2024北京高考冲刺英语大刷题之常考阅读理解部分（二）

这是一份2024北京高考冲刺英语大刷题之常考阅读理解部分（二），共24页。

(2023高二上·徐州开学考) 阅读理解
A team f researchers at ETH Zurich has the perfect lng-lasting slutin t ur fg prblem. They have develped a very thin and gld-based transparent cating(涂层) that can cnvert sunlight int heat, which can be applied t glass and ther surfaces t prevent them frm fgging.
The special cating is develped using titanium xide and gld particles. It selectively absrbs infrared radiatins(红外线照射) frm the sunlight and creates a heating effect that is pwerful enugh t keep fg away frm the surface f an bject. The cating basically emplys heat t stp fgging. The cating absrbs a large part f the infrared radiatin, which causes it t heat up—by up t 8℃.
Previusly, prducts like anti-fgging sprays create a very thin film f water n the surface t remve fg. The prblem with such surfaces is pllutin. Alng with water, the sprays als attract dirt, dust, il, and varius ther dirty substances, and just a little dirt n the surface makes it useless. Hwever, the new cating repels(排斥) water. Furthermre, the cating is significantly thinner, which makes it mre transparent as well as flexible. It is heated passively and requires, during daytime, n additinal energy surce.
Gld might be expensive, but the researchers stress that their cating requires s little that the material csts remain lw. Their cating is prduced with standardized and readily scalable methds, all cst-effectively. Hwever, althugh this prduct can wrk at very lw levels f slar irradiatin, it des rely n a certain amunt f light.
The researchers will develp the cating further fr ther applicatins. In the prcess, they will examine whether ther metals wrk just as well as gld. There is n need t fear. Hwever, this wuld cause a car r a building t heat up mre in the summer. The researchers have already filed a patent. Hpefully, this grundbreaking prduct will sn be available n the market.
（1） Hw des the new cating wrk t remve fg?
（2） Why des the authr mentin previus anti-fgging prducts?
（3） What is the limitatin f the new cating?
（4） What d the researchers plan t d next?
(2)
(2023·广东模拟) 阅读理解
Research int scial rbts has shwn that machines that are at the cutting edge f interactin can respnd t feelings and emtinally care fr the weak, the elderly and children.
Rbin was designed as a cmpanin rbt t prvide emtinal supprt fr children receiving medical treatment. Rbin explains medical prcedures t them, plays games and tells stries, and during treatment distracts them t reduce their sense f pain. The rbt uses AI t understand ther peple's feelings, remembering facial expressins and cnversatins t build dialgue fr fllw-up sessins. In trials at the Wigmre Medical (UK) Pediatric Clinic in Yerevan, Armenia, the team fund that Rbin led t a 34% decrease in stress and an increase in happiness f 26% in the 120 children wh interacted with him at least nce.
Healthcare rbts culd all benefit frm displaying emtinal intelligence, bth recgnizing and respnding t human emtins, and t sme extent, managing them. The prblem with this is the fear that human jbs may be lst as rbts becme better at handling scial situatins.
Ppulatin trends suggest that the demand fr rbts t wrk alngside peple in care situatins will grw ver time. By 2050, the number f peple aged 65 and ver glbally will be 1.6 billin (17%), rughly twice the prprtin f what it is tday. An extra 3.5 millin care wrkers will be needed and that will include emtinally intelligent rbts.
Tday's simple systems are being trained t meet that demand. This includes a little wheeled rbt that can guess hw yu are feeling frm the way yu walk, and the rbt frm the University f Lincln in the UK—wh helps elderly peple t stay physically and mentally active.
The impact f scial rbts n ur lives t date has been tiny. But new mdels are being intrduced that culd make the breakthrugh. Human emtins are difficult t define, but as trust in rbts increases, breaking dwn the psychlgical barrier becmes easier t imagine.
（1） What are scial rbts uniquely capable f?
（2） What is paragraph 2 mainly abut?
（3） Hw is paragraph 4 develped?
（4） What des the authr think f human jb replacement by rbts?
(3)
(2023高一下·花都期中) 阅读理解
Accrding t the Slar Energy Industry Assciatin, the number f slar panels installed(安装)has grwn rapidly in the past decade, and it has t grw even faster t meet climate gals. But all f that grwth will take up a lt f space, and thugh mre and mre peple accept the cncept f slar energy, few like large slar panels t be installed near them.
Slar develpers want t put up panels as quickly and cheaply as pssible, s they haven't given much thught t what they put under them. Often, they'll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.
"Slar prjects need t be gd neighbrs," says Jrdan Macknick, the head f the Innvative Site Preparatin and Impact Reductins n the Envirnment(InSPIRE)prject. "They need t be prtectrs f the land and cntribute t the agricultural ecnmy." InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t "lw-impact" slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land. One f the easiest lw-impact slar strategies is prviding habitat fr pllinatrs(传粉昆虫).
Habitat lss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pllinatr ppulatins ver the past cuple f decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural ecnmy. Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use. Cnservatin rganizatins put ut pllinatr-friendliness guidelines fr hme gardens, businesses, schls, cities—and nw there are guidelines fr slar farms.
Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin. "These pllinatr-friendly slar farms can have a valuable impact n everything that's ging n in the landscape," says Macknick.
（1） What d slar develpers ften ignre?
（2） What des InSPIRE aim t d?
（3） What is the purpse f the laws mentined in paragraph 4?
（4） Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
(4)
(2023高一上·深圳期中) 阅读理解
Children may learn new wrds better when they learn them in the cntext f ther wrds they are just learning - accrding t a new research frm the University f East Anglia.
Researchers investigated hw 18-24-mnth-lds learn new wrds - in the cntext f wrds they already knw well and thse they dn't. The findings help explain hw children learn new wrds and suggest a new way that parents and carers culd help bst language develpment.
Previus research suggests that when children hear a wrd they d nt knw and see an bject they have never seen in the cntext f sme bjects that they can already name, such as a ty r a ball, they guess that the new wrd refers t the new thing.
Dr. Larissa Samuelsn frm the university wanted t knw if the strength f a child's knwledge f familiar things - hw well they knw what "cars" r "balls" are, fr example - mattered fr learning new wrds and remembering them. They asked 82 children t take part in the study and carry ut tw experiments amng them. And then they gt sme really surprising findings.
"We had expected that a strnger knwledge f familiar wrds wuld be better fr learning new wrds, but we fund the ppsite was true. " Dr Samuelsn said. "This new study suggests anther way we might be able t help bst children's ability t remember new wrd-bject links - by teaching them in the cntext f ther things that they are just learning. "
It seems cunterintuitive, but it is perhaps because the less well-knwn items dn't cmpete with the new wrds as much. If they learn new wrds in the cntext f playing with well-knwn items such as a ball r bk, they dn't prcess the new wrd as much.
（1） What is the purpse f the new research?
（2） What can be inferred frm Dr. Samuelsn's wrds?
（3） What des the underlined wrd "cunterintuitive" mean in the last paragraph?
（4） What des the text mainly tell us?
(5)
阅读理解
If smene created a flying machine capable f tracking yu dwn by listening fr yur vice, yu might be terrified. But what if yu were trapped in ruins after a natural disaster and first respnders culdn't lcate yu? Maybe then a human-seeking drne(无人机)wuldn't be such a terrible idea. That cncept is the fcus fr engineers at Germanys Fraunhfer FKIE Institute, wh've built a drne t find peple by detecting(探测)human screams.
"The human-seeking drne wuld be ideal fr pst-disaster situatins, such as earthquakes, hurricanes and wildfires," said Macarena Varela, ne f the lead engineers "They culd hver ver an area that rescue crews have difficulty getting t and lcate exactly where peple may be trapped."
Lcating peple by sund presents its share f challenges. An auditry(听觉的) system wuld need t distinguish human cries frm sunds that ften happen in nature such as animal calls and wind. It might als need t recgnize patterns assciated with kicking, clapping r ther ways peple try t get the attentin f rescue teams.
Engineers tk thse situatins int accunt when building ut their cncept drne. They recrded themselves screaming, tapping and creating ther nises that might be a sign f peple in truble. Then, they analyzed each sund frequency t find cmmn signatures and used thse t train artificial intelligence sftware. They als wrked t remve the nise created by the drne and ther envirnmental sunds.
Once the sftware part was cmplete, the team placed tiny digital micrphnes under the drne and used signal prcessing techniques that enabled them t track where human nises are cming frm. The micrphnes als enhanced the vlume and clarity f the speech. S far, they have cnducted successful pen field experiments, finding that the drne can estimate a victim's lcatin within a few secnds f picking up sund.
Next, they wuld like t add a higher frequency micrphne t a drne t acquire mre audi sund signals. The idea is t pick up nises frm hundreds f meters away. Varela said. In the real wrld, victim's lcatin data might ne day be sent wirelessly t emergency crews carrying a tablet.
（1） What is the advantage f the human-seeking drne?
（2） What can the auditry system d?
（3） What des the underlined wrd "signatures" in paragraph 4 refer t?
（4） Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
(6)
(2023高三上·肇东期末) 阅读理解
They say prcrastinatin（拖延）is the thief f time—actually deadlines are. New research has fund that if yu want smene t help yu ut with smething, it is best nt t set a deadline at all. But if yu d set a deadline, make it shrt.
Prfessr Stephen Knwles tested the effect f deadline length n task cmpletin fr their research. Participants were invited t cmplete an nline survey cncerning a charity dnatin. They were given either ne week, ne mnth, r n deadline t respnd. Prfessr Knwles says althugh the tpic f the survey was abut charity, the results are true f any situatin where smene asks anther persn fr help.
The study fund respnses t the survey were lwest fr the ne-mnth deadline and highest when n deadline was specified（明确规定）. N deadline and the ne-week deadline led t many early respnses, while a lng deadline appeared t give peple permissin t prcrastinate, and then frget. Prfessr Knwles wasn't surprised t find that specifying a shrter deadline increased the chances f receiving a respnse cmpared t a lnger deadline. Hwever, he did find it interesting that they received the mst respnses when n deadline was specified.
"We interpret this as evidence that specifying a lnger deadline, as ppsed t a shrt deadline r n deadline at all, remves the urgency t act, "he says. "Peple therefre put ff undertaking the task, and since they are inattentive r frget, pstpning it results in lwer respnse rates. "
He says f the research that it is pssible that nt specifying a deadline might still have led participants t assume that there is an unspken deadline. Prfessr Knwles hpes his research can help reduce the amunt f prcrastinating peple d. "Many peple prcrastinate. They have the best intentins f helping smene ut, but just d nt get arund t ding it. "
（1） Why did Prfessr Knwles d the research?
（2） What mst likely leads t prcrastinatin?
（3） Why d peple prcrastinate when given a lng deadline?
（4） Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
(7)
(2023·平潭模拟) 阅读理解
A study f 8 different experiments shwed that ur brains tend t prefer additin rather than subtractin when it cmes t finding slutins—in many cases, it seems we just dn't cnsider the strategy f taking smething away at all.
The researchers fund that this preference fr adding was nticeable in three situatins in particular: when peple were under higher cgnitive (认知的) lad, when there was less time t cnsider the ther ptins, and when vlunteers didn't get a specific reminder that subtracting was an ptin. In ne f the experiments, participants were asked t imprve a Leg structure s that it was able t take mre weight. Half the vlunteers were reminded that they culd take away bricks as well as add them, and half weren't. In the grup that gt the reminder, 61 percent slved the prblem by taking away a brick—which was a much faster and mre efficient way f making the structure stable. In the grup that didn't get the reminder, nly 41 percent went fr the remving bricks apprach.
"Additive ideas cme t mind quickly and easily, but subtractive ideas require mre cgnitive effrt," says psychlgist Benjamin Cnverse, frm the University f Virginia. "Because peple are ften mving fast and wrking with the first ideas that cme t mind, they end up accepting additive slutins withut cnsidering subtractin at all."
The researchers have a few ideas abut what might be ging n. Our brains might find additive changes easier t prcess perhaps, r we might be assciating adding with ideas f smething that's bigger and therefre better in ur subcnscius. There might als be assciatins in ur minds with the current status being smething that needs t be maintained as much as pssible—and taking smething away is arguably mre destructive t the current status than adding smething new.
The researchers say their wrk is imprtant in a much brader sense: fr institutins lking t streamline (简化), fr example, and even fr the human race lking fr ways t better manage the planet's resurces.
（1） What des the underlined wrd "subtractin" in paragraph 1 refer t?
（2） In which situatin d peple prefer adding?
（3） What were participants required t d in the experiment?
（4） What is paragraph 4 mainly abut?
(8)
(2023·平潭模拟) 阅读理解
Effrts t preserve the Amazn rain frest, which supprts immense bidiversity and lcks away tns f climate threatening carbn, are grwing mre urgent as the ecsystem's destructin accelerates. Indigenus (当地的) peples have been trying t prtect the regin by patrlling(巡逻) their territrial bundaries fr illegal activities. But rapid defrestatin cntinues.
A recent study shws that cmbining n-the-grund mnitring with satellite data and smartphne technlgy culd help put the brakes n Amazn defrestatin—and ptentially that f frests elsewhere.
Illegal lgging, agriculture and cca cultivatin particularly threaten the Amazn in the Peruvian Indigenus cmmunities and utsiders are ften the culprits (罪魁祸首). The research team wndered if prviding training fr lcal peple t use satellite-based "early defrestatin alerts" culd help. The scientists cllabrated with 76 Indigenus cmmunities, 36 f which participated in using these alerts t watch ver the frest. Over the next tw years these trained participants were paid t wrk as frest mnitrs and received mnthly alerts via the app when satellite data indicated lcal frest lsses. Mnitrs investigated alerts, patrlled fr defrestatin in ther areas and reprted cnfirmed lsses back t their cmmunities, which decided whether t deal with the culprits n their wn r infrm state authrities.
The researchers analyzed the same frest-lss satellite data frm the given time perid in all 76 cmmunities. They fund the early-alert prgram reduced frest lss by 8.4 hectares in the first tw year—a 52% reductin cmpared with the average lss in the cntrl cmmunities.
Experts say this apprach t tackling Amaznian defrestatin lks prmising. "Wuld this wrk in all cmmunities that have high risk f defrestatin? Given the results, it's wrth a try." says Catherine Tucker, a researcher at the University f Flrida. "But sme cmmunities may nt have access t the resurces needed fr such a prgram, r their territries may hld valuable minerals that wuld increase the risk f defrestatin by utsiders despite mnitring effrts," wrte Francisc Hernandez Cayetan, a cmmunity member invlved in the research, "we as Indigenus peples ask the wrld fr supprt."
（1） Why did the research team cnduct the prgram?
（2） Hw des the cmmunity-based mnitring wrk?
（3） What is Catherine Tucker's attitude tward the apprach t preventing defrestatin?
（4） Which can be the best title fr the text?
(9)
(2023一下·平度期末) 阅读理解
The number f weather -related disasters has increased by five times ver the past 50years, the latest reprt by the Wrld Meterlgical (气象) Organizatin (WMO) said n September 1, Hwever, thanks t imprved early warning systems and disaster management, the number f death frm these hazards (危险) has been almst three times less.
Accrding t the WMO, frm 1970 t 2019, weather, climate and water hazards accunt ted fr 50 percent f all disasters. Amng the tp 10 hazards that led t the largest lss f human life during this perid were drughts, strms, flds and extreme temperatures. Hw-ever, deaths fell frm ver 50, 000 in the 1970s t less than 20, 000 in the 2010s.
"Weather, climate and water extremes are increasing and will becme mre frequent and severe in many parts f the wrld as a result f climate change," says WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas,
"That means mre heatwaves, drught and frest fires such as thse we have bserved recently in Eurpe and Nrth America. We have mre water vapr in the atmsphere, which is wrsening extreme rainfall and deadly flding. The warming f the ceans has affected the frequency and area f existence f the mst intense trpical strms.
"Ecnmic lsses are increasing as expsure increases. But behind the statistics lies a message f hpe. Imprved multi-hazard early warning systems have led t a significant reductin in deaths. Quite simply, we are better than ever befre at saving lives," Taalas said.
（1） What d we knw frm the first paragraph?
（2） What will happen accrding t Petteri Taalas?
（3） What is hpeful behind the bad news?
（4） Where may the text be taken frm?
(10)
(2023高三上·宜宾开学考) 阅读理解
When a friend cmes t yu after a stressful day, hw d yu cmfrt him? D yu let him cmplain? D yu pur him a glass f cffee? Thse culd wrk. But a new study finds that a very effective technique is als simple and easy—hugging.
"Individuals wh reprted nticing the availability f a netwrk f supprtive individuals tend t shw better adaptatin when faced with stress. But just because yu have a supprt netwrk des nt mean that yu abslutely feel that supprt," said Michael Murphy, a psychlgy expert at Carnegie Melln University in Pittsburgh. He wanted t knw if peple wh received hugs regularly culd handle anxiety and stress better.
S Murphy and his team interviewed 404 men and wmen every evening fr tw weeks, During these interviews, the participants were asked a simple yes r n questin -whether smebdy had hugged them that day-and a simple yes r n questin f whether they had experienced cnflict with smebdy that day. They als were asked t respnd t questins abut negative and psitive md states.
And the researchers fund that peple wh experienced a cnflict were nt as negatively affected if they received a hug that day as participants wh experienced cnflict and didn't get a hug. And they were als fund nt t carry the negative effect t the next day, while thse wh did nt receive ne wuld. The findings are in the jurnal PLOS ONE.
Murphy des include this warning: "S ur findings shuld nt be taken as prf that peple shuld just start hugging anyne and everyne wh seems upset. A hug frm ne bss at wrk r a stranger n the street culd be viewed as neither agreeable nr psitive." The idea is t relieve stress. Nt add t it.
（1） What des paragraph 1 serve as?
（2） Why did the researchers interview thse peple?
（3） What des the underlined wrd "they" in paragraph 4 refer t?
（4） What d Murphy's wrds warn in the end?