【备战2024年高考】英语 （全国通用版）2023年全国乙卷阅读理解ABCD（真题透析+变式训练）试卷

这是一份【备战2024年高考】英语 （全国通用版）2023年全国乙卷阅读理解ABCD（真题透析+变式训练）试卷，共23页。试卷主要包含了充分利用并列成分，try v，practice v，unlawfully adv，hearing n，treat v，accept v，surgen n等内容，欢迎下载使用。

2023年全国乙卷阅读理解ABCD 真题透析+变式训练
第一部分
命题分析+秒选技能
第二部分
真题评析(真题呈现+全解全析+阅读高频词+长难句回顾)
第三部分
真题变式练
命题分析
阅读理解文章体裁可以分为：应用文 记叙文 说明文 议论文
虽然阅读理解的材料内容千变万化，但考试中的考查方式是有限的，只要能够掌握以下几种主要类型题目的阅读技巧，那么阅读理解拿高分，甚至拿满分就是可以做到的了。
阅读理解题的速选技能，需要结合下面几种题型：主旨大意题，细节理解题，推理判断题，词义猜测题。
近三年高考阅读理解题，细节题占有较大比例，难度一般不大，答案大都可以从文章中直接找到依据；推理判断题呈不断上升的趋势，且已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查考生对英语语言的理解能力，因此难度比往年有所增加；主旨题的考查占有十分重要的位置，一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题、标题或目的设题，这类题目考查的范围是基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等；词义题所要求的词或词组往往是熟词新意，有的是中学课本中没出现过的，仅考查词或短语在该篇短文中的含义；观点态度题也在高考中有所体现。
秒选技能
词汇层面——巧跨生词障碍:
在阅读过程中，对于无关紧要的词汇要学着“跳过去”，比如人名、地名、组织名等。对影响阅读质量、影响解题的关键生词要“猜出来”。
句意层面——巧破长难句型
对于阅读中设题处的长难句要学会分析。分析长难句的核心技法是根据五种基本句式摘出句子主干——主谓(宾)，特别注意：
1.一个句子有且只有一个谓语，如果一个句子有了两个或两个以上的谓语，则必有连词或从句的出现；
2.去除所有修饰成分，包括介词短语、非谓语动词、从句等；
3.充分利用并列成分。
语篇层面——熟悉体裁特点
不同类型的语篇有不同的(命题)特点。考虑语篇，要考虑语篇的体裁、发展线索、框架结构、语篇的立论句等。
解题层面——知晓选项特征
阅读理解正确选项往往通过同义改写、抽象概括、原词复现、正话反说等方式转化而来，而错误选项通常具有张冠李戴、无中生有、偷换概念、正误参半等方式而对考生形成干扰。
（一） 细节理解题
在考查形式上分为两种：细节查找题与细节推理题。
1. 细节查找题：比较简单，只要能看懂文章，从文章中找到问题定位的关键词句，就可以顺利解题。
2. 细节推断题：需要借助同义词转换，概念解析，归纳事实等方法对原文信息进行变换，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别。
（二）推理判断题
这是阅读理解的重难点所在，考查形式也多种多样，除了细节理解，还有结局趋势预测题，文章来源推测题，作者态度观点推测题。
1. 阅读全文，理解文章大意：具体可以参考主旨大意题的解题步骤，切忌主观臆断，常识经验来代替文章内容或观点。
2. 避免误入命题陷阱：第一类陷阱是把第一类陷阱是把原文中的关键词或限定词去掉或用其他词进行替换。比如把张三当李四，把部分当全部，把否定当肯定，把将来发生当成已经发生等。第二类陷阱是在选项中设置一些与问题无关的干扰项。这些干扰项本身可能是文章中的原句，但是与问题无关；或者这些选项内容本身符合常识，但是作者在文中没有提及或者与作者观点不符。
（三）词义猜测题
这种类型的题，主要分为以下三种：
1. 猜测某个词、词组、句子的意义；
2. 对文中的多义词或词组进行定义；
3. 判断某个代词的指代的对象。
这类题型应在精读中应当注意：
1.分析长难句。
2.注意熟词生义，一词多义。
（四）主旨大意题
分为两种：一种是要求归纳标题，另一种是归纳段落大意或者文章中心思想。
1. 注意文章的首句和尾句，以及therefore, thus, but, however, in short这些很可能提示文章主旨的词语。
2. 分段概括大意，逐项排除最终确定答案。需要注意避免出现概括不够，如：以偏概全，过度解读等人为的主观臆断性错误。
真题呈现
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
（2023年全国乙卷）A篇阅读理解 应用文
. PRACTITIONERS
Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials (证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine.
James Barry (c.1789 — 1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.
Tan Yunxian (1461 — 1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician.
Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831 — 1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves.
21 What did Jacqueline and James have in common?
A. Doing teaching jobs. B. Being hired as physicians.
C. Performing surgery. D. Being banned from medicine.
22. How was Tan Yunxian different from the other practitioners?
A. She wrote a book. B. She went through trials.
C. She worked as a dentist. D. She had formal education.
23. Who was the first African American with a medical degree?
A. Jacqueline Felice de Almania. B. Tan Yunxian.
C. James Barry. D. Rebecca Lee Crumpler.
全解全析
【篇章解读】本文是一篇应用文,简要介绍了历史上四位杰出女性医生(意大利的杰奎琳·费利斯·德·阿尔曼尼亚、中国明代的谈允贤、爱尔兰的詹姆斯·巴里、美国的丽贝卡·李·克鲁姆勒)的生平，这四位女性医生都受到过不同形式的歧视或经历过困难，但她们坚持不懈地追求自己的梦想并为人类健康事业做出了巨大贡献。
21.【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。通过文章第一部分中的“Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. (她出生于佛罗伦萨的一个犹太家庭，搬到巴黎当医生并做外科手术)”以及第二部分中的“She qualified as a surgeon in 1813 (她获得了做外科医生的资格)”和“Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man. (Barry于1859年退休，她以男人的身份生活和工作，从事了整个医学职业)”可知，Jacqueline和James的共同点是都有资格进行外科手术。故选C。
22. 【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第三部分中的“Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician. (Tan写了一本书《女医生的故事》，描述了她作为一名医生的生活)”可推知，Tan与其他从业人员的不同之处在于她写了一本书。故选A。
23. 【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。通过文章第一部分中的“Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. (四年后，她成为第一位获得医学学位的非裔美国女性)”可知，Rebecca Lee Crumpler是第一位获得医学学位的非裔美国人。故选D。
阅读高频词
1.highlight v. [合成词]突出，强调；
2.suspicion n. 怀疑，猜疑；
3.physician n. 医师，(尤指)内科医生；
4.try v. [熟词生义]审判，审理(n. trial)；
5.practice v. [熟词生义]从事(医务工作、法律专业等)，执业；
6.unlawfully adv. 不合法地，非法地(近 illegally)；
7.hearing n. [熟词生义]审讯，审理；
8.treat v. [熟词生义]医治，治疗；
9.accept v. 接纳，接受(为成员、会员等);
10.surgeon n. 外科医生;
11.serve v. [熟词生义]服役，供职；
12.overseas adv. 在国外，向海外；
13.free v. [形容词动化]释放，使自由
14.try sb for sth 因某事而审讯某人; i
15.ban sb from (doing) sth禁止某人(做)某事;
16.qualify as 取得……的资格;
17.have... in common 有……共同之处;
18.go through 经历
长难句回顾
1. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery.
【句意】她出生在佛罗伦萨的一个犹太家庭，后来搬到巴黎，在那里做医生和表演
【解析】动词过去分词短语born …作状语，主句中where引导定语从句，修饰Pairs。
2. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree.
【句意】四年后，她成为第一位获得医学学位的非裔美国女性。
【解析】本句中to receive…动词不定式短语作the first African woman的后置定语。
（2023年全国乙卷）B 篇 阅读理解 记叙文
真题呈现
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Living in Iowa and trying to become a photographer specializing in landscape (风景) can be quite a challenge, mainly because the corn state lacks geographical variation.
Although landscapes in the Midwest tend to be quite similar, either farm fields or highways, sometimes I find distinctive character in the hills or lakes. To make some of my landscape shots, I have traveled up to four hours away to shoot within a 10-minute time frame. I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way.
Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography. I often leave early to seek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing the moment I am attempting to photograph. I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment.
One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil’s Lake, Wisconsin, to climb the purple quartz (石英) rock around the lake. After we found a crazy-looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks, we decided to photograph the scene at sunset. The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background. We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset. However, we did not mark the route (路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely. Once we found the place, it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time. Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.
24. How does the author deal with the challenge as a landscape photographer in the Midwest?
A. By teaming up with other photographers. B. By shooting in the countryside or state parks.
C. By studying the geographical conditions. D. By creating settings in the corn fields.
25. What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author?
A. Proper time management. B. Good shooting techniques.
C. Adventurous spirit. D. Distinctive styles.
26. What can we infer from the author trip with friends to Devil’s Lake?
A. They went crazy with the purple quartz rock.
B. They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset.
C. They reached the shooting spot later than expected.
D. They had problems with their emipment.
27. How does the author find his photos taken at Devil’s Lake?
A. Amusing. B. Satisfying.
C. Encouraging. D. Comforting.
全解全析
【篇章解读】本文是一篇记叙文。作者以自己在风景摄影方面的经历，讲述了在缺乏地理变化的艾奥瓦州拍摄风景的挑战和技巧。
24. 【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。通过文章第二段“I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way. (我倾向于和几个朋友一起去州立公园或乡村探险，沿途拍照)”可知，作为一名中西部的风景摄影师，作者应对挑战的方式是去乡村或州立公园拍摄。故选B。
25. 【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely. (尽管如此，回顾这些照片，它们仍然是我最好的一些照片，尽管如果我能明智地准备和管理我的时间，它们本可以拍得更好)”可推知，作者认为，风景摄影成功的关键是适当的时间管理。故选A。
26. 【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“However, we did not mark the route (路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely. (然而，我们没有标出路线，所以我们几乎完全错过了日落)”可推知，作者在与朋友的魔鬼湖之旅中，到达拍摄地点的时间比预期的要晚。故选C。
27. 【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely. (尽管如此，回顾这些照片，它们仍然是我最好的一些照片，尽管如果我能明智地准备和管理我的时间，它们本可以拍得更好)”可推知，作者认为自己在魔鬼湖拍摄的照片是令人满意的。故选B。
阅读高频词
1.specialize v. [派生词]专门从事;
2.lack v. [不用于被动语态]没有，缺乏;
3.geographical adj. [派生词]地理的，地理位置的;
4.distinctive adj. [派生词][学术词]独特的，特别的；
5.character n. (地方的)特色，特性；
6.shot n. [熟词生义]照片;
7.shoot v. [熟词生义]拍摄，摄影;
8.seek v. 寻找;
9.destination n. 目的地；
10.attempt v. 试图，尝试；
11.mark v. 做标记;
12.entirely adv. 完全地;
13.stressful adj. 充满压力的，紧张的;
14.still adv. [句子副词]尽管如此;
15.wisely adv. 明智地;
16.conditions n. [复数]居住、工作或做事情的)条件/环境;
17.management n. [派生词]管理;
18.technique n. [学术词]技巧;
19.adventurous adj. [派生词]有冒险精神的;
20.comforting adj. [分词形容词]令人欣慰的
21.due to [不用于名词前]由于,因为; on the spot 在现场;
22.end up doing sth 以做某事告终;
长难句回顾
Although landscapes in the Midwest tend to be quite similar, either farm fields or highways, sometimes I find distinctive character in the hills or lakes.
【句意】尽管中西部地区的景观往往很相似，要么是农田，要么是公路，但我有时会在山丘或湖泊中发现独特的风貌。
【解析】Although引导让步状语从句，either farm fields or highways作landscapes的同位语。
2.Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.
【句意】尽管如此，回顾这些照片，它们仍是我拍的最好的一些照片，不过，如果我当时能准备充分并明智地管理时间，它们本可以拍得好很多。
【解析】looking back on the photos是现在分词短语作时间状语，though引导让步状语从句，从句中包含if引导的虚拟条件句，表示对过去情况的虚拟。
（2023年全国乙卷）C 篇阅读理解 说明文
真题呈现
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
28. What do people usually think of British food?
A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation.
29. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV?
A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential.
30. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?
A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%.
31. What might the author continue talking about?
A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters.
全解全析
【篇章解读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了电视烹饪节目引起了英国人日常饮食、烹饪习惯以及对烹饪态度的变化。
28. 【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的“What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting?”（当你想到英国食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如此无趣吗？）可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉得英国食物平平无奇。故选A项。
29. 【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits.”（正是由于电视上的这些大厨，而不是凭借广告宣传活动，英国人正在远离“一肉两菜”和速食餐，而变得更加愿意探索新的烹饪习惯。）和“It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.”（似乎电视节目帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法。）可知，英国的烹饪节目能够改变英国人对烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推知英国的烹饪节目具有很大的影响力。故选D项。
30. 【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段的“Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before.”（几乎三分之一的人表示他们现在使用的配料比以前更多，将近四分之一的人表示他们现在购买的配料质量比以前更好。）可知，三分之一左右的人，也就是33%左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多。故选D项。
31. 【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不酷”的事了。）可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。故选B项。
阅读高频词
1.impressive adj. [派生词]给人深刻印象的;
2.appear v. 露面，亮相;
3.frequently adv. 频繁地，经常地(近often);
4.top v. [名词动词化]居……之首;
5.adventurous adj. [派生词|有冒险精神的，大胆开拓的;
6.decline v. [学术词]减少,下降;
7.reflect v. 反映；
8.schedule v. [学术词][名词动词化]安排，将……列入进度表；
9.show n. (广播/电视)节目;
10.broadcast v. 广播，播送;
11.plain adj. 简单的;
12.lack v. [名词动词化]缺乏，短少，没有;
13.authentic adj. [熟词生义]真正的，正宗的；
14.deserve v. 值得，应受;
15.authoritative adj. [派生词][学术词]权威的;
16.creative adj. [学术词]创造性的;
17.profitable adj. [派生词]赢利的，有好处的;
18.influential adj. 有影响力的;
19.diverse adj. [学术词]不同的，多种多样的(近various); art n. [熟词生义]技术，技巧
20.come into one’s mind 掠过/进入某人的脑海;
长难句回顾
Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
【句意】尽管英国的烹饪素以平庸著称，但它正在培养更多的顶级厨师，这些厨师经常出现在我们的电视屏幕上，他们的烹饪书也经常高居畅销榜之首。
【解析】本句含有由even though引导的让步状语从句。主句中含有两个定语从句，第一个定语从句由关系代词who引导，修饰先行词 top class chefs；第二个定语从句由关系代词whose引导，意思相当于the chefs’。
（2023年全国乙卷）D 篇阅读理解 说明文
真题呈现
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.
33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?
A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.
35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
全解全析
【篇章解读】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
32. 【答案】A
【解析】段落大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
33. 【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
34. 【答案】B
【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。
35. 【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
阅读高频词
1.privilege v. [正式用语]给予特权;
2.record v. 记录，记载;
3.concern n. (对人、组织等)重要的事情; i
4.deally adv. [句子副词]最理想的情况是;
5.object n. 实物，物品；
6.simply adv. [用于强调]根本，简直;
7.clear adj. 明显的; conflict n. [学术词]冲突;
8.voyage n. 航行; record n. 记录，记载;
9.question v.对……提出质疑;
10.interpret v. [学术词]解释，说明;
11.accidentally adv. 偶然地;
12.deliberately adv. 故意地;
13. twist v. (故意)歪曲，曲解;
14.voice n. 发言权; first-hand adj. [合成词]只用于名词前]第一手的;
15.account n. 叙述，描述;
16.necessarily adv. 必然地，必定;
17.present v. (以某种方式)展现，表现;
18.reliable adj. [学术词]真实可信的;
19.indicate v. [学术词]暗示,示意;
20.represent v. 代表;
21.speak of sth 谈及某事;
22.give sb back sth 使某人重新获得某物;
23.be concerned about 对……关心的;
24.rule over 统治
长难句回顾
The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice.
【句意】在本书中出现的加勒比地区的泰诺人、澳大利亚土著、非洲贝宁人和印加人，现在都可以通过他们制作的物品铿锵有力地向我们讲述他们过去的成就：通过实物讲述历史，让他们重获发言权。
【解析】句子的主干是The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas can speak of their past achievements.句中的 all of whom appear in this book是非限制性定语从句，whom指代句子的主语The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas。they made是定语从句，修饰先行词objects。told through things是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰history。
真题变式练 (应用文，记叙文，说明文限时练)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Passage 1（应用文）
（2023·辽宁沈阳·沈阳二中校考模拟预测）Festivals to Attend in Tennessee This Year
Tin Pan South Songwriter’s Festival
Music fans come from all over the world to experience the songs and stories about their favorite hits straight from the incredibly talented songwriters that penned them,
Over the 5 days, 10 venues host two music shows a night, bringing an experience like no other.
Dates: March 28—April 1
Tickets: To Be Determined
The Homestead Festival
Combining music and meaning, the two-day outdoor affair features award-winning live music as well as masterclass lectures.
Speakers will share their vast experience of learning to be more self-sustaining. You can learn not only how to start learning skills such as growing your own food, building a fire and raising chickens, but also how to grow a life filled with meaning and purpose.
Dates: May 2—May 3
Tickets: Child Admission: $25;
Adult Admission: $ 145
Americanafest
Americanafest brings together legendary artists, fans, and industry professionals for five days of live music shows and Nashville’s most educational music industry forum.
Dates: September 19—September 23
Tickets: Conference+Festival Pass: $249;
Festival Pass ONLY:  $125
Please note: A Conference+Festival Pass allows you access to all events in our schedule. A Festival Pass gets you into all nights of performances.
Hazzard Fest
The event features concerts from some of the top names in country, along with comedy shows, a car show and wrestling matches. Come and meet the original Dukes of Hazzard cast and several other celebrities we all know and love!
Dates: October 6—October 7
Tickets: 2-Day Pass: $50;
Single Day Pass: $ 30
1．What can be learned at the Homestead Festival?
A．Songwriting tricks. B．Live performance tips.
C．Leadership strategies. D．Basic survival skills.
2．How much does it cost per person to have an entire Americanafest experience?
A．$125. B．$145. C．$249. D．$ 374.
3．What do the listed festivals have in common?
A．They cater for families. B．They feature music shows.
C．They take place in springtime. D．They offer professional lectures.
【篇章解读】本文为应用文。文章主要介绍了本年度田纳西州开展的四个节日活动的相关信息。
1．【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据The Homestead Festival部分中“Speakers will share their vast experience of learning to be more self-sustaining. You can learn not only how to start learning skills such as growing your own food, building a fire and raising chickens, but also how to grow a life filled with meaning and purpose.(发言者将分享他们学习如何更加自我维持的丰富经验。你不仅可以学习如何开始学习自己种菜、生火和养鸡等技能，还可以学习如何让生活充满意义和目标)”可知，活动参与者将可以在该活动上学习到基础的生存技能。故选D。
2．【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据Americanafest部分中“Tickets: Conference+Festival Pass: $249(门票：会议+节日通行证：249美元)”可知，想要完整体验Americanafest活动，需要购买“Conference+Festival”门票，价格为249美元。故选C。
3．【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据Tin Pan South Songwriter’s Festival部分中“Over the 5 days, 10 venues host two music shows a night, bringing an experience like no other.(在5天的时间里，10个场馆每晚举办两场音乐表演，带来无与伦比的体验)”；The Homestead Festival部分中“Combining music and meaning, the two-day outdoor affair features award-winning live music as well as masterclass lectures.(结合音乐和意义，为期两天的户外活动包括获奖的现场音乐以及大师班讲座)”；Americanafest部分中“Americanafest brings together legendary artists, fans, and industry professionals for five days of live music shows and Nashville’s most educational music industry forum.(Americanafest汇集了传奇艺术家，粉丝和行业专业人士，为期五天的现场音乐表演和纳什维尔最具教育意义的音乐产业论坛)”以及Hazzard Fest部分中“The event features concerts from some of the top names in country, along with comedy shows, a car show and wrestling matches.(这次活动的特色是一些国内知名人士的音乐会，以及喜剧表演、车展和摔跤比赛)”可知，四个节日活动都包含音乐表演。故选B。
Passage 2 (应用文)
（2023·山西朔州·怀仁市第一中学校校考模拟预测）Westminster Abbey is one of the most famous religious buildings in the world. Here are some of the famous people buried at Westminster Abbey.
Charles Dickens
Charles Dickens, who died in 1870, is buried in Poets’ Corner, the resting place and remembrance location for writers of all kinds.
Dickens is known for many of his works, and A Christmas Carol and A Tale of Two Cities are two of his most widely known works. It was popular opinion among the people and his fellow writers that Dickens should be buried in Westminster Abbey.
Stephen Hawking
Hawking was a scientist, physicist, and author, who died in 2018. Carved onto his stone is a series of rings, surrounding a darker central ellipse (椭圆). The ten characters of Hawking’s equation express his idea that black holes in the universe are not entirely black but send out a glow that would become known as Hawking radiation.
His epitaph (墓志铭) reads, “HERE LIES WHAT WAS MORTAL OF STEPHEN HAWKING”.
Laurence Olivier
Famous actor Laurence Olivier is also buried in Westminster Abbey. Born in 1907, his career began on the stage in England, and he eventually became a film legend until his death in 1989.
It’s well known that he had won Academy Awards, while also being honoured with special Oscars. Olivier’s grave is located in the South Transept in Poets’ Corner of the Abbey, in front of Shakespeare’s memorial.
Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton is considered one of the most important scientists of all time. He was a physicist, mathematician, and astronomer. He formulated the Law of Motion as well as the Law of Universal Gravitation.
Artist William Kent designed Newton’s complex funerary monument, and it was sculpted by Michael Rysbrack.
4．When did the author of A Christmas Carol die?
A．In 1870. B．In 1907. C．In 1989. D．In 2018.
5．What do Charles Dickens and Laurence Olivier have in common?
A．They won Academy Awards. B．They were buried in Poets’ Corner.
C．They were praised by Shakespeare. D．They were famous actors and writers.
6．Whose funerary monument was designed by William Kent?
A．Charles Dickens’s. B．Stephen Hawking’s.
C．Laurence Olivier’s. D．Isaac Newton’s.
【篇章解读】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了四位葬在伦敦威斯敏斯特大教堂的名人。
4．【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据Charles Dickens部分“Charles Dickens, who died in 1870, is buried in Poets’ Corner, the resting place and remembrance location for writers of all kinds.(查尔斯·狄更斯于1870年去世，葬在诗人角，这里是各种作家的安息之地和纪念地)”以及“Dickens is known for many of his works, and A Christmas Carol and A Tale of Two Cities are two of his most widely known works.(狄更斯以其许多作品而闻名，《圣诞颂歌》和《双城记》是他最广为人知的两部作品)”可知，《圣诞颂歌》的作者狄更斯是1870年去世的。故选A。
5．【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据Charles Dickens部分“Charles Dickens, who died in 1870, is buried in Poets’ Corner, the resting place and remembrance location for writers of all kinds.(查尔斯·狄更斯于1870年去世，葬在诗人角，这里是各种作家的安息之地和纪念地)”以及Laurence Olivier部分“Olivier’s grave is located in the South Transept in Poets’ Corner of the Abbey, in front of Shakespeare’s memorial.(奥利弗的坟墓位于教堂诗人角的南耳堂，莎士比亚纪念碑前)”可知，两位名人都被葬在诗人角。故选B。
6．【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据Isaac Newton部分“Artist William Kent designed Newton’s complex funerary monument, and it was sculpted by Michael Rysbrack.(艺术家William Kent设计了牛顿复杂的葬礼纪念碑，并且它是由Michael Rysback雕刻的)”可知，艾萨克·牛顿的葬礼纪念碑是由艺术家William Kent设计的。故选D。
Passage 3 (记叙文)
（2023·浙江金华·浙江金华第一中学校联考二模）“Anyone knows single parents who can’t afford to get their child’s hair done for school? I will braid (编辫子) it for free!”Brittany Starks wrote on a Facebook post.
She decided to offer her hair braiding services after a family friend delivered backpacks full of school supplies, clothing and shoes for Cayden and Ceniyah in early August. “At the time, I didn’t have anything for my kids to start school,” said Starks, who is in between homes and staying with her mother. “It meant so much to me.”
The unexpected gift made a big difference to Starks and her children, and it motivated her to pay it forward. Starks, who works two receptionist jobs, also braids hair part-time. “The hair-braiding process involves washing, blow-drying, and finally dividing the hair into small sections and braiding it. It also requires multiple supplies — including combs, brushes, hair jam and additional pieces of hair to weave in. It costs anywhere from $150 to $400 at a salon (美发厅), depending on the style,” Stacks explained. “But it can last for months and is a huge timesaver in the mornings.”
When she wrote the Facebook post, she assumed only a handful of people would reach out,but before she knew it, she had 35 appointments booked. Her Facebook inbox was suddenly full of messages from single parents, whose stories of hardship and financial challenges mirrored her own.
“There’s a huge need for this. I could really relate to a lot of the women who reached out, and it made me realize that what I was doing was really important,” said Stacks. “What got me the most was seeing the kids smile.” Given that there was less than two weeks before the start of school, Starks knew she needed to enlist help.
7．What got Brittany Starks to offer her hair braiding service?
A．A post on Facebook. B．Her friend’s timely help.
C．Her mother’s advice. D．A trip to her kids’ school.
8．What does Starks say about hair braiding?
A．It’s a bit dear. B．It’s time-wasting.
C．It’s an easy job. D．It’s a mother’s duty.
9．How does Starks feel about the response to her Facebook post?
A．Rather disturbing. B．Beyond expectation.
C．Far from satisfactory. D．Very disappointing.
10．What can we infer about Brittany Starks from the text?
A．She is single with one child. B．She is ambitious and arbitrary.
C．She is in need of helping hands. D．She is free from financial worries.
【篇章解读】本文为一篇记叙文，讲述了单亲妈妈Brittany Starks伸出援手，为那些支付不起孩子编头发家庭的孩子免费编辫子的故事。
7．【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段关键句“She decided to offer her hair braiding services after a family friend delivered backpacks full of school supplies, clothing and shoes for Cayden and Ceniyah in early August. “At the time, I didn’t have anything for my kids to start school,” said Starks”（8月初，家里的一个朋友给凯登和塞尼亚送去了装满学习用品、衣服和鞋子的背包，之后她（斯塔克斯）就决定提供编辫子服务。“当时，我没有任何东西供孩子上学，”斯塔克斯说）和第三段“The unexpected gift made a big difference to Starks and her children, and it motivated her to pay it forward.”（这个意想不到的礼物对斯塔克斯和她的孩子们产生了巨大的影响，也激励她把它传递下去。）可知，朋友的及时帮助让Brittany Starks开始她的编辫子服务。故选B项。
8．【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第三段Starks的话“The hair-braiding process involves washing, blow-drying, and finally dividing the hair into small sections and braiding it. It also requires multiple supplies — including combs, brushes, hair jam and additional pieces of hair to weave in. It costs anywhere from$150 to $400 at a salon (美发厅), depending on the style,”（编发过程包括清洗、吹干，最后将头发分成小块编发。它还需要多种用品，包括梳子、刷子、发卡和额外的头发来编织。费用从150美元到400美元沙龙(美发厅)，根据不同的风格）可推知，编辫子并不是简单的事情，还有一点小贵。故选A项。
9．【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段关键句“When she wrote the Facebook post, she assumed only a handful of people would reach out, but before she knew it, she had 35 appointments booked.”（当她在Facebook上发帖时，她以为只有少数人会联系她，但在她知道之前，她已经被预约了35次。）及“Her Facebook inbox was suddenly full of messages from single parents”（她的Facebook收件箱突然塞满了来自单亲父母的信息）可知，Starks认为Facebook上的回应出乎意料。故选B项。
10．【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段关键句“There’s a huge need for this.”（这有巨大的需求。）及“Given that there was less than two weeks before the start of school, Starks knew she needed to enlist help.”（考虑到离开学不到两周的时间，斯塔克斯知道她需要寻求帮助。）可推知，Starks需要寻求帮助来进行自己的服务。故选C项。
Passage 4 (记叙文)
（2023·安徽安庆·安庆一中校考三模）Sagarika Sriram was 10 years old when she started reading newspaper stories about a planet in trouble, one of which was about turtles with plastic in their stomachs. Sagarika knew she needed to do something. First, she joined a group which organized cleanup campaigns in her home city, Dubai “The group helped me understand what an individual can do and how I can really make a difference,” she says.
Then Sagarika created Kids for a Better World. It’s a digital platform which has brought together nearly 10,000 youths from all over the world with the goal to create a greener world.
Sagarika is now 16. She’s part of a growing number of young climate activists. “We’re the generation that is going to face the results if the climate crisis is not dealt with,” she says. She believes even individual actions can create a “ripple effect”. Sagarika says this can build momentum and can move things in the right direction.
Kids for a Better World is for people aged 8 to 16. It teaches them about what they can do to reverse climate change. They can grow food, plant trees, collect recyclables and avoid using plastic bags. “This is the information which can help change our future,” Sagarika says.
Dubai is a desert metropolis. Growing up there has made Sagarika very aware of the need for action. Her city faces the risk of rising temperatures and its water supply is shrinking. She believes young people can bring attention to these environmental challenges.
Sagarika is all about small actions, but she has big plans. She’d like to go to college in California. While she’s there, she’ll continue being an activist. She’ll also be running Kids for a Better World. She hopes to inspire others to fight for a greener planet. Others have inspired her. “We’re creating our own system of inspirational change-makers,” she says.
11．Why did the author mention “turtles with plastic in their stomachs” in paragraph 1?
A．To make a comparison B．To give an example.
C．To analyze the problem. D．To introduce the topic.
12．Why did Sagarika created Kids for a Better World?
A．Because she wanted to create a greener world.
B．Because she wanted to bring together nearly1000 youths.
C．Because she wanted to read newspaper stories.
D．Because she wanted to save the turtle.
13．What does the fourth paragraph mainly tell us?
A．What can help change our future. B．What people should do at present.
C．What Kids for a Better World does. D．What courses are taught on the platform.
14．Which of the following words can best describe Sagarika?
A．Generous and friendly. B．Brave and smart.
C．Persistent and inspirational. D．Noble-minded and careful.
【篇章解读】这是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了Sagarika Sriram，这位女孩从10岁起就开始关注气候与环境问题，并在16岁时创立了数字平台Kids for a Better World，呼吁全世界的青少年致力于对抗气候变化。
11．【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Sagarika Sriram was 10 years old when she started reading newspaper stories about a planet in trouble, one of which was about turtles with plastic in their stomachs. Sagarika knew she needed to do something. First, she joined a group which organized cleanup campaigns in her home city, Dubai “The group helped me understand what an individual can do and how I can really make a difference,” she says.(萨加里卡·斯里拉姆(Sagarika Sriram) 10岁时开始在报纸上读到关于一个陷入困境的星球的故事，其中一篇是关于胃里有塑料的海龟的故事。萨加里卡知道她需要做点什么。首先，她加入了一个在她的家乡迪拜组织清洁运动的团体，她说:“这个团体让我明白了一个人可以做什么，以及我如何才能真正发挥作用。”)”可知，作者在第一段提到“胃里有塑料的海龟”，是为了引出主题，由此Sagarika Sriram开始致力于抗气候变化。故选D项。
12．【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“Then Sagarika created Kids for a Better World. It’s a digital platform which has brought together nearly 10,000 youths from all over the world with the goal to create a greener world.(然后，萨加里卡创建了“儿童为更美好的世界”。这是一个数字平台，汇集了来自世界各地的近万名年轻人，目标是创造一个更绿色的世界)”可知，萨加里卡建立“儿童为更美好的世界”是为了创造一个更绿色的世界。故选A项。
13．【答案】C
【解析】段落大意题。根据第四段“Kids for a Better World is for people aged 8 to 16. It teaches them about what they can do to reverse climate change. They can grow food, plant trees, collect recyclables and avoid using plastic bags. “This is the information which can help change our future,” Sagarika says.(“儿童为更美好世界”组织面向8至16岁的人。它教会他们可以做些什么来扭转气候变化。他们可以种植食物，种树，收集可回收物品，避免使用塑料袋。“这些信息可以帮助改变我们的未来，”萨加里卡说)”可知，第四段主要告诉我们“儿童为更美好世界”做了什么。故选C项。
14．【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Sagarika is all about small actions, but she has big plans. She’d like to go to college in California. While she’s there, she’ll continue being an activist. She’ll also be running Kids for a Better World. She hopes to inspire others to fight for a greener planet. Others have inspired her. “We’re creating our own system of inspirational change-makers,” she says.(Sagarika总是做一些小事，但她有大计划。她想去加州上大学。当她在那里的时候，她会继续做一个积极分子。她还将负责“孩子们的美好世界”。她希望激励其他人为一个更绿色的星球而奋斗。其他人也激励了她。她说:“我们正在创建自己的激励变革者体系。”)”可知，萨加里卡一直在为对抗气候变化采取行动和制定计划，所以是坚持不懈的，以及她想创建自己的激励变革者体系，所以是鼓舞人心的。故选C项。
Passage 5(说明文)
（2023·江西·江西师大附中校考三模）Our brains have an “auto-correct” feature that we use when re-interpreting (重新解释) ambiguous sounds, according to new research. The study sheds light on how the brain uses information gathered after the discovering of an initial sound to aid speech comprehension. The findings point to new ways we use information and context to aid in speech comprehension.
“What a person thinks they hear does not always match the actual signals that reach the ear,” explains lead author Laura Gwilliams. “This is because the brain re-evaluates the interpretation of a speech sound at the moment each following speech sound is heard in order to update interpretations as necessary,” Gwilliams says.
It’s well known that the perception of a speech sound is determined by its surrounding context — in the form of words, sentences and other speech sounds. This plays out in everyday life — when we talk, the actual speech we produce is often ambiguous. For example, when a friend says she has a “dent (凹痕)” in her car, you may hear “tent”. Although this kind of ambiguity happens regularly, we, as listeners, are hardly aware of it. “This is because the brain automatically resolves the ambiguity for us — it picks an interpretation and that’s what we perceive to hear,” explains Gwilliams. “The way the brain does this is by using the surrounding context to narrow down the possibilities of what the speaker may mean.”
In the study, the researchers sought to understand how the brain uses this following information to adjust our perception of what we initially heard. To do this, they conducted a series of experiments in which the subjects listened to isolated syllables and similarly sounding words. Their results produced three primary findings: The brain’s primary auditory cortex (听觉皮层) is sensitive to how ambiguous a speech sound is at just 50 milliseconds after the sound’s appearance. The brain “replays” previous speech sounds while interpreting the following ones, suggesting re-evaluation as the rest of the word unfolds. The brain makes commitments to its “best guess” of how to interpret the signal after about half a second.
15．What is the study mainly about?
A．Why people make unclear sounds. B．How brains understand unclear words.
C．How brains tell apart useful information. D．Why some people process information faster.
16．What does the author want to show by giving the example in paragraph 3?
A．It is normal for people to make unclear sounds.
B．People are more likely to mishear their friends.
C．People can understand others even if they mishear a word.
D．People are likely to mistake a word for something familiar.
17．What do we know about the unclear words in the experiments?
A．They seemed to be useless. B．They were noticed instantly.
C．They led to misunderstanding. D．They stopped us thinking further.
18．What does the underlined part “the signal” in the last paragraph refer to?
A．The previous speech sound. B．The similarly sounding word.
C．The unclearly sounding word. D．The following speech sound.
【篇章解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了根据一项新研究，我们的大脑在重新解释模棱两可的声音时会使用一种“自动纠正”功能。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及发现。
15．【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“Our brains have an “auto-correct” feature that we use when re-interpreting (重新解释) ambiguous sounds, according to new research. The study sheds light on how the brain uses information gathered after the discovering of an initial sound to aid speech comprehension. (根据一项新研究，我们的大脑在重新解释模棱两可的声音时会使用一种“自动纠正”功能。这项研究揭示了大脑是如何利用发现一个初始声音后收集的信息来帮助理解语言的)”可知，这项研究的主要内容是大脑如何理解不清晰的词语。故选B。
16．【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段“It’s well known that the perception of a speech sound is determined by its surrounding context — in the form of words, sentences and other speech sounds. This plays out in everyday life — when we talk, the actual speech we produce is often ambiguous. For example, when a friend says she has a “dent (凹痕)” in her car, you may hear “tent”. Although this kind of ambiguity happens regularly, we. as listeners, are hardly aware of it. “This is because the brain automatically resolves the ambiguity for us — it picks an interpretation and that’s what we perceive to hear,” explains Gwilliams. “The way the brain does this is by using the surrounding context to narrow down the possibilities of what the speaker may mean.” (众所周知，对语音的感知是由周围环境决定的——以单词、句子和其他语音的形式。这在日常生活中也会发生——当我们说话的时候，我们实际说的话往往是模棱两可的。例如，当一个朋友说她的车有一个凹痕时，你可能会听到“tent”。虽然这种模棱两可经常发生，但我们。作为听众，我们几乎意识不到这一点。“这是因为大脑自动为我们解决了模糊性——它选择了一种解释，这就是我们所听到的，”Gwilliams解释说。“大脑这样做的方式是利用周围的环境来缩小说话人可能想要表达的可能性。”)”可推知，作者想通过第三段的例子说明即使听错了一个词，人们也能听懂别人说的话。故选C。
17．【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段“Their results produced three primary findings: The brain’s primary auditory cortex (听觉皮层) is sensitive to how ambiguous a speech sound is at just 50 milliseconds after the sound’s appearance. The brain “replays” previous speech sounds while interpreting the following ones, suggesting re-evaluation as the rest of the word unfolds. The brain makes commitments to its “best guess” of how to interpret the signal after about half a second. (他们的研究结果产生了三个主要发现：大脑的初级听觉皮层(初级听觉皮层)在声音出现50毫秒后就对语音的歧义程度很敏感。大脑在解释接下来的声音时“重播”之前的声音，暗示随着单词的展开重新评估。大脑会在半秒后做出“最佳猜测”来解释信号)”可知，实验中不清楚的单词很快就被注意到了。故选B。
18．【答案】C
【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Their results produced three primary findings: The brain’s primary auditory cortex (听觉皮层) is sensitive to how ambiguous a speech sound is at just 50 milliseconds after the sound’s appearance. The brain “replays” previous speech sounds while interpreting the following ones, suggesting re-evaluation as the rest of the word unfolds.”可知，他们的研究结果产生了三个主要发现：大脑的初级听觉皮层在声音出现50毫秒后就对语音的模糊程度很敏感。大脑在解释接下来的声音时“重播”之前的声音，暗示随着单词的展开重新评估。大脑会在半秒后做出“最佳猜测”来解释发音不清楚的单词。故划线词意思“发音不清楚的单词”。故选C。
Passage 6(说明文)
（2023·河南省直辖县级单位·济源高中统考二模）Around 3,000 school-based health centers operate in more than 30 states all around the U.S. offering primary and preventive care for students who live in medically underserved areas. Starting at the centers that treat flu, asthma, diabetes and other common illnesses, they provide vaccinations (疫苗接种) and screen for dental, vision and hearing problems, and some provide mental health care. These clinics bring services to children who need them most and who have the greatest risk of falling behind in school because their health needs go unmet.
The pandemic was hard on existing school-based health centers, and it’s time for government at all levels, to recognize that all children need accessible and affordable health care. As lawmakers draw up budgets, reallocate (重新分配) funds and begin a new school year, existing clinics should be able to operate without budgetary fears, more dollars should go to school-based clinics, and more community partners should participate financially and physically in efforts to bring health care to the kids who lack it.
Yet most school communities that could desperately use such clinics lack them. In 2021 $5 million was appropriated (拨专款) to support new and expanded services at school-based health centers. That money funded 25 facilities only—yet the program got more than 2,000 applications. And fewer than half of U.S. states currently fund school health centers. Although the clinics can also bill Medicaid (医疗补助制度) and insurance for students who have coverage, they need stable funding for operating expenses, including hiring well-trained staff.
Many existing centers had to close temporarily or permanently during the pandemic for lack of funding. One bright spot is that more than 60 percent of the centers began offering telehealth services, broadening their reach. Getting kids the care they need where they need it has always made sense, and it`s more urgent than ever. The time is right to expand school-based health centers to all underserved students.
19．What does the first paragraph mainly talk about?
A．The role of school-based clinics. B．The common school-age illnesses.
C．The number of school-based clinics. D．The medical service in underserved areas.
20．What does the author suggest government do in Paragraph 2?
A．Build more primary schools. B．Set up free health care centers.
C．Prevent the pandemic effectively. D．Support in-school clinics financially.
21．What can we infer about the appropriation of $5 million in Paragraph 3 ?
A．It is more than enough. B．It is just a small amount.
C．It serves other purposes. D．It includes training fees.
22．What is the best title for the text?
A．We need more health clinics at schools.
B．Students’ physical and mental health equally matter.
C．The pandemic impacts existing health centers greatly.
D．Schools are committed to helping kids get more health care.
【篇章解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了在当前情况下，美国医疗服务不足地区的学校急需要建设学校医疗中心。
19．【答案】A
【解析】段落大意题。根据第一段第一句中的“offering primary and preventive care for students(为学生提供初级和预防性保健)”、第二句中的“they provide vaccinations(疫苗接种) and screen for dental, vision and hearing problems, and some provide mental health care(他们提供疫苗接种和牙科、视力和听力问题筛查，有些还提供心理健康护理)”和第三句中的“These clinics bring services to children(这些诊所向儿童提供服务)”等信息可知，本段主要讲述了学校医疗中心所起的作用。故选A。
20．【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“As lawmakers draw up budgets, reallocate (重新分配) funds and begin a new school year, existing clinics should be able to operate without budgetary fears, more dollars should go to school-based clinics, and more community partners should participate financially and physically in efforts to bring health care to the kids who lack it.(随着立法者起草预算，重新分配资金并开始新学年，现有的诊所应该能够在没有预算担忧的情况下运作，更多的钱应该用于学校诊所，更多的社区伙伴应该在经济和物质上参与努力，为缺乏医疗保健的孩子带来医疗保健)”可知，本段建议政府要在财政上支持校内医疗中心。故选D。
21．【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In 2021 $5 million was appropriated (拨专款) to support new and expanded services at school-based health centers. That money funded 25 facilities only—yet the program got more than 2,000 applications. (2021年,拨款500万美元用于支持学校医疗中心的新服务和扩展服务。这笔钱只资助了25个设施，但该项目却收到了2 000多份申请)”可知，500万美元的拨款不足以满足2000多个建立学校医疗中心的申请，由此可知，钱远远不够。故选B。
22．【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，第一段介绍了学校医疗中心的作用，第二、三段介绍了学校医疗中心的现状，最后一段提出呼吁“The time is right to expand school-based health centers to all underserved students.(现在正是将学校医疗中心扩大到所有医疗服务不足的学生的时候)”由此可知，本篇文章旨在强调扩建学校医疗中心的紧迫性。所以A项“我们需要在学校设立更多的健康诊所”为最佳标题。故选A。