高考英语考点知识专讲专练（有答案）考点41 阅读理解主旨大意题

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这是一份高考英语考点知识专讲专练（有答案）考点41 阅读理解主旨大意题，共37页。试卷主要包含了中心主题句出现在文首，主题句出现在文尾，首尾呼应的写作方法等内容，欢迎下载使用。

高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确
获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。
在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：
(1) What wuld be the best title fr the text? /What is the tpic f the text?
(2) The main tpic / subject f the passage is _________.
(3) The main idea/ The general idea is/ The main theme f this passage is…
(4) The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis n _________.
(5) What is mainly discussed in the text?
(6) What is the main idea f the passage?
(7) What’s the main pint the writer is trying t make in the last paragraph?
(8) The purpse f this passage is.
(9) Which f the fllwing statements is best supprted by the text?
(10) Which f the fllwing best summarized the passage?
(11) The passage mainly fcuses n.
从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。下面结合高考题实例来具体分析此类题目的解题技巧。
怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意
——主题句定位法
文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。
但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming)，浏览时，一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。
文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：
1. 中心主题句出现在文首
开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。
新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。
（2018·新课标卷I）Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging. When the the wrld was still ppulated by hunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit (联系)grups develped their wn patterns f speech independent f each ther.Sme language experts believe that 10,000 years ag, when the wrld had just five t ten millin peple, they spke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centres, trade,industrialisatin. the develpment f the natin-state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin. Especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades,all have caused many Languages t disappear,and dminant languages such as English．Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
At present, the wrld has abut 6 800 languages. The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages. Often spken by many peple while ht. wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers.Eurpe has nly arund 200 Languages: the Americas abut 1,000. Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, f which Papua New Guinea alne accunts fr well ver 800. The median number (中位数)f speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the wrlds languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
Already well ver 400 f the ttal f, 6,800 languages are clse t extinctin(消亡), with nly a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at randm, Busuu in Camern (eight remaining speakers),Chiapanec in Mexic(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(tw r three)r Wadjigu in Australia (ne, with a questin-mark): nne f these seems t have much chance f survival.
31. What is the min idea f the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. Peples lifestyles are reflected in languages
C. Human develpment results in fewer languages
D. Gegraphy determines language evlutin.
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。
【答案】C
【解析】主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging.可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几千年，但最近时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选C。
2. 主题句出现在文尾
在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。
The famus American grilla(大猩猩) expert Diane Fssey had a cmpletely new way t study grillas — she pretended t be ne f them. She cpied their actins and way f life — eating plants and getting dwn n her hands and knees t walk the way a grilla des. It was a new relatinship.
Diane Fssey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her stry was made int the ppular film Grillas in the Mist. It was a lng way frm King Kng, which is abut a grilla as a mnster (a frightening animal), and helped t shw a new idea: the real mnster is man, while the grilla is t be admired.
Tday there are thught t be arund 48,000 lwland grillas and maybe 400—450 muntain grillas in the wild. Frm the Cng in West Africa, t Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by the cutting dwn f their frest hmes.
Sme time ag, I fund in my letterbx a little magazine frm the Wrld Wide Fund fr Nature. It had tw phts side by side. One was f a yung grilla. “This is a species f mammal(哺乳类动物),” said the wrds belw it. “It is being destryed by man. We must save it fr ur wn gd.” The ther pht shwed a human baby. The wrds als read, “This is a species f mammal,” but then went n: “It is the mst destructive(破坏性的) n earth. We must retrain it fr its wn gd.”
56.The text mainly talks abut _____.
A. Diane Fssey B. the grillas in Rwanda
C. the prtectin f the grillas D. the film Grillas in the Mist
【答案】C
【解析】文章第一段谈到Diane Fssey对大猩猩的研究；第二段谈到根据她的事迹所拍摄的影片；第三段谈到了大猩猩数量减少的原因；最后一段谈到保护大猩猩的宣传的措施。前面三段都是为最后一段做铺垫的，从最后一段的“It is being destryed by man. We must save it fr ur wn gd.”可知，最主要的目的还是要人们保护大猩猩。
3. 首尾呼应的写作方法
为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。
Lacrsse (曲棍球) is a ppular sprt in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it t train fr war. They invented this game befre Clumbus arrived in the New Wrld.
Peple play lacrsse utdrs. The lacrsse field is seven meters lng. At each end f the field there is a gal. The gal is a net. There are ten players n each team. Each player has a stick called “ crss”. The player hit a ball int the net as many times as pssible. Lacrsse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball at a high speed with their sticks. Players ften get great fun it playing lacrsse.
There are many lacrsse clubs and lacrsse teams all ver Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrsse games n TV r listen t the lacrsse games ver the radi.
At ne time lacrsse was the natinal summer sprt in Canada. Tday it is still ppular with Canadians.
1.The passage is mainly abut ___________.
A. Hw t Play Lacrsse
B. Lacrsse in Canada
C. The Histry f Lacrsse
D. Lacrsse—A Ppular Game in Canada
【答案】D
【解析】作者先后两次提到“长曲棍球在加拿大很受欢迎”，显然选项D最符合短文的主题。
4. 中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句
阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。
【2019·全国卷II，C】
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Luie cunter by herself, quietly reading her e-bk as she waits fr her salad. What is she reading? Nne f yur business! Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time. And like mre Americans, she’s nt alne.
A new reprt fund 46 percent f meals are eaten alne in America. Mre than half(53 percent)have breakfast alne and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating tgether anymre，74 percent，accrding t statistics frm the reprt.
“I prefer t g ut and be ut. Alne，but tgether，yu knw？”Bechtel said，lking up frm her bk. Bechtel，wh wrks in dwntwn West Palm Beach，has lunch with cwrkers smetimes，but like many f us，t ften wrks thrugh lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allws her t keep a bss frm tapping her n the shulder. She returns t wrk feeling energized. “Tday，I just wanted sme time t myself，”she said.
Just tw seats ver，Andrew Mazleny，a lcal videgrapher，is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phne in peace r chat up the barkeeper with whm he's n a first-name basis if he wants t have a little interactin(交流). “I reflect n hw my day's gne and think abut the rest f the week,” he said. “It's a chance fr self-reflectin, Yu return t wrk recharged and with a plan.”
That freedm t chse is ne reasn mre peple like t eat alne. There was a time when peple may have felt awkward abut asking fr a table fr ne，but thse days are ver. Nw，we have ur smartphnes t keep us cmpany at the table. “It desn't feel as alne as it may have befre al the advances in technlgy,” said Laurie Demerit， whse cmpany prvided the statistics fr the reprt.
31. What is the text mainly abut?
A. The trend f having meals alne.
B. The imprtance f self-reflectin.
C. The stress frm wrking vertime.
D. The advantage f wireless technlgy.
【语篇解读】本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势。
31.A
【解析】主旨大意题。本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A。
4. 主题句出现在文章的中间
通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。
The Sahara Festival is a celebratin f the very recent past. The three-day event is nt fixed t the same dates each year, but generally takes place in Nvember r December. It is well attended by turists, but even better attended by lcals.
During the pening ceremnies, after the fficial greetings frm the gvernment leaders, peple wh attend the festival begin t march smartly befre the viewing stands, and white camels transprt their riders acrss the sands. Hrsemen frm different natins display their beautiful clthes and their fine hrsemanship. One fllwing anther, grups f musicians and dancers frm all ver the Sahara take their turn t shw ff their wnderful traditinal culture. Grups f men in blue and yellw play hrns and beat drums as they dance in different designs. On their knees in the sand, a grup f wmen in lng dark dresses dance with their hair: their lng, dark, shiny hair is thrwn back and frth in the wind t the rhythm f their dance.
…
67. This passage mainly tells readers_______.
A. what happens n the pening day f the Sahara Festival
B. hw peple celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival
C. what takes place at the clsing ceremnies f the Sahara Festival
D. hw animals race n the first and the last days f the Sahara Festival
【答案】A
【解析】从文中第二段第一句话“During the pening ceremnies,”可以看出，本文主要是介绍“撒哈拉节”开幕式上的活动。答案选A。
怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题
——高度概括法
对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。
标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？
首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体
现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。
其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，
仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。
再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。
最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。比如某一文章的中心句为：CHINA issued the first set f stamps depicting the tp 128 Chinese family names n Thursday Nv. 18th 2004 in Beijing.
话题：Stamps
控制性概念：CHINA issued the first set f stamps depicting the tp 128 Chinese family names
标题：China issued 1st set f stamps n family names
(中原名校豫南九校2016—2017学年高三第三次联考) August 8, was Earth Oversht Day. Calculated annually by the envirnmental advcacy(支持，拥护) grup, Glbal Ftprint Netwrk (GFN), it is the day when human has cnsumed all the natural resurces — prduce, meat, fish, water, and wd — that ur planet can regenerate(再生) in a single year. This means that fr the rest f 2016, we will be using natural resurces that are impssible t replace.
Fr thse that are a little cnfused, it is similar t spending yur entire year’s allwance by August and then brrwing mney frm friends, knwing fully well that yu cannt repay the lan. GFN says that the same thing happens in the case f the Earth.
The date f Earth Oversht Day varies each year. In an ideal, fully sustainable wrld, we shuld nly spend what we have. This means that Earth Oversht Day wuld fall n December 31, r perhaps even spill int the fllwing year, indicating that we are saving sme resurces fr a rainy day. That did happen in 1961, when we nly cnsumed three-quarters f what the planet prduced.
Unfrtunately, the day has been ging up rapidly since 2014 when it fell n August 19. In 2015, it was August 13, and this year, the earliest s far — August 8! The nly way t sustain this demand wuld be t have 1.6 earths, which as we all knw, is nt pssible.
Frtunately, experts say that the situatin is nt as grim as it sunds. Many cuntries are already taking steps t reduce carbn emissins, which accunts fr 60% f ur eclgical ftprint, by switching t slar r wind-generated pwer.
Individuals can als help by eating less meat, walking, biking, r taking public transprtatin, as well as adpting the three R’s: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. If we all wrk tgether, we can help push back Earth Oversht Day t December 31, r even beynd!
27. What is the best title fr the passage?
A. A Warning: Earth Oversht Day
B. A Celebratin: Earth Oversht Day
C. A Reminder: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle
D. An Advertisement: Glbal Ftprint Netwrk
【文章大意】本文是一篇环保类说明文。文章介绍了Earth Oversht Day。今年在八月八号我们就已经消耗掉今年全年的可再生资源，接着又介绍了Earth Oversht Day的计算方法。通过介绍Earth Oversht Day，作者呼吁人们减少资源浪费。
【答案】 A
【解析】今年的Earth Oversht Day是八月八号，即我们今年在八月八号就已经消耗掉我们今年全年的可再生资源。本文通过介绍Earth Oversht Day告诉人们要减少资源浪费，所以最佳标题应是A项。
题组一（2019年高考真题）
Passage1(2019·天津卷，B)
I must have always knwn reading was very imprtant because the first memries I have as a child deal with bks. There was nt ne night that I dn't remember mm reading me a strybk by my bedside. I was extremely inspired by the elegant way the wrds sunded.
I always wanted t knw what my mm was reading. Hearing mm say," I can't believe what's printed in the newspaper this mrning," made me want t grab it ut f her hands and read it myself. I wanted t be like my mm and knw all f the things she knew. S I carried arund a bk, and each night, just t be like her, I wuld pretend t be reading.
This is hw everyne learned t read. We wuld start ff with sentences, then paragraphs, and then stries. It seemed an unending jurney, but even as a six-year-ld girl I realized that knwing hw t read culd pen many drs. When mm said," The C-A-N-D-Y is hidden n the tp shelf," I knew where the candy was. My prgress in reading raised my curisity, and I wanted t knw everything. I ften fund myself telling my mm t drive mre slwly, s that I culd read all f the rad signs we passed.
Mst f my reading thrugh primary, middle and high schl was factual reading. I read fr knwledge, and t make A's n my tests. Occasinally, I wuld read a nvel that was assigned, but I didn't enjy this type f reading. I liked facts, things that are cncrete. I thught anything abstract left t much rm fr argument.
Yet, nw that I'm grwing and the wrld I nce knew as being s simple is becming mre cmplex, I find myself needing a way t escape. By pening a nvel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter int a wnderful and mysterius wrld where I am nw a new character. In these wrlds I can becme anyne. I dn't have t write dwn what happened r what technique the authr was using when he r she wrte this. I just read t relax.
We're taught t read because it's necessary fr much f human understanding. Reading is a vital part f my life. Reading satisfies my desire t keep learning. And I've fund that the pssibilities that lie within bks are limitless.
41. Why did the authr want t grab the newspaper ut f mm's hands？
A. She wanted mm t read the news t her.
B. She was anxius t knw what had happened.
C. She culdn't wait t tear the newspaper apart.
D. She culdn't help but stp mm frm reading.
42. Accrding t Paragraph 3，the authr's reading f rad signs indicates___________
A. her unique way t lcate herself
B. her eagerness t develp her reading ability
C. her effrt t remind mm t bey traffic rules
D. her grwing desire t knw the wrld arund her.
43. What was the authr's view n factual reading？
A. It wuld help her update test-taking skills.
B. It wuld allw much rm fr free thinking.
C. It wuld prvide true and bjective infrmatin.
D. It wuld help shape a realistic and serius attitude t life.
44. The authr takes nvel reading as a way t___________.
A. explre a fantasy land
B. develp a passin fr leaning
C. learn abut the adult cmmunity
D. get away frm a cnfusing wrld
45. What culd be the best title fr the passage？
A. The Magic f ReadingB. The Pleasure f Reading
C. Grwing Up with ReadingD. Reading Makes a Full Man
Passage2(2019·新课标卷I，D)
During the rsy years f elementary schl(小学), I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status. I was the queen f the playgrund. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cl kids. They rse in the ranks nt by being friendly but by smking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jkes n thers, amng whm I sn fund myself.
Ppularity is a well-explred subject in scial psychlgy. Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-thers qualities strengthen schlyard friendships, jump-start interpersnal skills and, when tapped early, are emplyed ever after in life and wrk. Then there’s the kind f ppularity that appears in adlescence: status brn f pwer and even dishnrable behavir.
Enviable as the cl kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies shw unpleasant cnsequences. Thse wh were highest in status in high schl, as well as thse least liked in elementary schl, are “mst likely t engage(从事)in dangerus and risky behavir.”
In ne study, Dr. Prinstein examined the tw types f ppularity in 235 adlescents, scring the least liked, the mst liked and the highest in status based n student surveys(调查研究). “We fund that the least well-liked teens had becme mre aggressive ver time tward their classmates. But s had thse wh were high in status. It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment, high status has just the ppsite effect n us."
Dr. Prinstein has als fund that the qualities that made the neighbrs want yu n a play date-sharing, kindness, penness — carry ver t later years and make yu better able t relate and cnnect with thers.
In analyzing his and ther research，Dr. Prinstein came t anther cnclusin: Nt nly is likability related t psitive life utcmes, but it is als respnsible fr thse utcmes, t. "Being liked creates pprtunities fr learning and fr new kinds f life experiences that help smebdy gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What srt f girl was the authr in her early years f elementary schl?
A. Unkind.B. Lnely.C. Generus.D. Cl.
33. What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut？
A. The classificatin f the ppular.
B. The characteristics f adlescents.
C. The imprtance f interpersnal skills.
D. The causes f dishnrable behavir
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find abut the mst liked kids?
A. They appeared t be aggressive.
B. They tended t be mre adaptable.
C. They enjyed the highest status.
D. They perfrmed well academically.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Be Nice-Yu Wn’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-Yu Can Make It
D. Mre Self-Cntrl, Less Aggressiveness
Passage3(2019·新课标卷II，D)
Bacteria are an annying prblem fr astrnauts. The micrrganisms(微生物) frm ur bdies grw uncntrllably n surfaces f the Internatinal Space Statin, s astrnauts spend hurs cleaning them up each week. Hw is NASA vercming this very tiny big prblem? It’s turning t a bunch f high schl kids. But nt just any kids. It depending n NASA HUNCH high schl class, like the ne science teachers Gene Grdn and Dnna Himmelberg lead at Fairprt High Schl in Fairprt, New Yrk.
HUNCH is designed t cnnect high schl classrms with NASA engineers. Fr the past tw years, Grdn’s students have been studying ways t kill bacteria in zer gravity, and they think they’re clse t a slutin(解决方案). “We dn’t give the students any breaks. They have t d it just like NASA engineers,” says Flrence Gld, a prject manager.
“There are n tests,” Grdn says. “There is n graded hmewrk. There almst are n grades, ther than‘Are yu wrking twards yur gal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve gt t prduce this prduct and then, at the end f year, present it t NASA.’ Engineers cme and really d an in-persn review, and…it’s nt a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business review f yur prduct.”
Grdn says the HUNCH prgram has an impact(影响) n cllege admissins and practical life skills. “These kids are s absrbed in their studies that I just sit back. I dn’t teach.” And that annying bacteria? Grdn says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers abut the prblem, readying a wrkable slutin t test in space.
32. What d we knw abut the bacteria in the Internatinal Space Statin?
A. They are hard t get rid f.B. They lead t air pllutin.
C. They appear different frms.D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpse f the HUNCH prgram?
A. T strengthen teacher-student relatinships.B. T sharpen students’ cmmunicatin skills.
C. T allw students t experience zer gravity.D. T link space technlgy with schl educatin
34. What d the NASA engineers d fr the students in the prgram?
A. Check their prduct.B. Guide prject designs
C. Adjust wrk schedules.D. Grade their hmewrk.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. NASA: The Hme f Astrnauts.
B. Space: The Final Hmewrk Frntier.
C. Nature: An Outdr Classrm.
D. HUNCH:A Cllege Admissin Refrm.
Passage4(2019·北京卷，C)
The prblem f rbcalls has gtten s bad that many peple nw refuse t pick up calls frm numbers they dn't knw. By next year，half f the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈).We are finally waking up t the severity f the prblem by supprting and develping a grup f tls，apps and appraches intended t prevent scammers frm getting thrugh. Unfrtunately，it's t little，t late. By the time these “slutins"(解决方案)becme widely available，scammers will have mved nt cleverer means. In the near future，it's nt just ging t be the number yu see n yur screen that will be in dubt. Sn yu will als questin whether the vice yu're hearing is actually real.
That's because there are a number f pwerful vice manipulatin ( 处理 ) and autmatin technlgies that are abut t becme widely available fr anyne t use .At this year's I/O Cnference ,a cmpany shwed a new vice technlgy able t prduce such a cnvincing human –sunding vice that it was able t speak t a receptinist and bk a reservatin withut detectin.
These develpments are likely t make ur current prblems with rbcalls much wrse. The reasn that rbcalls are a headache has less t d with amunt than precisin A decade f data breaches(数据侵入)f persnal infrmatin has led t a situatin where scammers can easily learn yur mther 's name ，and far mre. Armed with this knwledge. they're able t carry ut individually targeted campaigns t cheat peple. This means. fr example，that a scammer culd call yu frm what lks t be a familiar number and talk t yu using a vice that sunds exactly like yur bank teller 's，ricking yu int "cnfirming " yur address，mther's name，and card number. Scammers fllw mney，s cmpanies will be the wrst hit. A lt f business is still dne ver the phne，and much f it is based n trust and existing relatinships. Vice manipulatin technlgies may weaken that gradually.
We need t deal with the insecure nature f ur telecm netwrks. Phne carriers and cnsumers need t wrk tgether t find ways f determining and cmmunicating what is real. That might mean either develping a unifrm way t mark vides and images, shwing when and wh they were made by. r abandning phne calls altgether and mving twards data-based cmmunicatins—using apps like Face Time r WhatsApp, which can be tied t yur identity.
Credibility is hard t earn but easy t lse, and the prblem is nly ging t harder frm here n ut.
38. Hw des the authr feel abut the slutins t prblem f rbecalls?
A. Panicked.B. Cnfused.C. Embarrassed.D. Disappinted.
39. taking advantage f the new technlgies，scammer can______.
A. aim at victims preciselyB. damage databases easily
C. start campaigns rapidlyD. spread infrmatin widely
40. What des the passage imply?
A. Hnesty is the best plicy.
B. Technlgies can be duble-edited.
C. There are mre slutins than prblems.
D. Credibility hlds the key t develpment.
41. Which f the fllwing wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Where the Prblem f Rbcalls Is Rted
B. Wh Is t Blame fr the Prblem f Rbealls
C. Why Rbcalls Are Abut t Get Mre Dangerus
D. Hw Rbcalls Are Affecting the Wrld f Technlgy
题组二（2018年高考真题）
Passage1(2018·新课标卷I，B)
Gd Mrning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle — shwing families hw t prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget.
In Save Mney: Gd Fd, she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under £5 per family a day. And the Gd Mrning Britain presenter says she’s been able t put a lt f what she’s leant int practice in her wn hme, preparing meals fr sns, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11.
"We lve Mexican churrs, s I buy them n my phne frm my lcal Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains. "I pay £5 fr a prtin(一份), but Matt makes them fr 26p a prtin, because they are flur, water, sugar and il. Everybdy can buy takeaway fd, but smetimes we’re nt aware hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves. "
The eight-part series(系列节目), Save Mney: Gd Fd, fllws in the ftsteps f ITV’s Save Mney: Gd Health, which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market.
With fd ur biggest weekly husehld expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tnight’s Easter special they cme t the aid f a family in need f sme delicius inspiratin n a budget. The team transfrms the family’s lng weekend f celebratin with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
24. What d we knw abut Susanna Reid?
A. She enjys embarrassing her guests.B. She has started a new prgramme.
C. She dislikes wrking early in the mrning. D. She has had a tight budget fr her family.
25. Hw des Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A. He buys cking materials fr her.B. He prepares fd fr her kids.
C. He assists her in cking matters.D. He invites guest families fr her.
26. What des the authr intend t d in paragraph 4?
A. Summarize the previus paragraphs.B. Prvide sme advice fr the readers.
C. Add sme backgrund infrmatin.D. Intrduce a new tpic fr discussin.
27. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating SmartB. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making yurself a Perfect ChefD. Cking Well fr Less
Passage2(2018·新课标卷II，D)
We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank r n an airplane, surrunded by peple wh are, like us, deeply fcused n their smartphnes r, wrse, struggling with the uncmfrtable silence.
What’s the prblem? It’s pssible that we all have cmprmised cnversatinal intelligence. It’s mre likely that nne f us start a cnversatin because it’s awkward and challenging, r we think it’s annying and unnecessary. But the next time yu find yurself amng strangers, cnsider that small talk is wrth the truble. Experts say it’s an invaluable scial practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimprtant is easy, but we can’t frget that deep relatinships wuldn’t
even exist if it weren’t fr casual cnversatin. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) fr scial cmmunicatin, says Bernard Carducci, directr f the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Sutheast. ＂Almst every great lve stry and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key t successful small talk is learning hw t cnnect with thers, nt just cmmunicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, assciate prfessr f psychlgy at UBC, invited peple n their way int a cffee shp. One grup was asked t seek ut an interactin(互动) with its waiter; the ther, t speak nly when necessary. The results shwed that thse wh chatted with their server reprted significantly higher psitive feelings and a better cffee shp experience. ＂It’s nt that talking t the waiter is better than talking t yur husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactins with peripheral(边缘的) members f ur scial netwrk matter fr ur well-being als.＂
Dunn believes that peple wh reach ut t strangers feel a significantly greater sense f belnging, a bnd with thers. Carducci believes develping such a sense f belnging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis f gd manners,＂ he says.
32. What phenmenn is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addictin t smartphnes.
B. Inapprpriate behaviurs in public places.
C. Absence f cmmunicatin between strangers.
D. Impatience with slw service.
33. What is imprtant fr successful small talk accrding t Carducci?
A. Shwing gd manners. B. Relating t ther peple.
C. Fcusing n a tpic. D. Making business deals.
34. What des the cffee-shp study suggest abut small talk?
A. It imprves family relatinships. B. It raises peple’s cnfidence.
C. It matters as much as a frmal talk. D. It makes peple feel gd.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Cnversatin Cunts B. Ways f Making Small Talk
C. Benefits f Small Talk D. Uncmfrtable Silence
Passage3(2018·新课标卷III，B)
Cities usually have a gd reasn fr being where they are, like a nearby prt r river. Peple settle in these places because they are easy t get t and naturally suited t cmmunicatins and trade. New Yrk City, fr example, is near a large harbur at the muth f the Hudsn River. Over 300 years its ppulatin grew gradually frm 800 peple t 8 millin. But nt all cities develp slwly ver a lng perid f time. Bm twns grw frm nthing almst vernight. In 1896, Dawsn, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gld was discvered there in 1897, and tw years later, it was ne f the largest cities in the West, with a ppulatin f 30,000.
Dawsn did nt have any f the natural cnveniences f cities like Lndn r Paris. Peple went there fr gld. They travelled ver snw-cvered muntains and sailed hundreds f miles up icy rivers. The path t Dawsn was cvered with thirty feet f wet snw that culd fall withut warming. An avalanche(雪崩) nce clsed the path, killing 63 peple. Fr many wh made it t Dawsn, hwever, the rewards were wrth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 peple wh dug fr gld, 4,000 gt rich. Abut 100 f these stayed rich men fr the rest f their lives.
But n matter hw rich they were, Dawsn was never cmfrtable. Necessities like fd and wd were very expensive. But sn, the gld that Dawsn depended n had all been fund. The city was crwded with disappinted peple with n interest in settling dwn, and when they heard there were new gld discveries in Alaska, they left Dawsn City as quickly as they had cme. Tday, peple still cme and g — t see where the Canadian gld rush happened. Turism is nw the chief industry f Dawsn City — its present ppulatin is 762.
24. What attracted the early settlers t New Yrk City?
A. Its business culture.
B. Its small ppulatin.
C. Its gegraphical psitin.
D. Its favurable climate.
25. What d we knw abut thse wh first dug fr gld in Dawsn?
A. Tw-thirds f them stayed there.
B. One ut f five peple gt rich.
C. Almst everyne gave up.
D. Half f them died.
26. What was the main reasn fr many peple t leave Dawsn?
A. They fund the city t crwded.
B. They wanted t try their luck elsewhere.
C. They were unable t stand the winter.
D. They were shrt f fd.
27. What is the text mainly abut?
A. The rise and fall f a city.
B. The gld rush in Canada.
C. Jurneys int the wilderness.
D. Turism in Dawsn.
Passage4(2018·北京卷，A)
My First Marathn（马拉松）
A mnth befre my first marathn, ne f my ankles was injured and this meant nt running fr tw weeks, leaving me nly tw weeks t train. Yet, I was determined t g ahead.
I remember back t my 7th year in schl. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us t run laps and then hit a sftball. I didn’t d either well. He later infrmed me that I was ＂nt athletic＂.
The idea that I was ＂nt athletic＂ stuck with me fr years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, nt abut cmpetitin r whether r nt I was athletic. It was all abut the battle against my wn bdy and mind. A test f wills!
The night befre my marathn, I dreamt that I culdn’t even find the finish line. I wke up sweating and nervus, but ready t prve smething t myself.
Shrtly after crssing the start line, my she laces(鞋带) became untied. S I stpped t readjust. Nt the start I wanted!
At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂
By mile 17, I became ut f breath and the nce injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the curse walking a bit and then running again.
By mile 21, I was starving!
As I apprached mile 23, I culd see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clck sunding at 4 a.m. r questined my expenses n running.
I was ne f the final runners t finish. But I finished! And I gt a medal. In fact, I gt the same medal as the ne that the guy wh came in first place had.
Determined t be myself, mve frward, free f shame and wrldly labels(世俗标签), I can nw call myself a ＂marathn winner＂.
36. A mnth befre the marathn, the authr ____________.
A. was well trainedB. felt scared
C. made up his mind t runD. lst hpe
37. Why did the authr mentin the P.E. class in his 7th year?
A. T acknwledge the supprt f his teacher.
B. T amuse the readers with a funny stry.
C. T shw he was nt talented in sprts.
D. T share a precius memry.
38. Hw was the authr’s first marathn?
A. He made it.B. He quit halfway.
C. He gt the first prize.D. He walked t the end.
39. What des the stry mainly tell us?
A. A man wes his success t his family supprt.
B. A winner is ne with a great effrt f will.
C. Failure is the mther f success.
D. One is never t ld t learn.
题组三（2017年高考真题）
Passage1(2017·新课标卷I，B)
Sme f the wrld’s mst famus musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans t celebrate the first annual Internatinal Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Natins Educatinal, Scientific and Cultural Organizatin) recently set April 30 as a day t raise awareness f jazz music, its significance, and its ptential as a unifying(联合) vice acrss cultures.
Despite the celebratins, thugh, in the U.S. the jazz audience cntinues t shrink and grw lder, and the music has failed t cnnect with yunger generatins.
It’s Jasn Mran’s jb t help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser fr jazz, Mran hpes t widen the audience fr jazz, make the music mre accessible, and preserve its histry and culture.
“Jazz seems like it’s nt really a part f the American appetite,” Mran tells Natinal Public Radi’s reprter Neal Cnan. “What I’m hping t accmplish is that my generatin and yunger start t recnsider and understand that jazz is nt black and write anymre. It’s actually clr, and it’s actually digital.”
Mran says ne f the prblems with jazz tday is that the entertainment aspect f the music has been lst. “The music can’t be presented tday the way it was in 1908 r 1958. It has t cntinue t mve, because the way the wrld wrks is nt the same,” says Mran.
Last year, Mran wrked n a prject that arranged Fats Waller’s music fr a dance party, “just t kind f put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is cncert music,” says Mran. “Fr me, it’s the recntextualizatin. In music, where des the emtin(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) n hw talk abut urselves and hw smething as abstract as a Charlie Parker recrd gets us int a dialgue abut ur emtins and ur thughts? Smetimes we lse sight that the music has a wider cntext,” says Mran, “s I want t cntinue thse dialgues. Thse are the things I want t fster.”
28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as Internatinal Jazz Day?
A. T remember the birth f jazz.
B. T prtect cultural diversity.
C. T encurage peple t study music.
D. T recgnize the value f jazz.
29. What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Jazz becming mre accessible.
B. The prductin f jazz grwing faster.
C. Jazz being less ppular with the yung.
D. The jazz audience becming larger.
30. What can we infer abut Mran’s pinin n jazz?
A. It will disappear gradually.
B. It remains black and white.
C. It shuld keep up with the times.
D. It changes every 50 years.
31. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Explring the Future f Jazz
B. The Rise and Fall f Jazz
C. The Stry f a Jazz Musician
D. Celebrating the Jazz Day
Passage2(2017·新课标II卷，C)
Terrafugia Inc. said Mnday that its new flying car has cmpleted its first flight, bringing the cmpany clser t its gal f selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle —named the Transitin – has tw seats, fur wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-galln tank f gas and burns 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.
Arund 100 peple have already put dwn a $10,000 depsit t get a Transitin when they g n sale, and thse numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia intrduces the Transitin t the public later this week at the New Yrk Aut Shw. But dn’t expect it t shw up in t many driveways. It’s expected t cst $279,000.And it wn’t help if yu’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.
Inventrs have been trying t make flying cars since the 1930s, accrding t Rbert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has cme clser than anyne t making the flying car a reality. The gvernment has already permitted the cmpany t use special materials t make it easier fr the vehicle t fly. The Transitin is nw ging thrugh crash tests t make sure it meets federal safety standards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviatin Administratin’s decisin five years ag t create a separate set f standards fr light sprt aircraft, which are lwer than thse fr pilts f larger planes. Terrafugia
says an wner wuld need t pass a test and cmplete 20 hurs f flying time t be able t fly the Transitin, a requirement pilts wuld find relatively easy t meet.
28. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. The basic data f the Transitin.
B. The advantages f flying cars.
C. The ptential market fr flying cars.
C. The designers f the Transitin.
29. Why is the Transitin unlikely t shw up in t many driveways?
A. It causers traffic jams.
B. It is difficult t perate.
C. It is very expensive.
D. It burns t much fuel.
30. What is the gvernment’s attitude t the develpment f the flying car?
A. Cautius B. Favrable.
C. Ambiguus. D. Disapprving.
31. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Flying Car at Aut Shw B. The Transitin’s First Flight
C.Pilts’ Dream Cming True D. Flying Car Clser t Reality
Passage3(2017·天津卷)
This mnth, Germany’s transprt minister, Alexander Dbrindt, prpsed the first set f rules fr autnmus vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They wuld define the driver’s rle in such cars and gvern hw such cars perfrm in crashes where lives might be lst.
The prpsal attempts t deal with what sme call the “death valley” f autnmus vehicles: the grey area between semi-autnmus and fully driverless cars that culd delay the driverless future.
Dbrindt wants three things: that a car always chses prperty(财产) damage ver persnal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based n age r race; and that if a human remves his r her hands frm the driving wheel — t check email, say — the car’s maker is respnsible if there is a crash.
“The change t the rad traffic law will permit fully autmatic driving,” says Dbrindt. It will put fully driverless cars n an equal legal fting t human drivers, he says.
Wh is respnsible fr the peratin f such vehicles is nt clear amng car makers, cnsumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest ne f them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University f Leeds, UK.
An assumptin behind UK insurance fr driverless cars, intrduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and mnitring the rad” at every mment.
But that is nt what many peple have in mind when thinking f driverless cars. “When yu say ‘driverless cars’, peple expect driverless cars.” Merat says. “Yu knw — n driver.”
Because f the cnfusin, Merat thinks sme car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully autmated withut peratin.
Driverless cars may end up being a frm f public transprt rather than vehicles yu wn, says Ryan Cal at Stanfrd University, Califrnia. That is happening in the UK and Singapre, where gvernment-prvided driverless vehicles are being launched.
That wuld g dwn prly in the US, hwever. “The idea that the gvernment wuld take ver driverless cars and treat them as a public gd wuld get abslutely nwhere here,” says Cal.
46. What des the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. A place where cars ften break dwn.
B. A case where passing a law is impssible.
C. An area where n driving is permitted.
D. A situatin where drivers’ rle is nt clear.
47. The prpsal put frward by Dbrindt aims t __________.
A. stp peple frm breaking traffic rules
B. help prmte fully autmatic driving
C. prtect drivers f all ages and races
D. prevent serius prperty damage
48. What d cnsumers think f the peratin f driverless cars?
A. It shuld get the attentin f insurance cmpanies.
B. It shuld be the main cncern f law makers.
C. It shuld nt cause deadly traffic accidents.
D. It shuld invlve n human respnsibility.
49. Driverless vehicles in public transprt see n bright future in _________.
A. SingapreB. the UK
C. the USD. Germany
50. What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A. Autnmus Driving: Whse Liability?
B. Fully Autmatic Cars: A New Breakthrugh
C. Autnmus Vehicles: Driver Remved!
D. Driverless Cars: Rt f Rad Accidents
题组四（名校模拟题）
Passage 1(湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2019届高三一模)
Laughter is part f the universal human vcabulary. All members f the human species understand it. Unlike English r French r Swahili, we dn’t have t learn t speak it. We re brn with the capacity t laugh.
Very little is knwn abut the specific brain mechanisms respnsible fr laughter. Cntrary t flk wisdm, mst laughter is nt abut humr; it is abut relatinships. T find ut when and why peple laugh, I went with several assistants t lcal malls and recrded what happened just befre peple laughed. Over a 10-year perid, we studied ver 2,000 cases f naturally ccurring laughter.
We fund that mst laughter des nt necessarily fllw jkes. Peple may laugh after a variety f statements, such as, “Here cmes Mary,” “Hw did yu d n the test?” r “D yu have a rubber band?” These certainly aren’t jkes.
We believe laughter evlved frm the panting (喘气的) behavir f ur ancient ancestrs. Tday, if we tickle (使发痒) chimps, they dn’t laugh. But, instead, they prduce a panting sund. That’s the sund f ape laughter, and it’s the rt f human laughter.
Apes laugh in the kinds f situatins that lead t human laughter, like games that invlve chasing. Other animals prduce sunds during play, but they are s different frm laughter. Rats, fr example, prduce high sunds during play and when tickled, but these are very different in sund frm human laughter.
Laughter is ften psitive, but it can be negative t. There’s a difference between “laughing with” and “laughing at”. Peple wh laugh at thers may be trying t drive them ut f the grup.
N ne has actually cunted hw much peple f different ages laugh, but yung children prbably laugh the mst. At ages 5 and 6 we prbably laugh mre than at any ther times. Adults laugh less than children, prbably because they play less.
Wrk nw underway will tell us mre abut the brain mechanisms behind laughter, hw it has evlved, and why we’re s susceptible t tickling.
1. What was the purpse f the decade’s research?
A. T prve that peple laugh because f humur.
B. T find ut the real reasn fr peple s laughter.
C. T research peple s different reactin n jkes.
D. T recrd cnversatins amng shppers in malls.
2. What can we learn frm the text?
A. Peple wh play mre tend t laugh mre.
B. Apes prduce high sunds when tickled.
C. Scientists knw the brain mechanisms respnsible fr laughter well.
D. The situatins in which apes laugh are very different frm thse in which humans laugh.
3. What des the underlined wrd “susceptible” in the last paragraph prbably mean?
A. Sensitive.B. Flexible.
C. Addictive.D. Reliable.
4. Which f the fllwing might be the best title fr the text?
A. The Impact f Laughter
B. The Meaning f Laughter
C. A Big Mystery: Why D We Laugh?
D. Laughter: The Mst Beautiful Wrds
Passage 2(武汉第二中学2019届高三五月全仿真模拟)
Electric cars are dirty. In fact, nt nly are they dirty, they might even be dirtier than their gasline-pwered cusins.
Peple in Califrnia lve t talk abut “zer-emissins vehicles”, but peple in Califrnia seem t be clueless abut where electricity cmes frm. Pwer plants mstly use fire t make it. Aside frm the new flks wh have their rfs cvered with slar cells, we get ur electricity frm generatrs (发电机). Generatrs are fueled by smething—usually cal, il, but als by heat generated in nuclear pwer plants. There are a few wind farms and gethermal (地热)plants as well, but by far we get electricity mainly by burning smething.
In ther wrds, thse “zer-emissins” cars are likely cal-burning cars. It’s just because the cal is burned smewhere else, it lks clean. It is nt. It’s as if the Califrnia Greens are cvering their eyes—“ If I can’t see it, it’s nt happening.” Gasline is an incredibly efficient way t pwer a vehicle; a galln f gas has a lt f energy in it. But when yu take that gas (r anther fuel) and first use it t make electricity, yu waste a nice part f that energy, mstly in the frm f wasted heat—at the generatr, thrugh the transmissin lines, etc.
A galln f gas may prpel yur car 25 miles. But the electricity yu get frm that galln f gas wn’t get yu as far — s electric cars burn mre fuel than gasline-pwered nes. If ur electricity came mstly frm nukes r gethermal, r hydr r wind r slar, then an electric car truly wuld be clean. But fr plitical, technical, and ecnmic reasns, we dn’t use much f thse energy surces.
In additin, electric cars’ batteries which are pisnus fr a lng time will eventually end up in a landfill. And finally, when cars are the plluters, the pllutin is spread acrss all the rads. When it’s a pwer plant, thugh, all the junk is in ne place. Nature is very gd at cleaning up when things are t cncentrated, but it takes a lt lnger when all the garbage is in ne spt.
1. What is the main idea f the text?
A. Electric cars are far frm being clean.
B. Electric cars are better than gasline-pwered nes.
C. Peple cast dubts n electric cars’ batteries.
D. Gasline is an efficient way t pwer a vehicle.
2. The electricity we get frm a galln f gas may make ur car run.
A. n less than 25 milesB. as far as 50 miles
C. less than 25 milesD. as far as 25 miles
3. Accrding t the text, electric cars.
A. are mre envirnmentally friendly
B. burn mre fuel than gas-pwered nes
C. are very gd at cleaning up when things are nt t cncentrated
D. are pisnus fr a lng time and will eventually end up in a landfill
4. It can be inferred frm the text that.
A. being green is gd and shuld be encuraged in cmmunicatin
B. electric cars are the dminant vehicles cmpared with their gas-pwered cusins
C. zer-emissins vehicles shuld be chsen t prtect ur envirnment
D. electric cars are nt clean because we get electricity mainly by burning smething
Passage 3(2018届河南省许昌平顶山高三联考)
Persuasin is t cnvince smene t agree with yu, just like art which als calls fr special techniques t accmplish. Accrding t the ancient Greeks, there are three basic tls f persuasin: eths, paths and lgs.
Eths is a speaker’s way f cnvincing the audience that he is trustwrthy, hnest and reliable. One cmmn way a speaker can develp eths is by explaining hw much experience r educatin he has in the field. After all, yu’re mre likely t listen t advice abut hw t take care f yur teeth frm a dentist than a fireman.
Paths is a speaker’s way f cnnecting with an audience's emtins. Fr example, a plitician wh is trying t cnvince an audience t vte fr him might say that he alne can save the cuntry frm a terrible war. These wrds are intended t fill the audience with fear, thus making them want t vte fr him. Similarly, an animal charity might shw an audience pictures f injured dgs and cats t make the viewers feel pity, s they will be mre likely t dnate mney.
Lgs is the use f facts, statistics r ther evidence t supprt yur argument. An audience will believe yu if yu have cnvincing data t back up yur claims. Presenting this evidence is much mre persuasive than simply saying “believe me”.
Althugh eths, paths and lgs all have their strengths, they are ften mst effective when used tgether. S, the next time yu listen t a speech, watch a cmmercial r listen t a friend try t cnvince yu t lend him sme mney, be n the lkut fr these ancient Greek tls f persuasin.
1.What is the purpse f persuasin?
A. T advise smebdy t supprt yu.
B. T help smene have special skill
C. T cnvince smebdy t realize his aim.
D. T talk smene int being hnest.
2.What is a speaker’s way f cnvincing the audience t trust him?
A. Paths.B. Eths.C. Lgs.D. Educatin.
3.What d a plitician and an animal charity have in cmmn?
A. Bth prevent themselves frm being hurt.
B. Bth save peple frm terrible wars.
C. Bth make the audience supprt them.
D. Bth persuade peple t dnate mney.
4.Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Cnvince the AudienceB. Three Basic Tls f Persuasin
C. Believe MeD. Strength f Persuasin
Passage 2(2018届河北省衡水中学高三四模)
James Grss, a psychlgy prfessr at Stanfrd University, has a 13-year-ld daughter wh lves math and science. “It hasn’t ccurred t her yet that’s unusual,” he says. “But I knw in the next cuple f years, it will.”
She’s already being pulled ut f class t d advanced things with a cuple f ther kids, wh are guys. And as smene wh studies human emtin fr a prcessin, Grss says, “I knw as time ges n, she will feel increasingly lnely as a girl wh’s interested in math and science, and be at risk f narrwing her chices in life befre finding ut hw far she culd have gne.’’
Grss’ cncern clearly shws what has been a tuchy subject in the wrld f science fr a lng time: Why are there still s few wmen in science, and hw might that affect what we learn frm research?
Wmen nw make up half the natinal wrkfrce, earn mre cllege and graduate degrees than men, and by sme estimates represent the largest single ecnmic frce in the wrld. Yet the gender gap in science persists, t a greater degree than in ther prfessins, particularly in high-end, math-intensive fields such as cmputer science and engineering.
Accrding t US Census Bureau statistics, wmen in fields cmmnly referred t as STEM (science, technlgy, engineering, mathematics) made up 7 percent f that wrkfrce in 1970, a figure that had jumped t 23 percent by 1990. But the rise essentially stpped there. Tw decades later, in 2011, wmen made up 26 percent f the science wrkfrce.
1.Accrding t James Grss, in the near future his daughter may _________ .
A. becme a great scientist
B. feel lnely and have fewer chices
C.be pulled ut f class with sme guys
D. learn math and science better and better
2.We can learn frm the text that_________ .
A. wmen are cleverer than men in cllege
B. men represent the largest single ecnmic frce
C. wmen make up mre than 50% f the natinal wrkfrce
D. the number f wmen graduating frm cllege is larger than that f men
3.Hw des the authr develp the last paragraph?
A. By prviding examples.B. By making cmments.
C. By fllwing time rder.D. By explaining the prcess.
4.Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Why It Is Imprtant t Get Mre Wmen Int Science
B. James Grss, Cnfusin Abut His daughter
C. Situatin f Wmen in the Whle Cuntry
D. Future f wmen in the Wrkfrce
题组一
Passage1
【语篇解读】本文为夹叙夹议文，作者讲述了自己的读书经历和感悟。
41.B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段主题句I always wanted t knw what my mm was reading.和Hearing mm say … made me want t grab it ut f her hands and read it myself可知，作者一直想知道妈妈在读什么。作者抢过妈妈读的报纸，因为作者自己迫切想看一看报纸上写的内容，故选B。
42. D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段My prgress in reading raised my curisity, and I wanted t knw everything，可以推断出，让妈妈开车开慢一点，他能够读出所有路标，正是作者在阅读方面的进步引起了他的好奇心，想要了解周围的一切，故选D。
43.C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段第一句Mst f my reading thrugh primary, middle and high schl was factual reading. I read fr knwledge, and t make A’s n my test.可知，小学和中学阶段的阅读都是事实性阅读，读书是为了获取知识，考试得A。因此事实性阅读能够提供真实的客观的信息，故选 C。
44. D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第五段By pening a nvel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter int a wnderful and mysterius wrld where I am nw a new character. In these wrlds I can becme anyne.( 打开一本小说，我可以摆脱我的负担，进入一个奇妙而神秘的世界，我现在是一个新的角色。在这个世界上，我可以成为任何人。) 可知，阅读小说可以让作者避开复杂的现实而投入到小说中的世界中去，故选D。
45.C
【解析】主旨大意题。根据上下文可知，作者以时间顺序回忆了自己的阅读经历和感悟，伴着阅读成长，故选项C符合题意。
Passage2
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。
32.C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段During the rsy years f elementary schl, I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status（在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。）由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lnely寂寞的；generus慷慨的；cl冷静的，故选C。
33.A
【解析】段落大意题。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers.（临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对the likable 和the status seekers 做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A。
34.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment （它清楚地表明，可爱可以促使健全的调整），由此推断出，心理学教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子适应性更强，故选B。
35.A
【解析】标题归纳题。通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。与选项A“对别人好——最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致，故选A。
Passage3
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。本文介绍了HUNCH项目就是通过Grdn的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细菌这一技术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最终影响到大学入学。
32.A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bacteria are annying prblem fr astrnauts. The micrrganisms frm ur bdies grw uncntrllably n surfaces f the Internatinal Space Statin, s astrnauts spend hurs cleaning them up each week.”可知，细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨厌的问题。这种来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间站的表面不受控制地生长，宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它们。也就是说它们很难去掉。其中的“the micrrganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知， A项符合题意。
33.D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的 “HUNCH is designed t cnnect high schl classrms with NASA engineers. Grdn’s students have been studying ways t kill bacteria in zer gravity,...”可知，Hunch旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程师联系起来。Grdn的学生一直在研究如何在零重力下杀死细菌, ...”。结合最后一段中的“Grdn students are emailing daily with NASA engineers abut the prblem,...”可知，学生每天都给NASA的工程师发邮件一起探讨（如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术）这个问题。由此可推断出HUNCH prgram的目的把空间技术与学校教育相结合。分析选项可知D项符合题意。
34.A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“I’ve gt t prduce this prduct and then, at the end f the year ,present it t NASA, ”“Engineers cme and really d an in-persn review，and ’s nt a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review f yur prduct.”可知，NASA的工程师要检查学生所做的产品。分析选项可知A项符合题意，故选A。
35.B
主旨大意题。文章以国际空间站里的微生物很难清除开头，引出宇航员们解决此问题的途径——借助美国国家航空航天局的HUNCH高中班，此计划的目的是把航天技术与学校教育结合起来。在这项计划里，学生们通过hmewrk（制作供美国国家航空航天局使用的产品）探索无疆的太空，因此“太空：最后的功课疆域”最适合做文章的标题。故选B。
Passage4
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。语音操作与自动化技术出现使得机器人电话可以以假乱真。语音操作和自动化技术发展会使得机器人电话产生的问题更加严重。
38. D
【解析】观点态度题。根据第一段中的“We are finally waking up t the severity f the prblem by supprting and develping a grup f tls, apps and appraches intended t prevent scammers frm getting thrugh. Unfrtunately, it’s t little, t late. By the time these “slutins” becme widely available, scammers will have mved nt clever means”可知，最后，我们通过支持和开发一组旨在防止欺诈者通过的工具、应用程序和方法，认识到了问题的严重性。不幸的是，我们的努力太少了，也太晚了。在这些“解决方案”被广泛使用的时候，骗子将转移到更巧妙的手段上。由此推知，作者认为这些“解决办法”对于解决问题起不了什么作用，因此作者感到很“失望”。故D选项正确。
39.A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The reasn that rbcalls are a headache has less t d with amunt than precisin. A decade f data breaches f persnal infrmatin has led t a situatin where scammers can easily learn yur mther’s name, and far mre. Armed with this knwledge, they’re able t carry ut individually targeted campaigns t cheat peple. This means, fr example, that a scammer culd call yu frm what lks t be a familiar number and talk t yu using a vice that sunds exactly like yur bank teller’s, tricking yu int “cnfirming” yur address, mther’s name, and card number”可知，机器人通话之所以令人头痛，与其说与数量有关，不如说与精确度有关。长达十年的个人信息泄露已经导致了这样一种情况：骗子可以轻易地知道你母亲的名字，甚至更多。有了这些知识，他们就能够开展有针对性的运动来欺骗人们。根据这些可知，利用这种新的技术，欺诈者们可以精确的确定他们行骗的目标。故A选项正确。
40.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，这项语音技术可以产生一个听起来和人类非常相似的声音，它可以和接待员进行交谈，进行预订。由此可知，这项新技术有其好的方面。根据第三段的叙述可知，欺诈者们可以利用这项新技术来进行欺诈行为。由此推知，这项新技术既可以发挥好的作用，也可能为坏人所利用，产生不好的作用，因此可以说它是一把双刃剑。故B选项正确。
41.C
【解析】主旨大意题。第一段提到：rbcalls（机器人电话: 自动拨号播放录音信息的推销电话）在未来变得会越来越严重，不仅仅是出现在你的手机屏幕上的电话号码令人怀疑，而且你会质疑听到的声音是否是真的。第二段介绍原因：语音操作与自动化技术的出现使得机器人电话可以以假乱真。第三段介绍了语音操作和自动化技术发展会使得机器人电话产生的问题更加严重。最后两段提出我们该如何应对这些问题。综上，文章第一段点明文章中心：机器人电话问题在未来会变得越来越严重。下文都是围绕这一话题展开的。故C选项适合作标题。
题组二
Passage 1
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。
24.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段知道Gd Mrning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle可知，她开辟了一个新的节目。故选B。
25.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的In Save Mney: Gd Fd, she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under £5 per family a day.可知， Susanna 在Matt Tebbutt的帮助下，提供如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于5英镑的每个家庭准备食谱。故选C。解题关键词：同义词表达with the help f和help。
26.C 【解析】写作意图题。根据文章第四段中的which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market.可知，Save Mney: Gd Fd节目是Save Mney: Gd Health节目之后，给观众一些建议：如何从众多的市场上的健康产品中获取价值。故选C。
27.D 【解析】主旨要义题。根据文章的整体内容可知，文章作者一直在讲如何用较少的钱做出好的食物。根据文章中的prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget. 在资金紧张的情况下，准备可口且有营养的饭菜； hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under £5 per family a day. 如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于5英镑的每个家庭准备食谱； hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves. 我们自己做这种食物有多便宜； less expensive but still tasty recipes.不贵可仍然可口的食谱。可以推知D正确。
Passage2
【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。
32.C 【解析】主旨大意题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。A项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C项意为：陌生人之间缺乏沟通。D项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选C项。
33.B 【解析】推理判断题。题干问得是对于Carducci来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最后一句“The key t successful small talk is learning hw t cnnect with thers, nt just cmmunicate with them”（成功闲聊的关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断C符合题意。A项意为：表现出良好的礼貌。B项意为：与他人有关的。C项意为：专注于一个话题。D项意为：做商业交易。故选B项。
34.D 【解析】推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选D项。
35.C 【解析】主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。A项意为：谈话很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选C项。
Passage3
【话题解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Dawsn这座城市的发展原因、过程与现状。
24.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段中Cities usually have a gd reasn fr being where they are, like a nearby prt r river. Peple settle in these places because they are easy t get t and naturally suited t cmmunicatins and trade. New Yrk City, fr example, is near a large harbur at the muth f the Hudsn River.可知，人们选择在河边或港口设城是因为交通方便，便于做生意。而纽约就是在哈德森河口附近的一个大港口，故纽约吸引早期移民的原因是它的地理位置，故C正确。
25.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句Of the first 20,000 peple wh dug fr gld, 4,000 gt rich. Abut 100 f these stayed rich men fr the rest f their lives.可知，在最初挖黄金的两万人中有4000人变富有，所以是五分之一的人变富了，故B正确。
26.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中and when they heard there were new gld discveries in Alaska, they left Dawsn City as quickly as they had cme.可知，人们离开Dawsn的主要原因是听说在Alaska发现了黄金，也就是他们要去别的地方寻找发财的机会。故B正确。
27.A 【解析】主旨大意题。第一段简要介绍城市发展的原因，引出Dawsn这一城市的兴起，第二段介绍了该城市兴起的原因，第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，所以全文围绕Dawsn这个城市的发展起伏。故A正确。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文为一篇记叙文。讲述了自己第一次跑马拉松，凭借自己的意志力成功跑完全程的励志故事。
36.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句Yet, I was determined t g ahead. 可知，马拉松赛前一个月尽管作者脚踝受伤使得训练时间缩短，但作者仍下定决心参赛。故选C。
37.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段I didn’t d either well. He later infrmed me that I was ＂nt athletic＂可知，作者提到7年级的事情是为了证明自己真的没有运动天赋。故选C。
38.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第10段I was ne f the final runners t finish. But I finished! And I gt a medal. In fact, I gt the same medal as the ne that the guy wh came in first place had. 可知，作者坚持到了最后，而且得到了一块奖牌，虽然不是第一名，由此可见他成功地跑完了马拉松。故选A。
39.B 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者在讲述自己跑马拉松的经历，再根据最后一段Determined t be myself, mve frward, free f shame and wrldly labels(世俗标签), I can nw call myself a ＂marathn winner＂. 可知，作者成功跑完马拉松源于自己的意志。故选B。
题组三
Passage1
【文章大意】为提高人们对于爵士乐的重视程度，UNESCO把4月30日定为国际爵士日，然而这一行为还是没能挽救爵士乐。Jasn Mran认为时代在进步，为了将老一代人和年轻一代人连接起来，爵士乐也应该不断进步。
28.D 细节理解题。根据第一段中的UNESCO( United Natins Educatinal, Scientific and Cultural Organizatin) recently set April 30 as a day t raise awareness f jazz music, its significance, and its ptential as a unifying(联合) vice acrss cultures.可知UNESCO把4月30日定为国际爵士日是为了让人们重视爵士乐，意识到它的重要性以及它作为连接各文化的纽带之声的潜在功能，也就是为了让人们意识到爵士乐的价值。故选D。
29.C 推理判断题。根据前文Despite the celebratins, thugh, in the U.S. the jazz audience cntinues t shrink and grw lder, and the music has failed t cnnect with yunger generatins可知尽管UNESCO为爵士乐设了纪念日，但美国的爵士乐听众依然在减少，并且年龄在老化，爵士乐没能将年轻一代人连接起来。再结合It’s Jasn Mran’s jb t help change that(是Jasn Mran的工作是帮助改变那一情况)可推测that指代的是前文中爵士乐在年轻一代人中失去吸引力的现象。故选C。
30.C 细节理解题。根据第五段中的The music can’t be presented tday the way it was in 1908 r 1958. It has t cntinue t mve, because the way the wrld wrks is nt the same可知Mran认为现在爵士乐不能以1908或1958年的方式来呈现，因为世界已经不同了，所以爵士乐必须不断进步，说明随着时代的发展，爵士乐也要跟上时代才不会被年轻一代所抛弃。故选C。
31.A 标题选择题。通读全文可知本文主要讲UNESCO为提高人们对爵士乐的重视而设立爵士日，但实际收效甚微。有人认为爵士乐应随着时代的进步而进步，否则它将失去对人们的吸引力，因此本文主要是探索爵士乐的未来，故选A。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Terrafugia公司研制出了飞车，试飞成功，预计将于明年进行销售。本文主要对飞车的历史由来及其构架进行了介绍。
28.A 【解析】段落大意题。根据“The vehicle-named the Transitin – has tw seats wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the flies using a 23-galln tank f gas and bums 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.”可知选A。
29.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据“But dn’t expect it t shw up in t many driveways. It’s expected t cst
$279,000”可知，因为Transitin 的价格较高，所以不太可能在太多的马路上出现。故选C。
30.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据“he gvernment has already permitted the cmpany t use special materials t
make it easier fr the vehicle t fly”以及“Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviatin Administratin’s decisin five years ag t create a separate set f standards fr light sprt aircraf”可知，政府对于飞车的研发是比较支持的。故选B。
31.D 【解析】标题归纳题。浏览全文，主要从飞车的试飞成功、飞车的构架以及多年以前人们对飞车的
设想至今成为现实展开说明。故选D。
Passage3
【文章大意】这是一篇新闻报道。文章记叙了德国交通部长的对于自主驾驶车辆的规章制度的一个提议，引出说明了位于科技前沿的无人驾驶的自动化车辆在英国、新加坡和美国的不同前景。
46.D 【解析】根据第二段的句子the grey area between semi-autnmus and fully driverless cars that culd delay the driverless future可知选D。
47.B 【解析】根据第二段内容The prpsal attempts t deal with what sme call the “death valley” f autnmus vehicles…可知选B。
48.D 【解析】根据第六、七、八段内容可知选D。
49.C 【解析】根据最后一段That wuld g dwn prly in the US, hwever. “The idea that the gvernment wuld take ver driverless cars and treat them as a public gd wuld get abslutely nwhere here,” says Cal.可知选C。
50. A 【解析】通读全文可以知道，本文主要讲述了谁来对无人驾驶的机动车辆负责。故选A。
题组四
Passage1
【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。笑容是世上最通用的语言，笑容是世上最温暖的语言。本文探讨了人类为什么笑这个话题。
1.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段的T find ut when and why peple laugh可知本文写作目的是弄清楚人类什么时候以及为什么会笑。故B项正确。
2.A
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段的At ages 5 and 6 we prbably laugh mre than at any ther times. Adults laugh less than children, prbably because they play less.可知，玩得多的人笑得多。A项正确。
3.A
【解析】词义猜测题。联系上下文可知susceptible（易受……影响的）与sensitive的意思最为接近。故选A。
4.C
【解析】主旨大意题。笑容是世上最通用的语言，笑容是世上最温暖的语言，本文探讨了人类为什么而笑这个问题。故C项为最佳标题。
Passage2
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。电动车真的没有污染吗？通过文章的描述我们可以知道实际上并不是这样的，电动车比现在的汽车可能会导致更多的污染，因为它所使用的电，仍然是需要靠燃烧煤炭的资源来实现的。
1.A 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一句Electric cars are dirty. In fact，nt nly are they dirty，they might even be mre dirty than their gasline-pwered cusins. 说明电动车一点也不环保。故A正确。
2.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段的A galln f gas may drive yur car 25 miles. But the electricity yu get frm that galln f gas wn't get yu nearly as far. 一加仑汽油可能使你的汽车行驶25英里. 但是你从那加仑汽油中得到的电力不会让你的车行那么远。故选C。
3.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章A galln f gas may prpel yur car 25 miles. But the electricity yu get frm that galln f gas wn't get yu nearly as far- s electric cars bum mre fuel than gasline-pwered nes，可知电动汽车燃烧的燃料比汽油燃料多，故选B。
4.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段内容可知电动车所需要的电能，是需要通过燃烧煤炭等自然资源的，所以电动车并不如人们所认为的那样清洁无污染。故D正确。
Passage3
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了源自于古希腊且一直沿用至今的说服他人的艺术，其中包括eths、paths、lgs三种方式以及用这三种方式说服他人在各个领域应用的可能性。
1.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第一句话“Persuasin is t cnvince smene t agree with yu, just like art which als calls fr special techniques t accmplish.”可知，说服是为了建议人们支持你。故选A。
2.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段前两句“Eths is a speaker’s way f cnvincing the audience that he is trustwrthy, hnest and reliable. One cmmn way a speaker can develp eths is by explaining hw much experience r educatin he has in the field.”可知，演讲者说服听众相信他的方法是Eths，故选B。
3.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Fr example, a plitician wh is trying t cnvince an audience t vte fr him might say that he alne can save the cuntry frm aterrible war.”和最后一句“Similarly, an animal charity might shw an audience pictures f injured dgs and cats t make the viewers feel pity, s they will be mre likely t dnate mney.”可知，政治家可能会说他会独自一人从可拍的战争中挽救一个国家为了说服观众为他投票，动物慈善机构向观众展示受伤的猫或者狗的图片是为了让观众感到可怜，更可能捐款。因此可知，政治家和慈善机构的共同之处是他们都想让听众支持他们。故选C。
4.B 【解析】标题判断题。纵观全文可知，文章主要介绍了说服人的艺术，包括eths、paths、lgs三中不同的方式，以及这三种方式在各个领域应用的可能性。因此推断B项“说服的三种基本方式”为最佳标题，概况了文章中心主旨。故选B。
Passage4
【文章大意】主旨大意：主要讲述在现代社会，女性越来优秀，但在一些领域男女仍比例失调严重，男性占多数。
1.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“I knw as time ges n, she will feel increasingly lnely as a girl wh’s interested in math and science, and be at risk f narrwing her chices in life befre finding ut hw far she culd have gne.’’可知，再过上几年，她的女儿会越来越孤独，并且选择的机会可能越来越少。故选B。
2.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段中“Wmen nw make up half the natinal wrkfrce, earn mre cllege and graduate degrees than men, and by sme estimates represent the largest single ecnmic frce in the wrld.”可知，女性大学生要比男生多。故选D。
3.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段提到的三个时间点可以判断，此段是根据时间顺序来发展的。故选C。
4.A 【解析】主旨大意题。文章主要讲述在现代社会，女性越来优秀，但在科学领域男女仍比例失调严重，男性占多数。故选A。