还剩16页未读，
继续阅读
高考英语概要写作专项训练
展开
这是一份高考英语概要写作专项训练，共19页。试卷主要包含了概要写作等内容，欢迎下载使用。
概要写作
1．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It's not just your mom's arbitrary rule; across cultures and throughout history, elbows(手肘）on the table have long been considered unacceptable behavior. Indeed, the Bible warns of putting your elbows on the table, and in 1530, Dutch philosopher Erasmus repeated the same rule. Even the etiquette(礼节） experts don't advise it. So, why have elbows on the table always been considered rude?
For earlier civilizations, this rule functioned to prevent possible violence at the table."Table manners prevented us from leaving our space and starting a" fight. It was important that people saw you-as considerate or trying hard," says Margaret Visser, author of The Rituals of Dinner. Our place setting's fork and knife already act as an imaginary boundary for bur space at the table, so ignoring" or breaking that border indicates that you have no regard for order and are therefore potentially mentally ill-who: knows what else you're capable of!
Today,while keeping your elbows off the table can't be traced back' to a single culture or civilization, it more belongs to the universal language of principle, which expresses two ideas, that at mealtime one shouldn't do anything that inconveniences other diners, and that a meal is a formal occasion where' one shouldn't behave in a casual way.
However,that's not to say that in the here and now leaving your' elbows on the" table will bring dishonor upon your family. Manners develop with the times to meet our needs and feelings. In fact,some body language now suggests that elbows on the table are a sign of appearing engaged and focused on the conversation at hand.
Above all,being considerate, respectful, 'and honest is more important 'than knowing which fork to use. Whether it's a handshake or a hug, it's the sincerity behind and good intentions of the action that matter most
2．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
Family problems can be very painful, especially around family-centered times, like holidays. However, there are ways to solve the problems and restore peace to the dynamic (活力). Life is too short to waste. How a person approaches the family members and what he says can make a big difference.
If the family members are arguing, waiting until everyone calms down can help deal with the argument. A person shouldn’t discuss the family problem when he is still feeling upset or emotional. If he waits even a single night, the intensity (强度) of the emotion is likely to calm down somewhat, even if he is still unhappy. He should wait rather than react emotionally. If he takes a step back and gives himself some time to think before dealing with the problem, he will deal with it wisely.
Someone wants to send off a text or an email and wishes he could take things back. Trying to address an argument or a family problem by instant text messages or emails is the worst possible choice. That’s because the tone can too easily be misunderstand by electronic communication. The man who sends off a text message or an email might not think he sounds angry to the person receiving it. Instead of sending off a text, pick up the telephone or, better yet, arrange in-person communication. Electronic communication means people lose the true meaning of body language, which can express feelings and reduce the sting (不快) of a painful conversation.
As the saying goes, “Blood is thicker than water.” People can choose their friends, but not their family. You might be able to cut people out, but it could cause you more pain down the road. Understanding that family members have faults but they can still love their families is the first step towards addressing problems. Accept your own faults, too.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3．概要写作
Smart phone reliance （依赖）
Today is the second day of the Chinese New Year, a day of another round of family reunions and parties. Yet today the parties are different from what they used to be. People are not together in the same home, but instead gather together in cyberspace. It is another symptom （症状） of the so﹣called smart phone reliance syndrome.
Therefore, we feel more distanced from each other in the real world. The reason is that we have more choices now，and we have to keep up with virtual（虚拟的）conversations for fear that we will miss out on something. We no longer have to pretend to be interested in someone standing before us, because we can just talk with someone more interesting somewhere else.
However, one group risks being left behind by this trend. The elderly in our society do not accept new technologies as fast as the younger and they can not enjoy the convenience of new technologies in the same way. Very few old people know how to use a smart phone, and most of the cell phone makers have all developed special cell phones with only basic functions to suit their needs. They even don't use the internet much. So, the elderly face the loneliness of being "left behind" by their children working in cities far away. Spring Festival is almost the only chance for them to talk with the younger generation, yet smartphones deprive （剥夺） them out of this opportunity.
The only way the younger and elder generations can meaningfully communicate is that the former put down their smartphones during this Spring Festival holiday and talk with their older relatives face to face. And by doing so, we will also be doing ourselves a favor. Today we are the digital pioneers, but we won't be in 30 years. It is our children that will be opening a new path with the latest technologies, and we, slow to accept new things, will be left to our own devices （设备）. If we hope our children will talk with us 30 years later, we need to set a good example for them now.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4．请阅读下面短文写一篇60词左右的概要：
The earthquake that hit San Francisco on April 18, 1906 shook down hundreds of thousands of dollars’ worth of walls and chimneys (烟囱). But the fire that followed burned up hundreds of millions of dollars’ worth of buildings and homes. Never before in history has a city been so completely destroyed. San Francisco is gone. The factories, the great stores and newspaper buildings, the hotels, and the great houses of the rich are all gone.
On Wednesday morning at a quarter past five came the earthquake. A moment later, the disaster was a fact. South of Market Street, in the working-class neighborhoods and in the factories, fires started. Within an hour after the earthquake, the smoke of San Francisco’s fires could be seen 100 miles away. The sun was red in the dark sky. There was no stopping the fires. The firefighters to whom the task was given did their best but there was no way to organize or communicate. The steel railway tracks were now useless.And the great pipes for carrying water under the streets had burst. All of the ways man had made to keep the city safe were gone in the thirty seconds the earth moved.
By Wednesday afternoon, half of the heart of the city was gone. At that time, I watched the disaster from a ship on the bay (海湾). Out at sea it was calm. No wind came up. Yet from every direction—east, west, north, and south—strong winds blew upon the unlucky city and those whose homes had once stood in its green hills. Wednesday night saw the destruction of the very heart of the city. Man himself had to make ruins of some of the city’s best buildings so that they would not be a danger to those in the streets.Tens of thousands who had lost their homes left the city to look for shelter from the fire. Some were dressed only in blankets and carried the things that they had been able to rescue from the fires. But there were no fights and no pushing or shoving. Somehow this worst of disasters brought out the best in the survivors. Never in all San Francisco’s history were her people so kind as on that terrible night.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60词左右的内容概要。
China Needs To Fight Its Massive Food Waste To Combat Climate Change
China is facing a massive food waste crisis. Over 6% of China's total food production is already lost before reaching consumers, and restaurants in Chinese cities throw away an average of a third of food served. Amid the climate crisis and an already vulnerable global food system exposed by the current Covid-19 pandemic, it is vital to tackle food waste in Asia's largest country.
Asia currently drives over half of global food waste, and China is one of the leading countries contributing an enormous amount of discarded food each year. According to a recent report conducted by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and local NGO partners, Chinese cities produce 25% of the world's municipal solid waste - most of which is food. When examining restaurants and school canteens, data showed that one third of all the food served is thrown away.
Why does food waste pose a massive challenge to the planet? Besides global hunger, the way that food waste is managed contributes to driving climate change. Much of the China's food waste ends up in landfills, which contributes significant amounts of methane, a major greenhouse gas that causes global heating. Scientists have found that every kilogram of landfilled solid waste releases its equivalent(同等的)weight of carbon dioxide equivalent（等价物）.
With cities contributing to the most food waste in the country, they need to be at the front lines to address the problem. Projects across other cities in Asia can serve as examples on how to reduce food waste, such as Singapore's Lumitics, a tech-forward startup, which has created a food waste tracker that can attach to bins in commercial kitchens. The product aims to help F & B and hospitality businesses analyze the type of food that is being thrown away the most in order to launch a targeted campaign to reduce the amount of discarded food.
But let's be clear - food waste is not a problem in China or Asia alone. With over 10% of annual global carbon emissions coming driven by food waste, the entire world needs to step up its efforts to fight the issue.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6．读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
This incident happened over twenty years ago when I was in high school. There was a debate competition in my neighbouring school. My friend and I volunteered to participate in the debate. There were many topics to choose from and I choose to speak on AIDS.
Even though I had no idea what the competition would be like, I decided to go ahead and prepare for it and I used an article from a magazine as reference.
On the day of the event, I practiced my lines but was feeling nervous as there would be many listeners and the stage fear was chasing me already and truly it caught up with me. I reached the auditorium (礼堂), and it was large. The competition began, and I was getting sweaty palms. I was at a loss when the speaker before my turn unexpectedly had chosen the same topic as me and also referred to the same magazine and reproduced it line by line, leaving me in a daze (恍惚) on what to do next as I just had a couple of minutes with me.
Soon enough I was on the stage and I could gather courage and speak for only two minutes. I felt so bad. I had not only let my school down but also myself. I then decided to put in my best efforts and overcome my stage fear and prepare well for the next debate. Luckily I did not have to wait long as the next competition was organized by my school.
This time my topic was against castes (印度的种姓；等级制度) in indian society. I wrote the script with my own efforts and practiced for hours in front of the mirror even though I had learned the script by heart.
The day came and this time I was confident about myself, I just went about doing my job and lasted for five minutes. I had a very satisfied feeling coming from within. When the results were announced, I had come second in the event, I was so happy and all my efforts paid off.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
New research aimed at understanding the impact of screen time and social media on adolescent brains found in early testing significant differences in brain chemistry for kids who had at least seven hours of screen time a day, compared to kids who used screens less.
Psychologist Lisa Damour explained that social media is incredibly appealing.“We know it triggers(触发) the reward centers in the brain.And this is true for grownups too, not teenagers and kids, ”Damour said Monday.“We also know that digital technology disturbs things that are important for healthy development, such as sleep, oneonone interactions that are face to face, learning how to focus on one’s schoolwork, physical activity.So we should already start to be drawing some lines around digital technology, just to protect normal and healthy development.”
Experts suggest avoiding screen time other than video chatting for children younger than 18 months.For children between 2 to 5 years old, the group recommends limiting screen time to one hour per day with “highquality programs”.
While experts have offered a variety of guidelines for screen time, Damour, recommended parents should start from considering what they’re trying to protect.“So we’re trying to protect sleep.We’re trying to protect family time.We’re trying to protect focus.So I think the guidelines should flow from there, ”she said.“Children need a lot more sleep than people appreciate.Elementary school children need 11 hours a night, middle schoolers need 10 hours a night.High schoolers need 9 hours a night.So if we even do that, that’s a good guideline.”
On February 12, Damour is releasing her latest book, Under Pressure：Confronting the Epidemic of Stress and Anxiety in Girls.She explained, “When high schoolers get phones that disturb their sleep, consequently they go on to have higher rates of depression.”“Social media is just one element of the ‘broad scope’ of factors parents need to consider that may be causing stress and anxiety for kids, ” she said.
8．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Human beings are smart. However, it seems that people are gradually losing their smartness as smartphones become more and more important assistants in their lives, reported news website Record Japan on Oct. 22. As we rely too much on technology instead of our brains, many people have lost three basic abilities, said the website.
The first skill many people have lost is remembering phone numbers. Because phone numbers are stored in smart phone contacts, there's no need to dial a number or look at it again.
And some people may also have lost their sense of direction because navigation apps can guide people anywhere they want to go. These apps can even find shortest routes for you and avoid traffic jams. But the worst lost skills may be social ones, meaning that some people are becoming socially inept(无能的）. People often bury themselves in their smart phones. As we're too addicted to what's happening in the virtual world, some of us have lost conversational skills and sometimes can't even tell whether a person is happy or not.
In August, researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, studied 51 students aged 11 and 12 who had over five hours' screen time every day. Their task was to tell the emotions of 48 pictures of faces that were happy, sad, angry or scared. The children made an average of 14.02 mistakes at the beginning. But after a five-day camp without electronic (电子的) products, they made only 9.41 mistakes on average. “If you’re not practicing face-to-face communication, you could be losing important social skills,” concluded professor Yalda Uhls from the research.
Luckily, people still have a chance to get these abilities back. You should try to keep your parents' numbers in mind for emergencies. You should also pay more attention to street signs and stores, which will help you to draw a mind map and stop you from getting lost. And the easiest solution to social skill loss is to take a break from electronic devices because we are social creatures. We need device-free time.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
We already know that the underwater world is anything but silent. It is full of natural sounds produced by animals and by the motion of the atmosphere and water. But today’s researchers are increasingly concerned about the man-made noises under the water. They are confusing whales and other marine animals
Although hearing is important to all animals, the special qualities of the undersea world emphasize the use of sound. Underwater sound allows marine animals to gather information and communicate at great distances and from all directions. Loud underwater noises can cause damage to their hearing. And nowadays it's becoming too much for marine wildlife. Evidence shows that whales will swim hundreds of miles, rapidly change their depth, and even beach themselves to get away from the sounds of sonar.
You might think lower noises, typically caused by shipping or construction, do not pose a threat to marine animals. In fact, while they may not kill the animals directly, they can disturb their ability to locate food, find mates and avoid predators (掠食动物)).Scientists looked at the effects of noise from small motorboats on coral-reef fish at the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. In the lab, the fish had been trained to recognize the smell of three common predators as a threat. Some fish were trained in the presence of boat noise, while the others had training with the natural sounds of the ocean. It turned out that the first group showed no fright reactions when exposed to the predator. However, the other group was scared. And under the influence of underwater noise on this group, only 20 percent of fish survived, compared to almost 70 percent of unexposed fish.
Humans rely on the ocean for its natural resources and biodiversity. The ocean also plays an important role in regulating( 调节)temperatures, As Cousteau said, "For most of history, man has had to fight nature to survive; in this century he is beginning to realize that, in order to survive, he must protect it.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Gold has exercised power for ages. People have been looking for gold since the beginning of mankind Whole (帝国) have been built on gold. The Spanish conquered all of Central and South America in order to bring gold back to their home country. Inca and Maya civilizations worshipped gold and thought it came from the sun. Explorers traveled for thousands of miles in search of the precious metal.
Gold is, once again, in great need, people want to have gold as a kind of safety in changing times. They invest in (投资于) gold instead of saving their money in banks. Many people argue that since 9/11 the world has become a more dangerous place. When in 2008 the financial markets collapsed (崩溃), the major money of the world became weaker. Investors were no longer sure how safe their money was. They bought more and more gold which made the price of the yellow metal rise.
One of the reasons why gold is so valuable is that it practically cannot be destroyed. It always stays the same and never changes. It can be recycled and afterwards be used for many things. In Iraq poor people collect gold dust and bring it back to jewellery shops to be recycled. Recycling gold is also a big business in Japan, where gold is collected from old mobile phones and other industrial waste.
The demand for the metal and increased production leads to a number of environmental problems. A single ounce of gold produces over 30 tons of waste, more than any other metal on earth. Poisonous substances can leak into rivers and pollute the water. In Peru and Brazil wide areas of the Amazon rainforest are cut down by the illegal mining of gold.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考答案：
1．Possible version I
Putting elbows on the table is always considered a taboo in different cultures and historical periods.（要点一）In the past,the rule helped to avoid probable conflicts at table as it left people's space inviolate.（要点二）Today,as a universal principle, it conveys the message that one shouldn't trouble other diners but behave well.(要点三）Whereas,with manners developing, placing elbows on the table equals showing interest and concentration in some situations.(要点四）Anyway,what matters most is the underlying sincerity and consideration.(要点五）79 words
Possible version II
It has long been regarded improper to put elbows on the table.(要点一）Actually, for earlier
civilizations,people did so to avoid possible violence during the meal.(要点二）Nowadays,as a universal principle, it indicates that one shouldn't bother others or behave casually at mealtime.(要点三） Nevertheless, it isn't always considered bad-mannered, but it means people are concentrated and engaged.（要点四）All in all, what matters most is people's good intention and genuineness.(要点五）73 words
【分析】本篇书面表达是概要写作。
【详解】读完所给文章后用不多于60个词总结文章要点，要用自己的语言，不能用文章的原句。这是一篇议论文，文章主要讲述了礼节。胳膊肘放在桌子上总是被认为是不礼貌的。然而，随着礼仪的发展，它并不总是被认为是没礼貌的,在某些情况下，将肘部放在桌子上等于表示出兴趣和注意力的集中。无论如何，最重要的是内在的真诚和体贴。
（1）确定体裁，本文是议论文。明确主题（why have elbows on the table always been considered rude?）及结构。
（2）划主题句，找关键信息。这篇概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。本文各段主题句是：
1. For earlier civilizations, this rule functioned to prevent possible violence at the table.
2. Today,while keeping your elbows off the table can't be traced back to a single culture or civilization, it more belongs to the universal language of principle.
3. However,that's not to say that in the here and now leaving your elbows on the table will bring dishonor upon your family.
4. Above all,being considerate, respectful, and honest is more important than knowing which fork to use.
(3)改写。注意要点之间的衍接，要用适当的关联词语要通全文。
(4)计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
从范文中可以看出作者对原文要点的理解正确并呈现完整；应用语法结构和词汇准确；上下文连贯；要点表达独立；完全使用了自己的语言，语法结构准确，词汇应用丰富；所写内容与所提供内容密切相关，无文章原句。
【点睛】文章思路清晰，语言规范，段落整齐，语篇连贯，层次清晰。使用了较为高级的句式: that引导的同位语从句Today,as a universal principle, it conveys the message that one shouldn't trouble other diners but behave well.what引导的主语从句 Anyway,what matters most is the underlying sincerity and consideration.高级句式的应用提升了写作的档次，整个短文显示出了作者高水平的英语表达能力。
2．Family problems can be very painful. However, there are always some ways to handle them. Waiting until you are not angry to discuss family problems can help solve them. Rather than send off a text or email, deal with family problems in person, which is an effective way. Meanwhile, it is necessary to try to accept the faults of your family members as well as your own.
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。文章主要说明了家庭问题是非常令人痛苦的。然而，总有一些方法可以处理它们。等到你不生气的时候再讨论家庭问题有助于解决问题。与其发短信或电子邮件，不如亲自处理家庭问题，这是一种有效的方式。同时，有必要试着接受家庭成员的错误和自己的错误。
2）弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点睛】本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：painful；handle；rather than；send off；deal with；in person；effective；faults；as well as等高级词汇；Rather than send off a text or email, deal with family problems in person, which is an effective way.运用非限制性定语从句等高级句式。
3．One of the symptoms of the smart phone reliance syndrome is that people are glued to smart phones when having family reunions. (要点一)Consequently, people are physically near but mentally far in the real world. Meanwhile, the old are left behind because they can't keep up with the fast development of technology. （要点二）So it's high time that parents put down smart phones and communicated more with the old, thus setting a good example for children to follow/being role models to children. （要点三）
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。本文文章主要讲述了人们对手机上瘾的现象，产生的危害以及提出解决办法。
【详解】通读全文，我们可以从以下三个方面对文章进行总结:
1. 描述现状即对手机上瘾的表现：手机依赖症的表现之一就是人们在家庭聚会时也机不离手。可用到的词汇有：symptom; be glued to; family reunions; reliance等。
2. 手机依赖所造成的后果：人们看似与真实世界离得很近，实则恰好相反；此外，老人因跟不上技术的发展而被遗忘。可用到的词汇有：consequently; far from; leave behind; keep up with等。
3. 提出解决方法：人们是时候放下手机与亲人尤其是老人多交流，为孩子树立一个可以参照的好榜样。可用到的词汇有：it is high that sb. did sth.; set an example to sb.等
4．A great earthquake shook San Francisco on April 18th, 1906, leaving the city completely destroyed. It was at 5:15 am that the quake began, later fires started in South of Market Street and the city was left without means of communication or transportation. By the afternoon, half of the heart city had disappeared. When night fell, seeing the destruction, homeless people escaped the city to find shelter. Although in disaster, people had shown their greatest kindness.
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。文章主要说明了1906年4月18日，旧金山发生大地震，整个城市被彻底摧毁。地震发生在凌晨5点15分，随后市场街南部起火，整个城市通讯和交通瘫痪。到了下午，半个市中心消失了。夜幕降临，看到满目疮痍，无家可归的人们纷纷逃离城市寻找栖身之所。尽管在灾难中，人们表现出了最大的善意。
2）弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点睛】本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：earthquake；completely destroyed；communication ；transportation；destruction；shelter；disaster等高级词汇；It was at 5:15 am that the quake began, later fires started in South of Market Street and the city was left without means of communication or transportation.运用了强调句； When night fell, seeing the destruction, homeless people escaped the city to find shelter. 运用了时间状语从句等高级句式。
5．China is one of the leading countries producing large amounts of food waste each year, so food waste is a big problem for China to solve. The way food waste is managed also contributes to climate change; As the biggest food wasters in China, cities need to tackle the problem first. Besides China or Asia, the whole world needs to do more to solve this problem.
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】本篇书面表达是概述写作。读完所给文章后用不多于60个词总结文章要点，要用自己的语言，不能用文章的原句。这是一篇说明文，文章说明了中国正面临巨大的食物浪费危机。除了全球饥饿，食物浪费的管理方式也导致了气候变化。因此，为了应对气候变化，中国需要应对其巨大的食物浪费。
（1）确定体裁，本文是说明文。明确主题（China Needs To Fight Its Massive Food Waste To Combat Climate Change）及结构。
（2）划主题句，找关键信息。这篇概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。本文各段主题句是：
1. China is facing a massive food waste crisis.
2. Asia currently drives over half of global food waste, and China is one of the leading countries contributing an enormous amount of discarded food each year.
3. Besides global hunger, the way that food waste is managed contributes to driving climate change.
4. With cities contributing to the most food waste in the country, they need to be at the front lines to address the problem.
5.The entire world needs to step up its efforts to fight the issue.
(3)改写。注意要点之间的衍接，要用适当的关联词语要通全文。
(4)计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
从范文中可以看出作者对原文要点的理解正确并呈现完整；应用语法结构和词汇准确；上下文连贯；要点表达独立；完全使用了自己的语言，语法结构准确，词汇应用丰富；所写内容与所提供内容密切相关，无文章原句。
【点睛】
这篇概要写作的关键在于句子内容的准确表述，同时注意谋篇布局的顺序，运用合适的连接词连接全文，同时选择高级的词汇和语法项目让文章更有文采。China is one of the leading countries producing large amounts of food waste each year, so food waste is a big problem for China to solve. 运用了非谓语动词作定语。
6．Twenty years ago, as a middle school student I attended a debate competition. As I was not well prepared and I got nervous and feared, I lost the competition. Soon another debate competition was held. I prepared for every detail, conquered myself and got the second place. From this experience I know efforts will pay off sooner or later.
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。文章主要讲述了二十年前，作者作为一名中学生参加了一次辩论赛。由于作者没有准备好，作者紧张和害怕，最后输了比赛。不久，另一场辩论赛举行了。作者准备好了每一个细节，战胜了自己，获得了第二名。从这次经历中，作者知道努力迟早会有回报的。
2）弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点睛】本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：attend；a debate competition；well prepared；conquer；effort；pay off；sooner or later等高级词汇；As I was not well prepared and I got nervous and feared, I lost the competition.运用了原因状语从句；等高级句式。
7．Research found vital differences in brain chemistry for kids with different screen times.(要点1)Psychologist Lisa Damour explained that social media is very attractive as the reward centers in the brain are activated but meanwhile digital technology negatively affects healthy development.(要点2)Experts have provided various suggestions for screen time.(要点3) However, Damour suggested parents should take what they’re trying to protect into account.(要点4)Besides, social media is just one of the factors that may cause stress and anxiety for kids.(要点5)
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。文章主要说明了研究发现，不同屏幕时间的孩子的大脑化学物质存在重要差异。心理学家Lisa Damour解释说，社交媒体非常有吸引力，因为大脑中的奖励中心被激活了，但与此同时，数字技术对健康发展产生了负面影响。专家们对屏幕时间提出了各种建议。然而，Damour建议父母应该考虑到他们试图保护的东西。此外，社交媒体只是造成孩子压力和焦虑的因素之一。
2）弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点睛】本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：vital differences；screen times；social media；attractive；meanwhile；negatively等高级词汇；Psychologist Lisa Damour explained that social media is very attractive as the reward centers in the brain are activated but meanwhile digital technology negatively affects healthy development.运用宾语从句等高级句式。
8．Smart phones are playing an increasingly important role in people's life, but they are also depriving people of three basic abilities. For one thing, some people lose the ability to remember telephone numbers. Secondly, some people lose their sense of direction. Third, some people lose their social skills. Fortunately, people can reclaim these abilities by returning to the way they used to be. Most importantly, we need some time without cell phones.
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章以论证的方式说明了智能手机时代给人们带来的三种能力的丧失，以及如何恢复这三种能力。
【详解】本文是一篇概要写作，要求写出文章的主题大意和要点，要写全要点，抓住重点，要使用自己比较熟悉的词汇、短语和句型，恰当使用过渡词和连接词，以使文章连贯、流畅。要尽量使用高级词汇和句型、各种从句以及非谓语动词等高级形式，以体现较高的写作水平。本文写作时人称以第三人称为主，时态采用一般现在时。
在写作时应注意把握本文文章要点：1. 智能手机在人们生活中扮演着重要角色，但也给人们带来了三种能力的丧失；2. 有人丧失了记忆电话号码的能力；3. 有人丧失了方向感；4.有人丧失了社交技能；5. 应该积极找回这些能力。有时候，我们需要一些没有手机在身边的时候。写作时应注意上下文连贯及词数要求。
【点睛】范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。作者在范文中使用了不少固定用法，比如：play an important role in，sense of direction等让文章增色不少。文章长短结合，错落有致，语句自然。
9．Although underwater world is not silent, man-made sound is doing great harm to marine animal. (要点1) Important as underwater sound is to animals there, loud noises in the sea threatens their normal life. (要点2) According to scientists’ research, the survival rate of fish drops sharply under the influence of noise, whether loud or not. (要点3) Thus, with the benefits of ocean to the environment and temperature, people must protect it rather than fight it.(要点4)
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】概要写作
写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了虽然水下世界不是无声的，但人为的声音对海洋动物造成了极大的危害。尽管水下声音对那里的动物很重要，但海洋中的巨大噪音威胁着它们的正常生活。根据科学家的研究，在噪音的影响下，鱼的存活率急剧下降，不管噪音是大还是小。因此，随着海洋对环境和温度的好处，人们必须保护它而不是对抗它。
2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。本文中要点有三：第一，介绍福建木偶戏；第二，木偶戏目前面临的问题；第三，对此人们采取的措施。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
10．Gold has exercised power for ages. People are crazy about searching for the precious metal. One reason why gold is so valuable is that people want to have gold as a kind of safety in changing times. In addition, gold is so valuable because it can be recycled and afterwards be used for many things. However, people are so crazy that we are facing a lot of environmental problems.
【分析】本篇书面表达是概要写作。文章讲述了从古至今人们对黄金的追逐以及过度开采黄金造成的环境问题。
【详解】第一段讲述了历史上人们对于黄金的热爱和追逐。可以用到的词汇或句型有：be crazy about…, search for, precious等。第二段讲述了人们热爱黄金的原因之一，作为投资，黄金可以保值。可以用到的词汇或句型有：valuable, a kind of等。第三段讲述了人们热爱黄金的另一个原因，黄金可以被回收并利用。可以用到的词汇或句型有：recycle, afterwards, be used for等。第四段讲述了过度开采黄金引起的环境问题。可以用到的词汇或句型有：so…that…, a lot of, environmental等。
【点睛】范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。作者在范文中合理使用了复合句，如：“However, people are so crazy that we are facing a lot of environmental problems.” 这句话为结果状语从句；其次，使用了一些固定短语，如：be crazy about…; a kind of; be used for等，使语言更加丰富；同时使用了一些高级词汇，如precious; valuable; environmental等，让语言更加地道。全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。
概要写作
1．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It's not just your mom's arbitrary rule; across cultures and throughout history, elbows(手肘）on the table have long been considered unacceptable behavior. Indeed, the Bible warns of putting your elbows on the table, and in 1530, Dutch philosopher Erasmus repeated the same rule. Even the etiquette(礼节） experts don't advise it. So, why have elbows on the table always been considered rude?
For earlier civilizations, this rule functioned to prevent possible violence at the table."Table manners prevented us from leaving our space and starting a" fight. It was important that people saw you-as considerate or trying hard," says Margaret Visser, author of The Rituals of Dinner. Our place setting's fork and knife already act as an imaginary boundary for bur space at the table, so ignoring" or breaking that border indicates that you have no regard for order and are therefore potentially mentally ill-who: knows what else you're capable of!
Today,while keeping your elbows off the table can't be traced back' to a single culture or civilization, it more belongs to the universal language of principle, which expresses two ideas, that at mealtime one shouldn't do anything that inconveniences other diners, and that a meal is a formal occasion where' one shouldn't behave in a casual way.
However,that's not to say that in the here and now leaving your' elbows on the" table will bring dishonor upon your family. Manners develop with the times to meet our needs and feelings. In fact,some body language now suggests that elbows on the table are a sign of appearing engaged and focused on the conversation at hand.
Above all,being considerate, respectful, 'and honest is more important 'than knowing which fork to use. Whether it's a handshake or a hug, it's the sincerity behind and good intentions of the action that matter most
2．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
Family problems can be very painful, especially around family-centered times, like holidays. However, there are ways to solve the problems and restore peace to the dynamic (活力). Life is too short to waste. How a person approaches the family members and what he says can make a big difference.
If the family members are arguing, waiting until everyone calms down can help deal with the argument. A person shouldn’t discuss the family problem when he is still feeling upset or emotional. If he waits even a single night, the intensity (强度) of the emotion is likely to calm down somewhat, even if he is still unhappy. He should wait rather than react emotionally. If he takes a step back and gives himself some time to think before dealing with the problem, he will deal with it wisely.
Someone wants to send off a text or an email and wishes he could take things back. Trying to address an argument or a family problem by instant text messages or emails is the worst possible choice. That’s because the tone can too easily be misunderstand by electronic communication. The man who sends off a text message or an email might not think he sounds angry to the person receiving it. Instead of sending off a text, pick up the telephone or, better yet, arrange in-person communication. Electronic communication means people lose the true meaning of body language, which can express feelings and reduce the sting (不快) of a painful conversation.
As the saying goes, “Blood is thicker than water.” People can choose their friends, but not their family. You might be able to cut people out, but it could cause you more pain down the road. Understanding that family members have faults but they can still love their families is the first step towards addressing problems. Accept your own faults, too.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3．概要写作
Smart phone reliance （依赖）
Today is the second day of the Chinese New Year, a day of another round of family reunions and parties. Yet today the parties are different from what they used to be. People are not together in the same home, but instead gather together in cyberspace. It is another symptom （症状） of the so﹣called smart phone reliance syndrome.
Therefore, we feel more distanced from each other in the real world. The reason is that we have more choices now，and we have to keep up with virtual（虚拟的）conversations for fear that we will miss out on something. We no longer have to pretend to be interested in someone standing before us, because we can just talk with someone more interesting somewhere else.
However, one group risks being left behind by this trend. The elderly in our society do not accept new technologies as fast as the younger and they can not enjoy the convenience of new technologies in the same way. Very few old people know how to use a smart phone, and most of the cell phone makers have all developed special cell phones with only basic functions to suit their needs. They even don't use the internet much. So, the elderly face the loneliness of being "left behind" by their children working in cities far away. Spring Festival is almost the only chance for them to talk with the younger generation, yet smartphones deprive （剥夺） them out of this opportunity.
The only way the younger and elder generations can meaningfully communicate is that the former put down their smartphones during this Spring Festival holiday and talk with their older relatives face to face. And by doing so, we will also be doing ourselves a favor. Today we are the digital pioneers, but we won't be in 30 years. It is our children that will be opening a new path with the latest technologies, and we, slow to accept new things, will be left to our own devices （设备）. If we hope our children will talk with us 30 years later, we need to set a good example for them now.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4．请阅读下面短文写一篇60词左右的概要：
The earthquake that hit San Francisco on April 18, 1906 shook down hundreds of thousands of dollars’ worth of walls and chimneys (烟囱). But the fire that followed burned up hundreds of millions of dollars’ worth of buildings and homes. Never before in history has a city been so completely destroyed. San Francisco is gone. The factories, the great stores and newspaper buildings, the hotels, and the great houses of the rich are all gone.
On Wednesday morning at a quarter past five came the earthquake. A moment later, the disaster was a fact. South of Market Street, in the working-class neighborhoods and in the factories, fires started. Within an hour after the earthquake, the smoke of San Francisco’s fires could be seen 100 miles away. The sun was red in the dark sky. There was no stopping the fires. The firefighters to whom the task was given did their best but there was no way to organize or communicate. The steel railway tracks were now useless.And the great pipes for carrying water under the streets had burst. All of the ways man had made to keep the city safe were gone in the thirty seconds the earth moved.
By Wednesday afternoon, half of the heart of the city was gone. At that time, I watched the disaster from a ship on the bay (海湾). Out at sea it was calm. No wind came up. Yet from every direction—east, west, north, and south—strong winds blew upon the unlucky city and those whose homes had once stood in its green hills. Wednesday night saw the destruction of the very heart of the city. Man himself had to make ruins of some of the city’s best buildings so that they would not be a danger to those in the streets.Tens of thousands who had lost their homes left the city to look for shelter from the fire. Some were dressed only in blankets and carried the things that they had been able to rescue from the fires. But there were no fights and no pushing or shoving. Somehow this worst of disasters brought out the best in the survivors. Never in all San Francisco’s history were her people so kind as on that terrible night.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60词左右的内容概要。
China Needs To Fight Its Massive Food Waste To Combat Climate Change
China is facing a massive food waste crisis. Over 6% of China's total food production is already lost before reaching consumers, and restaurants in Chinese cities throw away an average of a third of food served. Amid the climate crisis and an already vulnerable global food system exposed by the current Covid-19 pandemic, it is vital to tackle food waste in Asia's largest country.
Asia currently drives over half of global food waste, and China is one of the leading countries contributing an enormous amount of discarded food each year. According to a recent report conducted by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and local NGO partners, Chinese cities produce 25% of the world's municipal solid waste - most of which is food. When examining restaurants and school canteens, data showed that one third of all the food served is thrown away.
Why does food waste pose a massive challenge to the planet? Besides global hunger, the way that food waste is managed contributes to driving climate change. Much of the China's food waste ends up in landfills, which contributes significant amounts of methane, a major greenhouse gas that causes global heating. Scientists have found that every kilogram of landfilled solid waste releases its equivalent(同等的)weight of carbon dioxide equivalent（等价物）.
With cities contributing to the most food waste in the country, they need to be at the front lines to address the problem. Projects across other cities in Asia can serve as examples on how to reduce food waste, such as Singapore's Lumitics, a tech-forward startup, which has created a food waste tracker that can attach to bins in commercial kitchens. The product aims to help F & B and hospitality businesses analyze the type of food that is being thrown away the most in order to launch a targeted campaign to reduce the amount of discarded food.
But let's be clear - food waste is not a problem in China or Asia alone. With over 10% of annual global carbon emissions coming driven by food waste, the entire world needs to step up its efforts to fight the issue.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6．读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
This incident happened over twenty years ago when I was in high school. There was a debate competition in my neighbouring school. My friend and I volunteered to participate in the debate. There were many topics to choose from and I choose to speak on AIDS.
Even though I had no idea what the competition would be like, I decided to go ahead and prepare for it and I used an article from a magazine as reference.
On the day of the event, I practiced my lines but was feeling nervous as there would be many listeners and the stage fear was chasing me already and truly it caught up with me. I reached the auditorium (礼堂), and it was large. The competition began, and I was getting sweaty palms. I was at a loss when the speaker before my turn unexpectedly had chosen the same topic as me and also referred to the same magazine and reproduced it line by line, leaving me in a daze (恍惚) on what to do next as I just had a couple of minutes with me.
Soon enough I was on the stage and I could gather courage and speak for only two minutes. I felt so bad. I had not only let my school down but also myself. I then decided to put in my best efforts and overcome my stage fear and prepare well for the next debate. Luckily I did not have to wait long as the next competition was organized by my school.
This time my topic was against castes (印度的种姓；等级制度) in indian society. I wrote the script with my own efforts and practiced for hours in front of the mirror even though I had learned the script by heart.
The day came and this time I was confident about myself, I just went about doing my job and lasted for five minutes. I had a very satisfied feeling coming from within. When the results were announced, I had come second in the event, I was so happy and all my efforts paid off.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
New research aimed at understanding the impact of screen time and social media on adolescent brains found in early testing significant differences in brain chemistry for kids who had at least seven hours of screen time a day, compared to kids who used screens less.
Psychologist Lisa Damour explained that social media is incredibly appealing.“We know it triggers(触发) the reward centers in the brain.And this is true for grownups too, not teenagers and kids, ”Damour said Monday.“We also know that digital technology disturbs things that are important for healthy development, such as sleep, oneonone interactions that are face to face, learning how to focus on one’s schoolwork, physical activity.So we should already start to be drawing some lines around digital technology, just to protect normal and healthy development.”
Experts suggest avoiding screen time other than video chatting for children younger than 18 months.For children between 2 to 5 years old, the group recommends limiting screen time to one hour per day with “highquality programs”.
While experts have offered a variety of guidelines for screen time, Damour, recommended parents should start from considering what they’re trying to protect.“So we’re trying to protect sleep.We’re trying to protect family time.We’re trying to protect focus.So I think the guidelines should flow from there, ”she said.“Children need a lot more sleep than people appreciate.Elementary school children need 11 hours a night, middle schoolers need 10 hours a night.High schoolers need 9 hours a night.So if we even do that, that’s a good guideline.”
On February 12, Damour is releasing her latest book, Under Pressure：Confronting the Epidemic of Stress and Anxiety in Girls.She explained, “When high schoolers get phones that disturb their sleep, consequently they go on to have higher rates of depression.”“Social media is just one element of the ‘broad scope’ of factors parents need to consider that may be causing stress and anxiety for kids, ” she said.
8．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Human beings are smart. However, it seems that people are gradually losing their smartness as smartphones become more and more important assistants in their lives, reported news website Record Japan on Oct. 22. As we rely too much on technology instead of our brains, many people have lost three basic abilities, said the website.
The first skill many people have lost is remembering phone numbers. Because phone numbers are stored in smart phone contacts, there's no need to dial a number or look at it again.
And some people may also have lost their sense of direction because navigation apps can guide people anywhere they want to go. These apps can even find shortest routes for you and avoid traffic jams. But the worst lost skills may be social ones, meaning that some people are becoming socially inept(无能的）. People often bury themselves in their smart phones. As we're too addicted to what's happening in the virtual world, some of us have lost conversational skills and sometimes can't even tell whether a person is happy or not.
In August, researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, studied 51 students aged 11 and 12 who had over five hours' screen time every day. Their task was to tell the emotions of 48 pictures of faces that were happy, sad, angry or scared. The children made an average of 14.02 mistakes at the beginning. But after a five-day camp without electronic (电子的) products, they made only 9.41 mistakes on average. “If you’re not practicing face-to-face communication, you could be losing important social skills,” concluded professor Yalda Uhls from the research.
Luckily, people still have a chance to get these abilities back. You should try to keep your parents' numbers in mind for emergencies. You should also pay more attention to street signs and stores, which will help you to draw a mind map and stop you from getting lost. And the easiest solution to social skill loss is to take a break from electronic devices because we are social creatures. We need device-free time.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
We already know that the underwater world is anything but silent. It is full of natural sounds produced by animals and by the motion of the atmosphere and water. But today’s researchers are increasingly concerned about the man-made noises under the water. They are confusing whales and other marine animals
Although hearing is important to all animals, the special qualities of the undersea world emphasize the use of sound. Underwater sound allows marine animals to gather information and communicate at great distances and from all directions. Loud underwater noises can cause damage to their hearing. And nowadays it's becoming too much for marine wildlife. Evidence shows that whales will swim hundreds of miles, rapidly change their depth, and even beach themselves to get away from the sounds of sonar.
You might think lower noises, typically caused by shipping or construction, do not pose a threat to marine animals. In fact, while they may not kill the animals directly, they can disturb their ability to locate food, find mates and avoid predators (掠食动物)).Scientists looked at the effects of noise from small motorboats on coral-reef fish at the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. In the lab, the fish had been trained to recognize the smell of three common predators as a threat. Some fish were trained in the presence of boat noise, while the others had training with the natural sounds of the ocean. It turned out that the first group showed no fright reactions when exposed to the predator. However, the other group was scared. And under the influence of underwater noise on this group, only 20 percent of fish survived, compared to almost 70 percent of unexposed fish.
Humans rely on the ocean for its natural resources and biodiversity. The ocean also plays an important role in regulating( 调节)temperatures, As Cousteau said, "For most of history, man has had to fight nature to survive; in this century he is beginning to realize that, in order to survive, he must protect it.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Gold has exercised power for ages. People have been looking for gold since the beginning of mankind Whole (帝国) have been built on gold. The Spanish conquered all of Central and South America in order to bring gold back to their home country. Inca and Maya civilizations worshipped gold and thought it came from the sun. Explorers traveled for thousands of miles in search of the precious metal.
Gold is, once again, in great need, people want to have gold as a kind of safety in changing times. They invest in (投资于) gold instead of saving their money in banks. Many people argue that since 9/11 the world has become a more dangerous place. When in 2008 the financial markets collapsed (崩溃), the major money of the world became weaker. Investors were no longer sure how safe their money was. They bought more and more gold which made the price of the yellow metal rise.
One of the reasons why gold is so valuable is that it practically cannot be destroyed. It always stays the same and never changes. It can be recycled and afterwards be used for many things. In Iraq poor people collect gold dust and bring it back to jewellery shops to be recycled. Recycling gold is also a big business in Japan, where gold is collected from old mobile phones and other industrial waste.
The demand for the metal and increased production leads to a number of environmental problems. A single ounce of gold produces over 30 tons of waste, more than any other metal on earth. Poisonous substances can leak into rivers and pollute the water. In Peru and Brazil wide areas of the Amazon rainforest are cut down by the illegal mining of gold.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考答案：
1．Possible version I
Putting elbows on the table is always considered a taboo in different cultures and historical periods.（要点一）In the past,the rule helped to avoid probable conflicts at table as it left people's space inviolate.（要点二）Today,as a universal principle, it conveys the message that one shouldn't trouble other diners but behave well.(要点三）Whereas,with manners developing, placing elbows on the table equals showing interest and concentration in some situations.(要点四）Anyway,what matters most is the underlying sincerity and consideration.(要点五）79 words
Possible version II
It has long been regarded improper to put elbows on the table.(要点一）Actually, for earlier
civilizations,people did so to avoid possible violence during the meal.(要点二）Nowadays,as a universal principle, it indicates that one shouldn't bother others or behave casually at mealtime.(要点三） Nevertheless, it isn't always considered bad-mannered, but it means people are concentrated and engaged.（要点四）All in all, what matters most is people's good intention and genuineness.(要点五）73 words
【分析】本篇书面表达是概要写作。
【详解】读完所给文章后用不多于60个词总结文章要点，要用自己的语言，不能用文章的原句。这是一篇议论文，文章主要讲述了礼节。胳膊肘放在桌子上总是被认为是不礼貌的。然而，随着礼仪的发展，它并不总是被认为是没礼貌的,在某些情况下，将肘部放在桌子上等于表示出兴趣和注意力的集中。无论如何，最重要的是内在的真诚和体贴。
（1）确定体裁，本文是议论文。明确主题（why have elbows on the table always been considered rude?）及结构。
（2）划主题句，找关键信息。这篇概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。本文各段主题句是：
1. For earlier civilizations, this rule functioned to prevent possible violence at the table.
2. Today,while keeping your elbows off the table can't be traced back to a single culture or civilization, it more belongs to the universal language of principle.
3. However,that's not to say that in the here and now leaving your elbows on the table will bring dishonor upon your family.
4. Above all,being considerate, respectful, and honest is more important than knowing which fork to use.
(3)改写。注意要点之间的衍接，要用适当的关联词语要通全文。
(4)计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
从范文中可以看出作者对原文要点的理解正确并呈现完整；应用语法结构和词汇准确；上下文连贯；要点表达独立；完全使用了自己的语言，语法结构准确，词汇应用丰富；所写内容与所提供内容密切相关，无文章原句。
【点睛】文章思路清晰，语言规范，段落整齐，语篇连贯，层次清晰。使用了较为高级的句式: that引导的同位语从句Today,as a universal principle, it conveys the message that one shouldn't trouble other diners but behave well.what引导的主语从句 Anyway,what matters most is the underlying sincerity and consideration.高级句式的应用提升了写作的档次，整个短文显示出了作者高水平的英语表达能力。
2．Family problems can be very painful. However, there are always some ways to handle them. Waiting until you are not angry to discuss family problems can help solve them. Rather than send off a text or email, deal with family problems in person, which is an effective way. Meanwhile, it is necessary to try to accept the faults of your family members as well as your own.
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。文章主要说明了家庭问题是非常令人痛苦的。然而，总有一些方法可以处理它们。等到你不生气的时候再讨论家庭问题有助于解决问题。与其发短信或电子邮件，不如亲自处理家庭问题，这是一种有效的方式。同时，有必要试着接受家庭成员的错误和自己的错误。
2）弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点睛】本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：painful；handle；rather than；send off；deal with；in person；effective；faults；as well as等高级词汇；Rather than send off a text or email, deal with family problems in person, which is an effective way.运用非限制性定语从句等高级句式。
3．One of the symptoms of the smart phone reliance syndrome is that people are glued to smart phones when having family reunions. (要点一)Consequently, people are physically near but mentally far in the real world. Meanwhile, the old are left behind because they can't keep up with the fast development of technology. （要点二）So it's high time that parents put down smart phones and communicated more with the old, thus setting a good example for children to follow/being role models to children. （要点三）
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。本文文章主要讲述了人们对手机上瘾的现象，产生的危害以及提出解决办法。
【详解】通读全文，我们可以从以下三个方面对文章进行总结:
1. 描述现状即对手机上瘾的表现：手机依赖症的表现之一就是人们在家庭聚会时也机不离手。可用到的词汇有：symptom; be glued to; family reunions; reliance等。
2. 手机依赖所造成的后果：人们看似与真实世界离得很近，实则恰好相反；此外，老人因跟不上技术的发展而被遗忘。可用到的词汇有：consequently; far from; leave behind; keep up with等。
3. 提出解决方法：人们是时候放下手机与亲人尤其是老人多交流，为孩子树立一个可以参照的好榜样。可用到的词汇有：it is high that sb. did sth.; set an example to sb.等
4．A great earthquake shook San Francisco on April 18th, 1906, leaving the city completely destroyed. It was at 5:15 am that the quake began, later fires started in South of Market Street and the city was left without means of communication or transportation. By the afternoon, half of the heart city had disappeared. When night fell, seeing the destruction, homeless people escaped the city to find shelter. Although in disaster, people had shown their greatest kindness.
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。文章主要说明了1906年4月18日，旧金山发生大地震，整个城市被彻底摧毁。地震发生在凌晨5点15分，随后市场街南部起火，整个城市通讯和交通瘫痪。到了下午，半个市中心消失了。夜幕降临，看到满目疮痍，无家可归的人们纷纷逃离城市寻找栖身之所。尽管在灾难中，人们表现出了最大的善意。
2）弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点睛】本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：earthquake；completely destroyed；communication ；transportation；destruction；shelter；disaster等高级词汇；It was at 5:15 am that the quake began, later fires started in South of Market Street and the city was left without means of communication or transportation.运用了强调句； When night fell, seeing the destruction, homeless people escaped the city to find shelter. 运用了时间状语从句等高级句式。
5．China is one of the leading countries producing large amounts of food waste each year, so food waste is a big problem for China to solve. The way food waste is managed also contributes to climate change; As the biggest food wasters in China, cities need to tackle the problem first. Besides China or Asia, the whole world needs to do more to solve this problem.
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】本篇书面表达是概述写作。读完所给文章后用不多于60个词总结文章要点，要用自己的语言，不能用文章的原句。这是一篇说明文，文章说明了中国正面临巨大的食物浪费危机。除了全球饥饿，食物浪费的管理方式也导致了气候变化。因此，为了应对气候变化，中国需要应对其巨大的食物浪费。
（1）确定体裁，本文是说明文。明确主题（China Needs To Fight Its Massive Food Waste To Combat Climate Change）及结构。
（2）划主题句，找关键信息。这篇概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。本文各段主题句是：
1. China is facing a massive food waste crisis.
2. Asia currently drives over half of global food waste, and China is one of the leading countries contributing an enormous amount of discarded food each year.
3. Besides global hunger, the way that food waste is managed contributes to driving climate change.
4. With cities contributing to the most food waste in the country, they need to be at the front lines to address the problem.
5.The entire world needs to step up its efforts to fight the issue.
(3)改写。注意要点之间的衍接，要用适当的关联词语要通全文。
(4)计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
从范文中可以看出作者对原文要点的理解正确并呈现完整；应用语法结构和词汇准确；上下文连贯；要点表达独立；完全使用了自己的语言，语法结构准确，词汇应用丰富；所写内容与所提供内容密切相关，无文章原句。
【点睛】
这篇概要写作的关键在于句子内容的准确表述，同时注意谋篇布局的顺序，运用合适的连接词连接全文，同时选择高级的词汇和语法项目让文章更有文采。China is one of the leading countries producing large amounts of food waste each year, so food waste is a big problem for China to solve. 运用了非谓语动词作定语。
6．Twenty years ago, as a middle school student I attended a debate competition. As I was not well prepared and I got nervous and feared, I lost the competition. Soon another debate competition was held. I prepared for every detail, conquered myself and got the second place. From this experience I know efforts will pay off sooner or later.
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。文章主要讲述了二十年前，作者作为一名中学生参加了一次辩论赛。由于作者没有准备好，作者紧张和害怕，最后输了比赛。不久，另一场辩论赛举行了。作者准备好了每一个细节，战胜了自己，获得了第二名。从这次经历中，作者知道努力迟早会有回报的。
2）弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点睛】本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：attend；a debate competition；well prepared；conquer；effort；pay off；sooner or later等高级词汇；As I was not well prepared and I got nervous and feared, I lost the competition.运用了原因状语从句；等高级句式。
7．Research found vital differences in brain chemistry for kids with different screen times.(要点1)Psychologist Lisa Damour explained that social media is very attractive as the reward centers in the brain are activated but meanwhile digital technology negatively affects healthy development.(要点2)Experts have provided various suggestions for screen time.(要点3) However, Damour suggested parents should take what they’re trying to protect into account.(要点4)Besides, social media is just one of the factors that may cause stress and anxiety for kids.(要点5)
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。文章主要说明了研究发现，不同屏幕时间的孩子的大脑化学物质存在重要差异。心理学家Lisa Damour解释说，社交媒体非常有吸引力，因为大脑中的奖励中心被激活了，但与此同时，数字技术对健康发展产生了负面影响。专家们对屏幕时间提出了各种建议。然而，Damour建议父母应该考虑到他们试图保护的东西。此外，社交媒体只是造成孩子压力和焦虑的因素之一。
2）弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点睛】本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：vital differences；screen times；social media；attractive；meanwhile；negatively等高级词汇；Psychologist Lisa Damour explained that social media is very attractive as the reward centers in the brain are activated but meanwhile digital technology negatively affects healthy development.运用宾语从句等高级句式。
8．Smart phones are playing an increasingly important role in people's life, but they are also depriving people of three basic abilities. For one thing, some people lose the ability to remember telephone numbers. Secondly, some people lose their sense of direction. Third, some people lose their social skills. Fortunately, people can reclaim these abilities by returning to the way they used to be. Most importantly, we need some time without cell phones.
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章以论证的方式说明了智能手机时代给人们带来的三种能力的丧失，以及如何恢复这三种能力。
【详解】本文是一篇概要写作，要求写出文章的主题大意和要点，要写全要点，抓住重点，要使用自己比较熟悉的词汇、短语和句型，恰当使用过渡词和连接词，以使文章连贯、流畅。要尽量使用高级词汇和句型、各种从句以及非谓语动词等高级形式，以体现较高的写作水平。本文写作时人称以第三人称为主，时态采用一般现在时。
在写作时应注意把握本文文章要点：1. 智能手机在人们生活中扮演着重要角色，但也给人们带来了三种能力的丧失；2. 有人丧失了记忆电话号码的能力；3. 有人丧失了方向感；4.有人丧失了社交技能；5. 应该积极找回这些能力。有时候，我们需要一些没有手机在身边的时候。写作时应注意上下文连贯及词数要求。
【点睛】范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。作者在范文中使用了不少固定用法，比如：play an important role in，sense of direction等让文章增色不少。文章长短结合，错落有致，语句自然。
9．Although underwater world is not silent, man-made sound is doing great harm to marine animal. (要点1) Important as underwater sound is to animals there, loud noises in the sea threatens their normal life. (要点2) According to scientists’ research, the survival rate of fish drops sharply under the influence of noise, whether loud or not. (要点3) Thus, with the benefits of ocean to the environment and temperature, people must protect it rather than fight it.(要点4)
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】概要写作
写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了虽然水下世界不是无声的，但人为的声音对海洋动物造成了极大的危害。尽管水下声音对那里的动物很重要，但海洋中的巨大噪音威胁着它们的正常生活。根据科学家的研究，在噪音的影响下，鱼的存活率急剧下降，不管噪音是大还是小。因此，随着海洋对环境和温度的好处，人们必须保护它而不是对抗它。
2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。本文中要点有三：第一，介绍福建木偶戏；第二，木偶戏目前面临的问题；第三，对此人们采取的措施。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
10．Gold has exercised power for ages. People are crazy about searching for the precious metal. One reason why gold is so valuable is that people want to have gold as a kind of safety in changing times. In addition, gold is so valuable because it can be recycled and afterwards be used for many things. However, people are so crazy that we are facing a lot of environmental problems.
【分析】本篇书面表达是概要写作。文章讲述了从古至今人们对黄金的追逐以及过度开采黄金造成的环境问题。
【详解】第一段讲述了历史上人们对于黄金的热爱和追逐。可以用到的词汇或句型有：be crazy about…, search for, precious等。第二段讲述了人们热爱黄金的原因之一，作为投资，黄金可以保值。可以用到的词汇或句型有：valuable, a kind of等。第三段讲述了人们热爱黄金的另一个原因，黄金可以被回收并利用。可以用到的词汇或句型有：recycle, afterwards, be used for等。第四段讲述了过度开采黄金引起的环境问题。可以用到的词汇或句型有：so…that…, a lot of, environmental等。
【点睛】范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。作者在范文中合理使用了复合句，如：“However, people are so crazy that we are facing a lot of environmental problems.” 这句话为结果状语从句；其次，使用了一些固定短语，如：be crazy about…; a kind of; be used for等，使语言更加丰富；同时使用了一些高级词汇，如precious; valuable; environmental等，让语言更加地道。全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。
相关试卷
高考英语概要写作专项训练： 这是一份高考英语概要写作专项训练，共22页。试卷主要包含了Directins等内容，欢迎下载使用。
高考英语概要写作专项训练： 这是一份高考英语概要写作专项训练，共22页。试卷主要包含了Directins等内容，欢迎下载使用。
高考英语概要写作专项训练： 这是一份高考英语概要写作专项训练，共21页。试卷主要包含了Directins，概要写作等内容，欢迎下载使用。
