专题13 平行线之猪脚模型（M模型）-中考数学压轴大题之经典模型培优案（全国通用）

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高考英语二轮复习讲义+分层训练（全国通用）13.语法填空题型解答策略一、  试题特点   语法填空题的命题方式是在一篇200词左右的语言材料中留出10个空白，部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容（1个单词）或所提供的单词的正确形式。语法填空题着重从句子和语篇两个层级，考查考生在阅读理解的基础上运用语法、语用与语篇知识，对语言的形式、意义与功能的综合运用能力，对考生理解语篇语用、分析句子结构、把握语篇话题以及熟练使用语法知识等方面的能力要求比较高。语法填空题的测试点包括英语的词法、句子关系、以及在具体情景中如何确保语义连贯的篇章知识等。在试题设置上，语法填空题在形式上主要分两类：（1）有提示词填空题：通常考查动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词、主谓一致、形容词与副词的等级变化、以及词类转换等；（2）无提示词填空题：通常考查冠词、代词、名词、介词与连词的正确选用等。无论是哪一类的填空题，其核心目的在于考查考生如何通过语言的、语法的、语用的以及语篇的知识，去实现语篇意义的连贯性。二、解题策略解语法填空，要从＂词、句、篇＂三个层面去思考。1. 词汇层面方法1：作主语或宾语的名词或＂形容词+名词＂前无形容词性物主代词、不定代词等限定词时，根据上下文填冠词。方法2：句子缺主语或宾语，空格后没有提示词，填词多为代词。方法3：空格前已有主语，括号内是动词提示，空格需填谓语动词。方法4：句中已有谓语动词且又无并列连词与括号内提示的动词并列，说明空格需填非谓语动词形式。方法5：当括号内所提示的词是形容词或副词且空格处需要的仍是形容词或副词时，很可能填比较级和最高级。方法6：当＂…（+限定词）+名词＂或＂…+代词/doing/从句＂在句中不作主语或宾语时，通常填介词。2. 句子层面方法1：连接两个功能对等的单词、短语或句子时，应填并列连词and，or，but，while, when等。方法2：若判断连词所引导的从句起名词的作用（作主语/宾语/表语/同位语），则为名词性从句，根据引导名词性从句的连接词在从句中的成分和意义确定连词。方法3：若判断连词所引导的从句起形容词的作用（作定语），则为定语从句，根据引导定语从句的先行词和关系词在从句中的成分确定关系代词或者关系副词。关系代词在从句作主语和宾语，作状语用关系副词（可转换为介词+关系代词）。方法4：若判断连词所引导的从句起副词的作用（作状语），则为状语从句，再根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系或者从属连词在从句中的作用和意义，来确定合适的连词。3. 篇章意义层面方法：了解文章/对话大意，运用上下文语境线索、前后呼应、词语搭配等逻辑关系来解题，填入既符合上下文情景，又符合句义、词义的正确单词。三、策略举例1.纯空格试题的解题技巧。首先，分析句子结构，确定填哪类词。然后，再根据句子的意思，确定具体填什么词；或根据两句间的逻辑关系确定具体用哪个连词。确定填哪类词有以下7个技巧：技巧1：缺主语或宾语，一定是填代词或名词(多考代词)。如：[例1]I can send a message to Kenya whenever I want to, and ___38___ gets there almost in a second.技巧2：名词前面，若没有限定词，很可能是填限定词(冠词、形容词性物主代词、不定代词)。如：[例2]It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty (960—1279) was very anxious to help ___33___rice crop grow up quickly. [例3]…the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to ___35___ small town some 20 kilometers away where there was a garage. 技巧3：句子不缺主语、宾语、表语的情况下，名词或代词前面，一定是填介词。[例4]… who should have the honour of receiving me ___33___ a guest in their house.  技巧4：若两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词，可能是填连词。[例5]…two world-famous artists, Pablo Picasso ___34___ Candido Portinari, which are worth millions of dollars.[例6]…all I saw was this beautiful girl, whose smile just melted me ___36___almost instantly gave me a completely new sense of what life is all about. 技巧5：若两句子之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，一定是填并列连词或从属连词。[例7] I wanted to see as much of the city as possible in the two days ___32___I was to return to Guangzhou. [例8] He was very tired after doing this for a whole day, ___37___he felt very happy… 技巧6：若结构较完整，空格后的谓语动词是原形，特别是与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时，很可能是填情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词(do, does, did等)。[例9]What is acceptable in one country ___31___be considered extremely rude in another.[例10] He had no time or energy to play with his children or talk with his wife, but he ____ bring home a regular salary.技巧7：由特殊的句式结构来判断空格应填的词。(1)由it is…that…强调结构形式，判断填it还是that。如：[例11] …and ___40___was only after I heard she became sick that I learned she couldn’t eat MSG (味精)! (2)由倒装句式判断，是填构成倒装的条件的only, so, neither, nor, never, hardly, seldom, not, until, had等，还是填do, does, did等。如：[例12] ______with hard work can you expect to get pay rise. (3)由it作形式主语或形式宾语的句式判断，空格处是否填it。如：[例13] …as ___32___took them just three minutes to steal paintings by two world-famous artists… [例14]Dating sites also make ___36___easy to avoid someone whom you are not interested in. (4)so /such…that…句型。如：[例15] This made the goat so jealous ___34___it began plotting against (谋划对付) the donkey. (5)more…than… (与其说……不如说……，比……更……)句型。如：[例16]Cynthia’s story shows vividly that people remember more how much a manager cares ___40___ how much he pays.2. 给出了动词的试题的解题技巧首先，判断要填的动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。然后按以下两点进行思考。技巧8：若句中没有别的谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，所给动词就是谓语动词；若是谓语动词，就要考虑时态语态。[例17]His fear of failure ___36___ (keep) him from classroom games that other children played with joyous abandon. 解析：因主语His fear of failure后没有别的谓语动词，需填的动词应为谓语动词；因主语与keep是主动关系，应用主动语态；由从句谓语动词played可知，要用一般过去时，故填kept。[例18] That was definitely not an attractive idea so I politely declined her Invitation, ___40___ (close) my book and walked away. 解析：虽然句中已有谓语动词declined，但由and walked可知，所填词与declined和walked是并列关系，所以也用一般过去式closed。[例19] In Logan, three people ___38___ (take)to a hospital, while others were treated at a local clinic. 解析：因主语three people与take是被动关系，即三个人被送进医院，故用被动语态；由were treated可知，要用一般过去时，故填were taken。技巧9：若句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，所给动词就是非谓语动词。若是非谓语动词就要确定用—ing形式、—ed形式，还是用不定式形式，确定的方法主要有：(1)作主语或宾语，通常用—ing形式表示习惯或一般情况，用不定式表示具体的情况。如：[例20] …but it is not enough only ___35___(memorize) rules from a grammar book. 解析：因it是形式主语，后面用不定式作真正的主语，故填to memorize。[例21] ______ (speak) out your inner feeling won’t make you feel ashamed, on the contrary…解析：句中已有谓语won’t make，所以speak应为非谓语动词；谓语前面应为主语，作主语，表示一般情况，要用动名词短语，故填Speaking。(2)作目的状语或者在形容词后的作状语，一般用不定式。如：[例22] _______ (complete) the project as planned, we’ll have to work two more hours a day. 解析：因句中已有谓语will have to work，所以complete应为非谓语动词；因“(为了)按计划完成这项工程”是“我们每天不得不额外多工作两小时”的目的，作目的状语，用动词不定式，故填To complete。[例23] Some people say that oldest children, who are smart and strong-willed, are very likely ___33___ (succeed). ‘解析：因在形容词likely后作状语，要用动词不定式，故填to succeed。(3)  作伴随状语，常用分词，与逻辑主语是主动关系，用现在分词，是被动关系，用过去分词。如：[例24] He saw the stone, ___37___ (say) to himself: “The night will be very dark.”解析：句中已有谓语saw，所给动词与saw不是并列关系，应当是非谓语动词；又因He与say是主动关系，故填saying作伴随状语。 [例25] The headmaster went into the lab, ________(follow) by the foreign guests.解析：句中已有谓语went，而follow又不是与之并列的，故为非谓语动词；又因the headmaster与follow是被动关系，故用过去分词followed作伴随状语。(4)不论非谓语动词在句中作何种成分，若判断需要用分词，与逻辑主语是主动关系用—ing形式，是被动关系用—ed形式。如：[例26] There will be a meeting, ___40___ (start) later this year to review the film. 解析：因a meeting与start是主动关系，用现在分词短语作定语，补充说明a meeting，故填starting。[例27] Lessons ___39___ (learn) in sports can help us in our dealing with other people.解析：因句中已有谓语can help，所以learn应为非谓语动词；又因lesson与learn是被动关系，要用过去分词短语作定语，故填learned。(3)、词类转换题的解题技巧根据该词在句子所作句子成分确定用哪种形式。具体方法有：技巧10：作表语、定语或补语，通常用形容词形式。如：[例28] The youngster immediately fell ________ (silence) as tears flew down from his big blue eyes.解析：因在系动词felt后作表语，用形容词，故填silent。[例29] In a ________ (danger) part of the sea off the coast of New Zealand, they learnt to…解析：在冠词与名词之间，要用形容词，作定语，故填dangerous。[例30] Teachers must try their best to make most of their students ________ (interest) in the subject解析：因所填词在句中作宾语most of their students的补足语，用形容词；表示“感兴趣”，填interested。技巧11：作主语、在及物动词或介词后作宾语，用名词形式。如：[例31] When China’s ancient scientific and technological ________ (achieve) are mentioned, the nation will generally refer to the Four Great Inventions.解析：在时间状语从句中，要求填的词作主语，China’s ancient scientific and technological是主语的定语；作主语要用名词，又由are可知，主语是复数，故填achievements。[例32] These people have made great ___39___ (contribute) to China with their work.’解析：在句中作及物动词have made的宾语，要用名词形式；表示“作贡献”，其前面没有不定冠词时，习惯上用复数，故填contributions。[例33] …instructors expect students to be familiar with ___32___ (inform) in the reading… 解析：因with是介词，在介词后作宾语，要用名词，故填information。技巧12：在形容词性物主代词后，或者在“冠词(+形容词)”后，用名词形式。如：[例34] …the remains date from this period because of their  38  (similar) to those found elsewhere.解析：在形容词性物代词(their)后应当用名词，故填similarities。[例35] With the large numbers of students, the ____ (operate) of the system does involve a certain amount of activity.解析：在冠词后，要用名词，故填operation。技巧13：修饰动词、形容词、副词，或整个句子，作状语，用副词形式。如：[例36]  As I looked ___32___ (close) at this girl, I fount that… 解析：修饰动词looked，作状语，用副词，故填closely。[例37] There must be something ___40___ (serious) wrong with our society. 解析：要求填的词修饰形容词wrong，作状语，用副词，故填seriously。[例38]Singles are flocking(涌向) to the Internet ___33___ (main) because their busy lifestyles leave them little time… 解析：修饰because引导的原因状语从句，修饰整个句子，作状语，用副词，故填mainly。技巧14：括号中所给词有可能是要求词义转换，词类不一定要变，主要是考查具有与词根意义相反的派生词，需根据句子意思及前后逻辑关系，在词根前加un—, im—等，在词根后加—less等。如：[例39] People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is, no knowledge is ________ (use).解析：作表语要用形容词；又由句意可知，作者是表达“没有什么知识是无用的”，故填useless。[例40] Your mistake caused a lot of ________ (necessary) work in the office.解析：在名词前作定语，仍用形容词形式；但根据句意可知，错误是引起不必要的麻烦事，故填unnecessary。技巧15：括号中所给动词也不一定是考动词的时态语态或非谓语动词，而是考词类转换；若是形容词或副词，有可能是考查其比较等级。如：[例41]…there was a lot of information about the city’s well-known tourist ___34___ (attract)…解析：尽管attract是动词，但这是考查词类转换的；在句中作介词about的宾语，用名词，故填attraction。[例42]The other frog went on jumping as hard as he could…He jumped even ___36___ (hard) and finally made himself out.解析：联系前句，又有even(更加)的提示，可知这里用比较级，故填harder。[例43]Storms which produced at least 13 tornadoes swept along New Mexico’s border with Texas on Friday, destroying homes and other buildings and injuring at least 16 people, several critically, authorities said.The ___33___ (bad) damage was reported in the towns of Logan and Clovis, which are about 80 miles apart, police said. 解析：结合前段内容，特别是the的提示，可知要用bad的最高级worst，表示“最严重的”。