(人教版)高考英语一轮复习课时学案 第2部分 语法专题 专题1　第1讲　谓语动词 (含解析)

这是一份(人教版)高考英语一轮复习课时学案 第2部分 语法专题 专题1　第1讲　谓语动词 (含解析)，共26页。


第1讲　谓语动词


At first，Jack wasn’t fond of studying and was addicted to computer games.Every time his mother went① to his room，she found that he was playing② computer games.His father had condemned③ him many times before he went to middle school，so he promised that he would study④ hard and quit computer games.
It is amazing that Jack has changed⑤ a lot in the past three years.Whenever asked about Jack’s performance at school，his mother always answers⑥ proudly，“He has been making⑦ progress.”He is making⑧ preparations for the college entrance exam.
There is no doubt that Jack will be admitted to⑨ a good college if he keeps working hard like this.Maybe in the near future he will be studying⑩ in a key university.
[规则感悟]　①是一般过去时，结构为谓语动词用过去式形式。②是过去进行时，结构为was/were＋现在分词。③是过去完成时，结构为had＋过去分词。④是过去将来时，结构为would＋动词原形。⑤是现在完成时，结构为have/has＋过去分词。⑥是一般现在时，结构为谓语动词用动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式。⑦是现在完成进行时，结构为have/has been＋现在分词。⑧是现在进行时，结构为am/is/are＋现在分词。⑨是一般将来时，结构为will＋动词原形。⑩是将来进行时，结构为will＋be＋现在分词。

1．一般现在时
(1)表示现在经常性的、习惯性的、反复的动作或状态。常用的时间状语有always，usually，often，sometimes，every day等。
I usually do my homework in the evening every day.
我通常每天晚上做作业。
(2)在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
(3)表示科学事实、客观真理或自然现象(在过去的语境中也用一般现在时)。
The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
(4)表示按时间表、时刻表、日程表等将要发生的动作，只限于go，arrive，leave，start，return，begin，come，take off 等动词(短语)。
The flight takes off at 8∶30 every Wednesday and Friday.这个航班每周三和周五8∶30 起飞。
(5)用于图片说明、电影说明、戏剧内容及场景解说等。
2．一般过去时
(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday，last year，three years ago，the other day等时间状语连用。
He arrived at school at 9∶00 am yesterday.
他昨天上午九点到学校。
(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。
I didn’t pass the exam，which made my parents very angry.
我没有通过考试，这让我父母很生气。
(3)时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时。
He said he would tell her the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
3．一般将来时
(1)“shall/will＋动词原形”表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时作出的决定。
It is said that he will retire next month.
据说他将于下个月退休。
—What time is it？——几点了？
—I have no idea.But just a minute，I will check it for you.
——我不知道。请稍等，我帮您查一下。
(2)“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.
看那些乌云，要下雨了。
(3)“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。
I am to meet Mr Brown at eleven o’clock this morning.
今天上午 11点我要去见布朗先生。
(4)“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将做某事，不与具体的时间状语连用。
Work is about to start on a new factory building.新厂房即将动工。
对点练习1
1．The curtains are about to open，and in a few minutes the action and dialogue will tell(tell) you the story.
2．While running regularly can’t make you live forever，the review says it is(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling or swimming.
3．We hired(hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate.My bike was old and shaky but did the job.(2021·全国甲)
4．现在进行时
(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
He is playing basketball on the playground.
他正在操场上打篮球。
(2)某些表示位置移动的动词，如go，come，leave，arrive，start，move等可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。
John as well as his sister is setting off for Tokyo tomorrow morning.
约翰和他的姐姐明天早上要动身去东京。
(3)与always，often，constantly等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩。感情色彩可褒可贬。
The girl is always talking aloud in public.
这个女孩总是在公共场合大声说话。
5．过去进行时
(1)表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。
Mrs Green was preparing lunch at eleven this morning.今天上午11点格林太太正准备午餐。
(2)表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when，while引导的时间状语从句连用。
The teacher came in while the boy was reading a novel.那个男孩正在读小说时老师进来了。
(3)一些非延续性动词可用过去进行时表示过去按计划或安排将要发生的动作，常见动词有go，come，leave，start，arrive。
She asked him whether he was coming back for supper.
她问他是否要回来吃晚饭。
6．将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。
Don’t phone me between 5 and 6.We’ll be having dinner then.
不要在五点至六点之间给我打电话，那时我们在吃晚饭。

对点练习2
1．She was playing(play) with the cellphone when her boss walked into the office.
2．Next Friday I will go to another concert.They will be playing(play) something by Mozart at that time.
3．—Hi，let’s go skating.
—Sorry，I’m busy right now.I am filling(fill) in an application form for a new job.
7．现在完成时
(1)表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果。常用的状语有already，ever，just(刚刚)，yet等。
He has turned off the light.(＝The light is off now.)
他已经关灯了。
(2)表示一个动作开始于过去，一直持续到现在。常与之连用的时间状语有lately，recently，until now，ever since，in the last(past) few days/years，up to now，so far等。
In the past few years，great changes have taken place in my hometown.
在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
(3)下列句型中常用现在完成时。
This/That/It is the first/second/...time that＋现在完成时
This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting/...＋名词＋that＋现在完成时
This is the first time that I have made a speech.
这是我第一次做演讲。
It is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.
这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。
8．过去完成时
(1)表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。常见的时间状语有by＋过去时间点，by the end of＋过去时间点，by the time＋从句，until/before/since＋过去时间点或从句。
I had put away my cellphone before my father came back.
在我爸爸回来之前我已经把我的手机收起来了。
(2)在hardly/scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...等表示“一……就……”的句式中，主句常用过去完成时。当hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
No sooner had they rushed out of the house than it burnt down.
他们刚从房子里冲出来房子就烧塌了。
(3)动词hope，expect，mean，intend，want，suppose的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
I had hoped to go home from work ahead of time.
我本希望提前下班回家。(但未能如愿)
对点练习3
1．Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned/learnt(learn) the instructor’s orders，but once I started the car，my mind went blank.I forgot what he had said(say) to me altogether.
2．Being raised in a family of teachers，I have got(get) plenty of chances to connect myself with literature since a young age.
3．I had expected(expect) to get the first prize in the contest but the result made me disappointed.
9．过去将来时
(1)表示从过去的某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。
She said she would retire the next year.
她说她明年就退休了。
I wondered what my son would say the next moment.
我想知道儿子接下来会说什么。
(2)三种表示过去将来时的特殊结构：was/were going to＋动词原形；was/were to＋动词原形；was/were about to＋动词原形。
was/were going to＋动词原形表示过去打算或计划将要做某事。
He told me he was going to get married the next week.他告诉我他打算下周结婚。
was/were about to＋动词原形表示过去即将要发生的动作。常构成句型was/were about to do...when...
She was about to say something more，and then checked herself.
她还想说几句，接着又克制住了自己。
10．现在完成进行时
(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
这些年来，他们一直向我们杂志投稿。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.最近我们常常见面。
对点练习4
1．—Where is Peter? I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and has been writing(write) his essay there ever since.
2．Albert Einstein was born in 1879.As a child，few people guessed that he would be(be) a famous scientist whose theories would change(change) the world.


注意　除了前面讲解中提到的一些句型外，还要熟记以下固定句型中的时态：
(1)be doing...when...，when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。
(2)It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已……”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。
(3)祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。
(4)It is (high/about) time that sb...，that后面的句子要用一般过去时或should＋动词原形。
1．Silk had become(become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BCE.(2016·浙江)
2．It’s high time that we took/should take(take) urgent measures to protect water resources.
3．—Is Peter coming?
—No，he changed(change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
4．If you give up in winter，you will miss(miss) the hope of spring，the beauty of summer，and the harvest of autumn in your life.


Xiao Ming’s Cellphone
Xiao Ming’s cellphone was broken①.I couldn’t get through to him while the cellphone was being repaired②.I wanted to inform him that he had been admitted③ to the basketball club.
Cellphones are widely used④ nowadays.It seems that they are being used⑤ so frequently that people have been controlled⑥ by them.Someone thinks that cellphones should be restricted⑦ on some occasions.
Xiao Ming’s cellphone will be repaired⑧ well soon.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphone will have been brought⑨ home and will be being used⑩ again.
[规则感悟]　①是一般过去时的被动语态，结构为was/were＋过去分词。②是过去进行时的被动语态，结构为was/were＋being＋过去分词。③是过去完成时的被动语态，结构为had been＋过去分词。④是一般现在时的被动语态，结构为is/am/are＋过去分词。⑤是现在进行时的被动语态，结构为is/am/are＋being＋过去分词。⑥是现在完成时的被动语态，结构为have/has been＋过去分词。⑦是带情态动词的被动语态，结构为情态动词＋be＋过去分词。⑧是一般将来时的被动语态，结构为will＋be＋过去分词。⑨是将来完成时的被动语态，结构为will＋have been＋过去分词。⑩是将来进行时的被动语态，结构为will＋be＋being＋过去分词。
1．被动语态的用法
(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。
—The window is dirty.
—I know.It hasn’t been cleaned for weeks.
——窗户脏了。
——我知道。好几周没擦了。
(2)需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。
All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.
除了经理以外，所有的雇员都被鼓励在家网上办公。
(3)某些及物动词和动词短语无被动语态： have有；cost花费；lack 缺少；suit 适合；belong to 属于；suffer from 遭受；date from/back to 追溯到；consist of 由……组成；take part in参加。
I bought a book from Xinhua bookshop，which cost 15 yuan.
我从新华书店买了一本书，花了15元。
She is experimenting with different typewriters to see which one suits her best.
她正在试验不同的打印机，看哪一种最适合她。
Lions and tigers belong to the cat family.
狮子和老虎属于猫科。
(4)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生；remain剩下；break out爆发；last持续；come out出版；come up被提出；lose heart失去信心；run out用完。
An accident happened on the road last night and five people were killed.
昨晚这条路上发生了一起意外事故，五个人遇难。
A big fire broke out in the area last week.
上周那个地区发生了一场大火。
(5)“get＋过去分词”也可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。
The patient got treated once a week.
那位病人一周接受一次治疗。
2．主动形式表示被动意义的结构
(1)表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如read，write，sell，wash，clean，cook，draw等，常与well，easily，smoothly等副词连用，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。
The sign reads as follows.告示如下。
The shirt doesn’t wash well.
这件衬衫不好洗。
Her new book is very interesting and sells well.她的新书很有趣并且卖得很好。
(2)系动词如smell，taste，feel，look，sound，prove等后接形容词作表语。
Junk food tastes delicious but it doesn’t contain enough nutrition.
垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。
Your idea sounds wonderful but it isn’t practical.你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。
(3)open，close，lock，move，keep等动词常与won’t，can’t，wouldn’t 连用。
No matter what he did to the door，it wouldn’t open.
不论他怎么对付这个门，它就是打不开。
(4)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词或worth等形容词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这所房子需要修理。
The film is really worth seeing.
这部电影的确值得一看。
(5)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构中用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。常见的形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.(可看作to work out前省略了for me)
这道题很难计算。
Do you think the water is safe to drink?
你认为这水喝着安全吗？
(6)be to blame也属于主动形式表被动意义。
Who is to blame for the mistake?
这个错误应该归咎于谁？
对点练习
1．Travelling to conferences，lectures，workshops，and the like—frequently by plane—is viewed/has been viewed (view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.
(2022·浙江1月)
2．My washing machine is being repaired(repair) this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
3．Nowadays，cycling，along with jogging and swimming，is regarded(regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
4．If you leave the club，you won’t be allowed(not，allow) back in.


1．After a three-year pilot period，the GPNP will be officially set up next year.The GPNP is designed(design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性) of natural ecosystems...”(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)
2．It’s a pity that few students nowadays are keen on reading classics which I think are really worth reading(read).
3．The medical team which consists(consist) of three doctors and five nurses has set off for Shanghai.
4．I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan had been carried(carry) out in the past two years.



主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上与主语保持一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
1．语法一致原则
I live① in Beijing，while my girlfriend lives① in Shanghai，and we haven’t① seen each other for a long time.To see her every day is② my dream.What I want to do is③ give up my present job and work in her city.However，all my relatives except my uncle object to④ my idea.Someone tells⑤ me that it is not worthwhile to give up my job，which brings⑥ me 10,000 yuan every month.Many a person thinks⑦ it not wise to leave the city I am living in.
[规则感悟]　该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式则谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式则谓语动词用复数形式：
①根据主语的人称和数来确定谓语动词的单复数。
②主语是动词不定式或动名词短语，谓语动词用单数。
③主语是从句，谓语动词一般用单数。
④主语后面跟有with，together with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等时，谓语动词的数与这些词前面的主语一致。
⑤主语为someone，anyone，everyone等不定代词时，谓语动词往往用单数。
⑥定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。
⑦“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2．意义一致原则
I have been on a diet for four months.Four months is① not a short time.Though a large number of people don’t② understand me，the majority of people around me support③ me.The old consider④ it unwise to go on a diet，but the young admire④ me.At first my family were⑤ worried about me，but now they think I can choose to do this as long as it doesn’t harm my health.
[规则感悟]　①表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
②“a number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
③the majority of，the rest of，分数/百分数＋of＋名词，要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的数。
④“the＋adj.”往往表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。
⑤family，group，team，class，government等集体名词，当表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。
3．就近一致原则
There are① many girls having a taste for sweet food，but neither my sister nor I am② interested in candies.
[规则感悟]　①在there be，here be结构中，若有几个并列成分作主语，通常遵循“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。
②or，not only...but also...，neither...nor...，either...or...，whether...or...，not...but...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常遵循“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。
1．用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人、同一事物、同一概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。
The poet and writer has come.
那位诗人兼作家来了。(一个人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools.
锤子和锯都是有用的工具。(两个物体)
注意：用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，如：bread and butter(黄油抹面包)，knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2．“形复意单”名词如：news；以-ics 结尾的学科名称如：physics，mathematics，economics；国名如：the United States；报纸名如：the New Times；书名如：Arabian Nights(《天方夜谭》)；以及the United Nations(联合国)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
3．“no/each/every/many a＋可数名词单数＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所做的工作感到骄傲。
4．all，the remaining，the part等加主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。
The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.
讲座的第一部分很生动，但其余部分非常枯燥。
5．“几分之几/百分之几＋of＋名词”作主语时，一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只做了60%的工作。
6．people，police，cattle等有生命的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The police say they have arrested twenty people following the disturbances.
警方称他们已经在骚乱后逮捕了20个人。
7．一些常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词，如goods，stairs，arms等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
A number of people rushed into the supermarket when the goods were sold at a discount.
当商品打折时，很多人涌进了超市。
8．单复数同形的名词，如means，deer，sheep等作主语时，谓语动词单复数要视情况而定。
Every means has been tried to complete the project ahead of time.
为了提前完成这个项目所有的方法都尝试了。
Many deer are dying out in our country so we must take effective measures to preserve them.
在我国很多鹿快灭绝了，因此我们必须采取有效的措施来保护它们。
9．what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；但如果从句表示复数含义，则谓语动词用复数形式。
What he said is far from the truth.
他的话与事实相差太远了。
What the school needs are qualified teachers.
这个学校需要的是合格的教师。
10．a quantity of后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，后接可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。quantities of后无论接可数名词还是接不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。
With more forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.由于越来越多的森林被毁，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。
11．在倒装句中谓语动词常与后面最接近的主语一致。
In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.
远处传来拍手声和人们的喊叫声。
12．就近原则也适用于疑问句。在疑问句中，同样是依据最近的主语的单复数确定谓语动词的单复数。
Is either Tom or you to be sent to work there?
是你还是汤姆要被派去那里工作？
对点练习
1．The teacher and poet often gives(give) lectures around the city.
2．I think Tom，rather than you，is(be) to blame for the incident；that is to say，you are innocent.
3．Nobody but Jim and Mike is(be) on the playground now.
4．As far as I know，his family is not very large but the family are all music lovers.(be)
5．The poor were(be) looked down upon in the old days.
6．Neither his parents nor I am(be) able to persuade him to change his mind.
7．Listening to loud music and rock concerts has caused(cause) hearing loss in some teenagers so far.
8．There is(be) an old man and two boys waiting for you in the doorway.


1．The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were(be) previously unprotected...(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)
2．Going to Mount Huangshan reminds(remind) me of the popular Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding Road”．(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
3．Often，only a small part of a museum’s collection is(be) on display.Most of it is stored away or used for research.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)


1．can/could
Mary—M　Nancy—N
M：Can① you pronounce this word?
N：Sorry，I can’t①.
M：Can/Could② I use your dictionary?
N：Of course you can③，but wait a minute.Where is my dictionary?
M：Can④ it be in your dormitory?
N：No，it can’t④ be.I never study in my dormitory.
M：Could you have lent⑤ it to your deskmate?
N：No，my deskmate couldn’t have borrowed⑤ a dictionary because he hates English.It might be in Jane’s desk，but I can’t⑥ touch her books without permission.
M：An organized person can⑦ forget things.
[规则感悟]　can/could的意义及用法
①can表示能力，意为“能够”。②can表示请求，could 表示委婉语气。③can表示许可。④can/can’t表推测，意为“可能/不可能”，常用于疑问句或否定句。⑤could sb have done...？意为“某人做过某事吗？”，couldn’t have done意为“不可能做过某事”，表示对过去的推测，用于疑问句或否定句。⑥can’t 表示客观条件不允许。⑦can表示客观上存在这种可能性但不一定发生。
2．may/might
Mike—M　Teacher—T
M：May/Might① I come in?
T：Yes，you may②.You’re almost late，and where is your deskmate?
M：Hmm，I don’t know.He may/might③ be on the way to school.
T：He might③ be；that is，he might not③ be on his way to school.Mike，you may as well④ tell me the truth.Why hasn’t he come yet?
M：He might have stayed⑤ up late last night，and he might not have set⑤ the alarm clock.
[规则感悟]　may/might的意义及用法
①表示请求。②表示许可，不用might。③表示对现在的猜测，might表示语气更不肯定。④may as well“还是……好”。⑤might have done表示对过去的推测，意为“可能做了某事”。might not have done意为“可能没做某事”，常用于疑问句或否定句。
3．must
Jane—J　Mother—M
J：Mom，must① I take this medicine?
M：Yes，you must①.
J：Must① I take it right now?
M：No，you needn’t②.You can take it later.
J：But it must be③ bitter.
M：I’ve told you to wear your coat，but you must④ wear your T-shirt.Besides，you must have played⑤outdoors.You mustn’t⑥ do it again.
[规则感悟]　must的意义及用法
①must表示必须，肯定回答用must。②否定回答用needn’t。③must be表示对现在的推测，只用于肯定句，意为“一定”。④must表示“非要，偏偏”。⑤must have done表示对过去的推测，只用于肯定句中，意为“一定做过某事”。⑥mustn’t表示禁止，不表示推测。
4．should
Boss—B　Jane—J　Steven—S
B：It’s nine now and everyone should① be here.Where is Steven? He should have arrived② ten minutes ago.
J：Really strange，I can’t imagine Mr Punctual should③ be late for work.
B：Here he comes.Why are you late，Steven?
S：I’m terribly sorry，sir.I shouldn’t have drunk② too much coffee last night.I kept my eyes open until four o’clock in the morning.
B：A person like you shouldn’t drink④ too much coffee.
S：Yes，I ought to be punctual as usual.
[规则感悟]　should的意义及用法
①表示推测，意为“按理说应当”。②should have done 意为“本应做而没做”，shouldn’t have done表示“本不应做却做了”，含有虚拟的意味。③表示“竟然”。④should (not) do sth＝ought (not) to do sth(不)应该做某事。
5．shall
Man—M　Woman—W
M：Hi，where are you going?
W：I shall① go to New York.
M：Me too！Oh，your suitcase is heavy.Shall② I carry it for you，Miss？(carrying the suitcase to the woman’s seat and sitting beside the woman)
W：Thank you for helping me，but it’s required that everyone shall③ sit on his own seat.
M：It doesn’t matter.
W：Stay away from me，or I will call the police.You shall④ be sorry for what you do.Sir，I need your help.(waving to a policeman)
[规则感悟]　shall的意义及用法
①用于第一人称，表示将要做某事。②用于第一、三人称疑问句，表示请求。③用于第三人称肯定句，表示按照正式的规定要做的事。④用于第二、三人称，表示说话人向对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
6．need/dare
Mike—M　Jack—J
M：Do you dare to take① your cellphone to the examination room?
J：No，I dare not do② that；I needn’t do③ that，either.
M：You study well，so you don’t need to cheat④.I am different.
J：Stop thinking about cheating，and you can’t get away with it.You need to⑤ study hard.No pains，no gains.
[规则感悟]　need/dare的意义及用法
•dare和need用作情态动词时，没有人称和时态的变化，常用于疑问句和否定句。疑问句直接把dare和need提前，否定句直接在其后加not，如用法②和③。
•dare和need用作实义动词时，有人称和时态的变化，常用于肯定句中。如果用于疑问句和否定句，需要加助动词do/does，且其后要加(to) do，如用法①④⑤。
•其用法简单总结为：有助有to，无助无to。
7．will/would
Tom—T　Mary—M
M：How about the new watch?
T：I will① never use it any more.It just won’t② give the correct time.
M：Hush！Grandma is sleeping.She will③ have a nap at this time these days.
T：At nine o’clock in the morning？She would/used to④ have a nap in the afternoon.
M：The phone is ringing，but I am busy with my work.
T：Okay，I will⑤ answer it.
[规则感悟]　will/would 的意义及用法
①表示意愿。②表示事物的属性。③表示人现在的习惯，意为“常常做某事”。④would/used to表示过去的习惯。⑤表示意愿，意志。
1.用于固定习语中
can’t/can never...too/enough (无论……也不过分；越……越好)
You can’t be too careful when crossing a busy street.
＝You can’t be careful enough when crossing a busy street.
你横穿繁忙的街道的时候，再怎么小心都不为过/越小心越好。
2．can与be able to的区别
(1)can只有一般现在时和一般过去时；be able to则有更多的时态。
I’ll not be able to come this afternoon.
今天下午我不能来。
(2)当表示“经过努力才得以做成某事”时应用be able to，不能用can。
He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain.
尽管下大雨，昨天晚上他去参加了聚会。
3．must和have to 的区别
must是说话人的主观看法，而have to则强调客观需要。must只有一般现在时，have to 有更多的时态形式。
I really must go now.我真的必须现在就走。
I had to work when I was your age.
我像你这么大的时候不得不工作。
4．ought to的用法
ought to意为“应该，应当”，没有人称和数的变化。ought to的否定形式为ought not to或oughtn’t to，其一般疑问句形式是将ought置于主语前。多数情况下，ought to可与should互换使用。
You should/ought to be listening.
你应该倾听。
5．would与used to的区别
(1)would表示过去的某种倾向或习惯性动作，常译为“过去常常”。可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向，后面接表示动作的动词，不能接表示状态的词。
When he worked there，he would have a walk along the river every morning.
当他在那儿工作的时候，每天早晨他总是沿着小河散步。
(2)used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，强调现在已不存在。
He would sit in the park which used to be a factory reading for hours.
他过去常坐在公园里读几个小时的书，这个公园过去曾经是一个工厂。
6．“情态动词＋have done”的用法
对过去发生的事情或存在的状态进行推测
(1)must have done sth“(过去)一定做了某事”；语气比较肯定；用于肯定句中
(2)may(might) have done sth“(过去)可能/也许做了某事”；语气不确定；用于肯定句或否定句中
(3)can(could) not have done sth“(过去)不可能做某事”；用于否定句或疑问句，表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑或不确定
表示与过去事实相反
(1)could have done sth(过去)本可以做某事但实际上没做
(2)needn’t have done sth(过去)本不必做某事但实际上做了
(3)ought to/should have done sth(过去)本应该做某事但实际上没做
(4)oughtn’t to/shouldn’t have done sth(过去)本不应该做某事但实际上做了
(5)might have done sth(过去)可能做某事但实际上没做

Since nobody gave him any help，he must have done the research on his own.
既然没有人帮助他，他一定是独自做的研究。
Could he have left the work unfinished?
他可能没有把工作做完吗？
—The taxi driver is to blame for the serious accident.
—I can’t agree more.He shouldn’t have drunk.
——出租车司机应为这起严重的事故负责。
——我非常赞同。他本不应该喝酒的。(事实上已经喝了)
You needn’t have watered the flowers because it would rain soon.你本不必浇花的，因为很快会下雨的。(事实上已经浇了)
I could have helped you but I was busy at that time.我本来可以帮你但是我当时很忙。(事实上没有帮)
对点练习
用适当的情态动词填空(必要时加not)
1．—I don’t really like James.Why did you invite him?
—Don’t worry.He might not come.He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.
2．I can’t thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
3．He can’t be our manager.Our manager has gone to Beijing.
4．You could have done better，but you didn’t try your best.
5．I didn’t see her in the meeting room this morning.She couldn’t have spoken at the meeting.
6．Everyone present will not believe such a gentleman should do that.
7．You mustn’t play with the knife，or you may hurt yourself.
8．You shall be punished for what you have done.
9．It must have rained last night，for the road is quite muddy.
10．I needn’t have taken the umbrella，for the weather is fine.


1．It used to be that you could drive for miles here without seeing another person，but now there are houses and people everywhere.(2021·天津3月)
2．You shouldn’t have scolded (scold) him for his poor performance.After all，he had done his best.


1．wish/would rather/as if/if only从句中的虚拟语气
Mr Zhang—Z　Mr Wang—W
(Beside the river，Mr Zhang and Mr Wang are quivering as if they were① in cold winter.)
Z：I wish I had① something hot to drink.
W：I would rather I hadn’t invited② you to go out.
Z：How big a fish! If only I had caught② it.
W：If only you hadn’t fallen② into the river！If only we had① dry clothes now! Now I wish your wife wouldn’t blame③ this on me.
[规则感悟]　as if好像，wish希望，would rather宁可，if only要是……就好了，这四个词汇后的从句往往用虚拟语气。
①对现在的虚拟，从句谓语用过去式(be的过去式用were)。②对过去的虚拟，从句谓语用had＋过去分词。③对将来的虚拟，从句谓语用would/could/might/should＋动词原形，would rather从句中用一般过去时。
2．条件句中的虚拟语气
Mr Zhang—Z　Wife—W
(in the hospital)
Z：What fine weather! If I were not ill，I would go fishing.①
W：If you hadn’t gone fishing yesterday，you wouldn’t have caught a cold.②
Z：I would have stayed at home，but Mr Wang invited me to go.③ He told me to hurry，otherwise I wouldn’t have forgotten to wear warm coats.④
W：Is it all Mr Wang’s fault? But for/Without Mr Wang，you would have been drowned.⑤
Z：Had it not been for the big fish，I wouldn’t have fallen into the river.⑥ I’d catch it if I should recover tomorrow.⑦
[规则感悟]　
•①②⑦为if条件句中的虚拟语气，有以下三种情况：
对现在的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/were...，主语＋would/could/should/might do...
对过去的虚拟：If＋主语＋had done...，主语＋would/could/should/might have done...
对将来的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/should/were to do...，主语＋would/could/should/might do...
•⑥为if虚拟条件句的省略与倒装结构：
Had＋主语＋done，主语＋would/could/might have done...
•③④⑤为含蓄虚拟语气，用法如下：
有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这种虚拟语气称为含蓄虚拟条件句。常用的这类词或短语有without(要是)没有，but for要不是，otherwise/or否则，but但是等。句子结构同上面if条件句中的虚拟语气的结构。
3．名词性从句和定语从句中的虚拟语气
Yesterday，Mike insisted that he hadn’t cheated in the exam with the cellphone and that he (should) not be punished.①The teacher ordered that he (should) take out the cellphone and commanded that he (should) phone his parents right now.①Mike requested that the teacher (should) not call his parents.① He demanded that the teacher (should) give him another chance.①The teacher said it was required that students (should) not take cellphones to school.② Her suggestion/advice was that Mike (should) study hard instead of cheating in the exams.③ It is high time that he prepared/should prepare for the college entrance examination.④
[规则感悟]　
•某些特定的动词之后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should＋)动词原形。如①，这类动词包括“一坚持”(insist)，“二命令”(order/command)，“三要求”(require/request/demand)，
“四建议”(suggest/advise/recommend/propose)。
•上述动词用于“It is/was＋过去分词＋that从句”时，从句使用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should＋)动词原形，如②。
•上述动词的名词形式如requirement，suggestion，advice等，其后的表语从句或同位语从句也用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should＋)动词原形，如③。
•It is (high/about) time that sb did/should do sth也是常见的虚拟语气形式，如④。
4．It is/was＋adj.＋that sb (should) do...和It is/was＋n.＋that sb (should) do...
English teacher：It is important/essential/necessary that you (should) learn English well.
Student：Why？As a Chinese，I think it is strange that I (should) learn English well.
[规则感悟]　在It is/was＋形容词(important，essential，necessary，strange，natural，etc.)＋that引导的主语从句和It is/was＋名词(a pity，a rule，a shame，a surprise，etc.)＋that引导的主语从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语用“(should＋)动词原形”。
1.虚拟条件句的省略与倒装
if条件句中有were，had或should时，可以省略if，并把were，had或should放在主语前，构成倒装结构。
If I were in your position，I would do the same.
→Were I in your position，I would do the same.假如我处在你的位置，我也会这样做的。
If you had come earlier，you would have caught the bus.
→Had you come earlier，you would have caught the bus.
如果你来得早些，你就会赶上公共汽车了。
If it should rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing.
→Should it rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing.
如果明天下雨的话，我们就不去爬山了。
2．错综时间虚拟条件句
当从句、主句所表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所在的时间作出相应的调整。
If you had listened to the teacher yesterday，you wouldn’t suffer so much now.
如果你昨天听老师的，你现在就不会受这么多苦。
3．当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的笑容表明他对我们的工作很满意。
The old man insisted that he was not ill and that he (should) not be sent to hospital.
这位老人坚持说他没有病，坚持认为他不应该被送到医院。
对点练习
1．The Antarctica is so mysteriously described by some people.If only I had been(be) there before!
2．Our only request is that this (should) be settled(settle) as soon as possible.
3．I believe he must have had an accident；otherwise he would have arrived(arrive) on time.
4．If it should rain/were to rain/rained(rain) tomorrow，they would not go out for a picnic.
5．If you had taken(take) my advice，you would not have failed in the exam.
6．How I wish every student had(have) a scientific and systematic study method！





1．If I hadn’t been faced with so many barriers，I wouldn’t be(not，be) where I am.(2020·江苏)
2．I wish my mother would stop(stop) interfering and let me make my own decisions.
3．My father suggests that I (should) get (get) enough sleep before the final examination.
4．My husband is always talking about the economy，but I’d rather he focused(focus) more on our children’s education.

层级一　基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．It is the first time that my son has met(meet) Zhong Nanshan，the renowned Chinese hero，face to face.
2．The girl shook(shake) her head happily，and the pot of milk on her head immediately fell onto the ground.
3．The father，as well as his kids，is discussing(discuss) where to spend the weekend now.
4．When fat and salt are removed(remove) from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.
5．By the time Jack returned home from England，his son had graduated(graduate) from college.
6．Either the beautiful views of this modern city or its local custom has attracted(attract) thousands of visitors during the past years.
7．The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials，the rest of which were(be) saved for other purposes.
8．That big house belongs(belong) to Mr Smith，who is a manager in a big company.
9．Jenny should have kept her word.I wonder why she changed her mind.
10．Jack was working(work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.
层级二　高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．On a website called No Fly Climate Sci，for example，roughly 200 academics—many of them climate scientists—have promised(promise) to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.(2022·浙江1月)
2．Henry was fixing(fix) his car when he heard the screams.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)
3．He quickly threw(throw) his tools aside，and started running，arms out.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)
4．The Xi’an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China’s long history.It was built(build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复)．(2021·全国甲)
5．As it connects(connect) things，your brain turns them into a story，and you get a dream.(2021·北京)
6．Mark is a genius.By the time he graduated，he had been offered(offer) jobs by a dozen computer companies.(2021·天津)
7．Good evening，everybody.Professor King will deliver/will be delivering(deliver) his lecture in a moment，but let me introduce him first.(2021·天津)
8．Currently，about 35,000 works are being displayed(display) in over 300 rooms in the Louvre，and it would take a lifetime to see everything.(2021·天津)
9．Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brown University，says，“because it means(mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed(construct)．”(2020·全国Ⅰ)
10．Amy，as well as her brothers，was given(give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.(2019·天津6月)
层级三　语篇提能练
语法填空
Passage 1　时态与主谓一致篇
The first zoo 1. (establish) around 3,500 years ago by an Egyptian queen for her personal enjoyment.Five hundred years later，a Chinese emperor 2. (build) a huge zoo to show his power and wealth.Later zoos were set up for the purpose of studying animals.
Some of the early European zoos 3. (consist) of dark holes or dirty cages，the bad conditions of which made people disgusted.Later the zoos 4. (replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5. (keep) in good condition.These places became the first modern zoos.As early as the 1940s，scientists 6. (understand) that many kinds of wild animals faced extinction.Since then，zoos 7. (try) to save many endangered species，but relying on zoos 8. (save) species is not enough.The best method of protection is to leave them in their natural habitat.
Today，animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9. (watch) carefully for any signs of disease with specially trained keepers looking after them and some hospitals where they can be treated when ill，and all the animals there live a comfortable life.Anyway，it is true that zoo breeding programs 10. (play) an important role in protecting many species of wildlife now.
1．答案　was established
解析　考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语“around 3,500 years ago”可知是过去时态，主语“The first zoo”和谓语动词establish之间是被动关系，且主语为单数，谓语用单数形式，故填 was established。
2．答案　built
解析　考查谓语动词的时态。句中“Five hundred years later”是表示过去的时间状语，谓语动词需要用过去式，故填 built。
3．答案　consisted
解析　考查谓语动词的时态。根据上下文可知，此处描述过去的情况，谓语动词用过去式，故填 consisted。
4．答案　were replaced
解析　考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。主语“the zoos”和谓语动词replace之间为被动关系，并且是描述过去发生的事，且主语为复数，谓语用复数形式，故填were replaced。
5．答案　(were) kept
解析　考查谓语动词的时态和语态。animals与keep之间为被动关系且描述过去的情况，故用一般过去时的被动语态，此处是并列谓语，前面已有be动词were，故可以省略were。故填(were) kept。
6．答案　understood
解析　考查谓语动词的时态。“As early as the 1940s”是表示过去的时间状语，谓语动词要用过去式，故填 understood。
7．答案　have tried/have been trying
解析　考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。时间状语为“Since then”，谓语常用现在完成时，此处也可用现在完成进行时表示动作一直持续进行，且主语为复数，谓语用复数形式，故填have tried/have been trying。
8．答案　to save
解析　考查非谓语动词。rely on sb to do sth依靠某人做某事，故填to save。
9．答案　(are) watched
解析　考查谓语动词的时态和语态。 主语animals和谓语动词watch之间是被动关系，且此处与and前面的are fed...为并列关系，故填(are) watched。
10．答案　are playing
解析　考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。由时间状语now可知，此处应该使用现在进行时，且主语programs是复数，故填are playing。
Passage 2　情态动词与虚拟语气篇
I 1. have worried before I came to the new school，for my classmates here are very friendly to me.Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer.I wish I 2. (dance) as well as her.No one 3.______ be compared with her in dancing.Jack is more of a talker than a doer.Teachers always tell him it’s high time that he 4. (do) something instead of just talking.Every time I get close enough to hear them speaking Chinese，I 5. say “Ni Hao” to them.Teachers recommend that parents 6. (not，allow) their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.Students 7. obey school rules.Every student must wear school uniform while at school.If a student 8. (not，wear) school uniform，he would be punished immediately.According to the rules，students 9. get grades not lower than 85 in any subject in order to get the scholarship.It is beyond my imagination that students here 10. be so crazy about Harry Potter series like me.

1．答案　needn’t
解析　句意：因为这儿的同学对我都非常友好，在来新学校之前我本不需要担心的。所以用needn’t。
2．答案　danced
解析　句意：我希望我跳舞像她一样好。wish 后面的宾语从句往往用虚拟语气，而且与现在事实相反，所以用danced。
3．答案　can
解析　句意：没有人能跳得和她一样好，表示“能力”用can。
4．答案　did/should do
解析　It is high time that sb should do/did sth到了某人该做某事的时候了。
5．答案　will
解析　句意：每当我靠近他们听见他们说汉语的时候，我会对他们说“你好”。will表示意愿。
6．答案　(should) not allow
解析　recommend后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
7．答案　must
解析　句意：学生必须要服从校规。must 表示强制。
8．答案　didn’t wear
解析　因为主句谓语用would do，表示对现在的虚拟，所以条件状语从句中谓语用过去式。
9．答案　shall
解析　shall用于第三人称，在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定，意为“应该，必须”。
10．答案　should
解析　句意：我没有想到这里的学生竟然像我一样痴迷于《哈利·波特》系列丛书。 should在此意为“竟然”，表示惊讶。

1．时态的交叉使用
　(2021·浙江6月)艺术展览将于本周在报告厅举行。更具体地说，它从周一开始，将持续至少五天。
The art exhibition falls this week in the lecture hall.To be more specific，it starts on Monday and will last 5 days at least.
　(2022·浙江1月)虽然我对你去年离开中国感到有点遗憾，但我很高兴知道你在家乡过着幸福的生活。
Though I felt a little sorry that you left China last year，I am pleased to know you are leading a happy life in your hometown.
2．利用“主将从现”的规律
　(2019·全国Ⅰ)如果我被接受的话，我会把中国画的技巧介绍给参观者，这将帮助他们更多地了解中国文化。
If I am accepted，I will introduce Chinese painting skills to visitors，which can help them know more about Chinese culture.
　(2021·北京)如果你下周日有空，我会在学校门口等你，我相信我们会在一起玩得很开心。
If you are available next Sunday，I will wait for you at the school gate and I’m sure we will have a good time together.
3．被动语态的适当运用
　(2021·浙江6月)昨天，在我们学校美术馆，举办了一场精彩的学生中国画展览。
A fantastic students’ Chinese painting show was organized in our school art gallery yesterday.
　(2022·全国乙)很容易看出，选择听英语歌曲和看英文电影的学生的比例分别是65%和50%。
It can easily be seen that the percentage of students who choose listening to English songs and watching English movies is respectively 65% and 50%.
4．虚拟语气巧利用
(1)if条件句的虚拟
　(2018·浙江6月)要是我没有追那只兔子，我们就不会迷路了。
If I hadn’t chased that rabbit，we wouldn’t have lost our way.
　(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)如果我没读英文报Youth，我在英语方面就不会有这么大的进步。
If I hadn’t read the newspaper Youth，I wouldn’t have made such great progress in English.
(2)利用“It’s high time that...”表虚拟
　(2022·全国甲)总之，是我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。
All in all，it is high time that we should devote/devoted ourselves to protecting the ocean.
　总之，现在是我们提高环境保护意识的时候了。
In a word，it is high time that we should raise/raised our awareness of environmental protection.
(3)should的适当运用
　(2021·上海)我建议你先上听说课，理由如下。
I recommend that you should take the Listening and Speaking course first for the following reasons.
　(2018·全国Ⅱ)按要求，想要参加的同学需准时到报告厅看电影并参与讨论。
It is required that anyone who wants to participate should arrive at the lecture hall on time to watch the movie and take part in the discussion.
(4)利用含蓄虚拟条件句
　(2020·全国Ⅰ)若没有她的帮助和专业的指导，我不可能在英语学习方面取得如此大的进步。
But for/Without her help and professional instruction，I couldn’t have made such great progress in English study.
　(2020·全国Ⅱ)我们有幸参加了这次采摘活动，否则我们不知道劳动的果实有多么甜美。
We were fortunate to take part in the picking activity，otherwise we wouldn’t have known how sweet the fruits of labour were.
5．利用句型，“亮”化句子
　(2018·浙江6月)我们正在努力寻找回去的路时听到了叔叔的大声呼喊。
We were trying to look for the way back when we heard my uncle shouting loudly.
　(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)Bernard正在街上忧心忡忡地徘徊，这时John来帮他了。
Bernard was wandering worriedly in the street when John came to his assistance.