中考英语一轮复习 考点详解+真题练习专项突破39 阅读理解之说明文（含解析）

这是一份中考英语一轮复习 考点详解+真题练习专项突破39 阅读理解之说明文（含解析），共10页。试卷主要包含了 wh， what， when和where， hw， why等内容，欢迎下载使用。


＂英语说明文＂，顾名思义，就是一种以＂说明、解释＂为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。
说明文阅读理解的特征
一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即wh → what → when → where → hw → why。
1. wh：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）
2. what：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途）
3. when和where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途）
4. hw：通过什么方式表现出来的？
5. why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？
做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-wrd。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。
A
（2022·西藏·中考真题）
The Fuxing train has started running in suthwest China’s Tibet alng the Lhasa—Nyingchi Railway(拉萨—林芝铁路).
The 435-kilmeter railway links Lhasa and Nyingchi. It is China’s first electrified(电气化的) railrad n the “Rf f the Wrld”. It shrtens the jurney between Lhasa and Nyingchi frm ver five hurs t abut 3.5 hurs.
The new railway cvers an area f 226,000 square kilmeters. It ges thrugh 47 tunnels (隧道) and crsses 121 bridges. The train has a tp speed f 160 kilmeters per hur. It is the fastest train n the high land, but it’s a bit slwer than sme ther Fuxing trains in ur cuntry because f the special envirnment. The railway nt nly makes lcal peple’s life easier, but als brings mre turists t the area.
“The railway trip is s relaxing and fast. The new train has brught ur family members clser than ever befre,” said a teacher wh lives in Nyingchi. She used t drive mre than five hurs frm Nyingchi t Lhasa t visit her parents during the summer vacatin.
Besides carrying passengers, the railway als prvides gd chances fr farmers t sell lcal prducts t mre places. It’s sure t put new energy int Tibet’s ecnmic(经济的) develpment.
1．Hw many hurs des the jurney take between Lhasa and Nyingchi by Fuxing train?
A．Abut 5 hurs.B．Abut 4 hurs.C．Abut 3.5 hurs.D．Abut 1.5 hurs.
2．What’s the tp speed f Fuxing train frm Lhasa t Nyingchi?
A．160 kilmeters per hur.B．121 kilmeters per hur.
C．47 kilmeters per hur.D．160 meters per hur.
3．What des the underlined wrd “shrtens” mean in Chinese?
A．克扣B．下降C．缩短D．缺少
4．What’s special abut the Lhasa—Nyingchi Railway?
A．It cvers a large area.
B．It can carry passengers.
C．The train ges thrugh lts f tunnels and bridges.
D．It’s China’s first electrified railway n the “Rf f the Wrld”.
5．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．The railway trip is nt relaxing r fast.
B．The railway des nt bring mre turists t the area.
C．The train ges thrugh 121 tunnels and 47 bridges.
D．It’s a bit slwer than sme ther Fuxing trains in ur cuntry.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍拉萨—林芝铁路的相关信息。
1．细节理解题。根据“It shrtens the jurney between Lhasa and Nyingchi frm ver five hurs t abut 3.5 hurs.”可知，它将拉萨和林芝之间的路程从5个多小时缩短到约3.5小时。所以是3.5小时，故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据“The train has a tp speed f 160 kilmeters per hur.”可知，这列火车的最高时速为160公里。故选A。
3．词句猜测题。分析“It shrtens the jurney between Lhasa and Nyingchi frm ver five hurs t abut 3.5 hurs.”可知，它将拉萨和林芝之间的路程从5个多小时缩短到约3.5小时。所以shrtens的意思是“缩短”，故选C。
4．细节理解题。根据“It is China’s first electrified(电气化的) railrad n the ‘Rf f the Wrld’.”可知，它是中国第一条在“世界屋脊”上的电气化铁路。故选D。
5．细节理解题。根据“It is the fastest train n the high land, but it’s a bit slwer than sme ther Fuxing trains in ur cuntry because f the special envirnment.”可知，它是高原上最快的火车，但由于特殊的环境，它比我们国家的一些其他复兴列车要慢一些。故选D。
B
（2022·江苏南京·中考真题）
Sue and Jim were neighburs fr five years but they were never interested in each ther. Then ne day, Sue saw Jim’s music cllectin. She nticed a rare punk rck CD that she als wned. At that mment, she realized that they bth had the same interest in music and they started talking. Sue said, “I thught we had nthing in cmmn (相同) until I saw his CD by the New Yrk Dlls.” They are nw married and living with each ther.
Sme psychlgists (心理学家) think that yur taste in music is related t (有联系的) yur persnality. As part f a test at the University f Texas, Austin, USA, vlunteers created a CD f their favurite sngs. The vlunteers then listened t each ther’s CDs and made guesses abut the CD creatr’s persnality—utging, adventurus, happy, and s n. These strangers crrectly guessed much mre abut each thers’ persnalities thrugh their CDs than thrugh their clthes r taste in films. Fr example, Sue and Jim lve punk music, which means they have utging persnalities.
The psychlgists wh did the test fund Snp Dgg (hip-hp) fans are likely t be energetic and talkative. Peple wh like U2 (rck/pp music) are generally independent and adventurus.
The psychlgists als fund that Luis Armstrng (jazz) fans tend t (倾向于) be serius and intelligent. While fans f classical music are als likely t enjy jazz music and tend t be shy. The psychlgists were surprised t find that rap and heavy metal fans were als shier and quieter than many ther music lvers.

【答案】
Persnality 7．taste 8．less 9．likely 10．like 11．serius
12．surprising 13．example 14．Thugh##Althugh 15．smething
【导语】本文主要通过一个事例和一个实验介绍了音乐和个性之间的关系。
6．根据第二段“Sme psychlgists (心理学家) think that yur taste in music is related t (有联系的) yur persnality.”可知，本文主要谈论的是音乐和个性的关系，persnality“个性”，名词，与名词“Music”构成并列关系。标题首字母要大写，故填Persnality。
7．根据第二段“Sme psychlgists (心理学家) think that yur taste in music is related t (有联系的) yur persnality.”可知，一些心理学家认为你对音乐的品味与你的个性有关。形容词性物主代词“Yur”修饰名词，taste“品味”，名词。故填taste。
8．根据第二段“These strangers crrectly guessed much mre abut each thers’ persnalities thrugh their CDs than thrugh their clthes r taste in films.”这些陌生人通过CD更能正确地猜测了彼此的个性，而不是通过衣服或在电影中的品味。可知在猜测一个人的个性时，一个人的衣服或品味不如她的CD重要。根据空后的比较词“than”，所以用“imprtant”的比较级less imprtant “较不重要的”。故填less。
9．根据第三段“Snp Dgg (hip-hp) fans are likely t be energetic and talkative.”可知，嘻哈音乐的粉丝们可能精力充沛且健谈。be likely t d“可能做某事”，和It’s likely that…“……是可能的”为同义句。本小题为主语从句，系动词后跟形容词作表语。故填likely。
10．根据第三段“Peple wh like U2 (rck/pp music) are generally independent and adventurus.”可知，喜欢摇滚和流行音乐的人通常是独立和冒险的。故填like。
11．根据最后一段“The psychlgists als fund that Luis Armstrng (jazz) fans tend t (倾向于) be serius and intelligent.”可知，心理学家还发现，路易斯·阿姆斯特朗（爵士乐）迷们倾向于严肃和聪明。故填serius。
12．根据最后一段“The psychlgists were surprised t find that rap and heavy metal fans were als shier and quieter than many ther music lvers.”可知，说唱乐和重金属音乐爱好者也比许多其他音乐爱好者更害羞、更安静，这个发现是令人惊奇的，系动词后跟形容词作表语，surprising“令人惊奇的”，形容词。填surprising。
13．根据右栏的内容可知，此处以“Sue and Jim”的这一事例举例说明，example“例子”，名词。根据“An”，可知填名称单数修饰，故填example。
14．根据第一段“Sue and Jim were neighburs fr five years but they were never interested in each ther.”可知，尽管苏和吉姆五年来一直是邻居，但他们从来没有对彼此感兴趣。thugh/althugh“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句。故填Thugh/Althugh。
15．根据第一段“I thught we had nthing in cmmn (相同) until I saw his CD by the New Yrk Dlls.”可知，直到Sue看到他的CD，她才认为他们有共同之处。固定搭配have smething in cmmn意为“有一些共同之处”。故填smething。
C
（2022·重庆璧山·一模）
Pllutin inside hmes and ther buildings kills mre than 4 millin peple each year. Many peple die as a result f breathing smke r frm cking ver wd pwered r cal pwered stves.
One way t reduce the number f deaths is thrugh cking equipment (设备) pwered by the sun. Crsby Menzies, a slar pwer expert in a Suth African cmpany, described his latest slar cker called the “Sl 4”. “It is fur square meters f mirrrs, six t eight meters in length. It is quite a large cker.”
The “Sl 4” wrks by reflecting (反射) light frm the sun ff large mirrrs. The mirrrs direct (把……对准) the light at a cking pan. Then the light heats the pan with slar energy. Within tw minutes, the pan is ht enugh t ck sausages and nins. In just fur minutes, water can be biled. That is as fast as cking with natural gas r electricity.
The cker is als much “friendlier” than ther mdels because peple d nt have t stand in the sun t use it. And peple can prepare meals withut having t cllect firewd r spend mney n cal. Such individuals wuld be less likely t have breathing illnesses frm harmful smke.
At present, the cker nly wrks when the sun is shining. But engineers are wrking n a way t make it wrk withut sunlight.
Each cker csts abut $2,000, which is a large amunt f mney fr mst Africans. T slve that prblem, Crsby Menzies has created a nngvernmental (非官方) rganizatin called Slar Ckers fr Africa. It plans t raise mney thrugh dnatins (捐款) t prvide pr peple with slar cking equipment.
16．The writer starts the passage by ________.
A．cmparing factsB．sharing experiencesC．listing numbersD．giving reasns
7．The underlined wrd “individuals” mst prbably means “________”.
A．ckersB．pepleC．mirrrsD．experts
18．Which f the fllwing abut the “Sl 4” is TRUE ?
A．It is six t eight square meters f mirrrs.
B．It can wrk in any weather cnditin nw.
C．It can als heat the pan by lighting firewd.
D．It is mre envirnment-friendly than ther ckers.
19．Frm the passage, we can infer that ________.
A．the “Sl 4” will be designed in a smaller size
B．mre Africans can use the slar ckers in the future
C．the “Sl 4” is the first prduct f the Suth African cmpany
D．the African gvernment will prvide pr peple with slar cker
【答案】16．C 17．B 18．D 19．B
【导语】本文主要介绍了一种可以通过太阳能来烹饪的设备及其工作原理。目前，该设备只是在阳光灿烂的时候工作，但工程师们正在努力工作，使它在没有阳光的情况下也能工作。
16．细节理解题。根据“Pllutin inside hmes and ther buildings kills mre than 4 millin peple each year.”（家庭和其他建筑物内的污染每年导致400多万人死亡。）可知作者以列举数字开始这篇文章。故选C。
17．词义猜测题。根据“And peple can prepare meals withut having t cllect firewd r spend mney n cal.”及“wuld be less likely t have breathing illnesses frm harmful smke.”可知，这里的individuals是主语，表示使用这种灶具的peple“人”也不太可能因有害烟雾而患呼吸疾病。故选B。
18．细节理解题。根据“The cker is als much ‘friendlier’ than ther mdels because peple d nt have t stand in the sun t use it. And peple can prepare meals withut having t cllect firewd r spend mney n cal. Such individuals wuld be less likely t have breathing illnesses frm harmful smke.”（这种炊具也比其他型号“友好”得多，因为人们不用站在阳光下使用它。人们可以在不必捡柴火或花钱买煤的情况下做饭。这些人不太可能因有害烟雾而患上呼吸疾病。）可知，这种新灶具比其他炊具更环保。故选D。
19．推理判断题。根据“T slve that prblem, Crsby Menzies has created a nngvernmental (非官方) rganizatin called Slar Ckers fr Africa. It plans t raise mney thrugh dnatins (捐款) t prvide pr peple with slar cking equipment.”（为了解决这个问题，克罗斯比·孟基斯创建了一个名为“非洲太阳能炊具”的非官方组织。它计划通过捐赠筹集资金，为穷人提供太阳能烹饪设备。）可以推断出未来会有更多的非洲人用上太阳能炊具。故选B。
D
（2022·重庆开州·二模）
①Facial-recgnitin(人脸识别) cameras are everywhere, even in yur smartphne. Many peple use this technlgy t unlck their phnes, pen drs, r make quick payments. But during the pandemic(疫情), can it still wrk when peple put n masks?
②The answer is n. Scientists are trying t slve this prblem. Fr example, Engineering & Technlgy(E＆T) magazine reprts that Hanwang, a tech cmpany in Beijing, has made a new system(系统). It can recgnize 95 percent f peple when they wear masks.
③What’s the secret? It’s all abut yur eyes.
④Maris Savides frm Carnegie Melln University, US, studies facial recgnitin. As we get lder, he says, ur faces change shape. But the area arund ur eyes desn’t. It stays the same—even if we put n weight. As lng as there are enugh data(数据) frm the area f ur eyes, the cameras can recgnize us.
⑤Tech 5 is anther facial-recgnitin cmpany. The Swiss cmpany’s prduct scans(扫描) the shape f yur face. It als scans yur iris(虹膜), which is the clred part f yur eyes. Tech 5 hpes t leave ut(忽略) all f the face belw the nse.
⑥This kind f sftware is mre imprtant than just unlcking yur phne. “It can search fr criminals(罪犯) and terrrists(恐怖分子) even when they wear masks,” said Huang-Lei frm Hanwang. Hanwang’s technlgy is used by Chinese plice in places like subway statins and airprts. Similar technlgy is used by the United States Air Frce.
⑦Huang pinted ut ne big weakness: it fails when peple wear bth a mask and sunglasses. “In this situatin, all f the key facial infrmatin is lst,” Lei said t E&T.
20．The writer leads t the tpic(话题) by ________.
A．giving an exampleB．telling striesC．listing numbersD．raising a prblem
21．The new system can recgnize 95 percent peple by scanning ________.
A．the faceB．the eyesC．the nseD．the muth
22．We can infer that the new system ________.
A．can recgnize all peple with masks in the future
B．can help the plice t lk fr criminals
C．has brught plenty f mney t Tech 5
D．can recgnize a persn even when he lses sme weight
23．The best structure f this passage is ________.
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】20．D 21．B 22．D 23．A
【导语】本文讲述了眼部在人脸识别系统的应用，同时在戴口罩时系统的改进升级。
20．推理判断题。根据“But during the pandemic(疫情), can it still wrk when peple put n masks”可知，作者是通过提出一个问题来引出本文主题，故选D。
21．细节理解题。根据“What’s the secret? It’s all abut yur eyes”可知，通过扫描人们的眼睛来辨识，故选B。
22．推理判断题。根据“It stays the same—even if we put n weight.”可知，即使增肥或减肥，这个新系统都可以识别这个人，故选D。
23．篇章结构题。通读全文可知，第一段是通过提出一个问题来引出本文主题；第二段介绍如何解决这个问题；第三至第五段介绍了这个系统的秘诀；第六段介绍了系统的用处；最后一段介绍了这个系统的弱点，故选A。
Title: Music and ____6____
An pinin
◆ Yur ____7____ in music is related t yur persnality.
Findings
◆One’s clthes r taste in films is ____8____ imprtant than his/her CDs in a test f guessing abut ne’s persnality.
◆ It is ____9____ that hip-hp fans are energetic and talkative.
◆Peple wh ____10____ rck r pp music are usually independent and adventurus.
◆Jazz fans tend t be ____11____ and intelligent.
◆It’s ____12____ that rap and heavy metal fans are shier and quieter than many ther music lvers.
An ____13____
◆____14____ Sue and Jim were neighburs fr five years, they were never interested in each ther.
◆After Sue nticed they bth had rare punk rck CDs, she fund they had ____15____ in cmmn.
◆They are nw married and living with each ther.