高考英语 考点知识专讲专练（有答案）考点47 阅读理解议论文

这是一份高考英语 考点知识专讲专练（有答案）考点47 阅读理解议论文，共35页。试卷主要包含了 要先看题目，后读文章， 常见问题等内容，欢迎下载使用。

议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。
议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式：
写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为……
写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。
写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。
议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。
注意事项：
1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案)
2. 要先看题目，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较)
高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。
3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：
(1)标志类、指示类的信息。
①表示并列关系：and, als, cupled with等；
②表示转折关系：but, yet, hwever, by cntrast等；
= 3 \* GB3 ③表示因果关系：therefre, thereby, cnsequently, as a result等；
= 4 \* GB3 ④表示递进关系：in additin t, even, what’s mre, furthermre等；
= 5 \* GB3 ⑤表示重要性的词：prime, abve all, first等。
以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。
(2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind盲目的(贬), excessively过分的(贬), bjective(客观)等。
4. 常见问题：
(1)读不懂怎么？
问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。
uncnscius incmpetent (无意识无能力)属于问题认知的第一阶段；
cnscius incmpetent (有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段；
cnscius cmpetent (有意识有能力)属于问题认知的第三阶段；
uncnscius cmpetent (无意识有能力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。
从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。
(2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？
(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？
(4)做题技巧用不上怎么办？
能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。
在课堂听明白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。
【命题分析】
议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。议论说理类文章具有以下特点：
1. 题材多样化、知识化，它包括社会科学的多种领域，以及和自然科学交叉学科，体现以人为本的特点。具体说来：
(1)一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。
(2)以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。
(3)文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。
2. 侧重考查学生对文章深层意义的理解。通常情况下，深层理解题占多数，这就要求学生读议论文时，不能仅限于对文章的表层理解，只抓一些事实细节，而且要注重对文章的意图、作者的观点以及内在逻辑联系的审视。
3. 深层理解题的主要表现形式：
(1)主旨性题目：此类题常针对文章主题、中心思想、标题或作者的写作意图，通常有以下提问方式：
a. What wuld be the best title fr the text?
b. The text is mainly abut _________.
c. Frm the passage we knw that _________.
d. The main idea f the paragraph is _________.
e. The writer’s purpse f writing this text is _________.
f. The passage culd be titled _________.
g. The passage deals with _________.
h. What’s the subject discussed in the text?
(2)推理判断题：此题主要考查学生对文章内在逻辑联系的把握，通常有以下出题方式：
a. 回答对why和hw的提问。
b. Accrding t the text, which f the statements is true/wrng?
c. Frm the text, we can infer that _________.
d. Where can this text be selected frm?
e. What can yu imagine will be dealt with/written in the fllwing passage?
f. 以短语accrding t the writer f the text或 in the writer’s pinin等引出的其他问题。
(3)词义猜测题：判断词义的词可能有四种情况，一是词未学过，二是词已学过，但在该篇中不是已学过的词义，三是某个代词it或them在文中指代什么，四是某句话的意思。
【应试策略】
议论文体阅读理解题的应对策略
解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：
作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。
这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解答特征方面考虑。
考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案。
解题方法：
1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。
2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
二、解题技巧
历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来：
1. 主旨大意型
干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。
干扰项 可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
干扰项 可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
正确答案 根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。常见的提问方式有：
1. What is the main / general idea f this text?
2. What is mainly discussed in this passage?
3. What is the text mainly abut?
4. This text mainly tells us _________.
5. This passage mainly deals with _________.
6. The main idea f this passage may be best expressed as_________.
7. The tpic f this passage is _________.
标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：
1. What wuld be the best title fr the text?
2. Which f the fllwing is the best / mst suitable title fr this text?
3. The best / mst suitable title fr this text wuld be __________.
不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。
2. 事实细节型
细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。
做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推理等，从而找出正确答案。
(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, wh, which, where, hw, why 等。
在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：
= 1 \* GB3 ①Which f the fllwing statements is true?
= 2 \* GB3 ②Which f the fllwing is nt mentined in the text?
= 3 \* GB3 ③The authr (r the passage) states that __________.
= 4 \* GB3 ④Accrding t the passage, when (where, why, hw, wh, what, which, etc.) __________?
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
= 1 \* GB3 ①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
= 2 \* GB3 ②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
= 3 \* GB3 ③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：prbably, pssibly, may, usually, might, mst f, mre r less, relatively, be likely t, nt necessary, althugh, yet, in additin, tend t等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, nly, cmpletely, nne, hardly, already等等。
= 4 \* GB3 ④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
= 5 \* GB3 ⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
= 6 \* GB3 ⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
解题方法：原文定位法。
查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与wh, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。
(2)细心!
3. 词义猜测型
阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but，hwever，therwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。
(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，hwever，therwise等可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。
常见的问题形式有：
(1)The wrd ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests…
(3)Frm the passage, we can infer that the wrd/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers t /means…
(4)The wrd ＂…＂ is clsest in meaning t …
常用应对方法：
同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或r，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测词义。
反义法：如ht and cld, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。
释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。
做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词；
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；
(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意！
4. 推理判断型
做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题方式有：
(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.
(2)We can cnclude (得出结论) frm the passage that _________.
(3)Which f the fllwing can be inferred (推论)?
(4)What is the tne (语气) f the authr?
(5)What is the purpse (目的) f this passage?
(6)The passage is intended t _________.
(7)Where wuld this passage mst prbably appear?
题组一（2019年高考真题）
Passage1(2019·天津卷，D)
Wuld yu BET n the future f this man？He is 53 years ld. Mst f his adult life has been a lsing struggle against debt and misfrtune. A war injury has made his left hand stp functining，and he has ften been in prisn. Driven by heaven-knws-what mtives，he determines t write a bk.
The bk turns ut t be ne that has appealed t the wrld fr mre than 350 years. That frmer prisner was Cervantes，and the bk was Dn Quixte（《堂吉诃德》）. And the stry pses an interesting questin: why d sme peple discver new vitality and creativity t the end f their days，while thers g t seed lng befre？
We've all knwn peple wh run ut f steam befre they reach life's halfway mark. I'm nt talking abut thse wh fail t get t the tp. We can't all get there. I'm talking abut peple wh have stpped learning n grwing because they have adpted the fixed attitudes and pinins that all t ften cme with passing years.
Mst f us，in fact，prgressively narrw the variety f ur lives. We succeed in ur field f specializatin and then becme trapped in it. Nthing surprises us. We lse ur sense f wnder. But，if we are willing t lean，the pprtunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldm invlve infrmatin and skills. We learn t bear with the things we can't change. We learn t avid self-pity. We learn that hwever much we try t please，sme peple are never ging t lve us-an idea that trubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high mtivatin and enthusiasm，we can keep n learning. Then we will knw hw imprtant it is t have meaning in ur life. Hwever，we can achieve meaning nly if we have made a cmmitment t smething larger than ur wn little egs（自我），whether t lved nes，t fellw humans，t wrk，r t sme mral cncept.
Many f us equate（视……等同于）“cmmitment” with such “caring” ccupatins as teaching and nursing. But ding any rdinary jb as well as ne can is in itself an admirable cmmitment. Peple wh wrk tward such excellence whether they are driving a truck，r running a stre-make the wrld better just by being the kind f peple they are. They've learned life's mst valuable lessn.
51. The passage starts with the stry f Cervantes t shw that_________.
A. lss f freedm stimulates ne's creativity
B. age is nt a barrier t achieving ne's gal
C. misery inspires a man t fight against his fate
D. disability cannt stp a man's pursuit f success
52. What des the underlined part in Paragraph 3 prbably mean？
A. End ne's struggle fr liberty.
B. Waste ne's energy taking risks.
C. Miss the pprtunity t succeed.
D. Lse the interest t cntinue learning.
53. What culd be inferred frm Paragraph 4？
A. Thse wh dare t try ften get themselves trapped.
B. Thse wh tend t think back can hardly g ahead.
C. Opprtunity favrs thse with a curius mind.
D. Opprtunity awaits thse with a cautius mind.
54. What des the authr intend t tell us in Paragraph 5？
A. A tugh man can tlerate suffering.
B. A wise man can live withut self-pity
C. A man shuld try t satisfy peple arund him.
D. A man shuld learn suitable ways t deal with life
55. What is the authr's purpse in writing the passage？
A. T prvide guidance n leading a meaningful adult life.
B. T stress the need f shuldering respnsibilities at wrk.
C. T state the imprtance f generating mtivatin fr learning.
D. T suggest a way f pursuing excellence in ur lifelng career.
Passage2(2019·江苏卷，C)
Wh cares if peple think wrngly that the Internet has had mre imprtant influences than the washing machine? Why des it matter that peple are mre impressed by the mst recent changes?
It wuld nt matter if these misjudgments were just a matter f peple's pinins. Hwever, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use f scarce resurces.
The fascinatin with the ICT(Infrmatin and Cmmunicatin Technlgy) revlutin, represented by the Internet, has made sme rich cuntries wrngly cnclude that making things is s "yesterday" that they shuld try t live n ideas. This belief in "pst-industrial sciety" has led thse cuntries t neglect their manufacturing sectr(制造业) with negative cnsequences fr their ecnmies.
Even mre wrryingly, the fascinatin with the Internet by peple in rich cuntries has mved the internatinal cmmunity t wrry abut the "digital divide" between the rich cuntries and the pr cuntries. This has led cmpanies and individuals t dnate mney t develping cuntries t buy cmputer equipment and Internet facilities. The questin, hwever, is whether this is what the develping cuntries need the mst. Perhaps giving mney fr thse less fashinable things such as digging wells, extending electricity netwrks and making mre affrdable washing machines wuld have imprved peple's lives mre than giving every child a laptp cmputer r setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am nt saying that thse things are necessarily mre imprtant, but many dnatrs have rushed int fancy prgrammes withut carefully assessing the relative lng-term csts and benefits f alternative uses f their mney.
In yet anther example, a fascinatin with the new has led peple t believe that the recent changes in the technlgies f cmmunicatins and transprtatin are s revlutinary that nw we live in a "brderless wrld". As a result, in the last twenty years r s, many peple have cme t believe that whatever change is happening tday is the result f great technlgical prgress, ging against which will be like trying t turn the clck back. Believing in such a wrld, many gvernments have put an end t sme f the very necessary regulatins n crss-brder flws f capital, labur and gds, with pr results.
Understanding technlgical trends is very imprtant fr crrectly designing ecnmic plicies, bth at the natinal and the internatinal levels, and fr making the right career chices at the individual level. Hwever, ur fascinatin with the latest, and ur under valuatin f what has already becme cmmn, can, and has, led us in all srts f wrng directins.
61. Misjudgments n the influences f new technlgy can lead t __________.
A. a lack f cnfidence in technlgy
B. a slw prgress in technlgy
C. a cnflict f public pinins
D. a waste f limited resurces
62. The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that dnatrs shuld __________.
A. take peple's essential needs int accunt
B. make their prgrammes attractive t peple
C. ensure that each child gets financial supprt
D. prvide mre affrdable internet facilities
63. What has led many gvernments t remve necessary regulatins?
A. Neglecting the impacts f technlgical advances.
B. Believing that the wrld has becme brderless.
C. Ignring the pwer f ecnmic develpment.
D. Over-emphasizing the rle f internatinal cmmunicatin.
64. What can we learn frm the passage?
A. Peple shuld be encuraged t make mre dnatins.
B. Traditinal technlgy still has a place nwadays.
C. Making right career chices is crucial t persnal success.
D. Ecnmic plicies shuld fllw technlgical trends.
Passage3(2019·新课标III卷，B)
Fr Western designers, China and its rich culture have lng been an inspiratin fr Western creative.
"It's n secret that China has always been a surce(来源)f inspiratin fr designers," says Amanda Hill, chief creative fficer at A+E Netwrks, a glbal media cmpany and hme t sme f the biggest fashin(时尚)shws.
Earlier this year, the China Thrugh A Lking Glass exhibitin in New Yrk exhibited 140 pieces f China-inspired fashinable clthing alngside Chinese wrks f art, with the aim f explring the influence f Chinese aesthetics(美学)n Western fashin and hw China has fueled the fashinable imaginatin fr centuries. The exhibitin had recrd attendance, shwing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
"China is impssible t verlk," says Hill. "Chinese mdels are the faces f beauty and fashin campaigns that sell dreams t wmen all ver the wrld, which means Chinese wmen are nt just cnsumers f fashin — they are central t its mvement. "Of curse, nly are tday's tp Western designers being influenced by China-sme f the best designers f cntemprary fashin are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jasn Wu are taking n Galian, Albaz, Marc Jacbs-and beating them hands dwn in design and sales," adds Hil.
Fr Hill, it is impssible nt t talk abut China as the leading player when discussing fashin. "The mst famus designers are Chinese, s are the mdels, and s are the cnsumers," she says. "China is n lnger just anther market; in many senses it has becme the market. If yu talk abut fashin tday, yu are talking abut China-its influences, its directin, its breathtaking clthes, and hw yung designers and mdels are finally acknwledging that in many ways."
24. What can we learn abut the exhibitin in New Yrk?
A. It prmted the sales f artwrks.B. It attracted a large number f visitrs.
C. It shwed ancient Chinese clthes.D. It aimed t intrduce Chinese mdels.
25. What des Hill say abut Chinese wmen?
A. They are setting the fashin.B. They start many fashin campaigns.
C. They admire super mdels.D. They d business all ver the wrld.
26. What d the underlined wrds "taking n" in paragraph 4 mean?
A. learning frmB. lking dwn nC. wrking withD. cmpeting against
27. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Yung Mdels Selling Dreams t the Wrld
B. A Chinese Art Exhibitin Held in New Yrk
C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D. Chinese Culture Fueling Internatinal Fashin Trends
题组二（2018年高考真题）
Passage1(2018·新课标II卷，D)
We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank r n an airplane, surrunded by peple wh are, like us, deeply fcused n their smartphnes r, wrse, struggling with the uncmfrtable silence.
What’s the prblem? It’s pssible that we all have cmprmised cnversatinal intelligence. It’s mre likely that nne f us start a cnversatin because it’s awkward and challenging, r we think it’s annying and unnecessary. But the next time yu find yurself amng strangers, cnsider that small talk is wrth the truble. Experts say it’s an invaluable scial practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimprtant is easy, but we can’t frget that deep relatinships wuldn’t
even exist if it weren’t fr casual cnversatin. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) fr scial cmmunicatin, says Bernard Carducci, directr f the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Sutheast. ＂Almst every great lve stry and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key t successful small talk is learning hw t cnnect with thers, nt just cmmunicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, assciate prfessr f psychlgy at UBC, invited peple n their way int a cffee shp. One grup was asked t seek ut an interactin(互动) with its waiter; the ther, t speak nly when necessary. The results shwed that thse wh chatted with their server reprted significantly higher psitive feelings and a better cffee shp experience. ＂It’s nt that talking t the waiter is better than talking t yur husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactins with peripheral(边缘的) members f ur scial netwrk matter fr ur well-being als.＂
Dunn believes that peple wh reach ut t strangers feel a significantly greater sense f belnging, a bnd with thers. Carducci believes develping such a sense f belnging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis f gd manners,＂ he says.
32. What phenmenn is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addictin t smartphnes.
B. Inapprpriate behaviurs in public places.
C. Absence f cmmunicatin between strangers.
D. Impatience with slw service.
33. What is imprtant fr successful small talk accrding t Carducci?
A. Shwing gd manners. B. Relating t ther peple.
C. Fcusing n a tpic. D. Making business deals.
34. What des the cffee-shp study suggest abut small talk?
A. It imprves family relatinships. B. It raises peple’s cnfidence.
C. It matters as much as a frmal talk. D. It makes peple feel gd.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Cnversatin Cunts B. Ways f Making Small Talk
C. Benefits f Small Talk D. Uncmfrtable Silence
Passage2(2018·新课标III卷，D)
Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects. Why d we ften assume that mre is mre when it cmes t kids and their belngings? The gd news is that I can help my wn kids learn earlier than I did hw t live mre with less.
I fund the pre-hlidays a gd time t encurage yung children t dnate less-used things, and it wrked. Because f ur effrts, ur daughter Gergia did decide t dnate a large bag f tys t a little girl whse mther was unable t pay fr her hliday due t illness. She chse t sell a few larger bjects that were less ften used when we prmised t put the mney int her schl fund(基金）(ur kindergarten daughter is serius abut becming a dctr).
Fr weeks, I've been thinking f bigger, deeper questins: Hw d we make it a habit fr them? And hw d we train urselves t help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my sn, Shepherd, determined t test my wn thery n this. I decided t play with him with nly ne ty fr as lng as it wuld keep his interest. I expected that ne ty wuld keep his attentin fr abut five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chse a red rubber ball-simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried t put it in his muth, he tried buncing it, rlling it, sitting n it, thrwing it. It was ttally, cmpletely enugh fr him. Befre I knew it an hur had passed and it was time t mve n t lunch.
We bth became absrbed in the simplicity f playing tgether. He had my full attentin and I had his. My little experiment t find jy in a single bject wrked fr bth f us.
32. What d the wrds “mre is mre” in paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A. The mre, the better. B. Enugh is enugh.
C. Mre mney, mre wrries. D. Earn mre and spend mre.
33. What made Gergia agree t sell sme f her bjects?
A. Saving up fr her hliday B. Raising mney fr a pr girl
C. Adding the mney t her fund D. Giving the mney t a sick mther
34. Why did the authr play the ball with Shepherd?
A. T try ut an ideaB. T shw a parent's lve
C. T train his attentinD. T help him start a hbby
35. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Take It r Leave It B. A Lessn frm Kids
C. Live Mre with Less D. The Pleasure f Giving
Passage3(2018·北京卷，D)
Preparing Cities fr Rbt Cars
The pssibility f self-driving rbt cars has ften seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away frm materializing in the real wrld. Well, the future is apparently nw. The Califrnia Department f Mtr Vehicles began giving permits in April fr cmpanies t test truly self-driving cars n public rads. The state als cleared the way fr cmpanies t sell r rent ut self-driving cars, and fr cmpanies t perate driverless taxi services. Califrnia, it shuld be nted, isn’t leading the way here. Cmpanies have been testing their vehicles in cities acrss the cuntry. It’s hard t predict when driverless cars will be everywhere n ur rads. But hwever lng it takes, the technlgy has the ptential t change ur transprtatin systems and ur cities, fr better r fr wrse, depending n hw the transfrmatin is regulated.
While much f the debate s far has been fcused n the safety f driverless cars(and rightfully s), plicymakers als shuld be talking abut hw self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissins(排放) and ffer mre cnvenient, affrdable mbility ptins. The arrival f driverless vehicles is a chance t make sure that thse vehicles are envirnmentally friendly and mre shared.
D we want t cpy — r even wrsen — the traffic f tday with driverless cars? Imagine a future where mst adults wn individual self-driving vehicles. They tlerate lng, slw jurneys t and frm wrk n packed highways because they can wrk, entertain themselves r sleep n the ride, which encurages urban spread. They take their driverless car t an appintment and set the empty vehicle t circle the building t avid paying fr parking. Instead f walking a few blcks t pick up a child r the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The cnvenience even leads fewer peple t take public transprt — an unwelcme side effect researchers have already fund in ride-hailing(叫车) services.
A study frm the University f Califrnia at Davis suggested that replacing petrl-pwered private cars wrldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems culd reduce carbn emissins frm transprtatin 80% and cut the cst f transprtatin infrastructure(基础设施) and peratins 40% by 2050. Fewer emissins and cheaper travel sund pretty appealing. The first cmmercially available driverless cars will almst certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, cnsidering the cst f self-driving technlgy as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car wnership culd increase as the prices drp and mre peple becme cmfrtable with the technlgy.
Plicymakers shuld start thinking nw abut hw t make sure the appearance f driverless vehicles desn’t extend the wrst aspects f the car-cntrlled transprtatin system we have tday. The cming technlgical advancement presents a chance fr cities and states t develp transprtatin systems designed t mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it.
47. Accrding t the authr, attentin shuld be paid t hw driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transprtatin-related prblems
B. prvide better services t custmers
C. cause damage t ur envirnment
D. make sme peple lse jbs
48. As fr driverless cars, what is the authr’s majr cncern?
A. Safety. B. Side effects.
C. Affrdability. D. Management.
49. What des the underlined wrd ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A. Emplyed. B. Replaced.
C. Shared. D. Reduced.
50. What is the authr’s attitude t the future f self-driving cars?
A. Dubtful. B. Psitive.
C. Disapprving. D. Sympathetic.
Passage4(2018·天津卷，D)
Give yurself a test. Which way is the wind blwing? Hw many kinds f wildflwers can be seen frm yur frnt dr? If yur awareness is as sharp as it culd be, yu’ll have n truble answering these questins.
Mst f us bserved much mre as children than we d as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascinatin, newness and wnder. Curisity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctins that were sharp t us as children becme unclear; we are numb(麻木的) t new stimulatin(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art f seeing the wrld arund us is quite simple, althugh it takes practice and requires breaking sme bad habits.
The first step in awakening senses is t stp predicting what we are ging t see and feel befre it ccurs. This blcks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rcky Muntains with sme students, I mentined that we were ging t crss a muntain stream. The students began cmplaining abut hw cld it wuld be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almst knee-deep when they realized it was a ht spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cld water at first.
Anther blck t awareness is the bsessin(痴迷) many f us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers wh sptted a bird, immediately lked it up in field guides, and said, a "ruby-crwned kinglet" and checked it ff. They n lnger paid attentin t the bird and never learned what it was ding.
The pressures f "time" and "destinatin" are further blcks t awareness. I encuntered many hikers wh were headed t a distant camp-grund with just enugh time t get there befre dark. It seldm ccurred t them t wander a bit, t take a mment t see what’s arund them. I asked them what they’d seen. "Oh, a few birds," they said. They seemed bent n their destinatins.
Nature seems t unfld t peple wh watch and wait. Next time yu take a walk, n matter where it is, take in all the sights, sunds and sensatins. Wander in this frame f mind and yu will pen a new dimensin t yur life.
51. Accrding t Paragraph 2, cmpared with adults, children are mre _____________.
A. anxius t d wndersB. sensitive t thers’ feelings
C. likely t develp unpleasant habitsD. eager t explre the wrld arund them
52. What idea des the authr cnvey in Paragraph 3?
A. T avid jumping t cnclusins.B. T stp cmplaining all the time.
C. T fllw the teacher’s advice.D. T admit mistakes hnestly.
53. The bird watchers’ behavir shws that they ____________.
A. are very patient in their bservatin
B. are really fascinated by nature
C. care nly abut the names f birds
D. questin the accuracy f the field guides
54. Why d the hikers take n ntice f the surrundings during the jurney?
A. The natural beauty isn’t attractive t them.
B. They fcus n arriving at the camp in time.
C. The frest in the dark is dangerus fr them.
D. They are keen t see rare birds at the destinatin.
55. In the passage, the authr intends t tell us we shuld __________.
A. fill ur senses t feel the wnders f the wrld
B. get rid f sme bad habits in ur daily life
C. pen ur mind t new things and ideas
D. try ur best t prtect nature
题组三（2017年高考真题）
Passage1(2017·天津卷，D)
I read smewhere that we spend a full third f ur lives waiting. But where are we ding all f this waiting, and what des it mean t an impatient sciety like urs? T understand the issue, let’s take a lk at three types f ＂waits＂.
The very purest frm f waiting is the Watched-Pt Wait. It is withut dubt the mst annying f all. Take filling up the kitchen sink(洗碗池) as an example. There is abslutely nthing yu can d while this is ging n but keep bth eyes fixed n the sink until it’s full. During these waits, the brain slips away frm the bdy and wanders abut until the water runs ver the edge f the cunter and nt yur scks. This kind f wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.
A cusin t the Watched-Pt Wait is the Frced Wait. This ne requires a bit f discipline. Prperly preparing packaged ndle sup requires a Frced Wait. Directins are very specific. ＂Bring three cups f water t bil, add mix, simmer three minutes, remve frm heat, let stand five minutes.＂ I have my dubts that anyne has actually fllwed the prcedures strictly. After all, Frced Waiting requires patience.
Perhaps the mst pwerful type f waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait. This type f wait is unusual in that it is fr the mst part vluntary. Unlike the Frced Wait, which is als vluntary, waiting fr yur lucky break des nt necessarily mean that it will happen.
Turning ne’s life int a waiting game requires faith and hpe, and is strictly fr the ptimists amng us. On the surface it seems as ridiculus as fllwing the directins n sup mixes, but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves thse wh are willing t d it. As lng as ne desn’t cme t rely n it, wishing fr a few gd things t happen never hurts anybdy.
We certainly d spend a gd deal f ur time waiting. The next time yu’re standing at the sink waiting fr it t fill while cking ndle sup that yu’ll have t eat until a large bag f cash falls ut f the sky, dn’t be desperate. Yu’re prbably just as busy as the next guy.
51. While ding a Watched-Pt Wait, we tend t ___________.
A. keep urselves busyB. get absent-minded
C. grw anxiusD. stay fcused
52. What is the difference between the Frced Wait and the Watched-Pt Wait?
A. The Frced Wait requires sme self-cntrl.
B. The Frced Wait makes peple passive.
C. The Watched-Pt Wait needs directins.
D. The Watched-Pt Wait engages bdy and brain.
53. What can we learn abut the Lucky-Break Wait?
A. It is less vluntary than the Frced Wait.
B. It desn’t always bring the desired result.
C. It is mre fruitful than the Frced Wait.
D. It desn’t give peple faith and hpe.
54. What des the authr advise us t d the next time we are waiting?
A. Take it seriusly.B. Dn’t rely n thers.
C. D smething else.D. Dn’t lse heart.
55. The authr supprts his view by _________.
A. explring varius causes f ＂waits＂
B. describing detailed prcesses f ＂waits＂
C. analyzing different categries f ＂waits＂
D. revealing frustrating cnsequences f ＂waits＂
Passage2(2017·浙江卷，B )
Getting less sleep has becme a bad habit fr mst American kids. Accrding t a new survey(调查) by the Natinal Sleep Fundatin, 51% f kids aged 10 t 18 g t bed at 10 pm r later n schl nights, even thugh they have t get up early. Last year the Fundatin reprted that nearly 60% f 7- t 12-year-lds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at schl.
Hw much sleep yu need depends a lt n yur age. Babies need a lt f rest: mst f them sleep abut 18 hurs a day! Adults need abut eight hurs. Fr mst schl-age children, ten hurs is ideal(理想的). But the new Natinal Sleep Fundatin survey fund that 35% f 10- t 12-year-lds get nly seven r eight hurs. And guess what almst half f the surveyed kids said they d befre bedtime? Watch TV.
＂Mre children are ging t bed with TVs n, and there are mre pprtunities(机会) t stay awake, with mre hmewrk, the Internet and the phne,＂ says Dr. Mary Carskadn, a sleep researcher at Brwn University Medical Schl. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard fr them t calm dwn and sleep. Other experts say part f the prblem is chemical. Changing levels f bdy chemicals called hrmnes nt nly make teenagers’ bdies develp adult characteristics, but als make it hard fr teenagers t fall asleep befre 11 pm.
Because sleepiness is such a prblem fr teenagers, sme schl districts have decided t start high schl classes later than they used t. Three years ag, schls in Edina, Minnesta, changed the start time frm 7:25 am t 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.
25. What is the new Natinal Sleep Fundatin survey n?
A. American kids’ sleeping habits. B. Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases.
C. Activities t prevent sleeplessness. D. Learning prblems and lack f sleep.
26. Hw many hurs f sleep d 11-year-lds need every day?
A. 7 hurs. B. 8 hurs.
C. 10 hurs. D. 18 hurs.
27. Why d teenagers g t sleep late accrding t Carskadn?
A. They are affected by certain bdy chemicals.
B. They tend t d things that excite them.
C. They fllw their parents’ examples.
D. They dn’t need t g t schl early.
题组四（名校模拟题）
Passage 1(黑龙江省哈尔滨市第三中学2019届高三第二次调研考试)
Smene sent me an email urging me t acquire a lt mre resurces, suggesting culd d s much mre gd if I had an 8 r 9 figure net incme f 6 like I’ve been ding fr years.He claimed t have acquired a great deal f wealth himself and fund it highly beneficial t fueling his path with a heart.
As I cnsider his suggestin, I find myself nt having much clarity(清晰的思维)as t what I'd d with I millin r 10 millin mre mney flwing thrugh my life. I put s much attentin n creativity, fulfillment, explratin, relatinships, etc. that I find it difficult t intelligently imagine hw mre financial resurces culd prvide extra fuel fr that, except in small ways r in ways that aren’t particularly meaningful t me.
Lately I've been cnsidering what it wuld be like t deliberately reduce my incme fr a while and see if I culd live n much less，just fr the experience. What if I capped my net persnal incme at $10,000 per year, fr instance? That isn’t such a big deal t me, thugh, since I already went thrugh a perid f lw incme like that during the 1990s,and I learned that I culd still d what I lve regardless f incme.
I've never wrked in a business envirnment-the nly jb I've ever had was wrking fr $6/hur in a vide game stre while I was in cllege. S I’ve never seen hw larger peratins allcate resurces. That's prbably why I haven’t pushed myself t acquire mre. As I mentined in my bk. Mney and Yur Path With a Heart，my main financial gal in life was t make mney irrelevant in my life.
I’m nt interested in building an empire. What interests me is explring persnal grwth and sharing what I learn alng the way. In sme ways I feel that acquiring and acquiring and allcating mre resurces culd becme a big distractin. I’m already ding what I want t be ding, s why rick distracting myself t acquire mre resurces, especially when I lack the idea abut hw I shuld treat such resurces? I like having freedm and flexibility，and I dn't really see hw mre resurces wuld meaningfully imprve that.
1.Why did the man email the authr?
A. T ask the authr t fuel his path. B. T lend sme mney t the authr.
C. T share his pinin abut wealth. D. T urge the authr t earn mre mney.
2.Which f the fllwing can describe the authr's persnality?
A. Optimistic and devted. B. Independent and cperative.
C. Unfrtunate but psitive. D. Wealthy but hardhearted.
3.What des the underlined wrd “capped” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Limited B. Spent
C. Increased D. Distributed
4.The fllwing are true EXCEPTA________.
A. the authr might be a prfessinal writer
B. the authr is gd at designing vide games
C. the authr is interested in explring his persnal grwth
D. the authr might be a persn wh likes sharing his knwledge
Passage 2(福建省莆田第九中学2019届高三调研考试)
Mre and mre cmments sectins are being shut dwn nline.
Autumn Phillips had had enugh. On Aug. 19, the executive editr f the Quad- City Times in Iwa, and Illinis, US visited her website, qctimes.cm, and saw a stry abut a man wh had been sht t death. When she gt t the readers’ cmments sectins at the end, she was shcked by what she saw. Belw the stry was a grwing number f cmments—a racist remark abut demcratic vtes, a negative cmment abut plice …S Phillips decided t d smething she had been thinking abut fr a lng time: she shut dwn the cmments sectins.
Phillips was nt alne in making such a mve. Last week, NPR annunced k t was clsing its nline cmments sectins. The decisins dn’t mean that the news utlets are n lnger interested in what their audiences are thinking. Bth stressed their eagerness t hear frm readers and listeners n scial netwrks. But bth agreed that cmments had deviated frm their riginal intentin. And s they had.
In early days f digital jurnalism, cmments were seen as a key part f this new media, a wnderful pprtunity fr strengthening the dialgue between news prducers and their audiences. It was a welcme change, given that fr lng many news rganizatins were far t separated frm their readers. Much mre back and frth cnversatin seemed like healthy and welcme evlutin. Sadly, that’s nt the way things turned ut. Rather than a place fr exchanging ideas, cmments sectins became the hme f ugly name-calling, racism and anti-wmen language. Besides their pisnus quality, cmments seem ut f place tday.
“Since we made the annuncement, I’ve received an utpuring f respnses frm ur readers,” she says. “I’ve heard frm parents whse children were hurt by ur nline cmments. I’ve heard frm peple wh said they wuldn’t send in letters t the editr because they were attacked s fiercely by cmments, and wasn’t wrth it.”
1.Why did Autumn Phillips shut dwn the cmments sectins?
A. They were put t wrng use.
B. Her website was attacked heavily.
C. They expsed many illegal issues.
D. She was angry abut readers’ cmments.
2.What des the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 indicate abut cmments?
A. They were ut f date.
B. They had gne against their riginal intentins.
C. They were full f sensitive infrmatin.
D. They culdn’t interest the audience.
3.What was the welcme change in the early digital jurnalism?
A. Readers, having mre access t news.
B. Readers’ making less negative cmments.
C. Readers’ freedm t express their thughts.
D. Readers’ active invlvement in the news industry.
4.Hw d many readers feel abut Autumn Phillips, mve accrding t the last paragraph?
A. Cautius. B. Hpeful.
C. Surprised. D. Supprtive.
Passage 3(湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2019届高三一模)
Laughter is part f the universal human vcabulary. All members f the human species understand it. Unlike English r French r Swahili, we dn’t have t learn t speak it. We re brn with the capacity t laugh.
Very little is knwn abut the specific brain mechanisms respnsible fr laughter. Cntrary t flk wisdm, mst laughter is nt abut humr; it is abut relatinships. T find ut when and why peple laugh, I went with several assistants t lcal malls and recrded what happened just befre peple laughed. Over a 10-year perid, we studied ver 2,000 cases f naturally ccurring laughter.
We fund that mst laughter des nt necessarily fllw jkes. Peple may laugh after a variety f statements, such as, “Here cmes Mary,” “Hw did yu d n the test?” r “D yu have a rubber band?” These certainly aren’t jkes.
We believe laughter evlved frm the panting (喘气的) behavir f ur ancient ancestrs. Tday, if we tickle (使发痒) chimps, they dn’t laugh. But, instead, they prduce a panting sund. That’s the sund f ape laughter, and it’s the rt f human laughter.
Apes laugh in the kinds f situatins that lead t human laughter, like games that invlve chasing. Other animals prduce sunds during play, but they are s different frm laughter. Rats, fr example, prduce high sunds during play and when tickled, but these are very different in sund frm human laughter.
Laughter is ften psitive, but it can be negative t. There’s a difference between “laughing with” and “laughing at”. Peple wh laugh at thers may be trying t drive them ut f the grup.
N ne has actually cunted hw much peple f different ages laugh, but yung children prbably laugh the mst. At ages 5 and 6 we prbably laugh mre than at any ther times. Adults laugh less than children, prbably because they play less.
Wrk nw underway will tell us mre abut the brain mechanisms behind laughter, hw it has evlved, and why we’re s susceptible t tickling.
1. What was the purpse f the decade’s research?
A. T prve that peple laugh because f humur.
B. T find ut the real reasn fr peple s laughter.
C. T research peple s different reactin n jkes.
D. T recrd cnversatins amng shppers in malls.
2. What can we learn frm the text?
A. Peple wh play mre tend t laugh mre.
B. Apes prduce high sunds when tickled.
C. Scientists knw the brain mechanisms respnsible fr laughter well.
D. The situatins in which apes laugh are very different frm thse in which humans laugh.
3. What des the underlined wrd “susceptible” in the last paragraph prbably mean?
A. Sensitive.B. Flexible.
C. Addictive.D. Reliable.
4. Which f the fllwing might be the best title fr the text?
A. The Impact f Laughter
B. The Meaning f Laughter
C. A Big Mystery: Why D We Laugh?
D. Laughter: The Mst Beautiful Wrds
Passage 4(东北三省四市2019届高三二模联考英语试题)
Cnnecting with peple has becme s much easier with advancing technlgy. Tasks that nce required a pstage stamp r carrier pigen are nw as simple as tapping a name r even a face n yur screen, and yu’re cnnected. But als easier is uncnsciusly getting caught up in a dilemma by vilating certain new rules fr cmmunicating. A big ne fr sme: Dn’t call until yu’ve texted t cnfirm it’s OK t call. But that’s just the beginning.
“I’m usually pretty mild and nt much bthers me,” said Mark Angielle, a 29-year-ld ffice manager frm White Plains, New Yrk. But the ne thing that he hates mre than anything else in life is the terrible ne-wrd message — “K.” “At the very least reply with, Gt it.” he said “At least give me a few wrds here. Yu’re nt that busy.”
There are hundreds, perhaps even thusands, f thers wh have taken L scial media t express their distaste fr peple wh dn’t fllw the unwritten rules f digital cmmunicatin.
“These rules are simply a new display f a phenmenn we’ve seen in the past,” said James Ivry, prfessr f cmmunicatin a Virginia Tech. In the same way that generatins and small grups f friends have their wn slang and custms, internet culture has given birth t technlgy-dependent beings that have their wn unique set f rutine.
But nt everyne gets the pint. Unlike language, digital cmmunicatin can be filled with ambiguus clues (线索、迹象) that the persn n the ther end f the call, text r email may r may nt easily understand.
“As sn as peple aren’t talking face t face, the first thing that gets lst is sme f the richness f the bdy language,” Ivry said, “Peple immediately fill that gap by using emji (表情符号) t sum up a feeling in secnds.
“There's great ptential fr danger,” Ivry warned. “What's cnsidered plite in ne frm might be inapprpriate r rude in anther ccasin.”
1. What can yu infer abut Mark frm Paragraph 2?
A. He is a businessman with a bad temper.
B. He cmplains abut scial manners.
C. He can’t bear ne- wrd messages.
D. He dislike a busy business life.
2. Accrding t the text, which f the fllwing breaks the rules fr cmmunicating?
A. Jhn says “I gt it.” t his bss face t face.
B. Jim calls Bill withut cnfirming in advance.
C. Mary texts Lily t make sure if she can call her.
D. Jack sends “Thanks a lt” t his business friends.
3. Why may peple misunderstand each ther during digital cmmunicatin?
A. Emji cannt sum up feelings.
B. Peple use their wn slang and custms.
C. There are large quantities f written rules.
D. Peple gets wrng messages withut clear clues.
4. What are peple expected t d after reading tie passage?
A. T bey their wn digital cmmunicatin rules.
B. T be aware f rules during digital cmmunicatin.
C. T use advancing technlgy even with disadvantages.
D. T keep pace with digital cmmunicatin develpment.
题组一
Passage1
【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。
51.B
【解析】推理判断题。第一段讲述塞万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还身陷囹圄，在53岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有阻挡他的成功，年龄也是如此，故选B。
52.D
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段I’m talking abut peple wh have stpped learning n grwing because they have adpted the fixed attitudes and pinins that all t ften cme with passing years.故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知run ut f steam可知，停止学习，故选D。
53.C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段we lse the sense f wnder. But, if we are willing t learn, the pprtunities are everywhere.可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可知，机会总是留给那些好奇心的人，故选C。
54. D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段we learn t bear with the things we can’t change. We learn t avid self-pity. We learn that hwever much we try t please, sme peple are never ging t lve us—an idea that trubles at first but is eventually relaxing.可知，我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们释怀，故可知，本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，故选D。
55.A
【解析】主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的目的是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活，故选A。
Passage2
【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述对信息技术的过分迷恋对国家，对个人，对慈善事业都会有不利的影响。
61.D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段Hwever, they have reak impacts, as they result in misguided use f scarce resurces. 可知，对信息技术的错误判断会导致有限资源的错误使用，也就是资源的浪费，故选D。
62.A
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段Perhaps giving mney fr thse less fashinable things such as digging wells, extending electricity netwrks and making mre affrdable washing machines wuld have imprved peple's lives mre than giving every child a laptp cmputer r setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am nt saying that thse things are necessarily mre imprtant, but many dnatrs have rushed int fancy prgrammes withut carefully assessing the relative lng-term csts and benefits f alternative uses f their mney.可知，与其给那些贫困地区孩子笔记本电脑或者建网络中心，还不如给钱打井，铺电网或者生产他们买得起的洗衣机，这些东西更能改善他们的生活。作者不是说这些东西一定更重要，但是很多捐赠者没有仔细考虑捐赠的东西的长期成本，因此作者建议捐赠者要考虑接受捐赠的人的实际情况，而不是一味地追求信息化，故选A。
63.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段In yet anther example, a fascinatin with the new has led peple t believe that the recent changes in the technlgies f cmmunicatins and transprtatin are s revlutinary that nw we live in a "brderless wrld". 以及Believing in such a wrld, many gvernments have put an end t sme f the very necessary regulatins n crss-brder flws f capital, labur and gds, with pr results.可知，对新东西的迷恋让人们认为如今通讯技术和交通的变革让我们生活在一个无国界的世界。正是认为我们生活在这样一个世界，很多政府取消了关于跨国界的资本、劳动力以及商品流动的法律法规，故选B。
64.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段The fascinatin with the ICT(Infrmatin and Cmmunicatin Technlgy) revlutin, represented by the Internet, has made sme rich cuntries wrngly cnclude that making things is s "yesterday" that they shuld try t live n ideas. This belief in "pst-industrial sciety" has led thse cuntries t neglect their manufacturing sectr(制造业) with negative cnsequences fr their ecnmies.可知，对互联网呈现的通讯技术变革的迷恋让很多富裕国家做出一个错误的结论，制造产品已经过时了，他们应该靠创意生活，因而忽略了制造业，从而对经济造成不利影响，故可知传统的技术依然传统的技术依然有它的地位，不能新兴的信息技术取代，故选B。
Passage3
【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲了中国文化对世界时尚届的影响，中国年轻的设计师和模特如何最终在许多方面被认可。中国成了世界时尚的风向标。
24.B
【解析】细节理解题。答案定位在第三段The exhibitin had recrd attendance, shwing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.（此次展览吸引的参观者人数创下了记录，显示出人们对中国影响的浓厚兴趣。）由此可知，纽约的展览吸引了许多参观者，故选B。
25.A
【解析】细节理解题。答案定位在第四段Chinese mdels are the faces f beauty and fashin campaigns that sell dreams t wmen all ver the wrld, which means Chinese wmen are nt just cnsumers f fashin-they are central t its mvement . （中国模特是向全世界女性推销梦想的美和时尚活动的代言人，这意味着中国女性不仅仅是时尚的消费者——她们是这场运动的核心。）由此可知，Hill说中国女性开创了新时尚，故选A。
26.D
【解析】词义猜测题。下文and beating them hands dwn in design and sales说并在设计和销售上击败他们。由此推断出上文Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jasn Wu are taking n Gallian, Albaz, Mare Jacbs的意思是Vera Wang、Alexander Wang和Jasn Wu正在与Gallian、Albaz和 Mare Jacbs竞争。taking n意思是“竞争”，故选D。
27.D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段china and its culture have lng been an inspiratin fr western creatins.以及最后一段If yu talk abut fashin tday , yu are talking abut China - its influences , its directin, its breathtaking clthes, and hw yung designers and mdels are finally acknwledging that in many ways."（如果你今天谈论时尚，你谈论的是中国——它的影响，它的方向，它令人惊叹的服装，以及年轻的设计师和模特如何最终在许多方面被认可。），结合全文内容，可知这篇文章最恰当的题目是“中国文化助力国际时尚潮流”，故选D。
题组二
Passage1
【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。
32.C 【解析】主旨大意题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。A项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C项意为：陌生人之间缺乏沟通。D项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选C项。
33.B 【解析】推理判断题。题干问得是对于Carducci来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最后一句“The key t successful small talk is learning hw t cnnect with thers, nt just cmmunicate with them”（成功闲聊的关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断C符合题意。A项意为：表现出良好的礼貌。B项意为：与他人有关的。C项意为：专注于一个话题。D项意为：做商业交易。故选B项。
34.D 【解析】推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选D项。
35.C 【解析】主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。A项意为：谈话很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选C项。
Passage 2
【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述作者引导孩子主动捐献玩具，并从玩耍简单玩具中获得快乐的做法。
32.A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据文章第一段最后一句…I can help my wn kids learn earlier than I did hw t live mre with less可以推断出，人们通常认为越多越好。故选A。
33.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中She chse t sell a few larger bjects that were less ften used when we prmised t put the mney int her schl fund(基金)可知，当我们承诺给她把卖玩具的钱放到她的教育基金里时，她同意卖玩具。故选C。
34.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句My little experiment t find jy in a single bject wrked fr bth f us.表明，跟Shepherd玩球是为了测试自己的一种想法是否可行。故选A。
35.C 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段可知，作者想要教会孩子hw t live mre with less，而二三段是作者的尝试，故C作标题适合。
Passage 3
【文章大意】本文为议论文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。
47.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段While much f the debate s far has been fcused n the safety f driverless cars(and rightfully s), plicymakers als shuld be talking abut hw self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissins(排放) and ffer mre cnvenient, affrdable mbility ptins. 可知，政策制定者应该讨论无人驾驶车怎么帮助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该多关注无人驾驶车怎么帮助处理与交通有关的问题。故选A。
48.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段But hwever lng it takes, the technlgy has the ptential t change ur transprtatin systems and ur cities, fr better r fr wrse, depending n hw the transfrmatin is regulated. 可知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it. 可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是对这种转变的管理规范，故选D。
49.A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第四段The first cmmercially available driverless cars will almst certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, cnsidering the cst f self-driving technlgy as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). 可知，鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任和维护问题，无人驾驶车几乎可以肯定将会被打车服务使用。故划线词是“被应用”的意思。A. Emplyed被应用；B. Replaced被取代；C. Shared被分享；D. Reduced被减少。故选A。
50.B 【解析】观点态度题。根据文章最后一段The cming technlgical advancement presents a chance fr cities and states t develp transprtatin systems designed t mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it. 中的 advancement，mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. 以及plan fr it可推知，作者是积极的态度。故选B。
Passage 4
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。我们有多久没有仔细观察我们周围的世界了。作者通过此文要告诉我们：放慢脚步，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙。
51.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段Mst f us bserved much mre as children than we d as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascinatin, newness and wnder.可知，与成人相比较，孩子观察得更多，孩子的一天充满了魔力、新奇和惊奇。从而可以推断出孩子更急于探索他们周围的世界。故选D。
52.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第三段作者叙述在一个寒冷的夜晚，作者和学生徒步旅行穿过一条小溪的时候，学生们抱怨水太冷而不愿往前走，结果事实上那是一个温泉。作者举这样一个事例是为了向读者传递这样的观念：避免过早下结论。故选A。
53.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段全段及首句Anther blck t awareness is the bsessin(痴迷) many f us have with naming things.可知，鸟观察者发现鸟后只关心鸟的名字，并不关心它在做什么。故选C。
54.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第五段I encuntered many hikers wh were headed t a distant camp-grund with just enugh time t get there befre dark. It seldm ccurred t them t wander a bit, t take a mment t see what’s arund them.可知，徒步旅行者只关心能够及时到达目的地，而很少关心周围的事物。故选B。
55.A 【解析】推理判断题。文章作者想要通过此文要告诉我们：大自然只展现给那些善于观察和等待的人，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙吧。故选A。
题组三
Passage1
【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。文章主要通过介绍三种不同种类的等待来论述我们花费大量的时间来等待而且说明作者自己的观点，即充满希望和信念地等待。
51.B 【解析】根据第二段的句子During these waits, the brain slips away frm the bdy and wanders abut until the water runs ver the edge f the cunter and nt yur scks. This kind f wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless. 可知选B。
52.A 【解析】根据第三段内容，尤其是This ne requires a bit f discipline. 及After all, Frced Waiting requires patience. 可知选A。
53.B 【解析】根据第四段的句子Unlike the Frced Wait, which is als vluntary, waiting fr yur lucky break des nt necessarily mean that it will happen.可知选B。
54.D 【解析】根据最后一段第二句可以判断出下次当我们等待的时候作者建议我们不要灰心、绝望。故选D。
55.C 【解析】通读全文可以知道，作者通过二、三、四段列举了三种类型的等待，所以判断出作者是通过分析不同种类的等待来支持自己的观点的。故选C。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文属于议论文，首先用数据告诉我们美国孩子的睡眠状况堪忧，接着告诉我们孩子在不同年龄段需要的睡眠时间不同，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介绍了一些学校为了让孩子们有更多的睡眠时间而推迟了上课的时间。
25.A 【解析】细节理解题。文中第一段列举了一些数据，向我们说明美国有51%的10到18岁的孩子上床睡觉的时间偏晚，也调查了60%的7到12岁的孩子在白天感到疲惫，15%的孩子会在学校睡着，所以这些调查都是关于美国孩子的睡眠习惯的，故选A。
26.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段＂Fr mst schl-age children, ten hurs is ideal＂可知11岁正在上学的小孩子的理想睡眠时间是10个小时，故选C。
27.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段＂She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard fr them t calm dwn and sleep＂可知她认为孩子们睡觉晚的原因是他们会在睡前做一些让他们兴奋的活动，故选B。
【名师点睛】
本文属于议论类短文，所考查的三道题均为细节题中的直接理解题。细节事实理解题主要考查考生对文章中某一些特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语义理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要学生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。
在阅读中可以使用定位法与跳读法解决直接理解题。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后和选项进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而找出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行分析和推理等找出正确答案。
以本文26题为例，我们根据题干中＂Hw many hurs f sleep d 11-year-lds need every day＂(11岁的孩子每天需要多少小时的睡眠时间)直接定位到第二段第四句Fr mst schl-age children, ten hurs is ideal(理想的)，由此可知上学的孩子的理想睡眠时间是10个小时，故选择C项。
题组四
Passage 1
【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲了若拥有百倍于现在的资源，你会如何提升个人生活？
1.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的Smene sent me an email urging me t acquire a lt mre resurces, suggesting culd d s much mre gd if I had an 8 r 9 figure net incme f 6 like I’ve been ding fr years.可知，有人给我发了封邮件，力劝我获得更多财富资源，故选D。
2.A 【解析】推理判断题。第三段谈到最近我一直在考虑，如果有意减少个人收入一段时间，会是什么样子。我只想经历这种体验。看自己能否在收入少的情况下好好生活。比如把个人年收入减少到1万美元，自己将如何生活。不过这对我来说也不算什么问题。因为在上世纪90年代，我有过一段这种低收入生活时期，而且我已经学到，不管收入如何，仍旧可以做自己喜爱的事情。由此可推断出作者是一位乐观且专注的人，故选A。
3.A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段中的That isn’t such a big deal t me, thugh, since I already went thrugh a perid f lw incme like that during the 1990s（在上世纪90年代，我有过一段这种低收入生活时期），由此推断出What if I capped my net persnal incme at $10,000 per year,fr instance?意思是把个人年收入减少到1万美元。“capped”意思是限定，A. Limited限定；B. Spent花费；C. Increased增长；D. Distributed分布，故选A。
4.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段As I mentined in my bk.可推知作者可能是一名作家，故A选项正确；根据最后一段What interests me is explring persnal grwth and sharing what I learn alng the way.可知真正令作者感兴趣的是探索个人成长，并与人一路分享自己所学，由此可知C和D正确，故选B。
Passage 2
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述的是“越来越多的评论部分在网上被关闭。”
1.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段中When she gt t the readers’ cmments sectins at the end, she was shcked by what she saw. Belw the stry was a grwing number f cmments—a racist remark abut demcratic vtes, a negative cmment abut plice …S Phillips decided t d smething she had been thinking abut fr a lng time: she shut dwn the cmments sectins.可知，Autumn Phillips关闭了评论部分是因为他们被错误地使用了。故选A。
2.B 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段中The decisins dn’t mean that the news utlets are n lnger interested in what their audiences are thinking. Bth stressed their eagerness t hear frm readers and listeners n scial netwrks. But bth agreed that cmments had deviated frm their riginal intentin. 这些决定并不意味着新闻媒体不再对他们的听众的想法感兴趣。两人都强调，他们渴望在社交网络上听到读者和听众的声音。但双方都认为，评论偏离了他们最初的意图。由此推知划线句子的意思是“他们违背了他们最初的意图。”故选B。
3.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中In early days f digital jurnalism, cmments were seen as a key part f this new media, a wnderful pprtunity fr strengthening the dialgue between news prducers and their audiences. It was a welcme change, given that fr lng many news rganizatins were far t separated frm their readers.可知，在早期的数字新闻中，读者积极参与新闻行业是受欢迎的改变。故选D。
4.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“I’ve heard frm parents whse children were hurt by ur nline cmments. I’ve heard frm peple wh said they wuldn’t send in letters t the editr because they were attacked s fiercely by cmments, and wasn’t wrth it.”可知，根据最后一段许多读者对Autumn Phillips是支持的。故选D。
Passage3
Passage3
【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。笑容是世上最通用的语言，笑容是世上最温暖的语言。本文探讨了人类为什么笑这个话题。
1.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段的T find ut when and why peple laugh可知本文写作目的是弄清楚人类什么时候以及为什么会笑。故B项正确。
2.A
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段的At ages 5 and 6 we prbably laugh mre than at any ther times. Adults laugh less than children, prbably because they play less.可知，玩得多的人笑得多。A项正确。
3.A
【解析】词义猜测题。联系上下文可知susceptible（易受……影响的）与sensitive的意思最为接近。故选A。
4.C
【解析】主旨大意题。笑容是世上最通用的语言，笑容是世上最温暖的语言，本文探讨了人类为什么而笑这个问题。故C项为最佳标题。
Passage4
【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。随着技术的进步，人与人之间的联系变得越来越容易，但在数字通信中更容易违反某些新的交流规则而无意识地陷入两难境地。对此许多人对这种现象表达了忧虑。
1.C
【解析】推理判断题。由第二段“But the ne thing that he hates mre than anything else in life is the terrible ne-wrd message”可知，在生活中他最痛恨的一件事就是一个字的信息。所以通过关键词“hate, terrible”可以判断出，马克不能忍受一个字的信息。故C选项正确。
2.B
【解析】推理判断题。由第一段“Dn’t call until yu’ve texted t cnfirm it’s OK t call”可知，在你发短信确认可以打电话之前不要打电话。很多人都违反了这个交流规则。所以B选项“吉姆没有事先确认就打电话给比尔”违反了沟通交流的规则。故B选项正确。
3.D
【解析】细节理解题。由第五段“Unlike language, digital cmmunicatin can be filled with ambiguus clues (线索、迹象) that the persn n the ther end f the call, text r email may r may nt easily understand.”可知，与语言不同的是，数字通信可以充满模糊的线索。电话、文本或电子邮件另一端的人可能很容易理解什么意思，也可能不容易理解是什么意思。所以为什么人们在数字通信中会产生误解是因为人们在没有明确线索的情况下会收到错误的信息。故D选项正确。
4.B
【解析】推理判断题。通读全文可知，随着技术的进步，人与人之间的联系变得越来越容易，但更容易违反某些新的交流规则而无意识地陷入两难境地。对此许多人对这种现象表达了忧虑。所以判断出短文目的就是期望人们能够在数字通信过程中要注意规则。所以读了这篇文章后，人们被期望能够在数字通信过程中要注意规则。故B选项正确。