(人教版)高考英语一轮复习课时学案 第2部分 语法专题 专题2　第3讲　形容词和副词 (含解析)

这是一份(人教版)高考英语一轮复习课时学案 第2部分 语法专题 专题2　第3讲　形容词和副词 (含解析)，共11页。
第3讲　形容词和副词I bought an interesting① novel yesterday.The book is so interesting② that I can hardly let go of it.Worried③ about my study，my mother took it away.However，I found my mother absorbed④ in it.My mother is reading the novel attentively⑤ now and she is quite⑤ moved by it.Obviously⑥，she won’t return the book to me soon.[规则感悟]　①修饰名词，往往用形容词作定语。②在系动词之后，往往用形容词作表语。③表示情绪和精神状态的形容词可以作状语。④在“感官或使役动词＋宾语”之后，形容词可以作宾补，说明宾语的状态。⑤副词可以描述某个动作的情况或者描述动作、行为或状态的程度。⑥副词可以放在句首，作评论性状语，修饰整个句子。 1．形容词的构词规则类别例词加-ycloud→cloudy，luck→lucky，health→healthy，fog→foggy加-(e)dgift→gifted，talent→talented，advance→advanced，excite→excited加-ingsurprise→surprising，convince→convincing，frighten→frightening，appeal→appealing，reward→rewarding，invite→inviting加-ful/-lessmeaning→meaningful/meaningless，care→careful/careless，help→helpful/helpless，harm→harmful/harmless，colour→colourful/colourless，use→useful/useless，thank→thankful/thankless加-ablecomfort→comfortable，knowledge→knowledgeable，accept→acceptable，respect→respectable加-ousdanger→dangerous，courage→courageous，humour→humorous-ce变为-tconfidence→confident，difference→different加-almusic→musical，person→personal，nation→national，education→educational，tradition→traditional加-lyfriend→friendly，week→weekly，love→lovely加-enwood→wooden，wool→woolen加-ive/-ativeattract→attractive，talk→talkative，prevent→preventive，protect→protective其他常见变化energy→energetic，fool→foolish，pleasure→pleasant/pleased，science→scientific 注意　以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节名词加后缀-y变成形容词时，要双写该辅音字母再加-y，如：sun→sunny，fun→funny等。以-e结尾的名词加-y变形容词时要去掉e再加-y，如：noise→noisy，ice→icy，taste→tasty等。2．形容词变副词的规则类别例词(1)一般形容词变副词直接在其后加-ly。quick→quickly，anxious→anxiously(2)以辅音字母＋e结尾的形容词直接加-ly，以元音字母＋e结尾的形容词去掉e再加-ly。immediate→immediately，polite→politely，true→truly(3)以辅音字母＋le结尾的形容词要去掉e再加-y。possible→possibly，probable→probably(4)以辅音字母＋y结尾的形容词要变y为i再加-ly。happy→happily，healthy→healthily(5)以ic结尾的形容词要在其后加-ally。economic→economically，basic→basically(6)以ll结尾的形容词要在其后加-y。full→fully，dull→dully 注意　下面这两个单词是特殊的形式：whole→wholly　public→publicly3．常见的以-ly结尾的形容词(1)表示时间的形容词：hourly每小时的；daily 每天的；weekly 每周的；monthly 每月的；yearly 每年的；timely及时的，适时的。(2)表示人的形容词：manly有男子气概的；womanly 女性特有的；motherly慈母般的；fatherly 慈父般的；comradely 同志般的。(3)表示人的外貌、特征、性格、心理等的形容词：lovely可爱的；friendly 友好的；ugly 难看的；lively 活泼的；lonely 孤独的；unfriendly 不友好的；kindly 亲切的；sickly多病的；elderly 年长的。(4)表示事物特征、环境、情况、状态的形容词：likely可能的；orderly 整齐的；deadly 致命的；chilly 寒冷的；disorderly 乱七八糟的；unlikely 不大可能发生的。4．如何区分-ed结尾的形容词与-ing结尾的形容词(1)-ing结尾的形容词主要用于修饰物或事，表示事物的性质或特征，常译为“令人……的”。(2)-ed结尾的形容词通常用于说明人的感受，常译为“感到……的”，也可以修饰事物，多修饰smile(微笑)，appearance(外貌)，face(面部表情)，voice(声音)，look(表情)，expression(表情)等表示人的情绪状况的名词。He had a pleased smile on his face.他脸上露出了满意的微笑。He told me the news in a very excited voice.他以非常激动的声音告诉了我这个消息。5．常考的连接性副词though然而，可是；meanwhile 在此期间；therefore/thus/consequently因此，所以；moreover/furthermore而且，此外；besides而且，另外，还有；however然而；instead相反，代替；anyway/anyhow尽管，即使这样；otherwise否则。The young man couldn’t afford a new car.Instead，he bought a used one.那个年轻人买不起新车，便买了一辆二手的。The house was too expensive and too big.Besides，I’d grown fond of our little rented house.这个房子太贵、太大了。而且，我已经越来越喜欢我们租的小屋了。6．意义不同的同根副词(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)对点练习1．The old people there were talkative and they told us their personal(person) stories cheerfully.2．There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and disappointed(disappoint)．3．I’ll never forget the amazing(amaze) trip I had in Beijing，China and I hope to go there next time with my friends.4．He spent seven days in the wind and snow，cold and hungry(hunger)．5．In the study，GBS was used to provide a highly(high) efficient way of demonstrating quantum computational speedup in solving some tasks.6．The title will be officially(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.7．Luckily(lucky)，he also has a cow which produces milk every day.8．I am terribly(terrible) sorry that I can’t go to the bookstore with you at the appointed time.In my family，my mother is the thinnest①.My father is much taller② than her and me，but he is twice as heavy as③ my mother，and becoming fatter and fatter④.He is quite worried because the fatter⑤ he is，the more likely⑤ he is to be ill.[规则感悟]　①形容词和副词变比较级或最高级，一般直接加-er或-est；以e结尾的直接加-r或-st；以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词注意双写结尾辅音字母；以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，将y变为i再加-er或-est；多音节词前面加more或most。两者或两部分之间比较，多用比较级；三者或三者以上的比较，可以使用最高级。②比较级常常和than连用，并且可以被much，a little，a bit，even，far，still 等词修饰。③倍数表达法：•A＋谓语＋倍数＋adj./adv.比较级＋than＋B•A＋谓语＋倍数＋as＋adj./adv.原级(＋名词)＋as＋B•A＋谓语＋倍数＋the＋名词(size，length，height，weight等)＋of＋B④“adj./adv.比较级＋and＋adj./adv.比较级”表示“越来越……”。⑤“the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..”表示“越……，就越……”。1．少数以-er，-ow，-y或-le结尾的双音节词，可以加-er构成比较级，加-est构成最高级。clever→cleverer→cleverestnarrow→narrower→narrowesteasy→easier→easiestsimple→simpler→simplest2．有些形容词没有程度可分或其本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有right(正确的)，wrong(错误的)，possible(可能的)，empty(空的)，first(第一的)，wooden(木制的)，final(最后的)，east(东方的)，last(最后的)等。3．有些形容词和副词变比较级或最高级时为不规则变化，需牢记。good/well→better→bestbad/ill→worse→worstmany/much→more→mostlittle→less→leastold→older/elder→oldest/eldestfar→farther→farthest(指具体空间上)far→further→furthest(指抽象程度上)4．比较级的基本用法(1)同级比较①as＋adj./adv.(原级)＋as...“和……一样”；not as/so＋adj./adv.(原级)＋as...“不如……”Since people are fond of humour，it is as welcome in conversation as anywhere else.因为人们喜欢幽默，所以在谈话中或其他任何地方它都是受欢迎的。②当as...as结构中有名词时，可用以下结构：as＋形容词原级＋a(n)＋n.＋as...as＋many＋可数名词复数＋as...as＋much＋不可数名词＋as...I’m not a little tired today after giving the room a thorough cleaning and I have never had as tiring a day as today.今天对房间进行了大扫除之后我非常累，我从来没有过比今天更累的一天了。(2)比较级比较“形容词/副词比较级＋than”表示“两者中一方比另一方更……”。“less＋形容词/副词原级＋than”表示“一方不及另一方……”。I know my sister better than anyone else.Once she has made up her mind，nothing can change it.我比其他任何人更了解我姐姐。她一旦下定决心，没有什么能够改变。5．比较级的特殊用法①“more＋原级＋than＋原级”表示“与其说……不如说……”。 The girl was more frightened than hurt.与其说这个女孩是受了伤，不如说是受到了惊吓。②“more than＋主语＋can＋谓语”表示“非……所能；……不能”。The beauty of the city is more than I can describe.这座城市的美是我所不能描述的。③形容词比较级前一般不用冠词，但如果出现表示范围的短语时，就需要加定冠词。Of the two sisters，Mary is the cleverer.这两姐妹中，玛丽更聪明。6．比较级形式表示最高级含义在某个特定范围内，同类事物对比，可用以下比较级结构表示最高级含义。①比较级＋than＋any other＋可数名词单数②比较级＋than＋the other＋可数名词复数③比较级＋than＋anyone/anything else④比较级＋than＋any of the other＋可数名词复数⑤“否定词＋比较级”也可表示最高级含义。China is the largest country in Asia.That is，it is larger than any other country in Asia.中国是亚洲最大的国家。即中国比亚洲其他任何国家都要大。No man is better than you in the world.人世间没有人比你好。I haven’t read a more interesting novel.这是我读过的最有趣的小说了。7．最高级的基本用法(1)形容词最高级(＋名词)＋表示范围的状语She is the most active student in our class.她是我们班最活跃的学生。(2)one of＋形容词最高级＋名词复数Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country.＝Shanghai is among the biggest cities in our country.上海是我国最大的城市之一。(3)序数词＋形容词最高级＋名词Africa is the second largest continent in the world.非洲是世界上第二大洲。对点练习1．The more(much) we do for those in need，the happier we’ll be.2．Road safety has aroused wider(wide) attention of the public than before.3．During the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century，Beijing Opera finally formed and became the biggest(big) of all operas in China.4．I have never met a kinder(kind) teacher than Mrs Smith before.5．The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster(fast) than traditional garbage as a whole.6．When you study the local map，you’ll find this town is twice the size of that one.7．I have seldom seen my mother as/so pleased with my progress as she is now.1．When the house was built，it was much smaller(small) than it is today.(2021·浙江6月)2．Local people were provided with financial(finance) aid and other benefits.3．One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait(画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their finest(fine) work，so that he could choose the best.(2020·全国Ⅲ)4．As the small boat moved gently(gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.(2020·全国Ⅲ)层级一　基础达标练单句语法填空1．Last October，while tending her garden in Mora，Sweden，Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small carrots(carrot) and was about to throw them away.2．Handle the most important tasks first，and you’ll feel a real sense of achievement(achieve)．3．Although he researches cloning，his intention(intend) has never been to create copies of humans.4．In the early fifties(fifty)，researchers found that people scored higher on intelligence tests if they spoke more than one language.5．She is the twelfth(twelve) tutor，who has come to look after his children since their mother died.6．The old man goes to the park every third(three) day，jogging with his fellows.7．But the successful test drilling for fire ice does not mean it can be extracted for industrial(industry) use.8．The world’s population is increasing at a surprising(surprise) rate and our environment is facing great pressure.9．Nowadays it’s the second largest(large) city in Bulgaria and it’s a significant economic，educational and cultural center.10．Indians start practicing yoga at a very young age，so their bodies are even stronger(strong)．层级二　高考真题练单句语法填空1．John Olson，a former photographer (photograph) and his team turn paintings into fully textured 3D models.(2022·浙江6月)2．Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road，in order to promote environmental protection(protect)．(2022·全国甲)3．Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful (meaning)．The two of them collected more than 1,000 plastic bottles along the 40-day journey.(2022·全国甲)4．In the last five years，Cao has walked through 34 countries in six continents，and in 2016，he reached the top of Kilimanjaro，Africa’s highest(high) mountain.(2022·全国甲)5．The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate populations(population) and homes of giant pandas，and eventually(eventual) achieve a desired level of population in the wild.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)6．On the day of the accident，Mrs Brown was at work and Eric was at home with his father.They both fell asleep(sleep) while watching TV.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)7．When he looked down，he accidentally(accidental)slipped and fell over the edge.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ) 8．This may be due to some disadvantages for people living in the countryside，including lower(low) levels of income and education，higher costs of healthy foods，and fewer sports facilities.(2021·浙江1月) 9．It is calculated by dividing a person’s(person)  weight in kg by their height in meters squared，and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.(2021·浙江1月)10．Filled with curiosity(curious)，the artist packed his bags and left.(2020·全国Ⅲ)层级三　语篇提能练语法填空(2022·浙江1月改编)Kim Cobb，a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta，is one of a small but growing minority of 1.          (academic) who are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.Travelling to conferences，lectures，workshops，and the like—2.        (frequent) by plane—3.        (view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.But Cobb and others are now questioning that idea—pushing conferences to provide more chances to participate remotely and changing their 4.          (person) behavior to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis.On a website called No Fly Climate Sci，for example,5.          (rough) 200 academics—many of them climate scientists—have promised to fly as little 6.           possible since the effort started two years ago.Cobb，for her part，started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak 7.______ she could do so remotely；about two-8.          (three) of the time，they agreed.When the answer was no，she declined the 9.          (invite)．That approach brought Cobb’s air travel last year down by 75%，and she plans to continue the practice.“It has been fairly rewarding，”she says—“10.          really positive change.”语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个由学者团体发起的实践，目的是减少学术飞行以应对气候变化危机。 1．答案　academics解析　考查名词复数。此句话中前面有one of，所以后面名词应该用复数形式，故填academics。2．答案　frequently解析　考查副词。此处所填单词应该修饰前面的动名词travelling，所以应用副词，故填frequently。3．答案　is viewed/has been viewed解析　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。描述人们普遍认知的事情用一般现在时，此处也可以表示强调人们从过去到现在的认知，动名词作主语与view之间存在被动关系，故填is viewed或has been viewed。 4．答案　personal解析　考查形容词。此处所填的单词应该修饰后面的名词behavior，所以应用形容词形式，故填personal。5．答案　roughly解析　考查副词。此处修饰数字用副词roughly“大约”，故填roughly。6．答案　as解析　考查原级比较。“as＋形容词/副词原级＋as”为固定用法，故填as。7．答案　whether/if解析　考查宾语从句。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，此处引导宾语从句作ask的宾语，意为“是否”，故填whether/if。8．答案　thirds解析　考查数词。此处是分数2/3的表达方式，分子如果大于1，分母要用复数形式，故填thirds。9．答案　invitation解析　考查名词。此处需填入名词作动词declined的宾语，故填invitation。 10．答案　a解析　考查冠词。此处表示一个积极的改变，表泛指，且really的发音为辅音音素开头，所以应该用不定冠词a。1．形容词的名词化表达某些形容词可以用“be of＋抽象名词”来表达。例如：be important＝be of importance　be beneficial＝be of benefit　be valuable＝be of value　be helpful＝be of help　be useful＝be of use　(2022·全国甲)说到海洋，它对世界非常重要，然而，它的污染正变得越来越严重。When it comes to ocean，it’s of great importance to the world；however，its pollution is becoming more and more serious.　(2021·全国甲)毫无疑问，故宫提供了一个进入中国木构建筑的窗口，这有助于外国人更多地了解中国文化。There’s no doubt that the Palace Museum offers a window into Chinese wooden architecture，which is of help for foreigners to know more about Chinese culture.2．副词的名词化表达某些表示情绪的副词可以用“介词＋名词”短语表达。例如：angrily＝with anger　anxiously＝with anxiety　curiously＝with curiosity　comfortably＝in comfort　peacefully＝in peace　hurriedly＝in a hurry　joyfully＝with joy　(2022·浙江1月)亨德森博士很高兴看到我们完成的项目并满意地对我们说：“一个人可以走得很远，但一群人可以走得更远。”Dr Henderson was very glad to see our completed project and said to us with satisfaction，“One person can go far，but a group of persons can travel farther.”　(2020·浙江7月)我们万分焦急地等待获救。We waited for being rescued with great anxiety.3．活用带有比较级的句型(1)the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..　(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)我听到的鼓励越多，我就越感到精力充沛。The more encouragement I heard，the more energetic I felt.　(2022·全国甲)正如你们所知，参与的人越多，海洋环境就越好。As you know，the more people are involved，the better the ocean environment is.(2)“否定词＋比较级”表达最高级含义　(2022·全国乙)我认为，在英语学习中，没有比自律更重要的了。As far as I’m concerned，nothing is more important than self-discipline in English learning.　(2021·浙江6月)我意识到没有什么比把这119美元给我的家人更有意义了。直到我把钱交给爸爸的时候，我才知道了成长的真正意义。I realized nothing was more meaningful than contributing the 119 dollars to my family.Not until I handed my Dad the money did I know the true meaning of growing up.