(人教版)高考英语一轮复习课时学案 第2部分 语法专题 专题3　第3讲　介词 (含解析)

这是一份(人教版)高考英语一轮复习课时学案 第2部分 语法专题 专题3　第3讲　介词 (含解析)，共12页。
第3讲　介词 1．表示方位的介词We walked across① the beach，through② the woods and finally came to③ the house which was under④the big tree marked in⑤ the map.After stepping into⑥ the house，we found a small black table，over⑦ which was a lamp.Then we looked around⑧，only to find nothing.My friend found something special—an empty box.Beneath⑨ it was a note saying，“Stand beside⑩ the window and look out of⑪ it.” From⑫ the window we saw another house beyond⑬ a small hill.[规则感悟]　①across指从较为平坦的表面穿过。②through指从立体的事物中间穿过。③to指“到某处，去某处”。④under在……下面，无接触面。⑤in在……里面。⑥into到……里面。⑦over在……正上方(无接触面)；on在……上面(有接触面)。⑧around在/向……周围。⑨beneath在……下面(有接触面)。⑩beside在……旁边。⑪out of向/在……外面。⑫from从……。⑬beyond 在/向……较远的一边，超出。2．表示时间的介词It happened on① a Saturday morning in② November,2021.My parents left home at③ 6∶00 am to meet my uncle at the airport and told me they would come back in② two hours.However，it wasn’t long before④ someone knocked at the door，and I looked through the peephole and saw a stranger.I quickly locked the door from the inside，and didn’t open it until⑤ my parents came back.During⑥ the two hours，the stranger always tried to tell me something but I wouldn’t listen to him.On seeing my parents，the stranger said，“I have been waiting out of the door for⑦ two hours since 6∶10 am.” Why had my uncle changed so much over⑧ the years?[规则感悟]　①on指在具体的某一天。②in用在年/月/季节/世纪等大时间之前，或者指上/下午或晚上；也可用在表示一段时间的词之前，表示“多久之后”。③at用在几点钟或night/noon之前。④before在……之前。⑤until直到……时候。⑥during在……期间。⑦for表示延续一段时间。⑧over表示“在……期间”，表延续。3．表示原因的介词John was punished for① cheating in the exam.His father was angry at/over② it and he trembled with③ anger because of④ John’s bad behaviour.[规则感悟]　①for表示原因，后面可以跟名词(词组)或动名词。②at/over用在表示情绪的形容词之后，后面跟代词或名词(词组)。③with用在表示情绪的名词之前。④because of/owing to/due to/thanks to之后不跟陈述句，跟名词(短语)/名词性从句。4．其他重要介词Between① the two opinions，I am for② the first one but against③ the second one.By④ wearing school uniforms，students can be treated equally by④ others despite⑤ the different economic backgrounds among⑥ them.Besides⑦，the price is within⑧ students’ reach.Most students except⑨ a minority of them say school uniforms are good except for⑩ the fact that they are not fashionable.[规则感悟]　①between表示“两者之间”。②for表示“支持”。③against表示“反对”。④by表示“借助/通过……”，也可以表示“被……”。⑤despite表示“尽管”，等于in spite of。⑥among表示在三者或三者以上中。⑦besides表示“除此之外(还)”。⑧within表示“在……范围之内”。⑨except表示同类事物除外。⑩except for表示与整体陈述相对的细节修补。一、介词的省略1．当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all等时，介词常省略。We watched an exciting football match last week.上周我们观看了一场激动人心的足球赛。Come any day you like.你想哪天来就哪天来。2．表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作“每一……”讲时，其前不用介词。An apple a day keeps the doctor away.每天一个苹果，医生远离我。3．习惯搭配中介词的省略。一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配使用的介词常可省略，常见的此类搭配有spend some time (in) doing sth，waste some time (in) doing sth，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth，be busy (in) doing sth，stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth等。Frank insisted that he was not asleep although I had great difficulty (in) waking him up.弗兰克坚持说自己没有睡觉，虽然我叫醒他费了好大劲。二、介词不可省略的问题1．在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能省略。The children have been taken good care of in the kindergarten.这些孩子在幼儿园里得到了很好的照顾。2．当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。The problem is well worth paying attention to.这个问题很值得关注。3．在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。The library which we often go to is not far away from our school.我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校不远。三、介词短语1．介词与名词构成的搭配：(1)at＋名词at a loss不知所措at the cost of以……的代价at peace处于和平状态at the risk of冒……的危险at war处于战争状态at the mercy of在……支配下；由……摆布at the same time同时(2)on＋名词on exhibition/show/display在展出on account of因为on fire着火on average平均；一般地on sale出售；打折on behalf of代表on no account/condition决不on the decrease/increase在减少/在增加on holiday/vacation在度假(3)by＋名词by accident/chance偶然地by hand手工by mistake错误地by the day按天算by coincidence碰巧by nature天生地(4)in＋名词in cash用现金付款in charge of掌管in depth在深度上in return作为回报in detail详细地in danger (of) 在危险中，垂危in height在高度上in spite of尽管in length在长度上in exchange for作为交换in favor of支持，赞成in no time立刻in case of万一；如果；假使in no way决不in support of为支持……in place of代替in honour of为向……表示敬意in possession of拥有，占有in memory of为了纪念……in addition to另外(5)of＋名词of benefit有益处的of significance有意义的of help有帮助的of use有用的of importance重要的of value有价值的(6)out of＋名词out of balance失去平衡out of order发生故障out of breath上气不接下气out of sight看不见out of control失去控制out of the question不可能out of date过期out of work失业out of touch失去联系(7)under＋名词under attack遭到袭击under treatment在治疗中under pressure在压力下under control处于控制之中under repair在修理中under discussion在讨论中(8)with＋名词with delight/joy高兴地with fear害怕地with difficulty困难地with pleasure乐意地with ease轻而易举地(9)beyond＋名词beyond compare无与伦比beyond description难以描述beyond reach够不到beyond expression/words难以表达2．形容词与介词构成的搭配：(1)be＋adj.＋aboutbe anxious about为……忧虑be curious about对……好奇be particular about对……讲究/挑剔be worried/concerned about对……担心(2)be＋adj.＋atbe angry at因/对……生气be good at擅长be astonished at对……吃惊be present at出席(3)be＋adj.＋inbe absorbed in专注于……be active in积极于……be dressed in穿着……be engaged in忙于……be rich in富含……be occupied in忙于……(4)be＋adj.＋forbe eager for渴望……be famous for因……著名be fit for适合，胜任……be ready for准备好……be sorry for对……感到抱歉be prepared for为……做好准备(5)be＋adj.＋frombe absent from缺席be different from不同于be far from远离be free from不受……影响(6)be＋adj.＋tobe close to接近……be devoted to致力于……be equal to等于……；胜任……be familiar to对……熟悉be friendly to对……友好be harmful to对……有害be kind to对……友好be similar to与……相似be grateful to对……心存感激(7)be＋adj.＋ofbe aware of意识到……be fond of喜欢……be proud of因……而自豪be short of缺乏……be critical of对……挑剔(8)be＋adj.＋withbe busy with忙于……be familiar with对……熟悉be combined with与……结合be patient with对……有耐心be popular with受……欢迎be pleased with对……感到满意be angry with (sb)对(某人)生气3．介词与其他词构成的搭配：but for要不是instead of代替regardless of不管，不顾apart from除……之外up to直到；由……决定according to根据along with随着together with连同by means of用……办法；借助……owing to因为四、动词与介词构成的搭配1．“动词＋sb＋of＋sth”结构accuse sb of sth指责/控告某人某事cure sb of sth治好某人的某种疾病rid sb of sth使某人摆脱某物cheat sb of sth骗走某人某物remind sb of sth使某人想起某事inform sb of sth通知某人某事rob sb of sth抢劫某人某物warn sb of sth警告某人某事convince sb of sth使某人确信某事suspect sb of sth怀疑某人某事2．“动词＋sb＋for＋doing sth”结构blame sb for doing sth指责某人做某事批评某人做某事原谅某人做某事punish sb for doing sth因做某事而惩罚某人thank sb for doing sth感谢某人做某事3．“动词＋sb/sth＋from＋(doing) sth”结构prevent/stop/keep sb/sth from doing sth阻止某人/物做某事 protect/preserve/defend/shelter sb/sth from being done保护某人/物免于被……ban/prohibit sb/sth from doing sth禁止某人/物做某事4．其他常考的动词与介词的搭配account for 占……(比例)；解释……(原因)act as 充当；起作用break away from 脱离；逃离bring about 引起；导致；造成call for (去)接；需要；(公开)要求carry out 履行；实施；执行carry through 帮助……渡过难关；成功完成；顺利实现come across (偶然)遇见，碰见；发现come to an end 终止，结束come up with 提出do harm to 对……有害do without 没有……也行；没有……而设法对付过去end up with 以……结束get across 被传达；被理解；把……讲清楚get around 传播；流传；各处走动get down to 开始做某事；开始认真注意(或对待)某事get over 解决；克服；控制get rid of 除去，去掉；免除，摆脱get through 正式通过；(用电话)接通，联系上；顺利通过(考试等)give rise to使发生give way to屈服；退让；让步go against违反；与……不符go in for参加考试(或竞赛)；对某事物有兴趣，爱好go through经历keep in touch with与……保持联系look down on/upon轻视；瞧不起look into调查；审查make the best of充分利用；尽力而为be made up of由……组成put up with忍受，容忍see through看穿；识破see to照料；处理set about着手做show around/round领(某人)参观show off炫耀；展示take in吸入；理解，领会take on承担；呈现，具有work out计算出；制定出对点练习1．She patted him on the head and said，“My little boy，do you feel more comfortable now than before？”2．If you could exchange lives with someone for a short time，would you like to do that? 3．As a result，he spends his life in a wheelchair and cannot write by means of a pen or pencil.4．But wildlife today disappears or is in danger just because humans do harm to it.5．Many times we don’t realize how routine our lives have become and how much we take them for granted until we find ourselves in a new situation.6．The teacher paused on purpose to remind the students to stop talking.1．The study found that between 1985 and 2017，average rural BMI increased by 2.1 in women and men.(2021·浙江1月)2．Museums must compete for people’s spare time and money with other amusements.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)3．Some time after 10000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived in，through agriculture.(2020·浙江7月)    层级一　基础达标练单句语法填空1．—We had a really damp September this year.—I can’t remember an autumn when it rained so much.2．But she quickly realized that it was probably because of the fact that she sat in the last row.3．Among the “four new great inventions”，online shopping was invented and pioneered by Michael Aldrich in the U．K.in 1979.4．“As soon as he opens his(he) mouth and sings in Chinese，the Chinese are very surprised and they feel proud of him，” said his music teacher.5．But it’s difficult for me to decide what activities we should organize and how to plan them(they)．6．I suddenly realized I had grown up and that I had to look after myself(I) and live independently.7．When they grow older than three years old，it is easier for girls to catch colds than boys.8．Pregnant women，for example，should limit their(they) intake of coffee.9．This young man likes travelling—he is always on the move.10．It means that we cannot use some modern household items，like washing machines because they use too much water.层级二　高考真题练单句语法填空1．The tactile(可触知的) paintings work as a way to reveal art to the blind because we don’t see with just our eyes：We see with our brains.(2022·浙江6月)2．Luc Gandarias，who’s now thirteen，went blind suddenly at age seven.(2022·浙江6月) 3. A friend of his，Wu Fan，volunteered to be his companion during the trip.(2022·全国甲)4．He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept.20，planning to hike back to Xi’an in five months.(2022·全国甲)5．May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day，which was named officially by the United Nations on November 27th,2019.(2022·全国乙)6．May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day...To celebrate the festival，a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.(2022·全国乙)7．The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled(揭幕) at the ceremony，opening its(it) first exhibition：The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu’er Tea.(2022·全国乙)8．Covering an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park，the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)9．It was built originally to protect the city in/during the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复)．(2021·全国甲)10．Although Mary loved flowers，neither she nor her husband was known as a gardener.(2021·浙江6月)层级三　语篇提能练语法填空(2019·全国Ⅲ改编)On our way to the house,1.             was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long 2.             would take to get there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.We were first greeted with the barking by a pack 3.             dogs，seven to be exact.They were well trained 4.             their masters who had great experience with caring for these animals.Our hosts shared many of 5.            (they) experiences and recommended wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.For breakfast，we were able to eat papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in 6.         backyard.When they were free from work，they invited 7.            (we) to local events and let us know of 8.             interesting competition to watch，together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.On 9.           last day of our week-long stay，we were invited to attend a private concert 10._____   a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.1．答案　it解析　考查代词。句意：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大以至于我们忍不住想还要多久才能到达那里。it 可以指天气。故填it。2．答案　it解析　考查代词。此处是句式It takes (sb) some time to do sth，it为形式主语，to do不定式为真正的主语。故填it。3．答案　of解析　考查介词。a pack of一群……。故填of。4．答案　by解析　考查介词。此处是被动语态，应填表示“被”的介词。故填by。5．答案　their解析　考查代词。experience是名词，前面需要一个形容词性物主代词来修饰它。故填their。6．答案　the解析　考查冠词。空格处修饰名词backyard，是特指的他们的院子。故填the。7．答案　us解析　考查代词。空格处作invited的宾语，应用宾格形式。故填us。8．答案　an解析　考查冠词。空格后interesting的发音以元音音素开头，且此处泛指“一场有趣的比赛”。故填an。9．答案　the解析　考查冠词。on the last day在最后一天。故填the。10．答案　on解析　考查介词。on a beautiful farm在一个美丽的农场上。故填on。1．在抽象名词具体化时，使用不定冠词使文章更加生动简洁　(2020·全国Ⅱ)我们一边摘苹果，一边吃苹果。真是一件乐事啊！We picked apples while having a good taste of them.What a pleasure!　(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)因为被内容所吸引，阅读Youth成为我每天必须做的一件事。Because I am attracted by the contents，reading Youth becomes a must for me every day. 2．使用it作形式主语可以丰富文章句式　(2022·全国乙)学生自身迫切需要提高自律，家长和老师也迫切需要加强指导。It’s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline，and it’s also urgent for parents and teachers to strengthen the guidance.　(2021·上海)从你上一封信中得知你对学习汉语很感兴趣，真是太好了。It’s great to learn from your last letter that you are interested in learning Chinese. 3．使用it 作形式宾语可以使句子亮点更多　(2022·浙江1月)我认为说服他接受我的观点是不可能的，所以我不想浪费我们的时间来讨论。I thought it impossible to persuade him into accepting my views，so I didn’t want to waste our time discussing.　(2021·全国乙)虽然在线学习让人们获得知识更容易了，但对于缺乏自律的人来说，在线学习也是一个挑战。Although online learning makes it easier for people to gain knowledge，being online is also a challenge for people who lack self-discipline.4．用介词短语代替简单的状语从句　(2022·全国乙)由于他们缺乏自律，他们更容易沉迷于网上聊天或玩游戏。Because of their lack of self-discipline，they’re more easily addicted to chatting online or playing games.　(2021·天津6月)因为你们的热情款待和帮助，我在英国过得很愉快。Because of your kind hospitality and help，I enjoyed myself so much in England.