is out of danger.病人已脱险了。10、从句This is where our basic interest lies.这是我们的根本利益所在。四、宾语1、概述宾语是动作的承受者，所以宾语一般放在及物动词之后，与及物动词一起说明主语做什么。有些不及物动词构成的短语动词也可带宾语。Man will triumph over nature、人定胜天。We must put an end to such a practice.我们必须制止这种做法。有时为了强调或是为了上下文的衔接，宾语也可置于句首。This much we have achieved; but we are not complacent.我们取得了这么多的成就，但我们并不自满。2、宾语的形式A、名词作宾语Show your passport, please!请出示护照！B、代词作宾语They didn’t promise him anything definite.他们没有肯定地答应他什么。C、数词作宾语— Which singer do you like best?— I like the second best.— 你最喜欢哪位歌手？— 我最喜欢第二位。D、名词化的形容词作宾语They are going to erect a monument in memory of the dead.他们将树碑纪念死者。E、动名词（短语）作宾语I enjoyed working with you.和你们一道工作我很高兴。F、不定式（短语）作宾语They prefer to live in the countryside.他们宁愿住在农村。G、名词化的分词作宾语He is constantly helping the unemployed.他总是帮助那些失业的人。H、从句作宾语No one knows who will be elected mayor of this city.没有人知道谁会当选为这个城市的市长。注：a、有些宾语与动词同源，这种宾语可以称为同源宾语 (Cognate Objects)。同源宾语通常都带有一个定语，这个定语在概念上常起状语的作用。Liu Hulan died a glorious death.刘胡兰死得光荣。May you dream a sweet dream.愿你做个美梦。She sighed a deep sigh.她深深叹了口气。b、另外有些动词后面可跟宾语，表示某种姿态或表情所表示的东西。When he said these words, they all nodded their agreement.他说了这些话后，他们都点头表示同意。Then, she kissed her kids goodbye.然后，她与孩子们吻别。