2024北京高考冲刺英语大刷题之常考阅读理解部分（四）

这是一份2024北京高考冲刺英语大刷题之常考阅读理解部分（四），共23页。

(2023四下·和平期末) 阅读理解
The terrible E1Niñ strikes the glbe every 2 t 7 years. As warm waters in the trpical(热带的) Pacific Ocean switch eastward and trade winds weaken the weather pattern stretches thrugh the atmsphere, causing drught in suthern Africa, wildfires in Suth America, and flding n Nrth America's Pacific cast. Climate scientists have struggled t predict El Niñ events mre than 1 year in advance, but artificial intelligence (AI) can nw extend the latest frecasts t 18 mnths, accrding t a new study.
The new research uses a type f AI called a cnvlutinal neural netwrk(卷积神经网络), which is adept in recgnizing images. Researchers feed the neural netwrk a large number f training images and the AI becmes skilled at identifying fundamental patterns f thse images. Fr example, the neural netwrk can be trained t recgnize cats in phts by identifying characteristics shared by all cats, such as hairs and fur legs.
Part f the prblem with earlier researches n El Niñ frecasts is that they rely n a relatively small set f histrical statistics fr factrs such as cean temperature. T get arund this shrtage, the scientists fed the prgram re-creatins f histric cean cnditins prduced by a set f reliable climate mdels, nes frequently used fr studies f climate change, says the study's lead authr, Y-Geun Ham, a climate scientist in Suth Krea. As a result, the scientists culd shw the cmputer system nt just ne set f actual histric data, lasting frm 1871 t 1973, but several thusand reprductins f that same data by the climate mdels.
But it's nt clear hw much real-wrld benefit will cme frm pushing frecasts beynd 1 year, cautins Stephen Zebiak, a climate scientist at Clumbia University, “The kind f lead time that is actinable is prbably less than a year because decisin-makers are unlikely t take actin further in advance,” he says.
（1） What is the advantage f the latest AI frecasts?
（2） What des the underlined wrd “adept” prbably mean?
（3） What is paragraph 3 mainly abut?
（4） What des Stephen Zebiak think f the new AI predictin?
(2)
(2020高二上·丽水月考) 阅读理解
If yu cut in line, yu might just be a bad persn. The queue is a regulatin where the reward (the ice-cream stand/dining rm/ticket bth) is earned thrugh patience. Yur chice t avid this time-hnred prcess will be bund t draw the anger f thse yu pass by, drawing remarks like "Wha there, Chief," the passive-aggressive "There's a line, yu knw!" and f curse, the incredibly cmmn "Hey, Cpernicus, why dn't yu guide yurself t the back f the line?"
But, in the mment in which yu really cannt wait, fr example, the entire ryal family has prepared a dinner party upn yu last minute, then there is a way t cut the line crrectly.
There are a few different ways t cnsider and a few different methds t emply. The regularity f the situatin is very imprtant. If yu're waiting t use the phtcpier at wrk, yu might be mre likely t manage a successful cut than if yu were waiting fr a lifebat n the Titanic. Sure, that might be an extreme example. But the imprtance f the event des matter.
Fr thse requests in nrmal situatins, emphasizing either the urgency f yur task r the simplicity f yur task prved t be effective: experimenters wh said "Excuse me, I have five pages. May I use the phtcpier?" had a cut rate f 60 percent and experimenters wh said "May I use the phtcpier because I need t make cpies?" saw a success rate f 90 per cent when queuing fr the cpy machine.
If yu have a cuple f extra dllars lying arund, bribing members f the line als prved t be effective. And mst f the time, the persn being bribed didn't end up accepting the mney, because even the ffer shwed that the briber had a sense f desperatin.
（1） Why des the authr use the remarks abut Chief and Cpernicus in paragraph 1?
（2） Which f the fllwing is nt a wise way t cut in line?
（3） What is the best title fr the text?
(3)
(2023高三上·惠州) 阅读理解
Nah Higgs hated learning Irish in schl. He hated the way it was taught, verly frmal and discnnected frm rdinary peple's lives. Mst f all he hated the effect the lessns had n his fellw students' willingness t speak the language .But the Dublin native never lst his lve fr Irish, nr his pinin that mre peple shuld be learning the language.
Tday, almst 40%f the 7, 000 languages spken wrldwide are endangered, accrding t the United Natins. Mre are ging extinct every year. It was nce widely feared that the Internet revlutin wuld accelerate this decline. If develpers and smartphne manufacturers aren't willing t invest in supprting minrity languages, that wuld cut ff peple wh speak them frm an imprtant way t cmmunicate and trap thse languages in the past.
Higgs, 23, thugh, is ne f a small grup f educatrs and activists reinventing hw minrity languages are taught and preserved nline by using cutting-edge technlgy. When he was 17, Higgs had a "crazy teenage idea". He had begun using Duling, a mbile language-learning app, t study French, and wndered if the creatrs had cnsidered adding supprt fr Irish.
At the time in early 2013, there were five languages n Duling, the smallest f which, Italian, has an estimated 67.9 millin speakers wrldwide. By cmparisn, at its height in the 18th century, there were an estimated fur millin Irish speakers. Tday the figure is clser t 1.2 millin.
"I didn't get a reply, "Higgs said.
But his email wasn't ignred. Inside Duling's pen-plan, Silicn Valley-style headquarters in
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, change was ging n. Within five years, the language startup wuld build a library f ver 30 languages, including sme f the mst endangered n the planet.
（1） What was the public cncern ver the Internet revlutin?
（2） What was Higgs' "crazy teenage idea"?
（3） What can be learned frm the last three paragraphs?
(4)
(2023·昌平模拟) 阅读理解
Eln Musk has expressed his cmpany – Neuralink is clse t annuncing the first brain-machine interface (接口) t cnnect humans and cmputers. Musk tld fllwers in Twitter the technlgy wuld be "cming sn" – thugh he failed t prvide details.
Neuralink was set up in 2016 with the ambitius gal f develping hardware t strengthen the human brain. Hwever, little abut hw this will wrk has been made public. Neuralink describes the interface as an extremely high-speed cnnectin between the human brain and cmputers.
Musk has frequently claimed the rapid rise f artificial intelligence pses an existential risk t humanity. Such an interface, he says, is essential if humans are t cmpete with such technlgy in the future. At a technlgy cnference in 2016, Mr Musk said humans risked being treated like huse pets by AI machines if a brain-cmputer interface was nt built. Last year n the Je Rgan Experience pdcast, Musk said Neuralink's technlgy wuld allw humans t "effectively cmbine with AI".
A paper published in Nature Nantechnlgy in 2015 described a cncept fr this cnnectin, explaining hw a flexible circuit (回路) culd be injected int a living brain. "We're trying t lessen the distinctin between electrnic circuits and neural circuits," said Harvard researcher Charles Lieber, wh c-authred the study. Despite the technlgy's ptential t increase the human brain, experts have warned that brain-cmputer interfaces risk being cntrlled by vicius (恶意的) artificial intelligence.
Such an actin culd lead t AI cntrlling the thughts, decisins and emtins f a persn using a brain-cmputer link. "Technlgical develpments mean that we are n a path t a wrld in which it will be pssible t discver peple's mental prcesses and directly perate the brain mechanisms underlying their intentins, emtins and decisin," stated a Nature cmment piece written by 27 scientists and machine intelligence engineers. "The pssible medical and scial benefits in it are vast. But we must guide their develpment in a way that respects, prtects and enables what is best in humanity."
（1） What message did Musk cnvey abut his Neuralink?
（2） What can we knw frm Paragraph Tw?
（3） Accrding t Musk, why are brain-machine interfaces imprtant?
（4） What is the attitude f Nature t brain-machine interfaces?
(5)
(2023高一下·越秀期中) 阅读理解
Pincchi may be just a children's fairy tale, but Spanish scientists at the University f Granada recently investigated this s-called" Pincchi effect" and fund that ur nses dn't grw when we tell a lie, but actually shrink a bit.
Dr. Gómez Milán and his team develped a lie detectr test that used thermgraphy (体温计) t tell if peple were lying, and fund that whenever participants in their research were being untruthful, the temperature f the tip f their nse drpped up t 1.2℃, while the temperature f their frehead increased up t 1.5℃. Scientist als fund that drp in temperature at nse level actually caused it t slightly shrink, althugh the difference is undetected by the human eye.
"One has t think in rder t lie, which rises the temperature f the frehead," Dr. Gómez Milán explained the findings." At the same time we feel anxius, which lwers the temperature f the nse."
Fr this study, researchers asked a number f 60 students t perfrm varius tasks while their temperature is scanned by technlgy. One f these tasks required making a 3 t 4 minutes call t their parents r a friend and telling a significant lie. Participants had t make up the lie themselves during the call. Interestingly, this lie detectr picked up the" Pincchi effect" temperature difference in 80 percent f the test subjects, which is a better rate f success than that f any mdern lie detectr.
" With this methd we have achieved t increase accuracy", said Dr. Gómez Milán, wh added that law enfrcement interviewers culd ne day cmbine ther lie detectin technlgy with thermal imaging t achieve better results.
（1） Why des the writer talk abut Pincchi in the first paragraph?
（2） What is" Pincchi effect"?
（3） Hw did Dr. Gómez Milán feel abut the lie detectr?
（4） What lessn can we learn frm the text?
(6)
(2020·威海模拟) 阅读理解
Recently, researchers at the University f Trnt figured ut a way with a quick vide selfie t accurately measure bld pressure with yur smartphne's camera by develping a technlgy knwn as transdermal ptical imaging (TOI)(透皮光学成像).
Cameras n smartphnes can catch red light reflected frm hemglbin (血红素）under ur skin, which permits TOI t visualize and measure bld flw changes. Researchers measured the bld pressure f 1,328 Canadian and Chinese adults by getting tw-minute vides f their faces n an iPhne. "Frm the vide gt by the technlgy, yu can see hw the bld flws in different parts f the face and thrugh this flw, yu can get a lt f infrmatin," said Kang Lee, lead authr f the study.
Lee als helped create an app called Anura, which allws peple t try ut the TOI sftware fr themselves, giving them the ability t recrd a 30-secnd vide f their face and receive measurements fr stress levels and resting heart rate. Lee said mre research was needed t make sure that the measurements were as accurate as pssible, explaining that the study didn't test peple with very dark r very fair skin.
"In rder t imprve ur app t make it usable, particularly fr peple with hypertensin (高血压), we need t cllect a lt f data frm them, which is very hard because a lt f them are already taking medicine," Lee explained. "We cannt tell them nt t take medicine, but frm time t time, we get participants wh dn't take medicine s we can get hypertensive peple this way."
The scientists said there were many ptential applicatins f the technlgy, including prviding health services fr thse wh lived in remte areas.
（1） What is mainly talked abut in Paragraph 2？
（2） What might peple benefit frm the new technlgy mentined abve?
（3） What can be dne fr a better Anura?
（4） Why des the authr write this text?
(7)
(2020高二下·北京期中) 阅读理解
Curisity is what drives us t keep learning, keep trying, keep pushing frward. But hw des ne generate (产生) curisity, in neself r thers? Gerge Lewenstein, a prfessr f psychlgy at Carnegie Melln University, ffered an answer in the classic1994 paper, "The Psychlgy f Curisity."
Curisity arises, Lewenstein wrte, "when attentin becmes fcused n a gap in ne's knwledge. Such infrmatin gaps prduce the feeling f deprivatin (匮乏) labeled curisity. The curius individual is mtivated t btain the missing infrmatin t reduce the feeling f deprivatin." Lewenstein's thery helps explain why curisity is such a frce: it's nt nly a mental state but als an emtin, a pwerful feeling that drives us frward.
Scientist Daniel Willingham ntes that teachers are ften "s eager t get t the answer that we d nt devte enugh time t develping the questin." Yet it's the questin that stimulates (刺激) curisity; being tld an answer stps curisity befre it can even get ging.
In his 1994 paper, Gerge Lewenstein nted that curisity requires sme basic knwledge. We're nt curius abut smething we knw abslutely nthing abut. But as sn as we knw even a little bit, ur curisity is arused and we want t learn mre. In fact, research shws that curisity increases with knwledge: the mre we knw, the mre we want t knw. T get this prcess started, Lewenstein suggests, take steps with sme interesting but incmplete infrmatin.
Language teachers have lng used cmmunicatin in exercises that pen an infrmatin gap and then require learners t cmmunicate with each ther in rder t fill it. Fr example, ne student might be given a series f pictures fr the beginning f the stry, while the student's partner is given a series f pictures shwing hw that same stry ends. Only by speaking with each ther (in the freign language they are learning, f curse) can the students fill in each thers' infrmatin gaps.
（1） When ne ntices a gap in his knwledge, he .
（2） What des Daniel Willingham imply in the article?
（3） Accrding t Gerge Lewenstein's paper, curisity abut smething ccurs nly when yu .
（4） What is the article mainly abut?
(8)
(2020高二上·安徽期中) 阅读理解
A rbt created by Washingtn State University (WSU) scientists culd help elderly peple with dementia (痴呆) and ther limitatins live independently in their wn hmes.
The Rbt Activity Supprt System r RAS, uses sensrs installed in a WSU smart hme t determine where its residents are, what they are ding and when they need assistance with daily activities. It navigates (定位) thrugh rms and arund bstacles t find peple n its wn, prvides vide instructins n hw t d simple tasks and can even lead its wner t bjects like their medicatin r a snack in the kitchen.
"RAS cmbines the cnvenience f a mbile rbt with the activity detectin technlgy f a WSU smart hme t prvide assistance in the mment, as the need fr help is detected," said Bryan Minr, a pstdctral researcher in the WSU Schl f Electrical Engineering and Cmputer Science.
Currently, an estimated 50 percent f adults ver the age f 85 need assistance with every day activities such as preparing meals and taking medicatin and the annual cst fr this assistance in the US is nearly $2 trillin. With the number f adults ver 85 expected t triple by 2050, researchers hpe that technlgies like RAS and the WSU smart hme will relieve sme f the financial strain n the healthcare system by making it easier fr lder adults t live alne.
RAS is the first rbt researchers have tried t incrprate int their smart hme envirnment. They recently published a study in the jurnal Cgnitive Systems Research that demnstrates hw RAS culd make life easier fr lder adults struggling t live independently.
"While we are still in an early stage f develpment, ur initial results with RAS have been prmising," Minr said. "The next step in the research will be t test RAS' perfrmance with a grup f lder adults t get a better idea f what prmpts, vide reminders and ther preferences they have regarding the rbt."
（1） Hw des RAS serve elderly peple?
（2） What can we knw abut RAS?
（3） What's Minr's attitude tward the future f RAS?
（4） What can be a suitable title fr the text?
(9)
(2020高一上·农安期末) 阅读理解
Accrding t a recent study, a new genetically mdified rice can prevent infectins f HIV, the virus respnsible fr the disease AIDS.
The study reprts the newly-develped rice prduces prteins that attach directly t the HIV virus. This prcess prevents the virus frm mixing with human cells. The scientists say it can remve the effect f the virus and blck its spreading.
The Jint United Natins Prgram n HIV/AIDS reprts that wrldwide, nearly 37 millin peple were living with HIV in 2017. The rganizatin says the largest number f thse are in develping cuntries. Nearly tw-thirds f HIV cases are in Africa. Nw there is n cure fr HIV/AIDS thugh there have been develpments in ral drug treatments t slw the prgressin f the disease.
The new study predicts the rice-based methd will lead t lng-term use f the anti-HIV treatment acrss the develping wrld. Researchers said the "grundbreaking" discvery is "realistically the nly way" that anti-HIV cmbinatin treatments can be prduced at a cst lw enugh fr the develping wrld.
They say the easiest and mst cst-effective way t use the rice will be t make it int a cream t be put n the skin. The HIV-fighting prteins can then enter the bdy thrugh the skin. Peple all ver the wrld culd grw the rice and make the cream themselves. This wuld prevent the cst and travel required fr many patients t receive treatments and medicine.
The prcess f changing the genetic structure f fd crps has been debated fr sme time. Critics f genetically engineered crps believe they can harm peple. The scientific team says further testing is needed t ensure that the genetic engineering prcess des nt prduce any additinal chemicals that culd be dangerus t peple.
（1） What des the authr intend t d in paragraph 3?
（2） In which way will the rice be used at the lwest cst?
（3） What can we infer abut the genetic engineering prcess?
（4） Frm which is the text prbably taken?
(10)
(2021·潮州模拟) 阅读理解
While the start f a new schl year is always exciting, this year was even mre s fr sme elementary schl students in Auckland, New Zealand. They became the wrld's first kids t be "taught" by a digital teacher. Befre yu start imagining a human-like rbt walking arund the classrm, Will is just an avatar that appears n the student's desktp, r smartphne screen, when rdered t cme.
The autnmus animatin platfrm has been mdeled after the human brain and nervus system, allwing it t shw human-like behavir. The digital teacher is assigned t teach Vectr's "Be sustainable with energy" — a free prgram fr Auckland elementary schls.
Just like the humans it replaced, Will is able t instantly react t the students' respnses t the tpic. Thanks t a webcam and micrphne, the avatar nt nly respnds t questins the kids may have, but als picks up nn-verbal cues. Fr instance, if a student smiles at Will, he respnds by smiling back. This tw-way interactin nt nly helps attract the students' attentin, but als allws the prgram's develpers t mnitr their engagement, and make changes if needed.
Nikhil Ravishankar believes that Will-like avatars culd be a nvel way t catch the attentin f the next generatin. He says, “I have a lt f hpe in this technlgy as a means t deliver cst-effective, rich, educatinal experience in the future.”
The prgram, in place since August 2018, has been a great success thus far. Ravishankar says, " What was fascinating t me was the reactin f the children t Will. The way they lk at the wrld is s creative and different, and Will really captured their attentin." Hwever, regardless f hw ppular it becmes, Will is unlikely t replace human educatrs any time sn.
（1） What was special fr sme elementary schl students in Auckland?
（2） What is the benefit f this tw-way interactin?
（3） What's Ravishankar's attitude t Will's replacing Human educatrs sn?
（4） What might be the best title fr the passage?