【期中知识点归纳】（人教版2019）2023-2024学年高二上册英语 选修1 Unit 1 People of Achievement 试卷 .zip

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Unit 1 People of Achievement

Unit 1
话题
人物介绍
词汇
vital, defeat, evaluate, acknowledge, encounter, obtain, extraordinary, commit, infer, circumstance, distinct, novel, commit, conclude, apparent, academy, object, botany
短语
with the objective of (doing), insist on, wear and tear, come to power, take up a position, sum up, get stuck, by chance, lead to, stand up to
句型
1. 关系副词引导非限制性定语从句
2. 关系代词引导非限制性定语从句
3. 动名词与动词不定式作动词宾语的区别
4. upon/on doing sth. 当……时
语法
非限制性定语从句
写作
人物简介


1. commit vt. 承诺; 保证(某个人、机构等)；vi. 忠于; 全心全意投入(工作、活动等)
【用法举例】
would not commit himself in any way. 他无论如何都不愿做出承诺。
He committed himself to the project, and his efforts paid off. 他全心投入这项工程, 他的努力有了回报。
Commit to your plan and follow it through. 忠于你的计划并将其进行到底。
【知识拓展】
(1)commit oneself (to do sth. ) 　承诺(做某事)
commit oneself to sth. 全身心投入/致力于某事
commit to sth. /sb. 忠于某事/某人
(2)committed adj. 尽心尽力的; 坚定的, 坚信的
be committed to sth. /doing sth. 专心于(做)某事
(3)commitment n. 委托, 承诺
make a commitment to sb. 向某人承诺
【基础演练】
①Should you accept my application, I would spare no effort to commit myself (I) to your satisfaction.  
②You should be committed to taking (take) care of your grandmother.
2. evaluate vt. 评价; 评估
【用法举例】
The teacher evaluated the performance of each student.
教师对每个学生的表现做出了评价。
First of all, they think this kind of evaluation will encourage teachers to improve their teaching skills.
首先, 他们认为这种评价会鼓励教师改进他们的教学手段。
【知识拓展】
evaluate the performance 　　 评价表现
evaluation n. 评价
evaluative adj. 评价的
【基础演练】
(1)After tracking and evaluating (evaluate) students’ exam results, the teacher committed an evaluation report.
(2)It is well-known that she has done quantities of charity devotion, and it’s hard to evaluate (evaluate) her just as a singer.  
(3)The key approaches to be used in test and evaluation (evaluate) have been proven right.
3. obtain vt. (尤指经努力)获得, 赢得vi. (规章、习俗等)存在; 流行
【用法举例】
Only with firm determination will we obtain such change.
只有带着坚定信念我们才能取得这样的改变。
The following information was obtained from a company’s financial statements.
以下信息来自一家公司的财务报表。
【知识拓展】
be obtained from　　　从……中得到
【基础演练】
①He obtained (obtain)the property with a bank loan.
②The scientist obtained a substance from the experiment.
4. acknowledge vt. 承认(属实、权威等); (公开)感谢
【用法举例】
We acknowledge him as a genius.
我们承认他是个天才。
You have to acknowledge that it’s your own fault.
你必须承认这是你自己的过错。
【知识拓展】
be acknowledged as. . . 　被认为是……
It is universally/generally acknowledged that. . . 普遍认为……
【基础演练】
(1)Her years of hard work have finally been acknowledged (acknowledge) after a customer nominated(提名)her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year. 　 
(2)I started to acknowledge failure as exactly what it is: an unavoidable part of everyone’s life—nothing more and nothing less.
(3)The flowers were a small acknowledgement(acknowledge) of your kindness.
5. defeat n. 失败; 挫败vt. 击败; 战胜
【用法举例】
Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat.
屠呦呦不会轻易认输的。
He declared that we were to defeat those who attempted to tear the world down in time.
他宣布: 我们迟早会打败那些企图撕裂世界的人。
This is why most senior high school students suffer defeat every day.
这就是如今大多数高中生每天遭受失败的原因。
【知识拓展】
take defeat　　　　　 接受失败
suffer defeat 遭受失败
【基础演练】
(1)Nian was defeated (defeat), and from then on, the color red has been considered to bring good luck and good fortune to all.  
(2)Most of you really believe that the way you get what you do want is to defeat (defeat) what you do not want.  
6. analyse vt. 分析
【用法举例】
Is the main purpose of the passage to analyse the composition of the ocean food chain?
这篇文章的主要目的是分析海洋食物链的组成吗?
On the one hand, everyone possibly makes mistakes, on the other hand, not all analytical mistakes are equal.
一方面, 每个人都有可能犯错误; 另一方面, 分析方面的错误并不是都一样。
Could you tell me some more about your market analysis that has just been fulfilled recently?
请你多告诉我一些你们近来刚刚完成的市场分析好吗?
【知识拓展】
analysis 　　n. 分析; 分解; 验定(复数为: analyses)
analytical　　 adj. 分析的; 解析的; 善于分析的
analytically adv. 分析地; 解析地
【基础演练】
①The fact is, most students should have chance are not taught how to think analytically (analyse) and critically.
②We should make a concrete analysis (analyse) of each specific question.
③The main thing for us is we do need to analyse (analyse) our position and ask ourselves: How can we improve?  
④Those who have worked with him say he is calm, analytical (analyse) and open-minded.
7. insist vi. & vt. 坚持; 坚决要求
【用法举例】
But she insists on us eating healthy food. 但她坚持要我们吃健康的食物。
Though all his friends blamed him, he insisted that he had done nothing wrong.
尽管他所有的朋友都责备他, 但他坚持认为他没做错任何事。
My mother insisted that I (should) clean my room first.
妈妈强烈要求我先把我的房间打扫干净。
【知识拓展】
insist on/upon (doing) sth. 　坚持(做)某事
insist that. . .
(1)坚持说/认为……(从句内容表示一个事实, 从句谓语按实际需要选择时态)
(2)强烈要求/坚持……(从句用虚拟语气, 即谓语动词用should+动词原形, should可以省略)
【基础演练】
(1)John insisted on paying (pay) for lunch today.
(2)He insisted that he was right, so he insisted that his plan be carried out at once.  
他坚持认为他是对的, 因此他坚持立即实施他的计划。
8. Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize, she said, “The honour is not just mine. ” 
当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时, 屠呦呦说: “荣誉不仅仅属于我自己。”
【知识拓展1】
在本句中, “介词upon+动词-ing形式”构成介词短语, 用作时间状语。upon还可转换为介词on, 表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生。这种用法常见于正式的文体, 依据语境, 可译作“在……的时候; 当……时; 一……就……”。
【用法举例】
Upon realizing the importance of environmental protection, our government takes effective measures to manage it.
一意识到环境保护的重要性, 我们的政府就采取了有效的治理措施。
Upon their return to the country, the girls of the volleyball team received praise and flowers.
女排姑娘们一回国, 就收到了赞誉和鲜花。
Upon finishing it, Cao Xueqin was struck by the feeling that A Dream of Red Mansions was the best work he had ever written.
完成这部作品时, 曹雪芹就感到《红楼梦》是他写过的最好的著作了。
【知识拓展2】
“一……就……”的句型小结
(1)As soon as/Once/When+时间状语从句, +主句
(2)The moment/instant/second/minute+时间状语从句, +主句
(3)Instantly/Immediately/Directly+时间状语从句, +主句
(4)On/Upon+动名词/名词, +主句
(5)No sooner had+主语+过去分词. . . +than+主语+动词的过去式:
No sooner had he arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
他刚到家, 就被要求出另一次差。
(6)Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely+had+主语+过去分词. . . +when+动词的过去式:
Hardly had she gone out when it began to snow.
她刚出门, 天就开始下雪了。
(7)At the sight/thought/mention of+名词, +主句:
At the sight of him, I remember my brother who is working in Shanghai.
看到他我就想起了我那在上海工作的弟弟。
【基础演练】
(1)I will go there directly (direct) I have finished my breakfast.
(2)The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.
(3)As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up.
(4)Each time he came to Harbin, he could call on me.
(5)Whenever (when) that man says “To tell the truth”, I suspect that he is about to tell lies.
(6)Upon arriving/arrival (arrive) at the office, our English teacher began to get down to his work.
9. distinct adj. 清晰的; 清楚的; 有区别的
【用法举例】
Her singing style is quite distinct from mine.
她的演唱风格与我的截然不同。
California has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA.
加州有着美国最具多元文化的州的荣誉。
【知识拓展】
distinct from　 与……不同
distinctly 明显地; 无疑地, 确实地
distinction 区别, 差别; 特性; 荣誉, 勋章
【基础演练】
①He is fair to us without distinction (distinct).
②The students’ achievements are heightened distinctly(distinct).
10. conclusion n. 结论; 推论
【用法举例】
Over the years I’ve come to the conclusion that she’s a very great musician.
这些年来, 我得出的结论是她是一位非常伟大的音乐家。
He concluded his class with a funny story.
他以一个有趣的故事结束了他的课。
To conclude, I wish you a Happy New Year.
总之, 祝你们新年快乐。
【知识拓展】
conclude. . . with. . . 　　 以……结束……
conclude from. . . that. . . 从……中得出结论
to conclude 最后, 总之
in conclusion 最后, 总之
come to the conclusion 得出结论
【基础演练】
(1)It is an apparently ideal way to conclude (conclude) a season of summer reading.  
(2)I wonder who make this decision and how they come to their conclusion (conclude).
(3)They conclude that when task interdependence is high, team performance will suffer when there is too much talent.
(4)We will conclude our concert with the National Anthem.
11. apparently adv. 显而易见; 看来; 显然
【用法举例】
The kids apparently know the truth.
孩子们显然知道真相。
It was apparent from her face that she was really upset.
从面容上就可以看出她确实心烦意乱。
【知识拓展】
It is/was apparent that. . . 　　　　　很显然……
【基础演练】
①Apple has apparently (apparent) registered for trademarks for each of those names.
②It was apparent (apparent) to everyone that he was angry.
12. crucial adj. 至关重要的; 关键性的
【用法举例】
We can learn from the passage that making right career choices is crucial to personal success.
我们能从这篇文章中学到, 做出正确的职业选择对个人成功至关重要。
Our Party have found two issues of crucial importance: development and ecology.
我们党已经发现了两个至关重要的问题: 发展和生态。
This type of questioning puts responsibilities on the clients to explain what they want, which is crucial.
这样的提问可以把责任放到客户身上, 让他们解释自己需要什么, 这很重要。
【知识拓展】
crucial to/for sth. 　 至关重要的; 决定性的
crucially 关键地; 至关重要地
【基础演练】
(1)①And, crucially (crucial), are there any praising techniques that can be shown to be effective?
②It is beyond doubt that Africa is absolutely crucial (crucially) for China’s energy strategy.
(2)Broadly speaking, there are three crucial factors (三个关键因素)to consider.  
(3)The next 10 weeks is a crucial period (重要时期) in your baby’s development when all of his organs will form.  
13. objective n. 目标; 目的 adj. 客观的
【用法举例】
The author’s view on factual reading is that it would provide true and objective information.
作者对事实性阅读的观点是它将提供真实和客观的信息。
If she does not object to it, why should we?
如果她不反对, 我们为什么要反对?
【知识拓展】
(1)object to sb. /sb. ’s doing sth. 　 反对某人做某事
(2)have/take an objection to doing sth. 反对做某事
raise an objection to doing sth. 对做某事提出异议
【基础演练】
用objective的适当形式填空。
①Those who object to this advice typically see no reason to define or account for system behavior.
②Only in this way can these strategic objectives of active defense be realized.
14. Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract, she found a substance that worked.
用较低的温度提取提取物, 她发现了一种有效的物质。
【知识拓展】
句中“Using a lower temperature to. . . extract”是v. -ing分词短语作状语。v. -ing分词作状语可以表示原因、时间、条件、方式、伴随等。
【用法举例】
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
听到这个消息时, 他们都高兴得跳了起来。
Taking the path that leads out of the town, you will come to a dense wood.
沿着通向郊外的小道前进, 你将会走到一片密林处。
【基础演练】
(1)①Standing (stand) at the foot of a high mountain, a person will find himself very small.
②But later, people developed a way of printing, using (use) rocks.
(2)Most of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night.  
因为非常激动, 那晚我们许多人都没睡着。
15. In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists with the objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers chosen.  
1967年, 中国政府组建了一支以探索治疗疟疾新方法为目的的科学家队伍, 屠呦呦是其中首批入选的研究人员。
【知识拓展1】
该句是一个由and连接而成的并列复合句。介词短语with the objective. . . 作第一个分句的状语, 表示目的。短语中的objective也可用aim/purpose/goal等替换。第二个分句中chosen是过去分词用作定语, 修饰the first researchers。
【用法举例】
Tu Youyou tried a second time with the aim of finding out the proper material to cure malaria.
屠呦呦又试了一次, 希望能找到治愈疟疾的合适物质。
Chairman Mao came here with the purpose of inspecting an important task carried out.
毛主席来这里是为了检查一项重要任务的执行情况。
【知识拓展2】
with引导的介词短语作状语, 在英语句子中是一个很常见的现象。至于其所作状语的类型, 我们需要根据句子上下文意思和其具体的语法功能来判断。有时, 复杂的with介词短语可以转换为独立主格结构:
With homework finished, he went out to play basketball.
转换为独立主格结构:
Homework finished, he went out to play basketball.
【基础演练】
(1)With a long way to go (go), we should not take it too slightly.  
(2)With a hope of entering (enter) Peking University, the boy works hard day and night.
(3)We are eager to see the 5G era coming, when we can see many products newly invented (invention) come into use.
(4)My close friend Li Hua is planning to apply for the 2022 Olympic volunteer position issued (issue) on the newspaper last week.
16. passion n. 酷爱; 激情
【用法举例】
Being good at something and having a passion for it are not enough.
擅长某件事并且有激情是不够的。
He spoke with great passion.
他发表了热情洋溢的讲话。
I simply pursued it because I was passionate about it and loved the work.
我仅仅是用我对这份工作的激情和热爱在追逐它。
【知识拓展】
have a passion for 　　　　对……有激情, 酷爱
with great passion 热情洋溢地, 激动地
passionate adj. 热情的; 狂热的
be passionate about 对……充满热情
【基础演练】
(1)The chemist says she always has a passion for science.
(2)He is very passionate about the project.
17. extraordinary adj. 不一般的; 非凡的; 意想不到的
【用法举例】
He published four extraordinary physics papers.
他发表了四篇非凡的物理学论文。
Our body is an extraordinarily complex mechanism comprising of trillions of cells.
我们的身体是由上万亿的细胞组成的极其复杂的机制。
This is an extraordinary discovery but there is still a lot more down there that has to be found.
这是一个非凡的发现但是在那里仍然有更多的东西等待我们去发现。
【知识拓展】
extraordinarily　　　　adv. 非常; 格外地; 非凡地
extraordinary arrangement 　精心安排; 特殊安排
【基础演练】
(1)He made, they both said, “an extraordinarily (extraordinary) good ambassador’s wife”.
(2)Yes, if you also believe that ordinary people can do extraordinary things (做出不平凡的事情).  
18. gradually adv. 逐渐地; 逐步地
【用法举例】
Following this, he gradually became famous throughout the world as the new Isaac Newton.
在此之后, 他作为新的艾萨克·牛顿, 逐渐闻名于世。
Whatever colour changes the ocean experiences in the coming decades will probably be too gradual and unnoticeable, but they could mean significant changes.
在接下来的几十年里, 无论海洋的颜色如何改变, 都可能是渐进的, 不易察觉的, 但这可能意味着重大的变化。
【知识拓展】
gradual　　　　　　　　adj. 逐渐的; 逐步的; 渐进的; 渐变的
【基础演练】
(1)Gradually (gradual), voice manipulation technologies may weaken the fact that a lot of business is still done over the phone.
(2)So if you have the same amount of income each year, your purchasing power gradually shrinks.  
所以说, 如果你每年的收入都相同的话, 你的购买力则在逐渐缩水。
(3)Gradually/Step by step, the steamer stepped up its speed and left the harbor.  
逐步地, 轮船加快了它的速度并离开了海港。
19. come to power(开始)掌权; 上台
【用法举例】
Circumstances changed in 1933, when Hitler came to power in Germany.
1933年希特勒在德国掌权的时候, 情况发生了变化。
He has been in power for ten years but still doesn’t want to leave.
他已执政十年, 但他仍不想下台。
I’m sorry it’s beyond my power to make a final decision on the project.
很抱歉, 要对这一工程作出最终决定是我力所不能及的。
【知识拓展】
come to power　　　　　　　上台执政, 当权
be in power 执政, 当权
beyond one’s power 力所不能及的
within one’s power 力所能及的
have the power to do sth. 有能力做某事
【基础演练】用power的词块填空
(1)I did not work again for twenty years until Mandela and the ANC came to power in 1994.  
在曼德拉先生和非洲人国民大会1994年开始执政之前我有20年没有工作。
(2)Sorry, I can’t help you. It’s beyond my power.  
对不起, 我帮不了你。那是我力所不能及的。
(3)I believe I have the power to finish the task ahead of time.  
我相信我有这个能力提前完成任务。
20. consequence n. 结果; 后果
【用法举例】
I wonder if parents should always tell the truth no matter the consequences.
我想知道父母是否应该总是说实话, 不管结果如何。
As a consequence, he won the competition.
结果是他赢了这场竞赛。
Consequently they further lift the price of gold in terms of tomatoes and potatoes.
因此, 与番茄和土豆相比他们进一步提高黄金的价格。
【知识拓展】
(1)as a consequence　　　因此, 结果
as a consequence of 因此; 由于……
(2)consequent adj. 随之发生的; 作为结果的
(3)consequently adv. 因此; 所以
【基础演练】同义替换
①As a result(=As a consequence/Consequently), children become so reliant on their parents that they have no independent thought or creative ideas. 结果, 孩子变得如此依赖父母, 以至于他们没有独立的思想或创意。 
②I regret to inform you he died due to (=as a consequence/result of )his injuries.  
我很遗憾地通知你, 他因伤势太重不治身亡。
21. sum vi. 总结, 概括 n. 金额, 款项, 总数, 总和
【用法举例】
Does the writer sum up how he/she feels about this person? 作者是否总结了他/她对这个人的感觉?
My meaning, in sum, is that you must stay.
简单地说, 我的意思就是你必须留下来。
To sum up, it is an amazing film suitable for both children and adults. 总而言之, 这是一部既适合儿童又适合成人的精彩电影。
【知识拓展】
sum up　　总结; 概述; 计算……的总数
in sum 总而言之; 大体上
a large sum of 一大笔; 大量的
to sum up 总之; 总而言之
【基础演练】
(1)同义替换。
①The total number (=sum) of 5 and 3 is 8.
②In a word(=In sum/To sum up), the two countries are now true economic partners.  
③It’s a lot of (=a large sum of) money. I can’t afford to lose it.  
(2)All the good things in this world can be summed up in four words: “get what you want”.  
这世间所有美好的事物, 总结起来, 也不过“如愿以偿”四个字。
22. He had a thick moustache and long white hair, which sometimes stood on end as though he had just received an electric shock.  
他留着浓密的小胡子和长长的白发, 头发有时竖起来, 好像刚受了电击似的。
【知识拓展1】
本句为主从复合句。后面的as though(if)引导方式状语从句。表示“好像”。
【用法举例】
It seems as if it is going to rain. 似乎要下雨。
He walks as if he is drunk. 他走起路来好像是醉了。
She loves her students as though(if) she were their mother.
她爱她的学生, 就像她是孩子们的母亲。
She looks as though(if) she were ten years younger.
她看起来好像年轻了十岁。
【知识拓展2】as though/if 用法
(1)as though/if也可引导表语从句。
(2)as though/if引导从句时, 常使用虚拟语气, 表示与事实相反的假设要用一般过去时, 有(be时, 用were)、过去将来时或过去完成时。上面课本上的句子就是这个用法。
(3)有时, as if还可用于省略句中(如果as if引导的从句是“主语+系动词”结构, 可省略主语和系动词。这样as if后面就只剩下名词、不定式、形容词、介词短语或分词)。
(4)当句子所叙述的是真实的或极有可能发生的或存在的事实时, as if从句要用陈述语气。
【基础演练】
①I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if/ as though it were yesterday.  
我还记得第一次去泰山的旅行, 仿佛就在昨天。
②It seems as though/if it were spring already.  
现在好像已经是春天了。
23. take up a position担任; 任职
【用法举例】
She said she was to take up the position.
她说她要担任这个职务。
I know how busy you must be and naturally I wouldn’t want to take up too much of your time.
我知道你一定很忙, 当然我不想占用你太多的时间。
“In that moment of babbling, babies seem to be ready to take in more information, ” he said.
“在学话的那个阶段, 婴儿似乎做好准备吸收更多的信息, ”他说。
【知识拓展】
take up　占去, 占据; 开始从事; 拿起
take off 起飞; 脱下; 离开
take on 承担; 呈现; 具有; 流行
take in 吸收; 领会; 欺骗; 接受
【基础演练】用以上含有take的短语填空
(1)In 2019, I moved to New York to take up a position at The New Yorker.  
(2)But they need to understand why they should take on a huge project.  
(3)I could hardly take in what the old man said for he was so weak.  
(4)As our plane took off, I told myself that I would absolutely return someday.  
24. He had a thick moustache and long white hair, which sometimes stood on end as though he had just received an electric shock. 他留着浓密的小胡子和长长的白发, 头发有时竖起来, 好像刚受了电击似的。 
【知识拓展1】
stand on end是竖立起来的意思。英语中有一句俚语make one’s hair stand on end, 其意思是“令人毛骨悚然的”。
【用法举例】
Some of those ghost stories make my hair stand on end, even though I don’t believe in ghosts.
有几篇鬼故事使我毛骨悚然, 虽然我并不相信鬼。
After observing this scene, the guard felt the hair on the back of his neck stand on end.
看了这一幕之后, 门卫感到自己颈后的头发都竖了起来。
【知识拓展2】
stand up　　　　　站起来; 拥护
stand for 代表; 象征
stand out 突出; 站出来
stand by 支持; 袖手旁观
【基础演练】用适当的介词填空
(1)When the famous scientist passed by, all the audience stood up with admiration.
(2)Hey, dear, do you know what the posture “V” stands for?
(3)There is a huge stone standing out on the top of the hill.
(4)If I am in danger, will you stand by me, or leave me alone?
25. Albert Einstein, who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics, is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived.
【知识拓展】
本句为主从复合句。主句主干为“Albert Einstein is often considered one of. . . ”。第一个who引导定语从句, 修饰先行词Albert Einstein。第二个who引导定语从句, 修饰先行词the smartest men。
【用法举例】
Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected by those who are sensible enough. 那些对世界做出巨大贡献的人, 应该受到那些足够明智的人的极大尊重。
【基础演练】用适当的关系代词填空
(1)The house whose windows face to the north belongs to the man who is usually mean to others.
(2)The man who/whom/that/不填 you met just now is my old friend who has been living in Beijing for decades.
(3)The man who/that is walking on the playground where there are many people is my old friend.
(4)Take the book which/that is lying on the table which is in row one, line two.
(5)She is such a girl as is always finding fault with other people who are actually innocent.

一．语法基础：非限制性定语从句
【图解用法】
非限制性定语从句引导词及其用法
非
限
制
性
定
语
从
句
关系词
用法说明
who, whom, whose, which
指人时可用who(主语), whom(宾语), whose(定语); 指物时可用which(主语或宾语), whose(定语)
when, where,
when指时间; where指地点, 它们都在句中作状语
as
as引导非限制性定语从句时, 常指代整个主句, 有“正如”之意
(代词+)介词+which/ whom
有时, 根据句意, 关系代词which或whom前可以有代词和介词, 如most of which, none of whom等
【用法讲解】
一、非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句是指在复合句中对某些名词、代词或主句等被修饰部分作进一步说明的定语从句。在一般情况下, 非限制性定语从句都由一个逗号把它和句子的其他部分分开, 在译成汉语时多译成一个并列句。
【用法举例】
The farmer, who is very pessimistic, says that there will be no fruits this year. 这个农民非常悲观, 他说今年将没有收成。
Have you seen the film Titanic, whose leading actor is world-famous?
你看过《泰坦尼克号》这部电影吗? 它的男主演可是世界闻名的。
In the presence of so many people he was a little tense, which was understandable.
在那么多人面前他有点紧张, 这是可以理解的。
There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.
小厅里有三十把椅子, 绝大部分是新的。
【知识拓展】
(1)that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
(2)引导非限制性定语从句时, 常用for which代替why。
(3)引导非限制性定语从句的关系词作宾语时, 也不可省略。
1. who, whom, whose引导的非限制性定语从句。
(1)关系代词who, whom引导的非限制性定语从句修饰人。
(2)关系代词who在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语; whom作宾语; 介词后用whom, 不用who。
(3)whose作定语, 先行词是人时, whose + n. 相当于the +n. +of whom。先行词是物时, whose + n. 相当于the +n. +of which。
【用法举例】
Our guide, who was a French Canadian, was an excellent cook.
我们的向导, 一个法裔加拿大人, 擅长烹调。
Mr Smith, from whom I have learned a lot, is a famous scientist.
史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家, 我从他那里学了很多东西。
The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us. 桌子上的书是我们的奖品, 书的封皮很亮。
【基础演练】用who, whom和whose填空
(1)(2020·天津高考)Dr. Rowan, whose secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.  
(2)Please give the book to Jessica, whom we met in the hall just now.
(3)The famous basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention.
2. which, as的用法。
(1)两者在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.
水是一种清澈的液体, 有许多用途。
Our country has sent up another man-made earth satellite, as is reported in the papers.
报纸上报道, 我国又发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
(2)as, which引导非限制性定语从句的区别。
项 目
as
which
指代
引导的从句只能指代整个主句的内容
引导的从句既可指代整个主句的内容, 又可指代主句的一部分
位置
可位于主句之前、之中或之后
引导的从句不能位于主句之前
意义
正如
这, 那
【用法举例】
I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, which my classmates recommended to me. 我上周从图书馆借了《夏洛克·福尔摩斯》, 这本书是我的同学推荐给我的。
The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 正如所报道的那样, 仅仅一年的时间, 吸烟者的数量下降了17%。
【基础演练】用which和as填空。
(1)(2018·江苏高考)By boat is the only way to get here, which is how we arrived.
(2)(2020·天津高考)As is known to us, nothing can be achieved without dedication and frustration.
3. when, where的用法。
(1)关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语, 指代主句中表示时间的词语。
(2)关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语, 指代主句中表示地点的词语。
(3)when/where有时可以换成“介词+which”。
【用法举例】
We’ll put off the picnic in the park until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们打算把在公园里的这次野餐推迟到下周, 那时天气可能会更好。
Opposite is St. Paul’s Church, where you can hear some lovely music. 对面是圣保罗教堂, 在那里你能听到好听的音乐。
I left on Sunday, when/on which everyone was at home.
我星期日离开的, 当时人人都在家。
【基础演练】用适当的关系副词填空。
(1)By 16: 30, when was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.
(2)They reached there yesterday, where an important meeting will be held.  
4. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。
在“介词+关系代词”中, 关系代词用whom指人, 用which指物。
He worked in a car factory for four years, after which he founded his own company in his hometown. 他在一家汽车厂工作了四年, 之后在他的家乡建立了自己的公司。
We are short of two people, without whom we will need three more days to finish the work. 我们缺少两个人, 没有他们, 我们还需要三天的时间来完成这项工作。
【基础演练】
①They thanked Tom, without whose support they would not have succeeded.
②He may have acute appendicitis, in which case he will have to be operated on.
③These new neighbors, to whom I was introduced yesterday, have come here from Beijing.
我把理由告诉了他们, 为此我没去开会。
二、非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别
定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一般说来, 限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分, 如果省略会影响全句的主要意思, 这种定语从句前面一般不用逗号; 而非限制性定语从句是对主句的一种补充说明, 即使去掉, 也不影响全句的意思, 这种定语从句前通常有逗号与主句隔开。
【用法举例】
Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.
她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。(她还有其他哥哥)
Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.
她的哥哥是当兵的, 他总是鼓励她上大学。(她只有一个哥哥)
All the books that have pictures in them are well written.
所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。(不带插图的书写得不一定好)
All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written.
所有的书都带插图, 这些书都写得很好。(没有不带插图的书)
【知识拓展】
限制性定语从句vs非限制性定语从句
名称
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
作用
起限定作用, 限制或约束先行词, 不可去掉, 否则主句意义不完整
对整个句子的意义并不重要, 即使去掉, 原句仍有意义
结构
不用逗号与主句隔开
用逗号与主句隔开
功能
先行词不可缺少的定语
对先行词起补充说明作用
引导词
a. 作宾语时可省略, 介词之后的关系词不能省
b. 可用that
a. 作宾语时不可省略
b. 不可用that
【基础演练】句型转换
(1)It is known to us that Taiwan is a part of China.
→ As is known to us, Taiwan is a part of China.  
(2)This is the room which my grandmother used to live in.
→This is the room in which/where my grandmother used to live.  
(3)Her sister teaches us English, and she will go abroad next year.
→Her sister, who teaches us English, will go abroad next year.  
(4)We saw a film last night. It was very interesting.
→The film that/which we saw last night was very interesting.  
(5)He failed in the exam. It made his parents very angry.
→He failed in the exam, which made his parents very angry.  
(6)I have lost the pen. My father bought it for my sixteenth birthday.
→I have lost the pen that/which my father bought for my sixteenth birthday.  
(7)The book is worth reading. He paid 6 yuan for it.
→The book for which he paid 6 yuan is worth reading.  
(8)She is a teacher of much knowledge. Much can be learned from her.
→She is a teacher of much knowledge, from whom much can be learned.  
二．写作基础：人物简介
　【基础框架】
人物介绍是高中生基础写作任务中常见的一种话题类型。它涉及人的出生、家庭背景、教育、生平经历、成就和评价等。同学们要注意其文体应该是记叙文, 同时还要注意人称和时态的合理使用。人物简介的一般步骤可以概括为5个字: 概、貌、育、平、评。
1. 概指概况: age, sex, birthplace, background
2. 貌指外貌: appearance, character, hobby
3. 育指教育: education process
4. 平指生平: big events in one’s life(in order of time)
5. 评指评价: evaluation
　【写作例析】
你校正在组织英语作文比赛, 请以身边值得尊敬和爱戴的人为题, 写一篇短文参赛, 内容包括:
1. 人物简介; 2. 尊敬和爱戴的原因。
注意: 1. 词数 100 左右; 2. 短文题目和首句已为你写好。
The person I respect
There are many respectable people around us.  








I.整体规划


II.句子构建
1. 我身边最敬爱的人是我的老师——李老师。
The most beloved and respected person around me is my teacher, Ms Li.  
2. 她教英语已经二十年了。
She has been teaching English for twenty years.  
3. 她仍然热爱教学。
She is still passionate about teaching.  
4. 她像我们亲爱的妈妈一样, 对我们和蔼体贴。
She is kind and considerate towards us just like our dear mother.  
5. 我们都尊敬她, 因为她总是尝试新的方法使她的课生动有趣。
We all respect her because she always tries new ways to make her classes lively and interesting.  
6. 她工作努力, 知识渊博。
She is hardworking as well as knowledgeable.  
7. 她是我们学校最好的老师之一。
She is one of the best teachers in our school.  
8. 当我们有问题时, 我们会向她寻求帮助。
When we have a problem, we will turn to her for help.  
9. 她总是耐心地和我们谈话, 并且帮我们找到解决办法。
She always talks to us patiently and helps us find a solution.  
10. 在我们眼里, 她不仅是我们的老师, 也是我们最好的朋友。
In our eyes, she is not only our teacher, but also our best friend.  
11. 这就是她值得我们尊敬的原因。
These are why she deserves our respect.  
12. 用让步状语从句合并第2、3句
Though she has been teaching English for twenty years, she is still passionate about teaching.  
13. 用分词作状语合并第6、7句
Hardworking and knowledgeable, she is one of the best teachers in our school.  
III.语篇建构
The person I respect
There are many respectable people around us. The most beloved and respected person around me is my teacher, Ms Li. Though she has been teaching English for twenty years, she is still passionate about teaching. She is kind and considerate towards us just like our dear mother. We all respect her because she always tries new ways to make her classes lively and interesting. Hardworking and knowledgeable, she is one of the best teachers in our school. When we have a problem, we will turn to her for help. She always talks to us patiently and helps us find a solution. In our eyes, she is not only our teacher, but also our best friend. These are why she deserves our respect.
　【写作拓展】
1. 话题词汇
(1)age, birthday and birthplace
(个人概况、教育等):
be born in. . . (地点)on. . . (时间)
at the age of; be born poor. . .
lead a. . . life
(2)character(性格特征):
confident; sociable(爱社交的, 外向的); be willing to help(乐于助人); capable(有能力的); warm-hearted(热心肠的); charming(有吸引力的); determined(有毅力的)
(3)education background(教育背景):
be admitted to. . . (考取……)
graduate from. . . (从……毕业)
get a master’s/doctor’s degree(获取学士、博士学位)
(4)big events in his/her life(生平经历):
serve as. . .
be devoted to. . .
have a gift for. . .
(5)evaluation(评价)
famous at home and abroad(国内外著名的)
make great progress in(在……取得很大进步);
gain the first prize(获得一等奖); set a good example(树立好榜样); think highly of(高度赞扬); be honored as(被授予); make great contributions to(为……做出巨大贡献)
2. 话题句式
(1)概况部分可用非谓语/同位语结构, 使文章简洁、通顺
①Born in. . . on. . . , . . . is a . . .
②. . . , the son of a. . . , was born . . .
(2)外貌、性格, 可用介词短语或非谓语动词作定语
①. . . is a . . . with thick eyebrows. . .
②a collection of Chinese herbs including over 2, 000 herbs. . .
(3)生平经历可用复合句, 倒装, 非限制性定语从句, 润色文章
①Not only is. . . but also he. . .
②. . . set a new record. . . , which. . .
(4)评价可用一些动词、形容词等词块、短语
①be remembered as. . .
②be considered to be. . .

Ⅰ. 核心单词
1. vital　　　　 adj. 必不可少的; 极其重要的; 充满生机的
2. defeat n. 失败; 挫败vt. 击败; 战胜
3. evaluate vt. 评价; 评估
4. acknowledge vt. 承认(属实、权威等); (公开)感谢
5. encounter vt. 偶然碰到; 遇到n. 邂逅; 遭遇
6. obtain vt. (尤指经努力)获得; 赢得vi. (规章、习俗等)存在; 流行
7. extraordinary adj. 不一般的; 非凡的; 意想不到的
8. commit vt. 承诺; 保证(某个人、机构等)vi. 忠于; 全心全意投入(工作、活动等)
9. infer vt. 推断; 推定
10. circumstance 　n. 条件; 环境; 状况
Ⅱ. 拓展单词
1. distinct adj. 清晰的; 清楚的; 有区别的→distinction n. 差别
2. novel n. (长篇)小说→novelist n. 小说家
3. commit vt. 承诺; 保证(某个人、机构等)vi. 忠于; 全心全意投入(工作、活动等)→committed adj. 尽心尽力的; 坚定的; 坚信的 →commitment n. 承诺; 交托; 信奉
4. conclude v. 得出结论, 结束; 终止→conclusion n. 结论; 推论
5. apparent adj. 显而易见的; 显然的; 表面上的→ apparently adv. 显而易见; 看来; 显然
6. science n. 科学→scientist n. 科学家→scientific adj. 科学(上)的; 关于科学的
7. academy n. (艺术、文学、科学等的)研究院; 学会; 专科院校→ academic adj. 学业的; 学术的
8. object n. 物体; 对象; 客体→objective n. 目标; 目的　adj. 客观的
9. botany n. 植物学→botanical adj. 植物学的
10. politic n. 政治学→politician n. 从政者; 政治家; 政客
III.核心短语
1. with the objective of (doing) 以(做)……为目的 
2. insist on 坚决要求 
3. wear and tear (正常使用造成的)磨损; 损耗 
4. come to power (开始)掌权; 上台 
5. take up a position 担任; 任职 
6. sum up 总结; 概括 
7. get stuck 进入僵局; 被卡住 
8. by chance 偶然; 意外地 
9. lead to 导致, 通向 
10. stand up to 经得起; 抵抗; 勇敢地面对 
IV.核心句式
1. 句型公式: 关系副词引导非限制性定语从句
In the beginning, Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common (在那里疟疾较为普遍), to study malaria patients.  
2. 句型公式: 关系代词引导非限制性定语从句
Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered(大部分受试患者都康复了).  
3. 句型公式: 动名词与动词不定式作动词宾语的区别
They then tried boiling fresh wormwood (试着把新鲜的青蒿煮沸), and using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria, but this did not work either.  
4. 句型公式: upon/on doing sth. 当……时
Upon/On hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize, she said, “The honour is not just mine. ” 
当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时, 她说: “荣誉不只是属于我自己的。”