中考英语一轮复习 考点详解+真题练习专项突破40 阅读理解之议论文（含解析）

这是一份中考英语一轮复习 考点详解+真题练习专项突破40 阅读理解之议论文（含解析），共10页。试卷主要包含了解题方法，理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图等内容，欢迎下载使用。

议论文往往有观点，有事实，逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。所以考生要培养根据上下文猜词的能力，或者说根据情境能揣测作者的意图。议论文的阅读同其他体裁文章的阅读理解一样，可以有主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测等几种出题方式。
二、解题方法：
一、重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨
标题往往是全文的主题，审视标题，有利于理解全文，提高解题效率。主题句对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用。根据主题句既可以知道文章议论的是什么，也可以知道作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。议论文题材偏难，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用总—分—总的结构，交替使用正面和反面的论证方式。通常，先总说现象或观点；其次，正面陈述、反面论证；最后作者表明自己的态度，再次总结文章。通常主题句会出现在文章的首句或句末，在这些地方要多留意表示归纳的词汇，也可以在具体事例之后或之前的表示观点的陈述句中寻找。
二、细读文章，注意文章细节理解
除主旨题外，细节理解题也是阅读理解题中的基础题，它主要考查学生对文中的具体事例、数字、时间、地点等的理解。经常出现排序题(按事情发展顺序排序)，图表题(按文章内容找出正确图形)，正误题(依据文章内容对所列的陈述进行正误判断) 。对这种题型，无论细节题如何变化形式，立足点都应是从文章中找出相应词句作为依据。虽然答案中有的细节在文中很清楚，但可能与问题无关。细节题的破解一般用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、分析、对比，有根据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。假如问题采用的是反向思维，题中含有nt或except等表示否定意义的词，则需要更加留意。此法可以加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率。做此类题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。
三、理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图
做推理判断题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，站在作者的视角，而不是主观臆断、凭空想象，从而走入误区。英语文章讲究使用主题段与主题句，段与段之间通常有过渡性词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。有时文章还会在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上运用较高级的手段进行组编。要想准确、深刻地理解文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉，即句内、句间和段落间的修辞手段或逻辑关系。作者往往在构思语篇前会进行预先设定：读者知道什么，不知道什么，读者可能与自己共同拥有什么样的生活经验、思想见地和需求欲望等，然后设计一些隐藏在语篇深层的＂潜台词＂。因此，这类试题要求考生利用主题句进行推测，揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用背景知识去挖掘文章的深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调。
四、多读多背，扩大词汇量，掌握猜词技巧
由于当今的阅读文章题材广泛，体裁多样，经常出现一词多义，甚至出现没学过的词汇。许多学生感到困扰很大，有的甚至烦躁得难以坚持阅读下去。要解决阅读中的生词问题，一是要扩大英语词汇量，二是要学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，如：利用同义、反义、上义、下义、词的集合、词的搭配等关系；利用照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等情境关系；利用词缀、转化、合成等构词法；利用后置定语或同位语等语法结构；利用前后对比或因果推理法等。
总之，想要提高阅读能力，尤其是对考生来说难度较大的议论文阅读，学生应能从篇章和试题双方面入手。通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法，优化阅读理解中议论文的解题思路和方法策略，提高学生自主学习的能力。
A
（2022·湖北黄石·中考真题）
阅读材料，选择最佳选项。
Nwadays, experts call n high schl students t read as many literary classics (文学名著) as pssible. What d yu think f it?
Linda: We dn’t have enugh life experiences, s we may have difficulty understanding the deeper classics. But this shuldn’t be a reasn t give up reading classics. As Francis Bacn said, “Reading makes a full man; cnference (谈话) a ready man; and writing an exact man.”
Curry: Classics are the treasures ur ancestrs left us. We shuld read them and pass them dwn. As the ld Chinese saying ges, “One wh is filled with knwledge always behaves well.” Classics can pen up ur minds and develp ur interest in culture.
Frank: Withut backgrund and life experiences, students can’t understand what writers want t express in their classics. While reading, sme students mainly pay attentin t wrds and expressins rather than the hidden ideas. Fr this reasn, reading classics might be a waste f time.
Mary: On the ne hand, nt all classics are suitable (合适的) fr all students, as there are many difficult expressins and deep ideas. On the ther hand, the special writing styles make it difficult fr students t understand. S they wn’t prbably chse them.
1．Wh agrees with the idea f reading literary classics?
A．Linda & Curry.B．Linda & Mary.C．Curry & Frank.D．Frank & Mary.
2．What des Curry think f literary classics?
A．They imprve students’ reading skills.B．They develp students’ interest in culture.
C．They help students learn mre wrds.D．They can change students’ persnalities (个性).
3．Frank thinks classics are nt wrth reading because ________.
A．the writers live in different cuntries
B．students prefer t read abut life experiences
C．students might pay mre attentin t wrds and expressins
D．students might nt understand the writing styles
4．Bth Linda and Curry explain their ideas by ________.
A．listing examplesB．shwing numbers
C．giving qutes (引语)D．making cmparisns (对比)
5．What des the passage talk abut?
A．Why literary classics becme ppular in high schls.
B．Whether high schl students shuld read literary classics.
C．Why high schl students shuld read literary classics.
D．Hw high schls shuld help students imprve reading skills.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C 5．B
【导语】本文主要谈论了高中生是否应该读文学名著。四个人给出他们各自的观点。
1．细节理解题。根据“Linda: We dn’t have enugh life experiences, s we may have difficulty understanding the deeper classics. But this shuldn’t be a reasn t give up reading classics.”（Linda：我们没有足够的生活经验，所以我们可能难以理解更深层次的经典。但这不应该成为放弃阅读经典的理由。）以及“Curry: Classics are the treasures ur ancestrs left us. We shuld read them and pass them dwn. ”（Curry：经典是我们祖先留给我们的财富。我们应该阅读它们并将其传下去。）可知Linda和Curry同意阅读文学名著，故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据“Classics can pen up ur minds and develp ur interest in culture.”可知Curry认为经典培养学生对文化的兴趣。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据“Withut backgrund and life experiences, students can’t understand what writers want t express in their classics. While reading, sme students mainly pay attentin t wrds and expressins rather than the hidden ideas. Fr this reasn, reading classics might be a waste f time.”（没有背景和生活经历，学生们无法理解作家想要在他们的经典作品中表达什么。在阅读时，一些学生主要关注单词和表达，而不是隐藏的思想。因此，阅读经典可能是浪费时间。）可知Frank认为经典名著不值得读，因为学生可能会更注意单词和表达，故选C。
4．细节理解题。根据“As Francis Bacn said, ‘Reading makes a full man; cnference (谈话) a ready man; and writing an exact man.’”以及“As the ld Chinese saying ges, ‘One wh is filled with knwledge always behaves well.’”可知Linda和Curry都通过引用名言来解释他们的想法，故选C。
5．主旨大意题。根据“Nwadays, experts call n high schl students t read as many literary classics (文学名著) as pssible. What d yu think f it?”可知本文主要谈论了高中生是否应该读文学名著。故选B。
B
（2022·四川广安·中考真题）
Yu may knw abut “junk fd” like French fries. But d yu knw abut “junk sleep”? Recently, a British survey（调查）shws that there are many electrnic prducts in teenagers’ bedrms. They are influencing teenagers’ sleep badly.
The survey was dne amng 1,000 British kids frm 12 t 16. It fund that 50% f them gt just 4 t 7 hurs’ sleep every day. But dctrs say they need 8 t 9 hurs.
Almst 25% f the kids said they ften fell asleep while they were watching TV, listening t music r using ther electrnic prducts.
“This is very wrrying,” said Dr. Chris, a British prfessr（教授）. “We call it ‘junk sleep’. It means yu dn’t get enugh sleep and the quality（质量）f the sleep is lw, t. If yu dn’t get a gd rest, yu wn’t d well in schl the next day.”
The survey fund that quite a few f the kids felt tired each day because f the junk sleep, especially girls between 13 and 16 feeling the wrst. Nearly all the teenagers have a phne, MP5 r TV in their bedrms. And lts f them even have all the three.
Dr. Chris suggested that parents shuld help their children keep away frm electrnic prducts, and teenagers shuld spend less time n the electrnic prducts.
6．What des this passage mainly talk abut?
A．Junk fd.B．Junk sleep.
C．Electrnic prducts.D．The imprtance f sleep.
7．Hw many f the children sleep nly 4 t 7 hurs a day in the survey?
A．200.B．250.C．500.D．1000.
8．“Junk fd” and “junk sleep” are similar t each ther because ________.
A．they are bth lw in qualityB．they are bth needed in ur life
C．they are bth enjyed at weekendsD．they are bth necessary fr peple’s health
9．Which f the fllwing is TRUE accrding t the passage?
A．Teenagers f 12 t 16 nly need 4 t 7 hurs’ sleep each day.
B．Few f the teenagers have electrnic prducts in their bedrms.
C．Teenagers spend t much time n electrnic prducts.
D．Girls between 13 and 16 spend the least time n electrnic prducts.
10．Which f the fllwing shuld be the best way t slve the prblem?
A．Parents must take the electrnic prducts away frm their children.
B．Parents stp the teenagers frm using any electrnic prduct.
C．Teenagers shuld decide nt t use the electrnic prducts.
D．Teenagers shuld spend less time n the electrnic prducts.
【答案】6．B 7．C 8．A 9．C 10．D
【导语】本文讲述青少年床上的电子产品会影响到他们的睡眠，导致垃圾睡眠。
6．主旨大意题。根据第一段“junk sleep”及“there are many electrnic prducts in teenagers’ bedrms. They are influencing teenagers’ sleep badly”，可知文章主要介绍了垃圾睡眠。故选B。
7．推理判断题。根据第二段“The survey was dne amng 1,000 British kids frm 12 t 16. It fund that 50% f them gt just 4 t 7 hurs’ sleep every day”可知，有1000个孩子参与调查，其中50%的孩子每天只睡4到7小时，可知只睡四到七个小时的人数是1000×50%=500人。故选C。
8．推理判断题。根据第四段“We call it ‘junk sleep’. It means yu dn’t get enugh sleep and the quality f the sleep is bad, t”可知，垃圾睡眠指睡眠质量不好，垃圾食品指的是质量不好的食品，可推断两者质量都不好。故选A。
9．推理判断题。根据最后一段“parents shuld help their children keep away frm electrnic prducts, and teenagers shuld spend less time n the electrnic prducts”父母应该帮助孩子远离电子产品，青少年花费在电子产品上的时间应该更少。可知，青少年花费在电子产品上的时间太多了。故选C。
10．推理判断题。根据最后一段“parents shuld help their children keep away frm electrnic prducts, and teenagers shuld spend less time n the electrnic prducts”可知，电子产品影响青少年的睡眠，解决问题的最好的办法是花更少的时间在电子产品上。故选D。
C
（2022·广西贵港·二模）
When an Italian man went t wrk with a mask (口罩) t prtect himself frm the COVID-19, he was criticized (批评) by his wrkmates fr causing panic (恐慌). But in China and ther Asian cuntries, almst everyne wears a mask during utbreaks (爆发). Why d the East and the West have different ideas abut wearing masks?
In the West, peple wear masks nly when they get sick. Peple see masks as a tl t prtect sick peple and stp disease (疾病) frm spreading, s healthy peple dn’t need t wear them. If a persn ges ut with a mask, ther peple may lk at him like a virus (病毒) spreader. Even their friends tried t stay away frm them. Sme Western peple say wearing a mask in public makes them feel “wrried”, “shy”, and “afraid f being lked at differently”. But as the number f COVID-19 cases (病例) keeps grwing arund the wrld, mre and mre healthy peple are starting t wear masks t prtect themselves, peple in the West are changing their ideas.
In Asian cuntries like China and Japan, wearing masks is cmmn. In 1910, Chinese dctr Wu Liande invented the mdern medical mask. During the 2003 SARS, peple used masks widely in China and East Asia. Many Chinese als wear masks t keep warm in winter r prtect against air pllutin.
In Japan, sme yung wmen may wear masks when they dn’t have their makeup (化妆) n. Many pp stars in Asia als wear masks t prtect their privacy (隐私) when they g ut. This cultural backgrund has made it easier fr peple in the East t wear masks during the COVID-19 utbreak.
11．Hw did the Italian man’s wrkmates feel abut him?
A．He caused panic.B．He was t wrried t wrk.
C．He didn’t want t g t wrk.D．He wanted t prtect himself.
12．Why d Western peple refuse t wear masks?
A．Because they are afraid t lk ugly with face masks.
B．Because they dn’t want thers t knw they are ill.
C．Because they hpe t cmfrt ther peple in this way.
D．Because they dn’t think healthy peple need masks.
13．Where was the mdern medical mask invented?
A．In England.B．In China.C．In Japan.D．In the USA．
14．Which f the fllwing is Nt TRUE accrding t the passage?
A．Asian peple wear masks t prtect their privacy.
B．Asian peple wear masks t prtect against air pllutin.
C．Asian peple wear masks t stp disease frm spreading.
D．Asian peple wear masks t make them lk fashinable (时尚的).
15．What des the passage mainly talk abut?
A．Western peple’s truble f wearing masks.
B．The reasns why masks are ppular in Asian culture.
C．Different ideas f using masks in Eastern and Western cuntries.
D．The imprtance f wearing masks during the COVID-19 utbreak.
【答案】11．A 12．D 13．B 14．D 15．C
【导语】本文主要介绍了东西方国家对于戴口罩的不同观点。
11．细节理解题。根据“When an Italian man went t wrk with a mask t prtect himself frm the COVID-19, he was criticized by his wrkmates fr causing panic.”可知，这个意大利男人的同事认为他佩戴口罩的行为引起了恐慌。故选A。
12．细节理解题。根据“Peple see masks as a tl t prtect sick peple and stp disease frm spreading, s healthy peple dn’t need t wear them.”可知，西方国家的人们认为健康人不需要戴口罩，所以他们拒绝戴口罩。故选D。
13．细节理解题。根据“In 1910, Chinese dctr Wu Liande invented the mdern medical mask.”可知，现代医用口罩在中国被发明。故选B。
14．细节理解题。根据“Many pp stars in Asia als wear masks t prtect their privacy when they g ut…Many Chinese als wear masks t keep warm in winter r prtect against air pllutin.…During the 2003 SARS, peple used masks widely in China and East Asia.”可知，亚洲人戴口罩保护个人隐私，亚洲人戴口罩为了防止空气污染，亚洲人戴口罩为了防止疾病的传播。文中没有提到亚洲人戴口罩使自己看起来时尚。故选D。
15．主旨大意题。根据“Why d the East and the West have different ideas abut wearing masks?”及全文可知，本文主要介绍了东西方国家对于佩戴口罩的不同观点。故选C。
D
（2022·辽宁辽阳·一模）
At the crssrads
“WHY DIDN’T the chicken crss the rad?”
“Because there was a KFC n the ther side.”
This was ne f my favrite jkes when I was grwing up. But nw I wnder if the chicken wuld want t crss the rad even if there were n KFCs.
Rules fr when, where and hw we shuld use the streets are imprtant fr safety and rder in sciety. We are taught in primary schl that we shuld always fllw them. But these days, we seem t live life at tp speed. Many times, I have seen peple crss the street unsafely. “Speedy”, deliverymen （送货员）run the red lights and get dangerusly clse t pedestrians（行人）.These peple think “speed” is mre imprtant than “safety”. They are putting the cart （马车）befre the hrse.
Shanghai has nw intrduced new traffic rules. Peple will be fined fr jaywalking r jay riding. Fr sure, this is welcme. Hwever, there may be prblems. Befre giving a fine, the plice must witness （当场看到） the persn jaywalking r jay-riding, but there are nt enugh plice fficers t keep an eye n all the streets. That means sme lawbreakers will nt be caught and fined. Als, sme say the fine is t small （20 yuan fr jaywalkers and 50 yuan fr jay-riders） t stp peple frm breaking the rules.
I applaud （称赞）Shanghai fr intrducing the new rules, but I think the city can d even better. Otherwise, smart “chickens” might still be a little scared abut crssing the rad.
16．A jay-rider might ________ while crssing the street.
A．drive slwlyB．let pedestrians g first
C．run the red lightsD．stay away frm ther cars
17．Sme deliverymen think _________ is mre imprtant.
A．safetyB．speedC．mneyD．rder
18．The underlined part “putting the cart befre the hrse” prbably means _________ in Chinese.
A．马失前蹄B．本末倒置C．重蹈覆辙D．南辕北辙
19．Shanghai’s new traffic rules are intrduced t ________.
A．stp peple breaking traffic rulesB．help peple t crss rads easily
C．make peple live life at tp speedD．shw peple the imprtance f safety
20．Accrding t the writer, we can knw that Shanghai’s new traffic rules ________.
A．are t strict t fllwB．are necessary fr kids t knw
C．are unable t slve traffic jamsD．are fine but need t be imprved
【答案】16．C 17．B 18．B 19．A 20．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲人们不顾安全乱穿马路的现象及上海出台的相应的惩罚措施。
16．细节理解题。根据“Shanghai has nw intrduced new traffic rules. Peple will be fined fr jaywalking r jay riding.”可知“jay riding”会被罚款，可知“jay riding”是不好的行为，结合选项可知选项C“闯红灯”符合题意。故选C。
17．细节理解题。根据“deliverymen （送货员）run the red lights and get dangerusly clse t pedestrians（行人）.These peple think ‘speed’ is mre imprtant than ‘safety’ .”可知快递员认为速度比安全更重要。故选B。
18．词义猜测题。根据“putting the cart （马车）befre the hrse.”可知本意是“把马车放在马的前面”，不知哪一个才是重要的。与此义符合的是B项“本末倒置”。故选B。
19．细节理解题。根据“Shanghai has nw intrduced new traffic rules. Peple will be fined fr jaywalking r jay riding.”可知违反交通规则的人会被处罚，故上海颁发的交通规则是为了让人们遵守交规。故选A。
20．细节理解题。根据“I applaud （称赞）Shanghai fr intrducing the new rules, but I think the city can d even better.”可知上海交通规则的引进是很好的，但是还可以做得更好。故选D。