高中英语2025届高考语法复习构词法知识讲解（合成法+转化法+派生法+缩略法）

这是一份高中英语2025届高考语法复习构词法知识讲解（合成法+转化法+派生法+缩略法），共7页。学案主要包含了合成法，其它合成词，转化法，派生法等内容，欢迎下载使用。

一、合成法
合成法就是指由两个或两个以上的单词合成的词叫合成词。这种构词方式主要有两种：复合法、结合法。合成法主要是构成合成名词和合成形容词。
复合法构成的复合词，它们各个结合的部分相互间的语法关系是紧密相关的。如blackbard和darkrm都是形容词和名词形成的结构，writing desk是动词名词和名词形式的结构。
结合法形成的词是形态合成词，它的结合是用一个起来连接作用的中缀来把两个或两上以上的词根词素紧紧的连缀在一起。如，用辅音字母－s－来缀全两个词根词素构成的词有：salesman, twnspeple等。
合成的方式常见的有如下几种：
（一）合成名词
1、名词／代词＋名词：
wman-dctr, wmen-dctrs, wrkshp, spaceship, he-gat, cal fire, mtrcycle, gas cker, il well, pwer plant, silk wrm, gld mine, bttleneck, pian keys, telephne receiver, televisin screen, chairman, fireman, mtrman, plice-fficer, pstman, pine tree, girl friend, by friend, gldfish, raindrp, birdcage, breakfast time, flwerbed, tearm,
2、动词＋名词：blwpipe, flashlight, watchdg, call-girl, searchlight
3、形容词＋名词：
blacksmith, blackbard, supermarket, superman, darkrm, blackbird, highchair, hthuse, greenhuse, madman
4、动名词＋名词：
reading-rm, sitting-rm, classrm, schlrm, dining rm, building materials, dancing girl, cleaning wmen, flying machine, washing machine, wrking cnditins, bilding pint, drinking water, swimming pl, drinking cup, typing paper, writing desk, sewing machine, walking stick,
5、名词＋动名词：
machine-building, she-making, paper-crrecting, bk-keeping, dressmaking, letter-writing, stry-telling, twn-planning, handwriting, sun-bathing, hrse riding, churchging,
daydreaming
6、动词＋副词：
stand-by, take-ff, cut-ff, breakdwn
7、副词＋名词：
dwnfall, rainfall, uthuse
8、现在分词＋名词：
running dg, running water, flying fish, rising sun, burning stick,
9、名词＋介词＋名词：
man-f-war, editr-in-chief,
10、名词＋连词字母＋名词：
handiwrk, nwadays
11、介词／副词＋名词：
afternn, inland, verbalance
（二）合成形容词
1、形容词＋名词＋ed：
five-streyed, ne-eyed, duble-faced, blue-eyed,
2、名词＋名词＋ed：
hney-muthed,
3、名词／代词＋分词：
man-made, heart-brken, self-educated, snw-cvered, man-eating, peace-lving, paper-making, cean-ging, heartfelt, handmade, hme-made, sunburnt, weather-beaten
4、名词／代词＋形容词：
clr-blind, ice-cl, seasick, airsick, tax-free, grass-green, snw-white, rck-hard, sea-green
5、形容词／数词＋名词：
full-time, high-grade, secnd-hand,
6、形容词／数词＋分词：
ready-made, sleepy-lking, gd-lking,
7、副词＋分词：
far-reaching, s-called, hard-wrking, far-reaching, well-meaning, newly-laid, well-meant, wide-spread
8、副词＋形容词：
ever-green, under-ripe,
9、形容词＋形容词：
dark-blue, red-ht, grey-green
10、介词＋名词：
dwnhill, vernight
（三）合成副词
1、形容词＋名词：
smetimes, meanwhile
2、副词＋名词：
ftentimes, indrs, utdrs, verhead
3、介词＋名词：
alngside, befrehand
4、名词＋形容词：
skyhigh, stnestill,
5、副词＋介词：
nearby, upalng,
（四）合成动词
1、名词＋动词：
verhear, underline
2、形容词＋动词：
mnwalk
3、副词＋动词：
white-wash, safeguard
五、其它合成词
1、合成代词：
everybdy, everyne, everything, anyne, anybdy, anything
2、合成介词：
utside, inside, thrughut
二、转化法
不用借助构词词缀，把一个单词从一种词类转化成另一种词类的方法就是转化法。由于词类转化的结果，英语中就形成了大量外形相同但词类不同的词，即同形异类词。转化主要有如下几种类型。
（一）名词起定语作用（类似名词转化为形容词）：
space travel, televisin netwrk, stne table, paper bag, water pipe, histry teacher, cllege students
（二）名词转化为动词：
batàg bating, dustàt dust the desk, filmàt film this stry, mailàt mail, shipàt ship the gds, trainàt train
（三）形容词转化为动词：
slwàt slw dwn a little bit, dryàt dry yur hands, wrngàt wrng sb, freeàt free the slaves, narrwàt narrw the street,
（四）动词转化为名词：
t actàan act, t dressàa gd dress, t dubtàwithut any dubt, t guide usàa lcal guide, t smellàa terrible smell, t lveàlve f ne’s cuntry, t tasteàa gd taste, t demandàa demand fr mre equal rights
五、形容词转化为名词：
chemicalàdangerus chemicals, dailyàChina Daily, finalàa maths final, nativeàa native
三、派生法
派生法又叫词缀法，即在一个单词前或其后加上词缀，构成新的单词。中学英语中以派生法生成的词汇占整个中学词汇总量的25％。
（一）前缀
一般说来前缀不会改变一个词的词性。
1、否定前缀
(1) un-
a.un +形容词：unfit, unhappy, unfair, unlucky, unfrtunate, unkind, unimprtant, unnecessary, uncmfrtable, unselfish, unusual, uncmmn, unexpected, unknwn, unthinkable, unbelievable, unseen, unfrgettable, unwise, unhealthy, unpleasant, unable, untrue
b.un+副词：undubtedly, unexpectedly, unfrtunately, unusually, unhappily, unluckily
由un＋形容词构成的词除了unknwn, unseen, unfit等词之外，其它词都可变为加-ly的副词（个别形容词尾需要变动）。
c.un＋动词：uncver, untie, unlck, undress, und, unpack
(2) im＋形容词：impssible, implite
(3) in＋形容词：incrrect, incmplete, invisible, independent
(4) ir＋形容词：irregular
(5) mis＋动词：misspell, misunderstand, mistake
(6) dis-
a.dis＋名词：dishnur, disease, discmfrt
b.dis＋形容词：dishnest, discuraged
c.dis＋动词：disappear, dislike, discver, disclse, disagree, discmfrt, dismiss
2、表示空间、位置关系的前缀
(1) a－，大多加在音节较少的名词或不及物动词上构成新词，表示“在……之上、向……、处于……状态”：ahead, abrad, aside, alive, awake, abve, abut等。
(2) fre－，表示“在……前面”：frehead, fregrund, frearm, freleg
(3) in, il, im, ir表示“向……内 在……内”：inside, include, imprt
(4) inter－，表示“在……间、相互”：internatinal
(5) intr－，表示“在（向）……内”：intrduce
(6) ut－，表示“向外”：utside, utlk, utdrs, utflw
(7) ver－，表示“在上面的、在外的”：verhead, verlk, vercat, vercme, vertime, vergrw
(8) pre－，表示“在前”：prefix, prepsitin
(9) pr－，表示“在（向）前”：prgress, prgramme
(10) sur－，表示“在……上”：surface, surrund
(11) trans＿，表示“转移”：translate
(12) under－，表示“在……下”：undergraund, underline
(13) up－，表示“向上”：upward, upset, upstairs
(14) be－，表示“在，靠近”：befre, behind, belw, between, beynd
(15)ex－，表示“向外，从……出来”：exchange, exprt
(16) tele－，表示“远”：telephne, televisin, telegram, telegraph
3、表示时间、序列关系的前缀
(1) fre－，表示“在前，预先”：frewrd, fresight, fretell
(2) mid－，表示“中间”：midnight, midsummer, midautumn
(3) pst－，表示“在……后”：pstwar, pstlistening
(4) re－，表示“重复”：review, retell, rewrite, replace, return, rebuild
(5) extra－，表示“格外、超越”：extrardinary
(6) ver－，表示“超过”： vercme, vereat, verpass
(7) super－，表示“极、超”：supermarket, superpwer, superman, superpwer
4、表示共同、相等关系
(1) cm－（在b, m, p前），cl－，cn－，cr－（cm在g, l, r及其它辅音前）：cmpany, cnnect, crrect
(2) c－：cperate, cexist
(3) sym－：sympathy, symphny
5、表示整个、完全关系
(1) al－：alne, almst, altgether
(2) ver－：verall, verflw, verfall
6、表示“离、离开”
(1) a－：arise, away, apart
(2) de－：depart, dewater, declur
(3) se－：separate, select
(4) fr－：frget, frgive
7、变换词类作用的前缀
(1) en－／em－：enable, enlarge, enrich, enclse, empwer
(2) ad－，ac－，af－，ag－，an－，ap－，ar－，as－，at－，（ad－在c, f, g, I, n, p, r , s, t前的变体）：adapt, acrss, affect, appear, arrange, assist, attend, attract
8、表示加强意义
(1) a－：ashamed, aruse, amuse
(2) ad－：address, admire, advise, advance
(3) be－：belng, believe
9、表示特殊意义
(1) arch－，表示“首位、主要”：architect
(2) aut－，表示“自动”：autmbile, autbigraphy
(3) magni－，表示“大”：maginificent
(4) micr－，表示“微小”：micrscpe, Micrsft, micrcmputer
(5) bi－，表示“数量”：biweekly, bicycle, bimnthly
(6) mini－，表示“小型”：minibus, miniskirt, mini-factry, mini-market
（二）后缀
后缀是指在一个词的尾部加上一个词缀构成新的词。后缀往往会改变一个词的词性。常用后缀大约有96个，大致可分为五类。
1、名词后缀
(1) 构成表示人的名词后缀
a.动词＋er表示人：traveller, hunter, reader, wrker, keeper, driver, listener, discverer, reprter, wner, speaker, weaver, winner, buyer, leader, runner, swimmer, ruler, viewer
b.名词＋er表示人或物：villager, prisner, gegrapher, farmer, lawyer, cker
c.形容词＋er表示人：freigner, stranger, sutherner
d.动词＋r表示人：actr, directr, inventr, peratr, gvernr, prfessr, cnductr, visitr, sailr
e.名词＋eer表示人：engineer, vlunteer, muntaineer, pineer
f.名词（动词）＋ress表示女性：actress, waitress, authuress, millinaires, tailress, tigeress
g.名词＋cian：mathematician, physician, plitician, musician
h.名词＋ese：Chinese, Japanese, Prtugese, Taiwanese, Cantanese
i.名词＋an：American, Australian, Austrian, Canadian, Hungarian, Indian, Italian, Russian
j.名词（或－al结尾的形容词）＋ist：artist, cmmunist, nvelist, physicist, vilinist, pianist, naturalist, scialist, scientist, typist
(2) 构成抽象名词与集合名词的后缀
a.动词＋age：package, marriage, carriage, pstage, strage, luggage, baggage, percentage
b.动词＋ure：failure, pleasure, pressure, mixture, fixture
c.形容词＋ity：majrity, electricity, activity, equality, pssiblility, ablility
d.动词＋ment：argument, judgement, achievement, astnishement, develpment, excitement, encuragement, mvement, gvernment, punishment, treatment, statement, department, enrichment
e.动词＋in/sin/atin/actin/catin/itin：educatin, graduatin, translatin, separatin, peratin, celebratin, cngratulatin, actin, inventin, attractin, cnnectin, electin, cllectin, devtin, pllutin, decisin, divisin, attentin, descriptin, prductin, redutin, revisin, permissin, examinatin, explanatin, cnsideratin, invitatin, imaginatin, prnunciatin, satisfactin, additin, repetitin, cmpetitin
f.名词／形容词／动词＋ery/ry：bravery, discvery, machinery, slavery, chemistry
g.形容词／动词＋y： difficulty, hnesty, safety, activity, injury, unity, discvery
h.动词＋al：arrival, survival, burial, prpsal, disapprval, refusal
i.名词／形容词＋ship：friendship, leadership, hardship, citizenship, cmradeship, prfessrship, warship, memberhip
j.名词＋hd：byhd, girlhd, childhd, neighburhd, manhd
k.动词＋ance/ence：appearance, entrance, guidance, difference, reference
l..形容词／动词＋th：truth, length, yuth, strength, depth, wealth, warmth, width, grwth
m.形容词／名词＋dm：wisdm, freedm, kingdm
n.形容词／名词＋ism：cmmunism, scialism, Marxism, imperialism
.动词＋ing：building, feeling, dancing, meeting
p.形容词＋ness：kindness, illness, sickness, brightness, selfness, crrectness, happiness, darkness, weakness, carelessness
2、形容词后缀
(1) 名词／动词＋able/ible：valuable, reasnable, cmfrtable, cuntable, enjyable, hrrible, terrible, respnsible
(2) 名词＋al/ia/ual：cultural, agricultural, natural, physical, musical, practical, natinal, technical, industrial, material, actual
(3) 名词＋ic/ical：electric, basic, electric, atmic, plastic, magic, scientific, electrical, histrical, medical, chemical, physical
(4) 名词＋ish：flish, childish, wmanish, Spanish, British, English
(5) 名词／动词＋ful：careful, pwerful., tearful, beautiful, hpeful, wnderful, fearful, thankful, harmful, useful, frightful
(6) 名词／动词＋less：careless, hpeless, useless, harmless, hmeless, wireless, endless, selfless, pwerless, fearless, valueless
(7) 名词＋ar：regular, particular,
(8) 名词＋ary：revlutinary, extrardinary, cntrary
(9) 名词／形容词＋ly：friendly, mtherly, brtherly, mnthly, weakly, wly, lvely, lively, lnely
(10) 名词＋en：wden, wlen, glden,
(11) 名词＋ern：eastern, western, nrthern, suthern
(12) 名词＋y：cludly, sunny, shiny, windy, rainy, snwy, lucky, salty, hilly, funny, healthy, sleepy, fggy, dusty, lucky, muddy, wealthy, nisy, easy, dirty, thirsty, angry, hungry, smky, sandy
(13) 名词＋us/ius：dangerus, famus, nervus, pisnus, serius, curius, varius, muntainus, hmurus
(14) 名词／动词＋sme：handsme, trublesme, tiresme
(15) 动词＋ant：pleasant, excellent
(16) 动词＋ive(atve)：active, expensive, talkactive, cmparative, relative
(17) 动词＋ed：excited, learned, tired, interested, surprised, pleased
(18) 动词＋ing：interesting, mving, exciting, tiring, surprising
3、副词后缀
(1)形容词＋ly：badly, nearly, mstly, quickly, rughtly, quietly, sliently, sadly, slwly, cmmnly, sftly, frequently, rapidly, deeply, slightly, lightly, fairly, smartly, certainly, excitedly, curiusly, firmly, sliently, cnstantly, seriusly, particularly, cldly, suddenly, freely, highly, lately, finely, plitely, cmpletely, widely, immediately, unfrtunately, surely, clsely, truly, whlly, prbably, simply, pssibly, impssibly, getly, terribly, easily, busily, happily, heavily, angrily, prettily, hungrily, shyly, dryly, carefully, finally, usually, actually, really, naturally, beautifully, dully, fully, scientifically, phsically
(2)名词／介词＋ward/wards：nrthward, suthward, eastward, westeward, dwnward, upward, backward, frward, tward, afterwards
4、动词后缀
(1) 形容词／名词＋en：
deepen, braden, widen, darken, weaken, sharpen, blacken, redden, whiten, tighten, stengthen, lengthen, heighten
(2) 形容词／名词＋fy：beautify, satisfy, electrify, purify, terrify
(3) 名词／形容词＋ ize/ise：realize, mdernize
(4) －ate／由外来词构成：libreate, educate, perate, translate, graduate, separate, celebrate, cngratulate
(5) －ish／由外来词构成：finish, publish, astnish
(6) 形容词＋en：enable, enlarge, enrich
5、数词后缀
(1) 基数词＋teen：thirteen, furteenk fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen
(2) 基数词＋ty：twenty, thirty, frty, fifty
(3) 基数词＋th：furth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth
（三）中缀
在英语有些词在结合时，需要有一个中间的起连接作用的中缀，这类词汇不多，常见的中缀是字母―s―。如：salesgirl, salesman, twnspeple, twnsman。
（四）缩略法
缩略法是把原有的词汇通过缩短，在读音和写法一呈现新的形式，这种构词方式用得很普遍，特别是近几年来，随着科学技术的飞速发展，产生了很多新的缩略词。缩略法构词主要有如下几种。
（一）剪切法（clipping）
剪切法的含义是从某个词的完整形式中删除一个或更多音节，这种方法构成的词汇往往认为是非正式的。
1、剪切原词的开始部分：mnibus---bus, bicycle---cycle, airplane/aerplane---plane, taxicab---cab, telephne---phne
2、剪切原词的末尾部分：advertisment---ad, examinatin---exam, phtgraph--- pht, taxicab---taxi, labratry---lab, public huse---pub
(3) 剪切原词的中间部分：ft/feet---ft, half---hf, Greek---GK, yard---yd, year---yr, cntinued---cntd
(4) 剪切原词的两端部分, 保留中间的部分字母：infludenza---flu, refideratr---fridge
（二）混成法 (blending)
混成法是由两个词混合或紧缩而成为一个复合词的方法。这种复合词都保留了原来两个词的一部分，其后半表示主体，前半部分表示属性。
breakfast＋luchà brunch smke＋fgà smg mtr＋htelàmtel bat＋mtràbtr news＋bradcastànewscast televisin＋bradcastàtelecast
cheese＋hamburgeràcheeseburger beef＋hamburgeràbeefburger
Eurpean＋televisinàEurvisin
（三）用首字母缩略（acrnym）
大量的缩略语是其所含各个成分的第一个字母或多个字母构成的，由这种方式杨成的词叫做首字母缩略语 (acrnym)。
(1) 按首字母拼读的缩略语：British Bradcasting Crpratin---BBC, Eurpean Ecnmic Cmmunity---EEC, United Natins---UN, Unidentified Flying Object---UFO, Very Imprtant Persn---VIP, D-it-yurself---DIY, Wrld Tread Organizatin---WTO
(2) 象单词一样拼读的首字母缩略语：Nrth Atlantic Treaty Organizatin---NATO, the United Natins Educatinal, Scientific and Cultural Organizatin---UNESCO, lightwave amplificatin by stimulated emissin f radiatin---laser, acquired immunity deficiency syndrme---AIDS