备考2024届高考英语一轮复习考点通关第二部分学透语法基础词法篇专题二名词形容词和副词数词考点一名词
展开1.可数名词变复数的规则变化
2.可数名词变复数的不规则变化
[2023北京,15]Mangrves can help sften waves and prtect cities (city) frm castal winds.
[2022新高考Ⅰ,62]The GPNP’s main gal is t imprve cnnectivity between separate ppulatins (ppulatin) and hmes f giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level f ppulatin in the wild.
Wlves (wlf) are very adaptable: they can live in frests, n pen plains, r in the snws f the Arctic.
Lking thrugh the newspaper, I’m shcked by phts (pht) shwing the destructin caused by the hurricane.
One study shwed that wmen (wman) wh drank a lt f cffee, like eight r mre cups per day, while they were pregnant were mre likely t have children with birth defects.
二、不可数名词
1.物质名词、抽象名词大多为不可数名词,一般没有复数形式。常见的不可数名词有:
furniture 家具equipment 设备news 新闻
infrmatin 信息advice 建议prgress进步
baggage 行李luck运气water 水
wrd消息wealth财富knwledge知识
2.一些名词通常表示抽象概念,是不可数名词,但被赋予了具体含义之后,可作可数名词,即抽象名词具体化。
3.有些名词作可数名词和不可数名词时含义有所不同。
三、名词所有格
所有格作定语,修饰另一名词,表示所有关系。
1.-’s所有格
主要用于表示有生命的事物或人及人类活动的名词,也可用于表示时间、距离、数量、城市、国家等无生命事物的名词后。构成规则如下:
[2021浙江1月,58]It is calculated by dividing a persn’s (persn) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI f between 19 and 25 is cnsidered healthy.
Prper arrangements shuld be made s that students can have a gd rest after a whle mrning’s (mrning) hard wrk.
The bys’ (by) shes were cvered with mud, s I asked them t take their shes ff befre they gt int Tm’s (Tm) car.
2.名词所有格的特殊用法
①用于表示店铺、诊所、住宅及公共建筑等的名词时,所有格之后的shp, ffice, huse等常省去。如:
at the barber’s (shp)在理发店
at Mr. Green’s (huse)在格林先生家
②如果两个名词并列,且分别加’s,则表示"分别有……";若只有后一个名词加’s,则表示两个"共有"。如:
Lily’s and Mary’s teachers 莉莉和玛丽各自的老师
Lily and Mary’s teacher 莉莉和玛丽共同的老师
四、名词的词形转换
动词/形容词可加后缀变为名词,名词也可加后缀变为另一个名词。常见的名词后缀如下:
[2023 全国甲,69]Hwever, Carsn’s theme is a mre weighty warning (warn) abut envirnmental destructin.
[2020新高考Ⅱ,58]Als, technlgical knw-hw has becme a requirement (require) fr mst jbs in an increasingly digital wrld, as the cmputer has becme a cmmn tl in mst prfessins.
The study surveyed 500 families and fund that the main psychlgical prblems peple suffered were lneliness (lnely) and anxiety (anxius).
[2022全国甲,65]Ca and Wu als cllected garbage alng the rad, in rder t prmte envirnmental prtectin (prtect).
1.We always kept bamb chpsticks alng with ur knives (knife), frks and spns, ready fr whenever we happened t have Chinese fd fr dinner.
2.His curage and persistence (persist) with his brilliance and humr inspired peple acrss the wrld.
3.T better tell the stry, Yu Rng drew inspiratin frm her several visits (visit) t sites f ancient battles and Henan pera.
4.In 1990, abut 750 millin peple in this cuntry lived in extreme pverty (pr); tday fewer than 10 millin d.
5.Peple wh are far-sighted have difficulty in reading a bk unless they hld it at an arm’s length (lng).
6. Curisity (curius) is part f children’s nature. They always insist n getting t the bttm f everything.
7.I trust the histrian cmpletely. His descriptin (describe) f these events crrespnds t ther accunts written at the time.
8.Sme restaurants in Guangzhu stimulate custmers’ (custmer) appetite with many different fferings.构成方法
例词
一般在词尾加-s
map→maps sea→seas
girl→girls bk→bks
以-s,-x,-ch,-sh,-tch结尾的名词后加-es
class→classes bx→bxes
watch→watches dish→dishes
但如stmach等,词尾-ch的发音为/k/时,要加-s,即stmachs
以-f或-fe
结尾的词
大都变-f
或-fe为-v,
再加-es
leaf→leaves knife→knives
wife→wives wlf→wlves
life→lives thief→thieves
少数直接加-s
belief→beliefs chief→chiefs
rf→rfs prf→prfs
以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词,变-y为-i加-es
party→parties family→families
stry→stries
以元音字母加-y结尾的名词,加-s
ty→tys by→bys
day→days ray→rays
以辅音字母加-结
尾的名词
加-es
her→heres ptat→ptates
tmat→tmates
加-s
pian→pians pht→phts
kil→kils
两者皆可
vlcan→vlcanes/vlcans
以元音字母加-结尾的名词加-s
radi→radis z→zs
bamb→bambs
以-th结尾的名词加-s
truth→truths muth→muths
mnth→mnths
构成方法
例词
词尾加-ren或-en
child→children
x→xen
变更词内元音
man→men
wman→wmen
ft→feet gse→geese
muse→mice
单复数同形
sheep deer series means species
表示国籍的专有名词
加-s
American→Americans
German→Germans
Greek→Greeks
单复数同形
Chinese Prtuguese Japanese
有些词以-man或-wman结尾,分别改为-men或-wmen
Englishman→Englishmen
复合名词
将主体名词变为复数
sn-in-law→sns-in-law
lker-n→lkers-npasser-by→passers-by
无主体名词时,通常在最后一个词的词尾加-s
grwn-up→grwn-ups
外来名词
criterin→criteria 标准
phenmenn→phenmena现象
basis→bases 基础 crisis→crises 危机
analysis→analyses 分析
bacterium→bacteria 细菌
medium→media媒体 datum→data 数据
词汇
抽象名词(不可数)
具体化后(可数)
beauty
美,美丽
美人,美好的事物
failure
失败
失败的事物或人
success
成功,胜利
成功的事物或人
hnur
尊敬,敬意
引起尊敬的事物或人
pleasure
愉快,快乐
乐事
pity
怜悯,同情
憾事
词汇
不可数名词
可数名词
paper
纸
试卷;报纸;论文
chicken
鸡肉
鸡
wrk
工作
著作,作品
构成
示例
单数名词词尾通常加-’s;复数名词不以-s结尾时,也要加-’s
the by’s schlbag
peple’s awareness
以-s结尾的复数名词后直接加"’"
teachers’ ffice
a thirty minutes’ ride
以-s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加"’"或-’s均可
my bss’s/bss’ plan
James’/James’s eyes
复合名词一般在最后一个词的词尾加-’s
my brther-in-law’s birthday
备考2024届高考英语一轮复习命题突破第二部分学透语法基础词法篇专题二名词形容词和副词数词: 这是一份备考2024届高考英语一轮复习命题突破第二部分学透语法基础词法篇专题二名词形容词和副词数词,共7页。
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