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阅读理解突破之说明文
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A
(2023福建省三明市高三上学期期中联考英语试题) Calling vegetables and fruits “ugly” can be a recipe for sales success, according to a new study.
A French supermarket chain made international headlines when it began marketing misshapen produce as “ugly” in 2014. Since then, food stores around the world have launched campaigns to sell “imperfect produce”. Some have been successful, while others haven’t — but until now, researchers hadn’t adequately explained why consumers rejected imperfect produce, or what marketing approach was most likely to whet their appetites.
The researchers conducted seven studies that tested the effects of “ugly” labeling by having participants purchase produce at a farmer’s market and online, and by examining people’s impressions about misshapen foods. Interestingly, they found that consumers expected the imperfect produce to be less tasty and even less nutritious than more traditionally attractive foods.
But it’s not all bad news for unattractive foods. The researchers also found that when the produce is labeled “ugly”, consumer hesitancy disappears — and it’s not because of humor or originality. Calling items “ugly” signals to consumers that the only difference between items is appearance, which makes them aware of their bias (偏见) and significantly increases their willingness to buy the less attractive produce.
“We’re pointing to the source of the rejection,” explains John Meredith, the lead researcher. “It makes people aware of the limited nature of their objection to the unattractive produce and makes it clear to consumers that there are no other problems in the produce other than attractiveness.”
The research also found consumers spent more on the misshapen produce labeled “ugly” instead of “imperfect”. And even though the ugly produce was sold at a 25 percent discount, it turned out to be more profitable for sellers, as the cost of acquiring the ugly produce was lower. However, if the price reduction was too sharp, participants expected the “ugly” foods to be of low quality.
1. What is the new study mainly about?
A. Food quality. B. Consumer demand.
C. Marketing approach. D. Bias against appearance.
2. What does the underlined phrase “whet their appetites” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Satisfy their need to eat better. B. Stimulate their desire of buying.
C. Encourage them to risk trying out. D. Raise their concerns about nutrition.
3. Why are people willing to buy ugly-labeled produce without hesitation?
A. They are happy to spend less and have more.
B. They are curious about the special shapes of produce.
C. They are attracted by the funny and creative idea of labeling.
D. They are led to believe ugly produce has no quality problems.
4. Which way helps food sellers make more profit according to the study?
A. Call the ugly produce “ugly”. B. Label the ugly produce “imperfect”.
C. Group the produce by its attractiveness. D. Price the ugly produce at a sharp discount.
B
(2023山东省聊城市高三第一次模拟考试) Making eye contact with a robot can be a very strange experience. Scientists even have a name for the feeling: the “uncanny valley”. Now, researchers at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) in Italy have found that it is more than just a feeling. They ran an experiment that showed how a robot’s gaze can trick people into thinking they are socially interacting with a human being. That experience can slow a person’s ability to make decisions.
“Gaze is an extremely important social signal,” said the lead writer, Professor Agnieszka Wykowska, “The question is whether the robot’s gaze will evoke very similar mechanisms in the human brain as a human’s gaze would.”
The team asked 40 participants to play a video game of “chicken”. Each player had to decide whether to permit a car to run straight toward another car or to turn to avoid a crash. The people played against a human-like robot sitting across from them. During breaks in the game, players had to look at the robot. Sometimes the robot would look back and at other times it would look away. As the interactions happened, the scientists collected data on participants’ behavior and brain activity.
“Our results show the gaze of the robot had an impact on the way humans made decisions and humans’ responses, so humans were much slower in making decisions in the game,” Wykowska said. Given that the robot, is designed loosely to copy the shape and appearance of people, it’s not altogether startling perhaps that its gaze can influence people’s attention.
The findings could be useful for deciding where and how human-like robots might be placed. When we understand when and how robots change people’s social behavior, “then we can decide in which sort of context this is desirable and beneficial for humans and in which context this should not occur,” Wykowska said.
5. Why was the experiment conducted?
A. To find out how the robot interacted with people. B. To study the function of the robot’s eyes.
C. To test the effect of robots’ gaze on people. D. To arouse people’s interest in service robots.
6. What were the participants asked to do?
A. Control the direction of a real car. B. Look at the robot in the game breaks.
C. Have a car race with a robot. D. Gaze at the robot while playing games.
7. What does the author think of the results according to paragraph 4?
A. Unsurprising. B. Amazing. C. Disappointing. D. Threatening.
8. What’s the purpose of the text?
A. To advertise the robot. B. To introduce a study.
C. To stress the importance of eye contact. D. To show robots’ ability to make decisions.
C
(2023浙江省台州市高三年级教学质量评估) On June 7, 1195, a fiery spinning ball emerged from a dark cloud in the sunny sky close to the London city. An account of this extraordinary moment survives in a chronicle (编年史) between about 1180 and 1199 by Gervase. It would appear that this is the first credible record of ball lightning in England, and much more convincing than the earliest European description, which was believed to be from the 17th century.
Historians discovered the account of what appears to be ball lightning while exploring Gervase’s records of natural events in his chronicle, a treasure of historical details giving insights into medieval culture. They dug through hundreds of pages in Latin and came across this sighting. Gervase’s records of natural events appear within the historical narrative, often with no opening statement, and the account of ball lightning is sandwiched between the events of the changing of kings at that time.
No attempt is made to explain the “marvellous sign” in the sky seen near London. Readers are left to draw their own conclusions. But Gervase appears to have been a sharp-eyed observer and reporter of celestial (天空的) activity. His fanciful description of ball lightning is remarkably similar to modern reports.
For a long time, ball lightning was regarded with skepticism. Although it is now generally accepted as a genuine phenomenon with thousands of reported sightings, there is still no accepted scientific explanation of its origin. Understanding the phenomenon has been blocked by an inability to reproduce the effect convincingly in the lab and partly because of the variations in eyewitness reports. Whatever the case, centuries later, Gervase’s record makes stimulating reading for modern scientists as well as historians.
9. What’s special about the account of ball lightning by Gervase?
A. It’s the most confusing version. B. It’s written in different languages.
C. It’s the earliest acknowledged record. D. It’s the only copy from the 17th Century.
10. Historians spotted Gervase’s account of ball lightning ______.
A. with ease B. as planned C. at the start D. by accident
11. It’s difficult to explain the origin of ball lightning mainly because of ______.
A. no qualified scientists B. no accurate reproductions
C. few eyewitness reports D. little support from historians
12. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Scientists Search for Explanations for Ball Lightning
B. Gervase Was Found as The Eyewitness of Ball Lightning
C. Account of First Ball Lightning Sighting Was Uncovered
D. Historians Gain a Breakthrough in a Natural Phenomenon
D
(2023浙江省衢州、丽水、湖州三地市高三教学质量检测) Owww! A little girl wails after falling and bumping her knee. Her father rushes over and inspects the leg. “I’ll kiss it and make it better,” he says. The kiss works. The girl sniffles, wipes her eyes, then jumps up and gets back to playing. Her pain is forgotten.
Scenes like this one happen on playgrounds and in homes around the world every day. When a child gets a bump or bruise in Germany, says Ulrike Bingel, “Someone will blow the pain away.”
A caring adult can seemingly stop a child’s pain with a puff of air, a kiss or even just a few kind words. Of course, none of these things can repair injured skin. So what’s happening? Doctors call it the placebo effect. It describes what happens when something that should have no effect triggers a real, positive change in someone’s body.
Placebos are a very important part of medical research. To prove that a new medicine works, researchers must show that people taking it improve more than people getting a placebo. This placebo is usually a pill that looks the same as the treatment but contains no medicine. At times a person may feel better after taking a placebo pill, even though the pill did not act on any disease or symptoms.
This placebo response isn’t an illusion. It comes from the brain. A placebo effect can only influence body processes that the brain can modify, such as pain or digestion.
Kathryn Hall, a medical researcher in Boston says, “Placebos don’t do anything for bacteria, but they can change how strongly someone experiences pain or other symptoms.” Other researchers are also trying to figure out why the placebo effect works. Ted Kaptchuk’s group has discovered that placebo treatments work better when a doctor spends more quality time with a patient.
13. Which of the following can be described as placebo effect?
A. Taking more responsibilities if promoted.
B. Not feeling pains in knees after an operation.
C. Becoming more active after drinking coffee.
D. Falling fast asleep after taking vitamins labelled as sleeping pills.
14. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To persuade patients to try the placebo pills. B. To introduce the placebo effect.
C. To encourage studies on placebo pills. D. To promote values of real pills.
15. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Power of Placebos B. Value of Placebo Pills
C. History of Placebo Research D. Placebo Effects on Patients
E
(2022届北京市东城区高三综合练习) Journal-based peer review-the process of subjecting a scientific research paper to the inspection of others who are experts in the same field-is generally held up as the quality assurance mechanism for research. It claims to be an essential measure which prevents publishing faulty papers. Reviewing a paper can delay its publication by up to a year; is that a price worth paying to ensure the trustworthiness of the published literature? Well, yes and no.
I’m not yet ready to abandon journal-based peer review. I’d still like to see all papers pass some sort of checking stage before formal publication, but I feel the ground moving. The growing use of preprints, drafts of papers which are posted online without having been peer reviewed, is a crucial part of that shift because they bring academics back to what research publication is all about: the rapid circulation of new results so they can be read, analyzed and built upon. Publication in journals has become more about fame and this has affected both the motivations of authors and the job of reviewers.
Competition for prized spots in journals drives scientists to do some of their best work. But the excessive (过多的) rewards for publishing in top journals are encouragements to corner-cutting, as stories polished by leaving out inconvenient data are more likely to be taken up. And the job of the reviewer also becomes distorted: it is more often now to decide not whether a paper is any good, but whether it is good enough for the journal considering publication. For top journals, that can depend as much on newsworthiness as scientific quality.
These problems are well known, but the tragedy for science is that few people are willing to break away from the present system. However, as biologist Ron Vale argued recently-fittingly, in a preprint-preprints may be a way out because they don’t involve a major shift away from the norm. That may seem an odd claim given that preprints have been in existence for twenty years, yet have not been adopted universally. This slow uptake is not only a reflection of the built-in conservatism of scientists, but also a result of the widespread misunderstanding that journals won’t accept manuscripts which have been posted online as preprints. There is also a fear that publication of papers without peer review risks opening the floodgates to “junk science”-something which, so far at least, has yet to occur.
Preprints enable the informal scientific discussions once restricted to correspondence between individuals. They could also become an effective outlet for negative results-a vital aspect of the scientific process often ignored by the journals’ excessive preoccupation (关注) with new discoveries. Furthermore, preprints significantly increase the number of times papers are read and cited by others. By taking advantage of the web’s culture of openness and accessibility, preprints should help to refocus attention where it matters-on the work itself, not where it is published.
16. According to Paragraph 1, what is the popular opinion on peer review?
A. It limits the number of research works. B. It ensures the quality of scientific papers.
C. It removes public doubts about publication. D. It changes the process of scientific publishing.
17. The author may agree that scientific journals ______.
A. urge scientists to pursue integrity in their work
B. rely on reviewers to revise faulty research papers
C. choose articles for their appeal over scientific value
D. try to cut costs to maintain their position in the field
18. What’s the author’s opinion on the growing use of preprints?
A. It will contribute to junk science. B. It may end the practice of peer review.
C. It promotes the spread of research findings. D. It improves the quality of scientific publication.
19. This is basically a passage to ______.
A. make comparison B. confirm a concept
C. encourage innovation D. propose a practice
F
(2023届广东省惠州市高三第一次调研考试英语试题) Earthquakes cannot be forecast, but engineers can prepare for them. Seismic-isolation (地震隔离) systems built into the bases of certain buildings in high-risk areas, use complex structures of concrete, rubber and metal to reduce quake damage by absorbing the ground’s horizontal shaking.
But such adaptations are expensive. Engineer Jian Zhang of the University of California, says building seismic isolation-system can increase construction costs by up to 20 percent. Although these systems might save more than they cost over time, builders in some regions may not have the budget for them at present.
A new seismic-isolation method uses the physics of rolling to create a lower-cost alternative with readily available materials: recycled tennis balls. “Everyone plays tennis, and they don’t know what to do with the tennis balls after each game,” says ETH Zürich seismic engineer Michalis Vassiliou.
Vassiliou’s team based its method on an early form of seismic-isolation that rolls a shaking building to a stop the way a skater in a half-pipe eventually comes to rest. By separating a building from the ground with a layer of spheres (球体), rolling isolation changes unstable horizontal shaking into a gentle rocking motion. This method was used in 5,000-year-old Peruvian pyramids, but today builders favor expensive, standardized isolation systems.
For their modern take on rolling seismic-isolation, the researchers injected concrete-like mixes into hundreds of balls that had lost their bounce. They built an inexpensive model consisting of four filled tennis balls sandwiched between two concrete slabs (厚板), and they found that it withstood earthquake shaking while supporting eight kilo newtons of force per ball — about twice what isolation systems might experience under one-story houses.
Zhang says that the work is worthwhile and that such technology might serve an unmet need. But she notes that the results are primary. Vassiliou agrees; next steps will mean creating and testing a larger model with hundreds of tennis balls at a research center in earthquake-prone Cuba — an example of a place where such systems could make isolation practicable in ordinary construction.
20. Why do the engineers adopt recycled tennis balls?
A. To improve the performance of tennis balls.
B. To help deal with the tennis balls after matches.
C. To simplify the complex structures of buildings.
D. To cut the expense of seismic-isolation building.
21. What effect could the new method achieve?
A. Recycling useless tennis balls. B. Transforming the shaking into a gentle one.
C. Withstanding earthquake shaking. D. Enabling a house to support much more force.
22. Which of the following best describes Zhang’s attitude towards the new technology?
A. Doubtful. B. Unclear. C. Objective. D. Approving.
23. What is the main idea of the text?
A. Researchers are creating and testing models in Cuba.
B. Engineers are exploring ways of earthquake forecasts.
C. A low-cost design helps shaking buildings roll to a stop.
D. Recycled tennis balls could protect buildings from disasters.
G
(2022届浙江省温州市普通高中高考适应性测试) If you look up in the sky, you probably see, at some point, an aircraft. And behind that aircraft are white, fluffy streaks (条纹). And that’s what we call a contrail. Contrails are made up of ice crystals that form when aircraft engines emit exhaust (废气) that hits the cold air.
The ice crystals reflect incoming light from the sun back into space, which has a cooling effect on the atmosphere. But the contrails also stop heat coming up from the ground from escaping into space. It is reflected back down toward the ground. And so that's a warming effect. Stettler, an engineer from Imperial College London, says, on balance, contrails warm the atmosphere more than they cool it. And that's mainly because the cooling effect due to reflecting of sunlight can only happen during the day, when the sun's shining, whereas the warming effect due to trapping of outgoing heat happens all of the time.
How long do contrails last? This depends on the atmospheric conditions at the altitude where a plane is flying. Some contrails can form clouds that last for up to 18 hours. During that time, they spread out, trapping even more heat. This process allows contrails to warm the planet about as much as the carbon dioxide emissions from aircraft.
But when Stettler and his team analyzed flight data they obtained of Japan airspace, they found that most contrail warming was caused by just 2 percent of flights. And most of those flights originated in the late afternoon because as the sun goes down, cooling can no longer offset (抵消) the warming. And the warming effect continues to exist throughout the evening into the night. But what if the contrails that contribute the most to warming could be got rid of?
24. What does “it” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. A cooling effect. B. Heat from the ground.
C. Light from the sun. D. Exhaust hitting the cold air.
25. What can be learned about contrails?
A. They can easily disappear in the air. B. They actually contribute to global warming.
C. Their cooling effect happens all of the time. D. Their warming effect is usually overlooked.
26. What is most likely to be talked about next?
A. A future plan for Japan airspace. B. The negative influence of contrails.
C. Other potential causes of contrails. D. A possible way to remove contrails.
H
(福建省福州市2021-2022学年高三上学期期末质量抽检) When Howard Bisla was tasked with saving a local shop from financial ruin, his concern was energy efficiency. He approached his electricity provider about upgrading the lights. The provider had another idea. An experimental cooling system: panels (面板) that could stay colder without consuming energy.
The panels now sit on the shop's roof, their mirrored surfaces coated with a thin cooling film and angled to the sky. They cool liquid in pipes underneath that run into the shop and, together with new lights, have reduced electricity bills by 15%.
The panels came from a discovery at Stanford. Researchers there created a material that stayed colder than its surroundings in direct sunlight. Since then, they have made a host of materials, including films, paints and treated wood, that stay cool in the heat.
These materials all rely on improving a natural effect known as passive radiative (辐射的) cooling. They reflect light in much the same way as mirrors or white paints do, but they can do far more. When the materials point at the sky, the rays can pass through the atmosphere and into space. That links the materials to a heat sink, into which they can keep dumping (倾倒) heat without it coming back. As a result, they can stay a few degrees cooler than surrounding air. Scientists have termed them super-cool materials.
These materials might also reduce the increasing demand for power-hungry refrigeration and air conditioning. Researchers have even suggested they might help Earth respond to global rising temperatures. But many more are cautious. So far, how much electrical power can be saved has been based on data from small samples. There are also doubts about their ability to work in a variety of climates and places. Another unknown is whether consumers will embrace the idea. Even replacing worn-out roofs with reflective white ones has not been widely adopted. However, this modelling work suggests that use of a super-cool paint might double the energy savings. “It’s a bit of a game-changer, in a sense,” according to researchers.
27. How did the shop get out of trouble?
A. By cooling liquid in the shop. B. By adopting a cooling system.
C. By quitting consuming energy. D. By changing electricity providers.
28. What is Para.4 mainly about?
A. A heat sink. B. The working principle.
C. A natural effect. D. The discovery process.
29. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. Consumers should be aware of power shortage.
B. It takes more research to explore wider application.
C. Quicker response should be made to rising temperatures.
D. The demand for reflective white roofs has been reduced.
30. What is the best title for the text?
A. Magic Power: the Game-Changing Technology
B. Lights Out: Less Energy Consumption Can Help
C. The Natural Cooling that Doubles Energy Savings
D. The Super-Cool Materials that Send Heat into Space
【答案与解析】
A
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究表明，将丑陋的蔬菜和水果标上“丑陋”标签可以增加消费者的购买意愿。
1. C推理判断题。根据第一段内容“Calling vegetables and fruits “ugly” can be a recipe for sales success, according to a new study.”(根据一项新的研究，称蔬菜和水果“丑陋”可能是销售成功的秘诀。)可知，称蔬菜和水果“丑陋”是一种成功的营销方法，这项新的研究主要是关于营销方法的研究。故选C。
2. B词义猜测题。根据画线短语上句“researchers hadn’t adequately explained why consumers rejected imperfect produce”(研究人员没有充分解释消费者拒绝不完美产品的原因)可知，研究者想知道为什么消费者拒绝不完美产品，由此可知，画线短语所在句指的是研究者想知道什么样的营销方式能激发消费者购买不完美产品的欲望，“Stimulate their desire of buying”意为“激发他们的购买欲望”，能够表达画线短语在句中所要表达的意思。故选B。
3. D细节理解题。根据第四段关键句“Calling items “ugly” signals to consumers that the only difference between items is appearance, which makes them aware of their bias (偏见) and significantly increases their willingness to buy the less attractive produce.(将商品称为“丑陋”向消费者表明，商品之间的唯一区别在于外观，这让他们意识到自己的偏见并显著增加了他们购买吸引力较低产品的意愿。)”可知，将商品贴上“丑陋”标签向消费者表明，商品之间的唯一区别在于外观，质量上没有差别，这让消费者放弃偏见，增加购买意愿，由此可知，人们会毫不犹豫地购买带有丑陋标签的产品是因为他们被引导相信丑陋的产品没有质量问题。故选D。
4. A推理判断题。根据最后一段关键句“The research also found consumers spent more on the misshapen produce labeled “ugly” instead of “imperfect”. And even though the ugly produce was sold at a 25 percent discount, it turned out to be more profitable for sellers, as the cost of acquiring the ugly produce was lower.”（研究还发现，消费者在标有“丑陋”而非“不完美”的畸形产品上花费更多。尽管丑陋的农产品以25%的折扣出售，但事实证明，由于购买丑陋农产品的成本较低，这对销售商来说更有利可图。）可知，将畸形产品贴上“丑陋”标签，消费者更愿意购买，并且销售商购买丑陋农产品的成本较低，所以尽管丑陋的农产品以25%的折扣出售，但对销售商来说更有利可图，由此可知，把丑陋的产品称为“丑陋”可以帮助食品销售商获得更多利润。故选A。
B
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项针对机器人的凝视对人的影响的研究，介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究结果表明机器人的目光会影响人类做出决定和做出反应的方式。这些发现可能有助于决定类人机器人应该被放置在哪里以及如何放置。
5. C细节理解题。根据第一段中“They ran an experiment that showed how a robot’s gaze can trick people into thinking they are socially interacting with a human being. That experience can slow a person’s ability to make decisions.(他们进行了一项实验，展示了机器人的目光是如何欺骗人们，让他们以为自己在与人类进行社交互动的。这种经历会减缓一个人的决策能力)”以及第二段中““Gaze is an extremely important social signal,” said the lead writer, Professor Agnieszka Wykowska, “The question is whether the robot’s gaze will evoke very similar mechanisms in the human brain as a human’s gaze would.”(“凝视是一种极其重要的社会信号，”该研究的主要作者Agnieszka Wykowska教授说，“问题是机器人的凝视是否会在人类大脑中引发与人类的凝视非常相似的机制。”)”可知，做这个实验是为了测试机器人注视人时所产生的影响。故选C。
6. B细节理解题。根据第三段中“During breaks in the game, players had to look at the robot. Sometimes the robot would look back and at other times it would look away.(在游戏的休息时间，玩家必须看着机器人。机器人有时会回头看，有时会看向别处)”可知，参与者被要求在休息时间，看着游戏中的机器人。故选B。
7. A推理判断题。根据第四段中“Given that the robot, is designed loosely to copy the shape and appearance of people, it’s not altogether startling perhaps that its gaze can influence people’s attention.(考虑到这个机器人的设计大致上模仿了人类的形状和外观，它的目光可能会影响人们的注意力，这也许并不完全令人吃惊)”可推知，作者认为结果不足为奇。故选A。
8. B推理判断题。根据第一段“Making eye contact with a robot can be a very strange experience. Scientists even have a name for the feeling: the “uncanny valley”. Now, researchers at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) in Italy have found that it is more than just a feeling. They ran an experiment that showed how a robot’s gaze can trick people into thinking they are socially interacting with a human being. That experience can slow a person’s ability to make decisions.(与机器人进行眼神交流是一种非常奇怪的体验。科学家们甚至给这种感觉起了个名字：“恐怖谷”。 现在，意大利理工学院的研究人员发现，它不仅仅是一种感觉。他们进行了一项实验，展示了机器人的目光是如何欺骗人们，让他们以为自己在与人类进行社交互动的。这种经历会减缓一个人的决策能力)”结合文章主要介绍了一项针对机器人的凝视对人的影响的研究，介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究结果表明机器人的目光会影响人类做出决定和做出反应的方式。这些发现可能有助于决定类人机器人应该被放置在哪里以及如何放置。可推知，这篇文章的目的是介绍一项研究。故选B。
C
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了关于球状闪电的第一个可信的记录。
9. C细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An account of this extraordinary moment survives in a chronicle (编年史) between about 1180 and 1199 by Gervase. It would appear that this is the first credible record of ball lightning in England, and much more convincing than the earliest European description, which was believed to be from the 17th century.(杰维斯在1180年到1199年之间的编年史中记录了这一非凡的时刻。这似乎是英国关于球状闪电的第一个可信的记录，比欧洲最早的描述更令人信服，后者被认为记录于17世纪。)”可知，杰维斯对球状闪电的描述的特别之处在于这是最早被承认的记录。故选C。
10. D推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Historians discovered the account of what appears to be ball lightning while exploring Gervase’s records of natural events in his chronicle, a treasure of historical details giving insights into medieval culture.(历史学家在研究杰维斯编年史中对自然事件的记录时发现了球状闪电的描述，这是一个历史细节的宝库，可以洞察中世纪文化。)”可知，历史学家偶然发现了杰维斯关于球状闪电的描述。故选D。
11. B细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Understanding the phenomenon has been blocked by an inability to reproduce the effect convincingly in the lab and partly because of the variations in eyewitness reports.(由于无法在实验室中令人信服地重现这一效应，以及部分由于目击者报告的差异，对这一现象的理解受到了阻碍。)”可知，球状闪电的成因难以解释，主要原因是不能精确地重现。故选B。
12. C主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“On June 7, 1195, a fiery spinning ball emerged from a dark cloud in the sunny sky close to the London city. An account of this extraordinary moment survives in a chronicle between about 1180 and 1199 by Gervase. It would appear that this is the first credible record of ball lightning in England, and much more convincing than the earliest European description, which was believed to be from the 17th century.(1195年6月7日，在伦敦市附近阳光明媚的天空中，一个炽热的旋转球从乌云中出现。杰维斯在1180年到1199年之间的编年史中记录了这一非凡的时刻。这似乎是英国关于球状闪电的第一个可信的记录，比欧洲最早的描述更令人信服，后者被认为记录于17世纪。)”可知，文章主要讲述了第一个目击球状闪电的描述被发现。故选C。
D
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了什么是安慰剂效应。
13. D推理判断题。根据第三段中“It describes what happens when something that should have no effect triggers a real, positive change in someone’s body.”(它描述的是当一些本不应该有影响的东西引发了某人身体的真正的、积极的变化时会发生什么。)和第四段中“At times a person may feel better after taking a placebo pill, even though the pill did not act on any disease or symptoms.”(有时，服用安慰剂后，人可能会感觉更好，即使这种药丸对任何疾病或症状都没有作用。)可知，服用标有安眠药的维生素片后迅速入睡是一种安慰剂效应，故选D。
14. B推理判断题。根据第三段中“Doctors call it the placebo effect. It describes what happens when something that should have no effect triggers a real, positive change in someone’s body.”（医生称之为安慰剂效应。它描述的是当一些本不应该有影响的东西引发了某人身体的真正的、积极的变化时会发生什么。）可知，这篇文章介绍什么是安慰剂效应，故选B。
15. A主旨大意题。文章前三段通过举例子的方式引出主题，即什么是安慰剂效应；根据第四段“Placebos are a very important part of medical research.”(安慰剂是医学研究上很重要的一部分)可知，从第四段开始讲述安慰剂的功效，A项“Power of Placebos (安慰剂的功效)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。
E
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍同行评审及预印本，介绍它们的优点及缺点，并鼓励我们对其进行革新。
16. B细节理解题。根据第一段“Journal-based peer review-the process of subjecting a scientific research paper to the inspection of others who are experts in the same field-is generally held up as the quality assurance mechanism for research. It claims to be an essential measure which prevents publishing faulty papers. (基于期刊的同行评审——将科学研究论文置于同一领域专家的检查的过程——通常被认为是研究的质量保证机制。它声称是防止发表不完善论文的重要措施。)”可知，对于同行评审的普遍观点是：同行评审可以保证科研论文的质量，故选B。
17. C推理判断题。根据第三段“And the job of the reviewer also becomes distorted: it is more often now to decide not whether a paper is any good, but whether it is good enough for the journal considering publication. For top journals, that can depend as much on newsworthiness as scientific quality. (审稿人的工作也变得扭曲：现在更常见的是，不是决定一篇论文是否好，而是考虑到期刊的发表来决定它是否足够好。对于顶级期刊来说，这可能既取决于科学质量，也取决于新闻价值。)”可知，作者认为科学期刊发表文章更注重新闻价值。故推知比起科学期刊的科学价值，科学期刊选择文章更注重其新闻价值和吸引力，故选C。
18. C细节理解题。根据第二段“The growing use of preprints, drafts of papers which are posted online without having been peer reviewed, is a crucial part of that shift because they bring academics back to what research publication is all about: the rapid circulation of new results so they can be read, analyzed and built upon. (越来越多的使用预印本，即未经同行评审而在线发布的论文草稿，是这一转变的关键部分，因为它们将科研人员带回到了研究出版物的全部内容当中。新成果的快速流通，以便于阅读、分析和构建。)”可知，作者认为预印本促进了新研究成果的快速流通，促进了研究成果的传播，故选C。
19. C推理判断题。根据第四段“These problems are well known, but the tragedy for science is that few people are willing to break away from the present system. (这些问题是众所周知的，但科学的悲剧在于，很少有人愿意脱离当前的制度。)”及最后一段“By taking advantage of the web’s culture of openness and accessibility, preprints should help to refocus attention where it matters—on the work itself, not where it is published. (通过利用网络的开放性和可访问性文化，预印本应该有助于将注意力重新集中在重要的地方——作品本身，而不是出版的地方。)”可知，文章主要介绍同行评审及预印本，介绍它们的优点及缺点，目的是鼓励我们进行革新，故选C。
F
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新的隔震方法利用滚动的物理特性，用现成的材料（回收的网球）创造一种成本较低的替代方案。
20. D细节理解题。根据第三段“A new seismic-isolation method uses the physics of rolling to create a lower-cost alternative with readily available materials: recycled tennis balls.(一种新的隔震方法利用滚动的物理特性，用现成的回收的网球做材料来创造一种成本较低的替代方案。)”可知，工程师们使用回收的网球是为了降低隔震建筑的费用。故选D。
21. B细节理解题。根据第四段“By separating a building from the ground with a layer of spheres (球体), rolling isolation changes unstable horizontal shaking into a gentle rocking motion.(通过用一层球体将建筑物与地面隔开, 滚动隔离将不稳定的水平振动变为轻微的摇摆运动。)”可知，这种新型方法可将震动转化为轻柔的震动。故选B。
22. C推理判断题。根据最后一段“Zhang says that the work is worthwhile and that such technology might serve an unmet need. But she notes that the results are primary.(张说这项工作是值得的，这样的技术可能服务于一个未满足的需求。但她指出，结果是初步的。)”可知，张既肯定这项工作是值得的，但同时也承认这项结果是初步的，所以她对这项新技术持客观公正的态度。故选C。
23. C主旨大意题。本文前两段指出建筑隔震系统增加建筑成本，从而引出第三段话题——一种新的隔震方法。下文继续阐述该方法的设计原理和隔震效果解释这种新型隔震方法。C项“A low-cost design helps shaking buildings roll to a stop.(一种低成本的设计可以帮助摇晃的建筑物停下来。)”最能概括文章主旨。故选C。
G
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了飞机引擎排放的废气与冷空气相遇时形成的冰晶构成的飞机尾迹以及它的温室效应。
【答案与解析】
24. B。词义指代题。根据“But the contrails also stop heat coming up from the ground from escaping into space. It is reflected back down toward the ground. (但是飞机尾迹也阻止来自地面的热量逃往太空,它被反射回了地面)”可知，代词it 指的是来自地面的热量。故选B。
25. B。推理判断题。根据第二段“Stettler, an engineer from Imperial College London, says, on balance, contrails warm the atmosphere more than they cool it. (伦敦帝国理工学院的工程师Stettler说，总的来说飞机尾迹使大气变暖多于变冷)”和第三段“This process allows contrails to warm the planet about as much as the carbon dioxide emissions from aircraft.(这个过程使得飞机尾迹将地球变暖的程度相当于飞机排放二氧化碳的程度)”可知，飞机尾迹会导致气候变暖。故选B。
26. D。推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句话“But what if the contrails that contribute the most to warming could be got rid of? (但是如果可以消除对气候变暖贡献最大的飞机尾迹，会怎样呢？)”可推断，下一段会承接上文，继续讲消除飞机尾迹的方法。D选项“一种可能消除尾迹的方法”与之相符，故选D。
H
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员创造出一种能将热量送入太空的超冷材料。
27. B细节理解题。根据第一段中“The provider had another idea. An experimental cooling system: panels (面板) that could stay colder without consuming energy. (供应商有另一个想法。一种实验性的冷却系统：可以在不消耗能源的情况下保持低温的面板)”以及第二段“They cool liquid in pipes underneath that run into the shop and, together with new lights, have reduced electricity bills by 15%.(他们将液体放入通往商店的管道中冷却，再加上新的照明设备，已经减少了15%的电费)”可知，这家商店是采用冷却系统摆脱问题的。故选B项。
28. B主旨大意题。根据第四段中“These materials all rely on improving a natural effect known as passive radiative (辐射的) cooling. They reflect light in much the same way as mirrors or white paints do, but they can do far more. When the materials point at the sky, the rays can pass through the atmosphere and into space. That links the materials to a heat sink, into which they can keep dumping (倾倒) heat without it coming back. As a result, they can stay a few degrees cooler than surrounding air. (这些材料都依赖于一种被称为被动辐射冷却的自然效应。它们反射光线的方式与镜子或白色颜料非常相似，但它们的作用要大得多。当材料指向天空时，光线可以穿过大气层进入太空。这将材料与散热片连接起来，它们可以不断向散热片释放热量，而不会再返回来。因此，它们可以保持比周围空气低几度的温度)”可知，第4段主要讲的是这种系统的工作原理。故选B项。
29. B推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But many more are cautious. So far, how much electrical power can be saved has been based on data from small samples. There are also doubts about their ability to work in a variety of climates and places. Another unknown is whether consumers will embrace the idea. Even replacing worn-out roofs with reflective white ones has not been widely adopted. (但更多人持谨慎态度。到目前为止，能节省多少电力都是基于小样本的数据。也有人怀疑他们在各种气候和地方工作的能力。另一个未知因素是消费者是否会接受这个想法。甚至用反光的白色屋顶来替换破旧的屋顶也没有被广泛采用)”可以推知，需要更多的研究来探索更广泛的应用。故选B项。
30. D主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第三段中“Researchers there created a material that stayed colder than its surroundings in direct sunlight. (那里的研究人员创造了一种材料，它在阳光直射下比周围环境更冷)”以及第四段中“When the materials point at the sky, the rays can pass through the atmosphere and into space. That links the materials to a heat sink, into which they can keep dumping (倾倒) heat without it coming back. As a result, they can stay a few degrees cooler than surrounding air. Scientists have termed them super-cool materials. (当材料指向天空时，光线可以穿过大气层进入太空。这将材料与散热片连接起来，它们可以不断向散热片释放热量，而不会再返回来。因此，它们可以保持比周围空气低几度的温度。科学家们称它们为超冷材料)”可知，本文主要介绍了一种能将热量送入太空的超冷材料。D“将热量送入太空的超冷材料”符合主题，适合做标题。故选D项。
阅读理解突破之说明文
巩固提升
A
(2023福建省三明市高三上学期期中联考英语试题) Calling vegetables and fruits “ugly” can be a recipe for sales success, according to a new study.
A French supermarket chain made international headlines when it began marketing misshapen produce as “ugly” in 2014. Since then, food stores around the world have launched campaigns to sell “imperfect produce”. Some have been successful, while others haven’t — but until now, researchers hadn’t adequately explained why consumers rejected imperfect produce, or what marketing approach was most likely to whet their appetites.
The researchers conducted seven studies that tested the effects of “ugly” labeling by having participants purchase produce at a farmer’s market and online, and by examining people’s impressions about misshapen foods. Interestingly, they found that consumers expected the imperfect produce to be less tasty and even less nutritious than more traditionally attractive foods.
But it’s not all bad news for unattractive foods. The researchers also found that when the produce is labeled “ugly”, consumer hesitancy disappears — and it’s not because of humor or originality. Calling items “ugly” signals to consumers that the only difference between items is appearance, which makes them aware of their bias (偏见) and significantly increases their willingness to buy the less attractive produce.
“We’re pointing to the source of the rejection,” explains John Meredith, the lead researcher. “It makes people aware of the limited nature of their objection to the unattractive produce and makes it clear to consumers that there are no other problems in the produce other than attractiveness.”
The research also found consumers spent more on the misshapen produce labeled “ugly” instead of “imperfect”. And even though the ugly produce was sold at a 25 percent discount, it turned out to be more profitable for sellers, as the cost of acquiring the ugly produce was lower. However, if the price reduction was too sharp, participants expected the “ugly” foods to be of low quality.
1. What is the new study mainly about?
A. Food quality. B. Consumer demand.
C. Marketing approach. D. Bias against appearance.
2. What does the underlined phrase “whet their appetites” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Satisfy their need to eat better. B. Stimulate their desire of buying.
C. Encourage them to risk trying out. D. Raise their concerns about nutrition.
3. Why are people willing to buy ugly-labeled produce without hesitation?
A. They are happy to spend less and have more.
B. They are curious about the special shapes of produce.
C. They are attracted by the funny and creative idea of labeling.
D. They are led to believe ugly produce has no quality problems.
4. Which way helps food sellers make more profit according to the study?
A. Call the ugly produce “ugly”. B. Label the ugly produce “imperfect”.
C. Group the produce by its attractiveness. D. Price the ugly produce at a sharp discount.
B
(2023山东省聊城市高三第一次模拟考试) Making eye contact with a robot can be a very strange experience. Scientists even have a name for the feeling: the “uncanny valley”. Now, researchers at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) in Italy have found that it is more than just a feeling. They ran an experiment that showed how a robot’s gaze can trick people into thinking they are socially interacting with a human being. That experience can slow a person’s ability to make decisions.
“Gaze is an extremely important social signal,” said the lead writer, Professor Agnieszka Wykowska, “The question is whether the robot’s gaze will evoke very similar mechanisms in the human brain as a human’s gaze would.”
The team asked 40 participants to play a video game of “chicken”. Each player had to decide whether to permit a car to run straight toward another car or to turn to avoid a crash. The people played against a human-like robot sitting across from them. During breaks in the game, players had to look at the robot. Sometimes the robot would look back and at other times it would look away. As the interactions happened, the scientists collected data on participants’ behavior and brain activity.
“Our results show the gaze of the robot had an impact on the way humans made decisions and humans’ responses, so humans were much slower in making decisions in the game,” Wykowska said. Given that the robot, is designed loosely to copy the shape and appearance of people, it’s not altogether startling perhaps that its gaze can influence people’s attention.
The findings could be useful for deciding where and how human-like robots might be placed. When we understand when and how robots change people’s social behavior, “then we can decide in which sort of context this is desirable and beneficial for humans and in which context this should not occur,” Wykowska said.
5. Why was the experiment conducted?
A. To find out how the robot interacted with people. B. To study the function of the robot’s eyes.
C. To test the effect of robots’ gaze on people. D. To arouse people’s interest in service robots.
6. What were the participants asked to do?
A. Control the direction of a real car. B. Look at the robot in the game breaks.
C. Have a car race with a robot. D. Gaze at the robot while playing games.
7. What does the author think of the results according to paragraph 4?
A. Unsurprising. B. Amazing. C. Disappointing. D. Threatening.
8. What’s the purpose of the text?
A. To advertise the robot. B. To introduce a study.
C. To stress the importance of eye contact. D. To show robots’ ability to make decisions.
C
(2023浙江省台州市高三年级教学质量评估) On June 7, 1195, a fiery spinning ball emerged from a dark cloud in the sunny sky close to the London city. An account of this extraordinary moment survives in a chronicle (编年史) between about 1180 and 1199 by Gervase. It would appear that this is the first credible record of ball lightning in England, and much more convincing than the earliest European description, which was believed to be from the 17th century.
Historians discovered the account of what appears to be ball lightning while exploring Gervase’s records of natural events in his chronicle, a treasure of historical details giving insights into medieval culture. They dug through hundreds of pages in Latin and came across this sighting. Gervase’s records of natural events appear within the historical narrative, often with no opening statement, and the account of ball lightning is sandwiched between the events of the changing of kings at that time.
No attempt is made to explain the “marvellous sign” in the sky seen near London. Readers are left to draw their own conclusions. But Gervase appears to have been a sharp-eyed observer and reporter of celestial (天空的) activity. His fanciful description of ball lightning is remarkably similar to modern reports.
For a long time, ball lightning was regarded with skepticism. Although it is now generally accepted as a genuine phenomenon with thousands of reported sightings, there is still no accepted scientific explanation of its origin. Understanding the phenomenon has been blocked by an inability to reproduce the effect convincingly in the lab and partly because of the variations in eyewitness reports. Whatever the case, centuries later, Gervase’s record makes stimulating reading for modern scientists as well as historians.
9. What’s special about the account of ball lightning by Gervase?
A. It’s the most confusing version. B. It’s written in different languages.
C. It’s the earliest acknowledged record. D. It’s the only copy from the 17th Century.
10. Historians spotted Gervase’s account of ball lightning ______.
A. with ease B. as planned C. at the start D. by accident
11. It’s difficult to explain the origin of ball lightning mainly because of ______.
A. no qualified scientists B. no accurate reproductions
C. few eyewitness reports D. little support from historians
12. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Scientists Search for Explanations for Ball Lightning
B. Gervase Was Found as The Eyewitness of Ball Lightning
C. Account of First Ball Lightning Sighting Was Uncovered
D. Historians Gain a Breakthrough in a Natural Phenomenon
D
(2023浙江省衢州、丽水、湖州三地市高三教学质量检测) Owww! A little girl wails after falling and bumping her knee. Her father rushes over and inspects the leg. “I’ll kiss it and make it better,” he says. The kiss works. The girl sniffles, wipes her eyes, then jumps up and gets back to playing. Her pain is forgotten.
Scenes like this one happen on playgrounds and in homes around the world every day. When a child gets a bump or bruise in Germany, says Ulrike Bingel, “Someone will blow the pain away.”
A caring adult can seemingly stop a child’s pain with a puff of air, a kiss or even just a few kind words. Of course, none of these things can repair injured skin. So what’s happening? Doctors call it the placebo effect. It describes what happens when something that should have no effect triggers a real, positive change in someone’s body.
Placebos are a very important part of medical research. To prove that a new medicine works, researchers must show that people taking it improve more than people getting a placebo. This placebo is usually a pill that looks the same as the treatment but contains no medicine. At times a person may feel better after taking a placebo pill, even though the pill did not act on any disease or symptoms.
This placebo response isn’t an illusion. It comes from the brain. A placebo effect can only influence body processes that the brain can modify, such as pain or digestion.
Kathryn Hall, a medical researcher in Boston says, “Placebos don’t do anything for bacteria, but they can change how strongly someone experiences pain or other symptoms.” Other researchers are also trying to figure out why the placebo effect works. Ted Kaptchuk’s group has discovered that placebo treatments work better when a doctor spends more quality time with a patient.
13. Which of the following can be described as placebo effect?
A. Taking more responsibilities if promoted.
B. Not feeling pains in knees after an operation.
C. Becoming more active after drinking coffee.
D. Falling fast asleep after taking vitamins labelled as sleeping pills.
14. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To persuade patients to try the placebo pills. B. To introduce the placebo effect.
C. To encourage studies on placebo pills. D. To promote values of real pills.
15. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Power of Placebos B. Value of Placebo Pills
C. History of Placebo Research D. Placebo Effects on Patients
E
(2022届北京市东城区高三综合练习) Journal-based peer review-the process of subjecting a scientific research paper to the inspection of others who are experts in the same field-is generally held up as the quality assurance mechanism for research. It claims to be an essential measure which prevents publishing faulty papers. Reviewing a paper can delay its publication by up to a year; is that a price worth paying to ensure the trustworthiness of the published literature? Well, yes and no.
I’m not yet ready to abandon journal-based peer review. I’d still like to see all papers pass some sort of checking stage before formal publication, but I feel the ground moving. The growing use of preprints, drafts of papers which are posted online without having been peer reviewed, is a crucial part of that shift because they bring academics back to what research publication is all about: the rapid circulation of new results so they can be read, analyzed and built upon. Publication in journals has become more about fame and this has affected both the motivations of authors and the job of reviewers.
Competition for prized spots in journals drives scientists to do some of their best work. But the excessive (过多的) rewards for publishing in top journals are encouragements to corner-cutting, as stories polished by leaving out inconvenient data are more likely to be taken up. And the job of the reviewer also becomes distorted: it is more often now to decide not whether a paper is any good, but whether it is good enough for the journal considering publication. For top journals, that can depend as much on newsworthiness as scientific quality.
These problems are well known, but the tragedy for science is that few people are willing to break away from the present system. However, as biologist Ron Vale argued recently-fittingly, in a preprint-preprints may be a way out because they don’t involve a major shift away from the norm. That may seem an odd claim given that preprints have been in existence for twenty years, yet have not been adopted universally. This slow uptake is not only a reflection of the built-in conservatism of scientists, but also a result of the widespread misunderstanding that journals won’t accept manuscripts which have been posted online as preprints. There is also a fear that publication of papers without peer review risks opening the floodgates to “junk science”-something which, so far at least, has yet to occur.
Preprints enable the informal scientific discussions once restricted to correspondence between individuals. They could also become an effective outlet for negative results-a vital aspect of the scientific process often ignored by the journals’ excessive preoccupation (关注) with new discoveries. Furthermore, preprints significantly increase the number of times papers are read and cited by others. By taking advantage of the web’s culture of openness and accessibility, preprints should help to refocus attention where it matters-on the work itself, not where it is published.
16. According to Paragraph 1, what is the popular opinion on peer review?
A. It limits the number of research works. B. It ensures the quality of scientific papers.
C. It removes public doubts about publication. D. It changes the process of scientific publishing.
17. The author may agree that scientific journals ______.
A. urge scientists to pursue integrity in their work
B. rely on reviewers to revise faulty research papers
C. choose articles for their appeal over scientific value
D. try to cut costs to maintain their position in the field
18. What’s the author’s opinion on the growing use of preprints?
A. It will contribute to junk science. B. It may end the practice of peer review.
C. It promotes the spread of research findings. D. It improves the quality of scientific publication.
19. This is basically a passage to ______.
A. make comparison B. confirm a concept
C. encourage innovation D. propose a practice
F
(2023届广东省惠州市高三第一次调研考试英语试题) Earthquakes cannot be forecast, but engineers can prepare for them. Seismic-isolation (地震隔离) systems built into the bases of certain buildings in high-risk areas, use complex structures of concrete, rubber and metal to reduce quake damage by absorbing the ground’s horizontal shaking.
But such adaptations are expensive. Engineer Jian Zhang of the University of California, says building seismic isolation-system can increase construction costs by up to 20 percent. Although these systems might save more than they cost over time, builders in some regions may not have the budget for them at present.
A new seismic-isolation method uses the physics of rolling to create a lower-cost alternative with readily available materials: recycled tennis balls. “Everyone plays tennis, and they don’t know what to do with the tennis balls after each game,” says ETH Zürich seismic engineer Michalis Vassiliou.
Vassiliou’s team based its method on an early form of seismic-isolation that rolls a shaking building to a stop the way a skater in a half-pipe eventually comes to rest. By separating a building from the ground with a layer of spheres (球体), rolling isolation changes unstable horizontal shaking into a gentle rocking motion. This method was used in 5,000-year-old Peruvian pyramids, but today builders favor expensive, standardized isolation systems.
For their modern take on rolling seismic-isolation, the researchers injected concrete-like mixes into hundreds of balls that had lost their bounce. They built an inexpensive model consisting of four filled tennis balls sandwiched between two concrete slabs (厚板), and they found that it withstood earthquake shaking while supporting eight kilo newtons of force per ball — about twice what isolation systems might experience under one-story houses.
Zhang says that the work is worthwhile and that such technology might serve an unmet need. But she notes that the results are primary. Vassiliou agrees; next steps will mean creating and testing a larger model with hundreds of tennis balls at a research center in earthquake-prone Cuba — an example of a place where such systems could make isolation practicable in ordinary construction.
20. Why do the engineers adopt recycled tennis balls?
A. To improve the performance of tennis balls.
B. To help deal with the tennis balls after matches.
C. To simplify the complex structures of buildings.
D. To cut the expense of seismic-isolation building.
21. What effect could the new method achieve?
A. Recycling useless tennis balls. B. Transforming the shaking into a gentle one.
C. Withstanding earthquake shaking. D. Enabling a house to support much more force.
22. Which of the following best describes Zhang’s attitude towards the new technology?
A. Doubtful. B. Unclear. C. Objective. D. Approving.
23. What is the main idea of the text?
A. Researchers are creating and testing models in Cuba.
B. Engineers are exploring ways of earthquake forecasts.
C. A low-cost design helps shaking buildings roll to a stop.
D. Recycled tennis balls could protect buildings from disasters.
G
(2022届浙江省温州市普通高中高考适应性测试) If you look up in the sky, you probably see, at some point, an aircraft. And behind that aircraft are white, fluffy streaks (条纹). And that’s what we call a contrail. Contrails are made up of ice crystals that form when aircraft engines emit exhaust (废气) that hits the cold air.
The ice crystals reflect incoming light from the sun back into space, which has a cooling effect on the atmosphere. But the contrails also stop heat coming up from the ground from escaping into space. It is reflected back down toward the ground. And so that's a warming effect. Stettler, an engineer from Imperial College London, says, on balance, contrails warm the atmosphere more than they cool it. And that's mainly because the cooling effect due to reflecting of sunlight can only happen during the day, when the sun's shining, whereas the warming effect due to trapping of outgoing heat happens all of the time.
How long do contrails last? This depends on the atmospheric conditions at the altitude where a plane is flying. Some contrails can form clouds that last for up to 18 hours. During that time, they spread out, trapping even more heat. This process allows contrails to warm the planet about as much as the carbon dioxide emissions from aircraft.
But when Stettler and his team analyzed flight data they obtained of Japan airspace, they found that most contrail warming was caused by just 2 percent of flights. And most of those flights originated in the late afternoon because as the sun goes down, cooling can no longer offset (抵消) the warming. And the warming effect continues to exist throughout the evening into the night. But what if the contrails that contribute the most to warming could be got rid of?
24. What does “it” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. A cooling effect. B. Heat from the ground.
C. Light from the sun. D. Exhaust hitting the cold air.
25. What can be learned about contrails?
A. They can easily disappear in the air. B. They actually contribute to global warming.
C. Their cooling effect happens all of the time. D. Their warming effect is usually overlooked.
26. What is most likely to be talked about next?
A. A future plan for Japan airspace. B. The negative influence of contrails.
C. Other potential causes of contrails. D. A possible way to remove contrails.
H
(福建省福州市2021-2022学年高三上学期期末质量抽检) When Howard Bisla was tasked with saving a local shop from financial ruin, his concern was energy efficiency. He approached his electricity provider about upgrading the lights. The provider had another idea. An experimental cooling system: panels (面板) that could stay colder without consuming energy.
The panels now sit on the shop's roof, their mirrored surfaces coated with a thin cooling film and angled to the sky. They cool liquid in pipes underneath that run into the shop and, together with new lights, have reduced electricity bills by 15%.
The panels came from a discovery at Stanford. Researchers there created a material that stayed colder than its surroundings in direct sunlight. Since then, they have made a host of materials, including films, paints and treated wood, that stay cool in the heat.
These materials all rely on improving a natural effect known as passive radiative (辐射的) cooling. They reflect light in much the same way as mirrors or white paints do, but they can do far more. When the materials point at the sky, the rays can pass through the atmosphere and into space. That links the materials to a heat sink, into which they can keep dumping (倾倒) heat without it coming back. As a result, they can stay a few degrees cooler than surrounding air. Scientists have termed them super-cool materials.
These materials might also reduce the increasing demand for power-hungry refrigeration and air conditioning. Researchers have even suggested they might help Earth respond to global rising temperatures. But many more are cautious. So far, how much electrical power can be saved has been based on data from small samples. There are also doubts about their ability to work in a variety of climates and places. Another unknown is whether consumers will embrace the idea. Even replacing worn-out roofs with reflective white ones has not been widely adopted. However, this modelling work suggests that use of a super-cool paint might double the energy savings. “It’s a bit of a game-changer, in a sense,” according to researchers.
27. How did the shop get out of trouble?
A. By cooling liquid in the shop. B. By adopting a cooling system.
C. By quitting consuming energy. D. By changing electricity providers.
28. What is Para.4 mainly about?
A. A heat sink. B. The working principle.
C. A natural effect. D. The discovery process.
29. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. Consumers should be aware of power shortage.
B. It takes more research to explore wider application.
C. Quicker response should be made to rising temperatures.
D. The demand for reflective white roofs has been reduced.
30. What is the best title for the text?
A. Magic Power: the Game-Changing Technology
B. Lights Out: Less Energy Consumption Can Help
C. The Natural Cooling that Doubles Energy Savings
D. The Super-Cool Materials that Send Heat into Space
【答案与解析】
A
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究表明，将丑陋的蔬菜和水果标上“丑陋”标签可以增加消费者的购买意愿。
1. C推理判断题。根据第一段内容“Calling vegetables and fruits “ugly” can be a recipe for sales success, according to a new study.”(根据一项新的研究，称蔬菜和水果“丑陋”可能是销售成功的秘诀。)可知，称蔬菜和水果“丑陋”是一种成功的营销方法，这项新的研究主要是关于营销方法的研究。故选C。
2. B词义猜测题。根据画线短语上句“researchers hadn’t adequately explained why consumers rejected imperfect produce”(研究人员没有充分解释消费者拒绝不完美产品的原因)可知，研究者想知道为什么消费者拒绝不完美产品，由此可知，画线短语所在句指的是研究者想知道什么样的营销方式能激发消费者购买不完美产品的欲望，“Stimulate their desire of buying”意为“激发他们的购买欲望”，能够表达画线短语在句中所要表达的意思。故选B。
3. D细节理解题。根据第四段关键句“Calling items “ugly” signals to consumers that the only difference between items is appearance, which makes them aware of their bias (偏见) and significantly increases their willingness to buy the less attractive produce.(将商品称为“丑陋”向消费者表明，商品之间的唯一区别在于外观，这让他们意识到自己的偏见并显著增加了他们购买吸引力较低产品的意愿。)”可知，将商品贴上“丑陋”标签向消费者表明，商品之间的唯一区别在于外观，质量上没有差别，这让消费者放弃偏见，增加购买意愿，由此可知，人们会毫不犹豫地购买带有丑陋标签的产品是因为他们被引导相信丑陋的产品没有质量问题。故选D。
4. A推理判断题。根据最后一段关键句“The research also found consumers spent more on the misshapen produce labeled “ugly” instead of “imperfect”. And even though the ugly produce was sold at a 25 percent discount, it turned out to be more profitable for sellers, as the cost of acquiring the ugly produce was lower.”（研究还发现，消费者在标有“丑陋”而非“不完美”的畸形产品上花费更多。尽管丑陋的农产品以25%的折扣出售，但事实证明，由于购买丑陋农产品的成本较低，这对销售商来说更有利可图。）可知，将畸形产品贴上“丑陋”标签，消费者更愿意购买，并且销售商购买丑陋农产品的成本较低，所以尽管丑陋的农产品以25%的折扣出售，但对销售商来说更有利可图，由此可知，把丑陋的产品称为“丑陋”可以帮助食品销售商获得更多利润。故选A。
B
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项针对机器人的凝视对人的影响的研究，介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究结果表明机器人的目光会影响人类做出决定和做出反应的方式。这些发现可能有助于决定类人机器人应该被放置在哪里以及如何放置。
5. C细节理解题。根据第一段中“They ran an experiment that showed how a robot’s gaze can trick people into thinking they are socially interacting with a human being. That experience can slow a person’s ability to make decisions.(他们进行了一项实验，展示了机器人的目光是如何欺骗人们，让他们以为自己在与人类进行社交互动的。这种经历会减缓一个人的决策能力)”以及第二段中““Gaze is an extremely important social signal,” said the lead writer, Professor Agnieszka Wykowska, “The question is whether the robot’s gaze will evoke very similar mechanisms in the human brain as a human’s gaze would.”(“凝视是一种极其重要的社会信号，”该研究的主要作者Agnieszka Wykowska教授说，“问题是机器人的凝视是否会在人类大脑中引发与人类的凝视非常相似的机制。”)”可知，做这个实验是为了测试机器人注视人时所产生的影响。故选C。
6. B细节理解题。根据第三段中“During breaks in the game, players had to look at the robot. Sometimes the robot would look back and at other times it would look away.(在游戏的休息时间，玩家必须看着机器人。机器人有时会回头看，有时会看向别处)”可知，参与者被要求在休息时间，看着游戏中的机器人。故选B。
7. A推理判断题。根据第四段中“Given that the robot, is designed loosely to copy the shape and appearance of people, it’s not altogether startling perhaps that its gaze can influence people’s attention.(考虑到这个机器人的设计大致上模仿了人类的形状和外观，它的目光可能会影响人们的注意力，这也许并不完全令人吃惊)”可推知，作者认为结果不足为奇。故选A。
8. B推理判断题。根据第一段“Making eye contact with a robot can be a very strange experience. Scientists even have a name for the feeling: the “uncanny valley”. Now, researchers at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) in Italy have found that it is more than just a feeling. They ran an experiment that showed how a robot’s gaze can trick people into thinking they are socially interacting with a human being. That experience can slow a person’s ability to make decisions.(与机器人进行眼神交流是一种非常奇怪的体验。科学家们甚至给这种感觉起了个名字：“恐怖谷”。 现在，意大利理工学院的研究人员发现，它不仅仅是一种感觉。他们进行了一项实验，展示了机器人的目光是如何欺骗人们，让他们以为自己在与人类进行社交互动的。这种经历会减缓一个人的决策能力)”结合文章主要介绍了一项针对机器人的凝视对人的影响的研究，介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究结果表明机器人的目光会影响人类做出决定和做出反应的方式。这些发现可能有助于决定类人机器人应该被放置在哪里以及如何放置。可推知，这篇文章的目的是介绍一项研究。故选B。
C
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了关于球状闪电的第一个可信的记录。
9. C细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An account of this extraordinary moment survives in a chronicle (编年史) between about 1180 and 1199 by Gervase. It would appear that this is the first credible record of ball lightning in England, and much more convincing than the earliest European description, which was believed to be from the 17th century.(杰维斯在1180年到1199年之间的编年史中记录了这一非凡的时刻。这似乎是英国关于球状闪电的第一个可信的记录，比欧洲最早的描述更令人信服，后者被认为记录于17世纪。)”可知，杰维斯对球状闪电的描述的特别之处在于这是最早被承认的记录。故选C。
10. D推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Historians discovered the account of what appears to be ball lightning while exploring Gervase’s records of natural events in his chronicle, a treasure of historical details giving insights into medieval culture.(历史学家在研究杰维斯编年史中对自然事件的记录时发现了球状闪电的描述，这是一个历史细节的宝库，可以洞察中世纪文化。)”可知，历史学家偶然发现了杰维斯关于球状闪电的描述。故选D。
11. B细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Understanding the phenomenon has been blocked by an inability to reproduce the effect convincingly in the lab and partly because of the variations in eyewitness reports.(由于无法在实验室中令人信服地重现这一效应，以及部分由于目击者报告的差异，对这一现象的理解受到了阻碍。)”可知，球状闪电的成因难以解释，主要原因是不能精确地重现。故选B。
12. C主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“On June 7, 1195, a fiery spinning ball emerged from a dark cloud in the sunny sky close to the London city. An account of this extraordinary moment survives in a chronicle between about 1180 and 1199 by Gervase. It would appear that this is the first credible record of ball lightning in England, and much more convincing than the earliest European description, which was believed to be from the 17th century.(1195年6月7日，在伦敦市附近阳光明媚的天空中，一个炽热的旋转球从乌云中出现。杰维斯在1180年到1199年之间的编年史中记录了这一非凡的时刻。这似乎是英国关于球状闪电的第一个可信的记录，比欧洲最早的描述更令人信服，后者被认为记录于17世纪。)”可知，文章主要讲述了第一个目击球状闪电的描述被发现。故选C。
D
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了什么是安慰剂效应。
13. D推理判断题。根据第三段中“It describes what happens when something that should have no effect triggers a real, positive change in someone’s body.”(它描述的是当一些本不应该有影响的东西引发了某人身体的真正的、积极的变化时会发生什么。)和第四段中“At times a person may feel better after taking a placebo pill, even though the pill did not act on any disease or symptoms.”(有时，服用安慰剂后，人可能会感觉更好，即使这种药丸对任何疾病或症状都没有作用。)可知，服用标有安眠药的维生素片后迅速入睡是一种安慰剂效应，故选D。
14. B推理判断题。根据第三段中“Doctors call it the placebo effect. It describes what happens when something that should have no effect triggers a real, positive change in someone’s body.”（医生称之为安慰剂效应。它描述的是当一些本不应该有影响的东西引发了某人身体的真正的、积极的变化时会发生什么。）可知，这篇文章介绍什么是安慰剂效应，故选B。
15. A主旨大意题。文章前三段通过举例子的方式引出主题，即什么是安慰剂效应；根据第四段“Placebos are a very important part of medical research.”(安慰剂是医学研究上很重要的一部分)可知，从第四段开始讲述安慰剂的功效，A项“Power of Placebos (安慰剂的功效)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。
E
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍同行评审及预印本，介绍它们的优点及缺点，并鼓励我们对其进行革新。
16. B细节理解题。根据第一段“Journal-based peer review-the process of subjecting a scientific research paper to the inspection of others who are experts in the same field-is generally held up as the quality assurance mechanism for research. It claims to be an essential measure which prevents publishing faulty papers. (基于期刊的同行评审——将科学研究论文置于同一领域专家的检查的过程——通常被认为是研究的质量保证机制。它声称是防止发表不完善论文的重要措施。)”可知，对于同行评审的普遍观点是：同行评审可以保证科研论文的质量，故选B。
17. C推理判断题。根据第三段“And the job of the reviewer also becomes distorted: it is more often now to decide not whether a paper is any good, but whether it is good enough for the journal considering publication. For top journals, that can depend as much on newsworthiness as scientific quality. (审稿人的工作也变得扭曲：现在更常见的是，不是决定一篇论文是否好，而是考虑到期刊的发表来决定它是否足够好。对于顶级期刊来说，这可能既取决于科学质量，也取决于新闻价值。)”可知，作者认为科学期刊发表文章更注重新闻价值。故推知比起科学期刊的科学价值，科学期刊选择文章更注重其新闻价值和吸引力，故选C。
18. C细节理解题。根据第二段“The growing use of preprints, drafts of papers which are posted online without having been peer reviewed, is a crucial part of that shift because they bring academics back to what research publication is all about: the rapid circulation of new results so they can be read, analyzed and built upon. (越来越多的使用预印本，即未经同行评审而在线发布的论文草稿，是这一转变的关键部分，因为它们将科研人员带回到了研究出版物的全部内容当中。新成果的快速流通，以便于阅读、分析和构建。)”可知，作者认为预印本促进了新研究成果的快速流通，促进了研究成果的传播，故选C。
19. C推理判断题。根据第四段“These problems are well known, but the tragedy for science is that few people are willing to break away from the present system. (这些问题是众所周知的，但科学的悲剧在于，很少有人愿意脱离当前的制度。)”及最后一段“By taking advantage of the web’s culture of openness and accessibility, preprints should help to refocus attention where it matters—on the work itself, not where it is published. (通过利用网络的开放性和可访问性文化，预印本应该有助于将注意力重新集中在重要的地方——作品本身，而不是出版的地方。)”可知，文章主要介绍同行评审及预印本，介绍它们的优点及缺点，目的是鼓励我们进行革新，故选C。
F
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新的隔震方法利用滚动的物理特性，用现成的材料（回收的网球）创造一种成本较低的替代方案。
20. D细节理解题。根据第三段“A new seismic-isolation method uses the physics of rolling to create a lower-cost alternative with readily available materials: recycled tennis balls.(一种新的隔震方法利用滚动的物理特性，用现成的回收的网球做材料来创造一种成本较低的替代方案。)”可知，工程师们使用回收的网球是为了降低隔震建筑的费用。故选D。
21. B细节理解题。根据第四段“By separating a building from the ground with a layer of spheres (球体), rolling isolation changes unstable horizontal shaking into a gentle rocking motion.(通过用一层球体将建筑物与地面隔开, 滚动隔离将不稳定的水平振动变为轻微的摇摆运动。)”可知，这种新型方法可将震动转化为轻柔的震动。故选B。
22. C推理判断题。根据最后一段“Zhang says that the work is worthwhile and that such technology might serve an unmet need. But she notes that the results are primary.(张说这项工作是值得的，这样的技术可能服务于一个未满足的需求。但她指出，结果是初步的。)”可知，张既肯定这项工作是值得的，但同时也承认这项结果是初步的，所以她对这项新技术持客观公正的态度。故选C。
23. C主旨大意题。本文前两段指出建筑隔震系统增加建筑成本，从而引出第三段话题——一种新的隔震方法。下文继续阐述该方法的设计原理和隔震效果解释这种新型隔震方法。C项“A low-cost design helps shaking buildings roll to a stop.(一种低成本的设计可以帮助摇晃的建筑物停下来。)”最能概括文章主旨。故选C。
G
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了飞机引擎排放的废气与冷空气相遇时形成的冰晶构成的飞机尾迹以及它的温室效应。
【答案与解析】
24. B。词义指代题。根据“But the contrails also stop heat coming up from the ground from escaping into space. It is reflected back down toward the ground. (但是飞机尾迹也阻止来自地面的热量逃往太空,它被反射回了地面)”可知，代词it 指的是来自地面的热量。故选B。
25. B。推理判断题。根据第二段“Stettler, an engineer from Imperial College London, says, on balance, contrails warm the atmosphere more than they cool it. (伦敦帝国理工学院的工程师Stettler说，总的来说飞机尾迹使大气变暖多于变冷)”和第三段“This process allows contrails to warm the planet about as much as the carbon dioxide emissions from aircraft.(这个过程使得飞机尾迹将地球变暖的程度相当于飞机排放二氧化碳的程度)”可知，飞机尾迹会导致气候变暖。故选B。
26. D。推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句话“But what if the contrails that contribute the most to warming could be got rid of? (但是如果可以消除对气候变暖贡献最大的飞机尾迹，会怎样呢？)”可推断，下一段会承接上文，继续讲消除飞机尾迹的方法。D选项“一种可能消除尾迹的方法”与之相符，故选D。
H
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员创造出一种能将热量送入太空的超冷材料。
27. B细节理解题。根据第一段中“The provider had another idea. An experimental cooling system: panels (面板) that could stay colder without consuming energy. (供应商有另一个想法。一种实验性的冷却系统：可以在不消耗能源的情况下保持低温的面板)”以及第二段“They cool liquid in pipes underneath that run into the shop and, together with new lights, have reduced electricity bills by 15%.(他们将液体放入通往商店的管道中冷却，再加上新的照明设备，已经减少了15%的电费)”可知，这家商店是采用冷却系统摆脱问题的。故选B项。
28. B主旨大意题。根据第四段中“These materials all rely on improving a natural effect known as passive radiative (辐射的) cooling. They reflect light in much the same way as mirrors or white paints do, but they can do far more. When the materials point at the sky, the rays can pass through the atmosphere and into space. That links the materials to a heat sink, into which they can keep dumping (倾倒) heat without it coming back. As a result, they can stay a few degrees cooler than surrounding air. (这些材料都依赖于一种被称为被动辐射冷却的自然效应。它们反射光线的方式与镜子或白色颜料非常相似，但它们的作用要大得多。当材料指向天空时，光线可以穿过大气层进入太空。这将材料与散热片连接起来，它们可以不断向散热片释放热量，而不会再返回来。因此，它们可以保持比周围空气低几度的温度)”可知，第4段主要讲的是这种系统的工作原理。故选B项。
29. B推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But many more are cautious. So far, how much electrical power can be saved has been based on data from small samples. There are also doubts about their ability to work in a variety of climates and places. Another unknown is whether consumers will embrace the idea. Even replacing worn-out roofs with reflective white ones has not been widely adopted. (但更多人持谨慎态度。到目前为止，能节省多少电力都是基于小样本的数据。也有人怀疑他们在各种气候和地方工作的能力。另一个未知因素是消费者是否会接受这个想法。甚至用反光的白色屋顶来替换破旧的屋顶也没有被广泛采用)”可以推知，需要更多的研究来探索更广泛的应用。故选B项。
30. D主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第三段中“Researchers there created a material that stayed colder than its surroundings in direct sunlight. (那里的研究人员创造了一种材料，它在阳光直射下比周围环境更冷)”以及第四段中“When the materials point at the sky, the rays can pass through the atmosphere and into space. That links the materials to a heat sink, into which they can keep dumping (倾倒) heat without it coming back. As a result, they can stay a few degrees cooler than surrounding air. Scientists have termed them super-cool materials. (当材料指向天空时，光线可以穿过大气层进入太空。这将材料与散热片连接起来，它们可以不断向散热片释放热量，而不会再返回来。因此，它们可以保持比周围空气低几度的温度。科学家们称它们为超冷材料)”可知，本文主要介绍了一种能将热量送入太空的超冷材料。D“将热量送入太空的超冷材料”符合主题，适合做标题。故选D项。
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