还剩19页未读，
继续阅读
成套系列资料，整套一键下载
中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力练习说明类语篇的特征及攻略 (含详解)
展开
这是一份中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力练习说明类语篇的特征及攻略 (含详解)，共22页。试卷主要包含了说明文的行文特征，说明方法，科普说明文，说明文的命题方式，说明文的解题技巧等内容，欢迎下载使用。
考点复习
1
说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。
说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是中考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。
说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。
一、说明文的行文特征
写说明文可以按时间、空间、结构、逻辑顺序来写，也可以采取举例、比较、对比、分类、分析、说明、叙述等方法。
1.比较对照
比较对照有两种，一是逐点比较，二是整块比较，即AB交错或先A后B：
（1）逐点比较
多数人认为这种AB交错的方式可以避免行文的单调沉闷，对比的效果更鲜明突出。如：
There are basic differences between large and small enterprises. In a small enterprise, yu perated mainly thrugh persnal cntacts. In a large enterprise, yu have established “plicies” , “channels” f rganizatin, and fairly strict prcedure. In the small enterprise yu have immediate effectiveness in a very small area. Yu can see the effect f yur wrk and f yur decisins grund. In the large rganizatin yu are nrmally taught ne thing thrughly. In the small ne the danger is f becming a Jack-f-all-trades-but-master-f-nne. In the large it is f becming the man wh knws mre and mre abut less and less.
（2） 整块比较
It is easy t be a winner. A winner can shw his jy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victry. Peple lve t be with winners. Winners are never lnely. Unlike winners, lsers are the lnely nes f the wrld. It is difficult t face defeat with dignity. Lsers can nt shw their disappintment publicly. They can nt cry r grieve abut their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be cmpsed in public. They have nthing t celebrate and n ne t share their sadness.
2.分类
分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一，也是描写事物、解释观点最有效的方式之一。通过将一事物分类，可使复杂事物变得清晰明了，便于作者阐述自己的观点。
分类段落的各类排列要条理，可采用从主要到次要，从次要到主要，从多到少或从少到多等方式排列，亦可平行排列。如：
[1]As far as plitical views are cncerned, peple fall int three categries. First are the cnservative peple. Cnservatives are ppsed t sudden r great changes. Secnd are the liberal peple.These peple are in favr f prgress and refrm. But their pinins ften seem t idealistic. The third type is the mderate peple. The mderates keep everything within reasnable limits. They are mre practical in this hard wrld. In my pinin, mst peple seem t belng t this grup.
本段采用平行排列的方式，按人的政治观点分为三类：保守、自由和温和。
[2]These are several reasns why I decided tm attend Bingstn University . First f all, the tuitin is reasnable. Secndly, the university has a deferred payment plan., which lessns the lad f peasant families like mine. Anther reasn is that Bingstn has the finest teachers in its graduate prgram. My chief reasn, hwever, is Bingstn’s prgram in agriculture, my chsen field, which is recgnized as the leader in this area.
该段采用主次排列的方式，分析了作者决定上Bingstn大学的原因。
[3]Accrding t Mr. Li, the fifteen students f his cLASS fall int three grups. Seven f them wrk hard and study well. They always get gd marks in examinatins and are ften praised by the teachers. Li calls them “gd students”. The mnitr, the secretary f the Yuth League, and the captain f the cLASS vlleyball team, are quick in finding ut what their fellw students are interested in r what they shuld d as a cllective. They always rganize prper activities at the prper time. S Li calls them “gd rganizers”. Fur ther students are very kind t their cLASSmates, always ready t lend them a helping hand. They help t clean the cLASSrm and the crridr even when they are nt n duty. Li says that they are “ gd cmrades”. “What abut yurself?” smene asks him. “I’m a grup by my self ——a gd bserver”.
该段不同于以上两段，不是先分类再解释，而是先说明其特点，然后定义分类。虽分类并不科学，却达到了其幽默之目的。
3.例证
例证指具体说明人或事物特点、本质及其规律的方法。所用例子需有代表性、典型性。例证型段落的写作方式多为先提出主题再列举事例。在事例之前一般有Fr example或Fr instance。例证后面，根据情况还可以加上结论句。如：
In rder t prevent nn-smkers frm being affected, measures must be taken t reduce the chances f smking. A lt f wrk can be dne cncerning this. Fr example, in sme public places, such as in the theatres and cinemas, smking shuld be frbidden. Even n the train r plane peple shuld nt be allwed t smke. Dctrs, teachers and gvernment leaders shuld take the lead nt t smke. Abve all, the harmfulness and dangers caused by smking shuld be made knwn t all thrugh newspapers, bradcast, r TV prgrams. Als the grwing f tbacc and the prductin f cigarettes shuld nt be encuraged. If these measures can be taken, we can effectively reduce the chances f smking.
4 因果
因果是两个事物之间的关系。一些说明文，议论文通过分析因果关系说明一个中心思想。如不能把因果关系解释清楚，文章将无法说明任何主题。
因果型段落的扩展模式有两种，一是分类编法，另一个是连环编排法。如果只讨论成因或只讨论结果，细节比较简单，只需按其重要性或其逻辑顺序进行编排。分类编排法指先讨论原因，然后讨论结果；或先讨论结果，后讨论原因。
（1）分类编排法
Music is my chief hbby. When I listen t music, gd things happen t me. If I am lnely r hmesick, I listen t pp music. The quick rhythm, the strng beats f drums lift my spirits. If I am familiar with a sng, I will sing alne with it and my depressin disappears. When I am bred r very tired, I listen t Mzart. His music makes me feel alive. Music als reminds me f hme. Befre I came t cllege, my sisters and I wuld listen t music and sing sngs tgether and cheer us. Nw I enjy listening t music and singing with my rmmates because their smiles make me remember the happy times with my family. Fr me, music is an excellent escape, and withut it, I wuldn’t be s happy。
（2）连环编排法
先讨论一组因果，再一组因果，再一组因果，形成一个锁链。当因果紧密相连，前一果为后一果之因时，经常使用这种方式。
Students shuldn’t stay up s late. Because f the pressure f examinatins, many students burn night candles. The next day, they have t get enugh sleep. As a result, many f them get sleepy in ClASs. They culdn’t catch what the teacher says. Nt having studied their lessns well, they find it difficult t make gd perfrmance in examinatins. S, it is nt wrthwhile t stay up late if yu want t study well.
5.人物描写
人物描写包括外部特征、性格特征、思想状态、行为语言等，用于表现人物精神面貌、披露人物内心活动、揭示人物性格变化，借以突出作品主题思想。如：
My sister is a byish girl. She has shrt and straight hair like a by’s. She likes white, black and grey clrs, as mst bys d. She never cares fr shirts, stckings but lves jackets and jeans. Smetimes she wears a men’s suit and leather shres as if she were a gentleman. Basketball and ftball are her favrite sprts. She als enjys watching bxing. She always shuts and cheers excitedly when she is watching a ftball match. When she is with her friends, she always says Ladies first” t ther girls. The mst interesting thing is that she has been mistaken fr a by many times. And she is pleased with that. She always says that she shuld be a by.
第一句作者明确表示他眼中的妹妹是个男孩子气十足的小姑娘。这样读者大都会在心中勾画出一种从长相、穿着到言谈举止都特男孩化的女孩。下文作者正是通过穿着、外貌和性格等方面向读者展现一个活生生的人物形象。
6.地点描写
地点描写指用生动形象的语言对某一地点、某一环境进行具体逼真的描绘，使读者如临其境、如睹其物。地点描写的对象可大可小，在可以为城市、国家，小可是一间教室，一个房间。
地点描写自然按空间顺序排列，作者应立足于一个出发点，由远及近，由近到远，从里到外，从外到里，由左到右，或由右到左进行描写，顺序不可混乱，否则读者会迷失方向。如下面一段作者从大门开始，由外向里逐步介绍学校的布置，读者如同跟着作者参观了一所校园。
Nw I will shw yu arund ur schl. It is ne f the largest middle schls in the city. When yu step int the gate, yu will see a beautiful flwer bed befre yu. In the middle f the flwer bed there is a funtain with many clred flwers arund it. If yu walk alng the schl rad, yu will cme t the playgrund, n each side f which are rws f trees. We ften read bks under the trees. On the right f the playgrund are tw ClASsrm buildings. On the left is the newly-built fur-stryed building. I’m lucky t study here. I lve my schl very much.
7.物体描写
描写物体时应侧重物的形状、规格大小、颜色和功能。任何一段文字都应有叙述的中心，对物的描写也不例外。同样，主题句也应反映出作者对所要描写物体的看法、态度。如：
The first thing I ntice in the bride’s rm is the beautiful curtain. This curtain is patchwrk in design, and is sewn ut f squares f materials f different clrs like white, light green, brwn and range. It is made f silk, trimmed with delicate braids. It is abut six feet lng and hangs frm a wden rail. The curtain matches perfectly with the dark wden rail and furniture in the rm.
通过主题句可以看出作者想向读者描写的是一幅漂亮的窗帘。
二、说明方法
1.罗列法（listing）
在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，secnd，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中。罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习：
There are several gd reasns why we shuld learn a freign language. First f all， …Secndly， …And finally， …
We shuld try ur best t plant mre trees fr several gd reasns First f all， …Secndly， …And finally，
必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first， secnd…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。
2.举例法（examples）
举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用fr example， fr instance， still anther example is…等词语引出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。
3.比较法（cmparisn and cntrast）
比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（cmparisn）和比较不同点（cntrast）两种方法。在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，als，t，in the same case，in spite f the difference等这样的词语。hwever，n the ther hand，in cntrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。
4.定义法（definitin）
定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是 被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语。比如
A bat is a small muse-like animal that flies at night and feeds n（以…为食品）fruit and insects but is nt a bird.
5.顺序法（sequence f time，space and prcess）
顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。
6.分类法（classificatin）
分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法
Sme bks are t be tasted， thers t be swallwed， and sme few t be chewed and digested,that is, sme bks are t be read nly in parts， thers t be read， but nt curiusly，and sme few t be read whlly, and with diligence and attentin. Sme bks als may be read by deputy, and extracts made f them by thers; but that wuld be nly in the less imprtant arguments, and the meaner srt f bks…
三、科普说明文
这种题材的文章大部分是介绍科技前沿、科学动态、新的发明创造、科研方法，或是对某一个问题的来龙去脉和解决方法等加以介绍。作者的目的就是让读者获得知识、信息，对说明对象有所了解，并获得某些方面的启示。其特点如下：
1. 文章中会牵涉到实验、研究者、研究方法、在某项主题上的不同意见和争鸣，有时会出现读者还不熟悉的前沿性的科学题材，但作者一般持客观的态度，不显示自己的褒贬之意；
2. 此类文章为了做到通俗易懂，在语言上尽量避免使用专业性词汇，对于动词，做到这一点较轻易，但是有些专有名词则无法避免，不过，作者通常会对较难的专有名词进行解释，甚至举例说明，这往往也是出题的地方；
3. 在语法上，此类文章长句使用较多，主从复合句、同位语、插入语、非谓语动词形式和被动语态使用率较高；
4. 此类文章语篇模式一般比较固定、整洁，主题句通常位于段首，多使用平行结构。
针对科普文章的这些特点，首先我们平时要多关注科学题材的文章，了解一些基本的科普知识；其次，在阅读时要注重实验的目的和结果，不能凭想象和猜测下结论；对于较难理解的句子要利用语法结构去分析；最后，要利用文章特点找准主题句，把握中心，从而一一破解题目。
四、说明文的命题方式（以阅读理解为例）
考向一 细节理解题
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(1y)、secnd(1y)、third(1y)finally、nt als...、then、in additin等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as、such as、fr example、fr instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过hwever、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、nt s much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。
考向二 语意猜测题
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers t…或what des the underlined wrd mean? 或what is the meaning f the underlined wrd?为设问方式。解题时考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。
考向三 主旨大意题
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks abut ____. What is the main idea f the passage? 为设问方式。
答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。
考向四 判断推理题
这种试题常以(1)the passage is intended t...(2) the authr suggests that...(3) the stry implies that…(4) which pint f view may the authr agree t?(5) frm the passage we can cnclude that...(6) the purpse f the passage is t...为设问方式。这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实，但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏，或对某个事物的批判。这类题目常见的题干表达方式有what was the authr’s attitude twards 等。
五、说明文的解题技巧（以阅读理解为例）
阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。中考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。
一、词义猜测类题型
阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语中考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：
（一）内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。
通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或r连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思。这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：
The wrd ＂secure＂ in paragraph 5 line is clsest in meaning t _________.
free frm anxiety B. anxius C. nervus D. happy
根据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案A。
二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has knwn smething abut the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help f spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于＂行星＂这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，hwever等；二是看与nt搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is s hmely, nt at all as handsme as his brther.根据nt at 我们不难推测出hmely的意思，即不英俊，不漂亮的意思。
根据因果关系猜测词义
通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，fr，s，thus，as a result，f curse，therefre等等）表示前因后果。例如：
Yu shuldn’t have blamed him fr that, fr it wasn’t his fault. 通过fr引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。
通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如：But smetimes, n rain falls fr a lng, lng time. Then there is a dry perid, r drught.
从drught所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drught，由此可见drught意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而a dry perid和drught是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，r，that is，in ther wrds，be called或破折号等来表示。
通过句法功能来推测词义
例如：Bananas, ranges, pineapples, ccnuts and sme ther kind f fruit grw in warm areas.假如pineapples和ccnuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples, ccnuts和bananas, ranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
通过描述猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如The penguin is a kind f sea bird living in the Suth Ple. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Althugh it cannt fly，it can swim in the icy water t catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
（二）外部相关因素
外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered thrugh the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。
（三）构词法
在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。
根据前缀猜测词义
例如：He fell int a ditch and lay there, semi-cnscius, fr a few minutes.根据词根cnscius（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semicnscius词义＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate abut such things.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。
根据后缀猜测词义
例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapr may change int drplets.后缀let表示＂小的＂，词根drp指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出drplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。
根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如：Grwing ecnmic prblems were high-lighted by a slwdwn in il utput. Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是＂以强光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very ppular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动—斗牛。
二、主旨大意类题型
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：
（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
（二）寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。
总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想，作者意图及关键词语，运用联想、比较、归纳、推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划，有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。
能力强化
2
一、完形填空
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择最佳选项。
Fcus n the trees（专注森林）
D yu use a smart phne every day? What d yu usually d with yur phne? Phnes are very ___1___ in ur daily lives. Hwever, they can cause sme ___2___. It can be ___3___ t keep fcused（专注）these days. When wrking n yur hmewrk, yu might smetimes find that yur smart phne is distracting（分心）yu. ___4___, yur smart phne can distract yu when yu are ding ther things, such as having dinner, staying with friends, reading bks…
A(n) ___5___ called Frest can help yu keep fcused. Yu can dwnlad the app if yu want t get ff yur ___6___ and fcus n mre imprtant things. When yu set（设置）a new task（任务）in the app and set time t finish it, a tree seed（种子）will be “planted” in the app. If yu keep ding yur ___7___, the seed will grw int a tree. But if yu clse the app and play with yur phne ___8___, the tree will wither（枯萎）and die. Once yu ___9___ the wrk, yur tree will be “planted” in the app. If yu keep trying, yu will have a ____10____ ne day! Yu can share yur achievements（成就）with yur friends and try t “plant” different kinds f trees.
Dn’t yu think it is interesting and meaningful?
1. A. terribleB. imprtantC. relaxingD. bring
2. A. prblemsB. dangerC. discussinD. questins
3. A. difficultB. necessaryC. simpleD. educatinal
4. A. HweverB. AlsC. ThughD. Luckily
5. A. bkB. appC. magazineD. film
6. A. hmewrkB. gameC. phneD. schlwrk
7. A. wrkB. planC. taskD. activity
8. A. instead（相反的）B. finallyC. snD. happily
9. A. stpB. finishC. startD. chse
10. A. treeB. studyC. successD. frest
二、阅读理解
1
China has named the natin’s first Mars rver (火星车) Zhu Rng. Fr all f us, Zhu Rng is the best name.
In an ancient Chinese stry, Zhu Rng had the face f a man and the bdy f an animal. He rde n tw dragns. When he had a big fight with Gng Gng, the gd f water, Zhu Rng wn. But after the fight, the human wrld came int cmplete darkness. Then he brught fire frm heaven (天国) t the wrld.
“Zhu Rng is regarded as the earliest gd f fire in traditinal Chinese culture, ” a space fficial said. “The first Mars rver was named Zhu Rng. The name symblizes (象征) light and hpe fr space explratin (探索) in ur cuntry, and means t guide humans t cntinue explratin.”
After leaving the earth last summer, Zhu Rng mved arund Mars fr several mnths and landed n it in May. In recent years, ur cuntry has sent up the wrld’s first quantum satellite (量子卫星), and Chang’e-4 has made a sft landing n the mn. We have made great prgress in space technlgy and will sn start building ur wn space statin.
11. What Zhu Rng brught frm heaven t the wrld was ________.
A. fireB. warsC. waterD. animals
12. Fr China’s space explratin, the name Zhu Rng symblizes ________.
A. a big fightB. cmplete darknessC. light and hpeD. Chinese culture
13. The underlined wrd “it” in the last paragraph refers t “ ________”.
A. the earthB. MarsC. the mnD. the sun
14. Accrding t the passage, we can infer that ________.
A. Zhu Rng is a bad persn in an ancient Chinese stry
B. China has made little prgress in space technlgy
C. the writer is prud f China’s space technlgy
D. the fficial desn’t like the name Zhu Rng
2
The use f paper mney began in the Tang dynasty, abut 1200 years ag. At that time, it was called “flying cash” because the wind culd take it easily. The use f paper became ppular in Sng dynasty. Every piece f paper had pictures f huses, trees, and peple n it. Every bill was in red and black. Like the mney we use tday, it als had sme special marks n it. By having these marks, it wuld be helpful t tell whether the mney was a fake. Then it wuldn’t be s easy t cunterfeit it.
The paper mney was very beautiful. The reasn it became ppular s quickly was that it was cnvenient t take and use. Peple didn’t have t take heavy cins t shps. Peple culd use it t buy the things that they need.
The use f ld paper mney ended in 1897. In the same year, China started t use mdern paper mney. But Eurpe started using it in the 1600s.
15. What didn’t peple draw n the paper mney?
A. Trees.B. Building.C. Peple.D. Birds.
16. What was nt the reasn that paper mney became ppular?
A. It was easy t use.B. It was beautiful t see.
C. It was cnvenient t buy things.D. It was light t take.
17. Which ne is TRUE accrding t the passage?
A. Chinese Peple used mdern paper mney earlier than Eurpean Peple.
B. Mdern paper mney has been used fr ver 100 years.
C. Peple stpped using paper mney in 1897.
D. There were mre than tw clrs n the ld paper mney.
18. What is the best title fr the passage?
A. The Secret f PaperB. Flying Cash
C. The Histry f Paper MneyD. The Imprtance f Mney
3
Nwadays, traditinal Chinese Medicine (TCM) is becming mre and mre ppular arund the wrld. A gvernment reprt says that peple in 183 cuntries and areas are nw using it. The famus American swimmer Michael Phelps, an Olympic champin, has ever visited a dctr f traditinal Chinese medicine and had “cupping” (拔罐).
Massage (按摩) and acupuncture (针灸) are tw ther imprtant kinds f TCM. Chinese massage can make yu relaxed and fresh. In acupuncture, dctrs put lng needles (针) int the patients’ heads, takes away pain, thugh the lk is funny.
TCM is an imprtant part f Chinese culture. The earliest medical classic in China, Huangdi’s Classic n Medicine, came ut mre than 2,000 years ag. The bk is abut the relatinship between man and nature. In Chinese culture, yin and yang are tw parts f nature. Nature keeps balanced if yin and yang wrk well tgether. The human bdy needs such balance, t. TCM helps t d that. Especially, fr sme health prblems, a dctr f TCM will nt give yu medicine. Instead, he may give yu just a fd plan and right ways t eat.
TCM thinks the crrect ways f eating: Sit dwn t eat. While eating, turn ff the TV and get away frm the wrk desk. Eat seasnal fds. D nt miss any f the three meals. Als, get yur bdy mving ften, just as the saying ges, “Running water is never stale.”
19. Why did the writer mentin Michael Phelps in the first paragraph?
A. T intrduce a dctr f TCM.B. T give an example f using cupping.
C. T intrduce the Olympic champin.D. T give an example f a gd swimmer.
20. Abut Huangdi’s Classic n Medicine, which f the fllwing is NOT TRUE?
A. It is an imprtant bk n TCM.B. It came ut ver 2,000 years ag.
C. It is mainly abut hw t take medicine.D. It is the earliest medical classic in China.
21. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 means ________.
A. 水到渠成B. 柔情似水C. 绿水长流D. 流水不腐
22. This passage may cme frm ________.
A. a guide bkB. a news reprtC. a magazineD. a pster
三、阅读补全句子
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容，在每小题句子空白处填入适当单词，使其意思与短文内容一致（每空词数不限）
Smetimes peple cme int yur life and yu knw that they are there t teach yu a lessn, r t help yu understand wh yu are r wh yu want t becme.
Yu never knw these peple wh may be a classmate, a neighbur r a friend—but when yu lck yur eyes n them, yu knw at that very mment they will influence yur life in sme ways.
Smetimes things that happen t yu may see m unpleasant, painful, r frustrating at first. But in anther way, yu find that withut getting ver thse difficulties yu wuld have never realized yur ability, strength r will pwer(意志力).
The peple yu meet and the success yu get help t create wh yu are and wh yu becme. Even the bad experience can be learned frm. In fact, they are smetimes the mst imprtant nes.
If smene lves yu, give lve back t them in the way yu can, nt nly because they lve yu, but because in a way, they are teaching yu t lve and hw t pen yur heart and eyes t things.
If smene hurts yu, r breaks yur heart, frgive(原谅) them, fr they have helped yu learn abut truth and the imprtance f being careful f peple arund.
Self-cnfidence is necessary t a persn. If yu’re nt cnfident, it will be hard fr thers t believe in yu.
Learn a lessn in life each day yu live!
23. A classmate, a ________ r a friend can influence ur life in sme ways.
24. Accrding t the passage, unpleasant things are ________ fr yu in anther way.
25. Smetimes bad experiences are very imprtant t us because we can ________ them.
26. We shuld ________ him r her if smebdy d smething bad t us.
27. The writer thinks that the life we live every day can teach us ________.
四、短文填空
阅读下面短文，然后根据括号内所给汉语意思写出单词的正确形式。每空限填一词。
Finland, a small cuntry lcated in Nrthern Eurpe alng the Baltic Sea, the Gulf f Bthnia and the Gulf f Finland, is a beautiful place t ____28____（参观）.Winter is the mst ppular seasn in Finland. The ____29____（太阳） , disappears fr mnths in the nrthernmst part f the cuntry. Peple have t wear very heavy ____30____（外套） t keep warm. The white snw, bright mn and stars, and — if yu are ____31____（幸运的）enugh — the clrful Nrthern Lights create the ____32____（著名的） and surprising light and magical scene. One f the best ways t experience the scene is t sleep in a ____33____ （玻璃）hut, surrunded by nature. Yu can just stay ____34____（在……里面）, warm and cmfrtable, lking at the night sky and waiting.
The air quality in Finland is the best in the wrld accrding t the data frm WHO. As 75% f the cuntry is cvered by frests, peple can cnnect with nature ____35____（容易地）. Finnish peple ften enjy the small things in ____36____（日常的）lives, like just sitting quietly by a lake. S if yu have the chance t Finland, just take a deep breath, hike in the frest r simply ______37______（休息）n a smth rck by the sea.
五、书面表达
38. 某语言学习网站针对人们学外语时遇到的困难做了一项调查，共有6400名网友参与，下图是这次调查的投票结果。其中，没有足够的时间的人数占35%，不能一直保持积极性的人数占25%。
请你用两段文字写一篇短文，第一段简要说明图表内容，第二段阐述你学外语遇到的困难以及你的解决办法。
要求：1.词数不少于80词；
2.开头已给出，不计入总词数
3.文中不得出现真实的人名、校名。
Recently，I read a result f a survey made amng 6，400 peple abut their difficulties in learning a freign language.
参考答案
一、
【答案与详解】本文介绍了一款可以让人放下手机，帮助保持专注力的应用程序——专注森林。
1. 句意：手机在我们的日常生活中非常重要。
terrible糟糕的；imprtant重要的；relaxing放松的；bring无聊的。根据“D yu use a smart phne every day? What d yu usually d with yur phne? Phnes are very…in ur daily lives”以及常识可知手机在日常生活中很重要。故选B。
2. 句意：然而，手机还是会产生一些问题。
prblems问题；danger危险；discussin讨论；questins问题，疑问。根据“When wrking n yur hmewrk, yu might smetimes find that yur smart phne is distracting（分心）yu”可知这是手机产生的需要解决的问题，用prblem。故选A。
3. 句意：它让我们很难保持专注。
difficult困难的，费力的；necessary必要的；simple简单的；educatinal有教育意义的。根据“When wrking n yur hmewrk, yu might smetimes find that yur smart phne is distracting（分心）yu”可知手机会让人分心，很难保持专注。故选A。
4. 句意：而且，当你做其他事情时，我们的智能手机也会分散你的注意力。
Hwever然而；Als而且；Thugh虽然；Luckily幸运地。根据“When wrking n yur hmewrk, yu might smetimes find that yur smart phne is distracting（分心）yu…yur smart phne can distract yu when yu are ding ther things”可知前后两个句子是递进关系，用als。故选B。
5. 句意：一个叫做“森林”的手机软件可以帮助你保持专注。
bk书；app手机软件；magazine杂志；film电影。根据“Yu can dwnlad the app”可知这是一个手机软件。故选B。
6. 句意：如果你想摆脱手机并专注于更重要的事情，可以下载该应用程序。
hmewrk家庭作业；game游戏；phne手机；schlwrk学校作业。根据“But if yu clse the app and play with yur phne…”以及文章的描述可知这款软件是让人放下手机，专注做事。故选C。
7. 句意：如果你继续做你的任务，种子就会长成一棵树。
wrk工作；plan计划；task任务；activity活动。根据“When yu set（设置）a new task（任务）in the app”可知只有继续做任务，种子才会长大。故选C。
8. 句意：但是相反如果你关闭应用程序并玩手机，树会枯萎并死亡。
instead相反；finally终于；sn很快；happily快乐地。由语境可知，此处指“玩手机”代替“做任务”，树就会枯萎。故选A。
9. 句意：一旦你完成工作，你的树将被“种植”在应用程序中。
stp停止；finish完成；start开始；chse选择。根据“Once yu…the wrk, yur tree will be “planted” in the app”可知只有完成了工作，树才会被“种植”到app上。故选B。
10. 句意：如果你继续努力，总有一天你会拥有一片森林。
tree树；study学习；success成功；frest森林。根据“If yu keep trying, yu will have a…ne day”可知坚持下来，会有越来越多的树，就会形成一个森林。故选D。
二、
1
【答案与详解】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍我国的第一个火星车被命名为“祝融”的渊源介绍了我国宇航事业的巨大发展。
11. 细节理解题。根据“Then he brught fire frm heaven t the wrld.”可知祝融从天国带到人类世界的是火。故选 A。
12. 细节理解题。根据“The name symblizes light and hpe fr space explratin in ur cuntry.”可知这个名字象征着我国太空探索的光明与希望。故选C。
13. 词义猜测题。根据“After leaving the earth last summer, Zhu Rng mved arund Mars fr several mnths and landed n it in May.” 可知去年夏天离开地球后，祝融号绕火星飞行了几个月，并于今年5月在它上面登陆，所以推测it代指火星，故选B。
14. 推理判断题。根据“We have made great prgress in space technlgy and will sn start building ur wn space statin.”可知我们在宇航技术方面取得了巨大的进步，不久将开始建设我们自己的空间站，所以推测作者为中国的宇航技术感到骄傲。故选C。
2
【答案与详解】本文主要介绍了纸币的历史。
15. 细节理解题。根据“Every piece f paper had pictures f huses, trees, and peple n it.”可知纸币上有房子、树木和人物图，而没有鸟。故选D。
16. 细节理解题。根据“The reasn it became ppular s quickly was that it was cnvenient t take and use. Peple didn’t have t take heavy cins t shps.”可知纸币受欢迎是因为携带方便、买东西方便且很轻，它看起来漂亮不是受欢迎的原因。故选B。
17. 细节理解题。根据“The use f ld paper mney ended in 1897. In the same year, China started t use mdern paper mney.”可知中国与1897年开始使用现代纸币，已经用了超过一百年了。故选B。
18. 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了纸币的历史，用“The Histry f Paper Mney”做标题最合适。故选C。
3
【答案与详解】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了中医三种典型的治疗方法：拔火罐、按摩和针灸，并介绍了中医最著名的医学专著《黄帝内经》，以及中医在世界上的发展趋势。
19. 推理判断题。根据“The famus American swimmer Michael Phelps, an Olympic champin, has ever visited a dctr f traditinal Chinese medicine and had ‘cupping’”可知，Michael Phelps是作者列举使用中医拔火罐疗法的一个例子，故选B。
20. 推理判断题。由第三段内容可知，《黄帝内经》是中国最早的医学典籍，它成书在两千多年前，是一部重要的中医书籍，C选项“它主要是关于如何服药的”没有提及，故选C。
21. 词义猜测题。根据“Als, get yur bdy mving ften, just as the saying ges”可知，讲的是有关身体运动的，“流水不腐”符合语境，故选D。
22. 推理判断题。介绍了中医三种典型的治疗方法：拔火罐、按摩和针灸，并介绍了中医最著名的医学专著《黄帝内经》，以及中医在世界上的发展趋势，最有可能来自杂志，故选C。
三、
23. neighbur
24. gd/helpful
25. learn frm
26. frgive
27. a lessn
【详解】本文主要讲述了你的同学，邻居或朋友会走进你的生活，影响你和改变你，这些影响不论好坏都会成为你宝贵的经验。
23. 根据“Yu never knw these peple wh may be a classmate, a neighbur r a friend—but when yu lck yur eyes n them, yu knw at that very mment they will influence yur life in sme ways”可知，同学、邻居或朋友可以在某些方面影响我们的生活。a修饰名词的单数形式，故填neighbr。
24. 根据“Smetimes things that happen t yu may see m unpleasant, painful, r frustrating at first. But in anther way, yu find that withut getting ver thse difficulties yu wuld have never realized yur ability, strength r will pwer”可知，不愉快的事情对你有好处/有帮助，be gd fr“对……有好处”；be helpful fr“对……有帮助”。故填gd/helpful。
25. 根据“Even the bad experience can be learned frm”可知，有时糟糕的经历对我们来说非常重要，因为我们可以从中吸取教训。can后接动词原形，故填learn frm。
26. 根据“If smene hurts yu, r breaks yur heart, frgive(原谅) them, fr they have helped yu learn abut truth and the imprtance f being careful f peple arund”可知，如果有人对我们做了坏事，我们应该原谅他或她。shuld后接动词原形，故填frgive。
27. 根据“Learn a lessn in life each day yu live”可知，作者认为我们每天的生活可以给我们上一课。故填a lessn。
四、
28. visit
29. sun
30. cats
31. lucky
32. famus##well-knwn
33. glass
34. inside
35. easily
36. daily
37. rest
【详解】本文讲述芬兰的地理位置，天气和良好的空气质量，人们在芬兰可以享受的活动。
28. 句意：芬兰，位于北欧，波罗的海，波的尼亚湾和芬兰海湾沿岸的一个小国家，是一个美丽的地方，值得人们参观。名词“place”后用动词不定式作后置定语，表示“参观”用动词“visit”。故填visit。
29. 句意：太阳在国家的北部大部分地方消失好几个月。句子缺主语，根据“disappears”可知主语是单数概念，表达“太阳”用名词“sun”。故填sun。
30. 句意：人们必须穿很厚重的外套来取暖。动词“wear”后缺宾语，根据“peple”可知是复数概念，表达“外套”用复数名词“cats”。故填cats。
31. 句意：白色的雪，明亮的月亮和星星，还有，如果你足够幸运，你可以看到多彩的北极光。句子用“形容词+enugh”的结构，表达“幸运的”用形容词“lucky”作表语。故填lucky。
32. 句意：创作出著名的让人惊奇的光和魔幻的场景。根据“and surprising”可知用形容词形成并列结构，表达“著名的”用形容词“famus”或“well-knwn”。故填famus/well-knwn。
33. 句意：经历这个场景的最好的方式之一是睡在一个玻璃屋里，被大自然包围着。表达“玻璃屋”，名词“hut”前用名词“glass”作定语。故填glass。
34. 句意：你可以只是待在屋里面，温暖舒适，看着夜空等待着。动词“stay”用副词修饰，表达“在……里面”用副词“inside”。故填inside。
35. 句意：国家四分之三的地方覆盖着森林，人们很容易亲近自然。动词“cnnect”用副词修饰，表达“容易地”用副词“easily”。故填easily。
36. 句意：芬兰人经常享受日常生活里的小事物，比如只是静静地坐在湖边。名词“lives”用形容词修饰，表达“日常的”用形容词“daily”作定语。故填daily。
37. 句意：因此如果你有机会去芬兰，只要深呼吸，在森林里远足或者只是在海边的平滑的岩石上休息。根据“take a deep breath, hike in the frest r”可知用动词原形形成并列，表达“休息”用动词“rest”。故填rest。
五、【参考范文】
Recently, I read a result f a survey made amng 6, 400 peple abut their difficulties in learning a freign language. 35% f peple think there is n enugh time fr them. 25% f them think that keeping up the mtivatin is their main difficulty. 20% say they ften feel ashamed when speaking a freign language. And the rest f 20% f peple say they have n access t native speakers.
Fr me, the tw main difficulties are “ being unable t keep up the mtivatin” and “ having n access t native speakers” . Hwever, where there are difficulties, there are ways t get ver them. S I watch English mvies in my free time. There are many freign teachers giving lessns nline, s I practice my English in that way.
考点复习
1
说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。
说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是中考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。
说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。
一、说明文的行文特征
写说明文可以按时间、空间、结构、逻辑顺序来写，也可以采取举例、比较、对比、分类、分析、说明、叙述等方法。
1.比较对照
比较对照有两种，一是逐点比较，二是整块比较，即AB交错或先A后B：
（1）逐点比较
多数人认为这种AB交错的方式可以避免行文的单调沉闷，对比的效果更鲜明突出。如：
There are basic differences between large and small enterprises. In a small enterprise, yu perated mainly thrugh persnal cntacts. In a large enterprise, yu have established “plicies” , “channels” f rganizatin, and fairly strict prcedure. In the small enterprise yu have immediate effectiveness in a very small area. Yu can see the effect f yur wrk and f yur decisins grund. In the large rganizatin yu are nrmally taught ne thing thrughly. In the small ne the danger is f becming a Jack-f-all-trades-but-master-f-nne. In the large it is f becming the man wh knws mre and mre abut less and less.
（2） 整块比较
It is easy t be a winner. A winner can shw his jy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victry. Peple lve t be with winners. Winners are never lnely. Unlike winners, lsers are the lnely nes f the wrld. It is difficult t face defeat with dignity. Lsers can nt shw their disappintment publicly. They can nt cry r grieve abut their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be cmpsed in public. They have nthing t celebrate and n ne t share their sadness.
2.分类
分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一，也是描写事物、解释观点最有效的方式之一。通过将一事物分类，可使复杂事物变得清晰明了，便于作者阐述自己的观点。
分类段落的各类排列要条理，可采用从主要到次要，从次要到主要，从多到少或从少到多等方式排列，亦可平行排列。如：
[1]As far as plitical views are cncerned, peple fall int three categries. First are the cnservative peple. Cnservatives are ppsed t sudden r great changes. Secnd are the liberal peple.These peple are in favr f prgress and refrm. But their pinins ften seem t idealistic. The third type is the mderate peple. The mderates keep everything within reasnable limits. They are mre practical in this hard wrld. In my pinin, mst peple seem t belng t this grup.
本段采用平行排列的方式，按人的政治观点分为三类：保守、自由和温和。
[2]These are several reasns why I decided tm attend Bingstn University . First f all, the tuitin is reasnable. Secndly, the university has a deferred payment plan., which lessns the lad f peasant families like mine. Anther reasn is that Bingstn has the finest teachers in its graduate prgram. My chief reasn, hwever, is Bingstn’s prgram in agriculture, my chsen field, which is recgnized as the leader in this area.
该段采用主次排列的方式，分析了作者决定上Bingstn大学的原因。
[3]Accrding t Mr. Li, the fifteen students f his cLASS fall int three grups. Seven f them wrk hard and study well. They always get gd marks in examinatins and are ften praised by the teachers. Li calls them “gd students”. The mnitr, the secretary f the Yuth League, and the captain f the cLASS vlleyball team, are quick in finding ut what their fellw students are interested in r what they shuld d as a cllective. They always rganize prper activities at the prper time. S Li calls them “gd rganizers”. Fur ther students are very kind t their cLASSmates, always ready t lend them a helping hand. They help t clean the cLASSrm and the crridr even when they are nt n duty. Li says that they are “ gd cmrades”. “What abut yurself?” smene asks him. “I’m a grup by my self ——a gd bserver”.
该段不同于以上两段，不是先分类再解释，而是先说明其特点，然后定义分类。虽分类并不科学，却达到了其幽默之目的。
3.例证
例证指具体说明人或事物特点、本质及其规律的方法。所用例子需有代表性、典型性。例证型段落的写作方式多为先提出主题再列举事例。在事例之前一般有Fr example或Fr instance。例证后面，根据情况还可以加上结论句。如：
In rder t prevent nn-smkers frm being affected, measures must be taken t reduce the chances f smking. A lt f wrk can be dne cncerning this. Fr example, in sme public places, such as in the theatres and cinemas, smking shuld be frbidden. Even n the train r plane peple shuld nt be allwed t smke. Dctrs, teachers and gvernment leaders shuld take the lead nt t smke. Abve all, the harmfulness and dangers caused by smking shuld be made knwn t all thrugh newspapers, bradcast, r TV prgrams. Als the grwing f tbacc and the prductin f cigarettes shuld nt be encuraged. If these measures can be taken, we can effectively reduce the chances f smking.
4 因果
因果是两个事物之间的关系。一些说明文，议论文通过分析因果关系说明一个中心思想。如不能把因果关系解释清楚，文章将无法说明任何主题。
因果型段落的扩展模式有两种，一是分类编法，另一个是连环编排法。如果只讨论成因或只讨论结果，细节比较简单，只需按其重要性或其逻辑顺序进行编排。分类编排法指先讨论原因，然后讨论结果；或先讨论结果，后讨论原因。
（1）分类编排法
Music is my chief hbby. When I listen t music, gd things happen t me. If I am lnely r hmesick, I listen t pp music. The quick rhythm, the strng beats f drums lift my spirits. If I am familiar with a sng, I will sing alne with it and my depressin disappears. When I am bred r very tired, I listen t Mzart. His music makes me feel alive. Music als reminds me f hme. Befre I came t cllege, my sisters and I wuld listen t music and sing sngs tgether and cheer us. Nw I enjy listening t music and singing with my rmmates because their smiles make me remember the happy times with my family. Fr me, music is an excellent escape, and withut it, I wuldn’t be s happy。
（2）连环编排法
先讨论一组因果，再一组因果，再一组因果，形成一个锁链。当因果紧密相连，前一果为后一果之因时，经常使用这种方式。
Students shuldn’t stay up s late. Because f the pressure f examinatins, many students burn night candles. The next day, they have t get enugh sleep. As a result, many f them get sleepy in ClASs. They culdn’t catch what the teacher says. Nt having studied their lessns well, they find it difficult t make gd perfrmance in examinatins. S, it is nt wrthwhile t stay up late if yu want t study well.
5.人物描写
人物描写包括外部特征、性格特征、思想状态、行为语言等，用于表现人物精神面貌、披露人物内心活动、揭示人物性格变化，借以突出作品主题思想。如：
My sister is a byish girl. She has shrt and straight hair like a by’s. She likes white, black and grey clrs, as mst bys d. She never cares fr shirts, stckings but lves jackets and jeans. Smetimes she wears a men’s suit and leather shres as if she were a gentleman. Basketball and ftball are her favrite sprts. She als enjys watching bxing. She always shuts and cheers excitedly when she is watching a ftball match. When she is with her friends, she always says Ladies first” t ther girls. The mst interesting thing is that she has been mistaken fr a by many times. And she is pleased with that. She always says that she shuld be a by.
第一句作者明确表示他眼中的妹妹是个男孩子气十足的小姑娘。这样读者大都会在心中勾画出一种从长相、穿着到言谈举止都特男孩化的女孩。下文作者正是通过穿着、外貌和性格等方面向读者展现一个活生生的人物形象。
6.地点描写
地点描写指用生动形象的语言对某一地点、某一环境进行具体逼真的描绘，使读者如临其境、如睹其物。地点描写的对象可大可小，在可以为城市、国家，小可是一间教室，一个房间。
地点描写自然按空间顺序排列，作者应立足于一个出发点，由远及近，由近到远，从里到外，从外到里，由左到右，或由右到左进行描写，顺序不可混乱，否则读者会迷失方向。如下面一段作者从大门开始，由外向里逐步介绍学校的布置，读者如同跟着作者参观了一所校园。
Nw I will shw yu arund ur schl. It is ne f the largest middle schls in the city. When yu step int the gate, yu will see a beautiful flwer bed befre yu. In the middle f the flwer bed there is a funtain with many clred flwers arund it. If yu walk alng the schl rad, yu will cme t the playgrund, n each side f which are rws f trees. We ften read bks under the trees. On the right f the playgrund are tw ClASsrm buildings. On the left is the newly-built fur-stryed building. I’m lucky t study here. I lve my schl very much.
7.物体描写
描写物体时应侧重物的形状、规格大小、颜色和功能。任何一段文字都应有叙述的中心，对物的描写也不例外。同样，主题句也应反映出作者对所要描写物体的看法、态度。如：
The first thing I ntice in the bride’s rm is the beautiful curtain. This curtain is patchwrk in design, and is sewn ut f squares f materials f different clrs like white, light green, brwn and range. It is made f silk, trimmed with delicate braids. It is abut six feet lng and hangs frm a wden rail. The curtain matches perfectly with the dark wden rail and furniture in the rm.
通过主题句可以看出作者想向读者描写的是一幅漂亮的窗帘。
二、说明方法
1.罗列法（listing）
在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，secnd，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中。罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习：
There are several gd reasns why we shuld learn a freign language. First f all， …Secndly， …And finally， …
We shuld try ur best t plant mre trees fr several gd reasns First f all， …Secndly， …And finally，
必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first， secnd…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。
2.举例法（examples）
举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用fr example， fr instance， still anther example is…等词语引出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。
3.比较法（cmparisn and cntrast）
比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（cmparisn）和比较不同点（cntrast）两种方法。在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，als，t，in the same case，in spite f the difference等这样的词语。hwever，n the ther hand，in cntrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。
4.定义法（definitin）
定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是 被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语。比如
A bat is a small muse-like animal that flies at night and feeds n（以…为食品）fruit and insects but is nt a bird.
5.顺序法（sequence f time，space and prcess）
顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。
6.分类法（classificatin）
分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法
Sme bks are t be tasted， thers t be swallwed， and sme few t be chewed and digested,that is, sme bks are t be read nly in parts， thers t be read， but nt curiusly，and sme few t be read whlly, and with diligence and attentin. Sme bks als may be read by deputy, and extracts made f them by thers; but that wuld be nly in the less imprtant arguments, and the meaner srt f bks…
三、科普说明文
这种题材的文章大部分是介绍科技前沿、科学动态、新的发明创造、科研方法，或是对某一个问题的来龙去脉和解决方法等加以介绍。作者的目的就是让读者获得知识、信息，对说明对象有所了解，并获得某些方面的启示。其特点如下：
1. 文章中会牵涉到实验、研究者、研究方法、在某项主题上的不同意见和争鸣，有时会出现读者还不熟悉的前沿性的科学题材，但作者一般持客观的态度，不显示自己的褒贬之意；
2. 此类文章为了做到通俗易懂，在语言上尽量避免使用专业性词汇，对于动词，做到这一点较轻易，但是有些专有名词则无法避免，不过，作者通常会对较难的专有名词进行解释，甚至举例说明，这往往也是出题的地方；
3. 在语法上，此类文章长句使用较多，主从复合句、同位语、插入语、非谓语动词形式和被动语态使用率较高；
4. 此类文章语篇模式一般比较固定、整洁，主题句通常位于段首，多使用平行结构。
针对科普文章的这些特点，首先我们平时要多关注科学题材的文章，了解一些基本的科普知识；其次，在阅读时要注重实验的目的和结果，不能凭想象和猜测下结论；对于较难理解的句子要利用语法结构去分析；最后，要利用文章特点找准主题句，把握中心，从而一一破解题目。
四、说明文的命题方式（以阅读理解为例）
考向一 细节理解题
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(1y)、secnd(1y)、third(1y)finally、nt als...、then、in additin等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as、such as、fr example、fr instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过hwever、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、nt s much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。
考向二 语意猜测题
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers t…或what des the underlined wrd mean? 或what is the meaning f the underlined wrd?为设问方式。解题时考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。
考向三 主旨大意题
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks abut ____. What is the main idea f the passage? 为设问方式。
答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。
考向四 判断推理题
这种试题常以(1)the passage is intended t...(2) the authr suggests that...(3) the stry implies that…(4) which pint f view may the authr agree t?(5) frm the passage we can cnclude that...(6) the purpse f the passage is t...为设问方式。这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实，但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏，或对某个事物的批判。这类题目常见的题干表达方式有what was the authr’s attitude twards 等。
五、说明文的解题技巧（以阅读理解为例）
阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。中考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。
一、词义猜测类题型
阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语中考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：
（一）内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。
通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或r连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思。这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：
The wrd ＂secure＂ in paragraph 5 line is clsest in meaning t _________.
free frm anxiety B. anxius C. nervus D. happy
根据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案A。
二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has knwn smething abut the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help f spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于＂行星＂这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，hwever等；二是看与nt搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is s hmely, nt at all as handsme as his brther.根据nt at 我们不难推测出hmely的意思，即不英俊，不漂亮的意思。
根据因果关系猜测词义
通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，fr，s，thus，as a result，f curse，therefre等等）表示前因后果。例如：
Yu shuldn’t have blamed him fr that, fr it wasn’t his fault. 通过fr引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。
通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如：But smetimes, n rain falls fr a lng, lng time. Then there is a dry perid, r drught.
从drught所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drught，由此可见drught意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而a dry perid和drught是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，r，that is，in ther wrds，be called或破折号等来表示。
通过句法功能来推测词义
例如：Bananas, ranges, pineapples, ccnuts and sme ther kind f fruit grw in warm areas.假如pineapples和ccnuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples, ccnuts和bananas, ranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
通过描述猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如The penguin is a kind f sea bird living in the Suth Ple. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Althugh it cannt fly，it can swim in the icy water t catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
（二）外部相关因素
外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered thrugh the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。
（三）构词法
在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。
根据前缀猜测词义
例如：He fell int a ditch and lay there, semi-cnscius, fr a few minutes.根据词根cnscius（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semicnscius词义＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate abut such things.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。
根据后缀猜测词义
例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapr may change int drplets.后缀let表示＂小的＂，词根drp指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出drplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。
根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如：Grwing ecnmic prblems were high-lighted by a slwdwn in il utput. Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是＂以强光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very ppular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动—斗牛。
二、主旨大意类题型
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：
（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
（二）寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。
总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想，作者意图及关键词语，运用联想、比较、归纳、推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划，有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。
能力强化
2
一、完形填空
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择最佳选项。
Fcus n the trees（专注森林）
D yu use a smart phne every day? What d yu usually d with yur phne? Phnes are very ___1___ in ur daily lives. Hwever, they can cause sme ___2___. It can be ___3___ t keep fcused（专注）these days. When wrking n yur hmewrk, yu might smetimes find that yur smart phne is distracting（分心）yu. ___4___, yur smart phne can distract yu when yu are ding ther things, such as having dinner, staying with friends, reading bks…
A(n) ___5___ called Frest can help yu keep fcused. Yu can dwnlad the app if yu want t get ff yur ___6___ and fcus n mre imprtant things. When yu set（设置）a new task（任务）in the app and set time t finish it, a tree seed（种子）will be “planted” in the app. If yu keep ding yur ___7___, the seed will grw int a tree. But if yu clse the app and play with yur phne ___8___, the tree will wither（枯萎）and die. Once yu ___9___ the wrk, yur tree will be “planted” in the app. If yu keep trying, yu will have a ____10____ ne day! Yu can share yur achievements（成就）with yur friends and try t “plant” different kinds f trees.
Dn’t yu think it is interesting and meaningful?
1. A. terribleB. imprtantC. relaxingD. bring
2. A. prblemsB. dangerC. discussinD. questins
3. A. difficultB. necessaryC. simpleD. educatinal
4. A. HweverB. AlsC. ThughD. Luckily
5. A. bkB. appC. magazineD. film
6. A. hmewrkB. gameC. phneD. schlwrk
7. A. wrkB. planC. taskD. activity
8. A. instead（相反的）B. finallyC. snD. happily
9. A. stpB. finishC. startD. chse
10. A. treeB. studyC. successD. frest
二、阅读理解
1
China has named the natin’s first Mars rver (火星车) Zhu Rng. Fr all f us, Zhu Rng is the best name.
In an ancient Chinese stry, Zhu Rng had the face f a man and the bdy f an animal. He rde n tw dragns. When he had a big fight with Gng Gng, the gd f water, Zhu Rng wn. But after the fight, the human wrld came int cmplete darkness. Then he brught fire frm heaven (天国) t the wrld.
“Zhu Rng is regarded as the earliest gd f fire in traditinal Chinese culture, ” a space fficial said. “The first Mars rver was named Zhu Rng. The name symblizes (象征) light and hpe fr space explratin (探索) in ur cuntry, and means t guide humans t cntinue explratin.”
After leaving the earth last summer, Zhu Rng mved arund Mars fr several mnths and landed n it in May. In recent years, ur cuntry has sent up the wrld’s first quantum satellite (量子卫星), and Chang’e-4 has made a sft landing n the mn. We have made great prgress in space technlgy and will sn start building ur wn space statin.
11. What Zhu Rng brught frm heaven t the wrld was ________.
A. fireB. warsC. waterD. animals
12. Fr China’s space explratin, the name Zhu Rng symblizes ________.
A. a big fightB. cmplete darknessC. light and hpeD. Chinese culture
13. The underlined wrd “it” in the last paragraph refers t “ ________”.
A. the earthB. MarsC. the mnD. the sun
14. Accrding t the passage, we can infer that ________.
A. Zhu Rng is a bad persn in an ancient Chinese stry
B. China has made little prgress in space technlgy
C. the writer is prud f China’s space technlgy
D. the fficial desn’t like the name Zhu Rng
2
The use f paper mney began in the Tang dynasty, abut 1200 years ag. At that time, it was called “flying cash” because the wind culd take it easily. The use f paper became ppular in Sng dynasty. Every piece f paper had pictures f huses, trees, and peple n it. Every bill was in red and black. Like the mney we use tday, it als had sme special marks n it. By having these marks, it wuld be helpful t tell whether the mney was a fake. Then it wuldn’t be s easy t cunterfeit it.
The paper mney was very beautiful. The reasn it became ppular s quickly was that it was cnvenient t take and use. Peple didn’t have t take heavy cins t shps. Peple culd use it t buy the things that they need.
The use f ld paper mney ended in 1897. In the same year, China started t use mdern paper mney. But Eurpe started using it in the 1600s.
15. What didn’t peple draw n the paper mney?
A. Trees.B. Building.C. Peple.D. Birds.
16. What was nt the reasn that paper mney became ppular?
A. It was easy t use.B. It was beautiful t see.
C. It was cnvenient t buy things.D. It was light t take.
17. Which ne is TRUE accrding t the passage?
A. Chinese Peple used mdern paper mney earlier than Eurpean Peple.
B. Mdern paper mney has been used fr ver 100 years.
C. Peple stpped using paper mney in 1897.
D. There were mre than tw clrs n the ld paper mney.
18. What is the best title fr the passage?
A. The Secret f PaperB. Flying Cash
C. The Histry f Paper MneyD. The Imprtance f Mney
3
Nwadays, traditinal Chinese Medicine (TCM) is becming mre and mre ppular arund the wrld. A gvernment reprt says that peple in 183 cuntries and areas are nw using it. The famus American swimmer Michael Phelps, an Olympic champin, has ever visited a dctr f traditinal Chinese medicine and had “cupping” (拔罐).
Massage (按摩) and acupuncture (针灸) are tw ther imprtant kinds f TCM. Chinese massage can make yu relaxed and fresh. In acupuncture, dctrs put lng needles (针) int the patients’ heads, takes away pain, thugh the lk is funny.
TCM is an imprtant part f Chinese culture. The earliest medical classic in China, Huangdi’s Classic n Medicine, came ut mre than 2,000 years ag. The bk is abut the relatinship between man and nature. In Chinese culture, yin and yang are tw parts f nature. Nature keeps balanced if yin and yang wrk well tgether. The human bdy needs such balance, t. TCM helps t d that. Especially, fr sme health prblems, a dctr f TCM will nt give yu medicine. Instead, he may give yu just a fd plan and right ways t eat.
TCM thinks the crrect ways f eating: Sit dwn t eat. While eating, turn ff the TV and get away frm the wrk desk. Eat seasnal fds. D nt miss any f the three meals. Als, get yur bdy mving ften, just as the saying ges, “Running water is never stale.”
19. Why did the writer mentin Michael Phelps in the first paragraph?
A. T intrduce a dctr f TCM.B. T give an example f using cupping.
C. T intrduce the Olympic champin.D. T give an example f a gd swimmer.
20. Abut Huangdi’s Classic n Medicine, which f the fllwing is NOT TRUE?
A. It is an imprtant bk n TCM.B. It came ut ver 2,000 years ag.
C. It is mainly abut hw t take medicine.D. It is the earliest medical classic in China.
21. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 means ________.
A. 水到渠成B. 柔情似水C. 绿水长流D. 流水不腐
22. This passage may cme frm ________.
A. a guide bkB. a news reprtC. a magazineD. a pster
三、阅读补全句子
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容，在每小题句子空白处填入适当单词，使其意思与短文内容一致（每空词数不限）
Smetimes peple cme int yur life and yu knw that they are there t teach yu a lessn, r t help yu understand wh yu are r wh yu want t becme.
Yu never knw these peple wh may be a classmate, a neighbur r a friend—but when yu lck yur eyes n them, yu knw at that very mment they will influence yur life in sme ways.
Smetimes things that happen t yu may see m unpleasant, painful, r frustrating at first. But in anther way, yu find that withut getting ver thse difficulties yu wuld have never realized yur ability, strength r will pwer(意志力).
The peple yu meet and the success yu get help t create wh yu are and wh yu becme. Even the bad experience can be learned frm. In fact, they are smetimes the mst imprtant nes.
If smene lves yu, give lve back t them in the way yu can, nt nly because they lve yu, but because in a way, they are teaching yu t lve and hw t pen yur heart and eyes t things.
If smene hurts yu, r breaks yur heart, frgive(原谅) them, fr they have helped yu learn abut truth and the imprtance f being careful f peple arund.
Self-cnfidence is necessary t a persn. If yu’re nt cnfident, it will be hard fr thers t believe in yu.
Learn a lessn in life each day yu live!
23. A classmate, a ________ r a friend can influence ur life in sme ways.
24. Accrding t the passage, unpleasant things are ________ fr yu in anther way.
25. Smetimes bad experiences are very imprtant t us because we can ________ them.
26. We shuld ________ him r her if smebdy d smething bad t us.
27. The writer thinks that the life we live every day can teach us ________.
四、短文填空
阅读下面短文，然后根据括号内所给汉语意思写出单词的正确形式。每空限填一词。
Finland, a small cuntry lcated in Nrthern Eurpe alng the Baltic Sea, the Gulf f Bthnia and the Gulf f Finland, is a beautiful place t ____28____（参观）.Winter is the mst ppular seasn in Finland. The ____29____（太阳） , disappears fr mnths in the nrthernmst part f the cuntry. Peple have t wear very heavy ____30____（外套） t keep warm. The white snw, bright mn and stars, and — if yu are ____31____（幸运的）enugh — the clrful Nrthern Lights create the ____32____（著名的） and surprising light and magical scene. One f the best ways t experience the scene is t sleep in a ____33____ （玻璃）hut, surrunded by nature. Yu can just stay ____34____（在……里面）, warm and cmfrtable, lking at the night sky and waiting.
The air quality in Finland is the best in the wrld accrding t the data frm WHO. As 75% f the cuntry is cvered by frests, peple can cnnect with nature ____35____（容易地）. Finnish peple ften enjy the small things in ____36____（日常的）lives, like just sitting quietly by a lake. S if yu have the chance t Finland, just take a deep breath, hike in the frest r simply ______37______（休息）n a smth rck by the sea.
五、书面表达
38. 某语言学习网站针对人们学外语时遇到的困难做了一项调查，共有6400名网友参与，下图是这次调查的投票结果。其中，没有足够的时间的人数占35%，不能一直保持积极性的人数占25%。
请你用两段文字写一篇短文，第一段简要说明图表内容，第二段阐述你学外语遇到的困难以及你的解决办法。
要求：1.词数不少于80词；
2.开头已给出，不计入总词数
3.文中不得出现真实的人名、校名。
Recently，I read a result f a survey made amng 6，400 peple abut their difficulties in learning a freign language.
参考答案
一、
【答案与详解】本文介绍了一款可以让人放下手机，帮助保持专注力的应用程序——专注森林。
1. 句意：手机在我们的日常生活中非常重要。
terrible糟糕的；imprtant重要的；relaxing放松的；bring无聊的。根据“D yu use a smart phne every day? What d yu usually d with yur phne? Phnes are very…in ur daily lives”以及常识可知手机在日常生活中很重要。故选B。
2. 句意：然而，手机还是会产生一些问题。
prblems问题；danger危险；discussin讨论；questins问题，疑问。根据“When wrking n yur hmewrk, yu might smetimes find that yur smart phne is distracting（分心）yu”可知这是手机产生的需要解决的问题，用prblem。故选A。
3. 句意：它让我们很难保持专注。
difficult困难的，费力的；necessary必要的；simple简单的；educatinal有教育意义的。根据“When wrking n yur hmewrk, yu might smetimes find that yur smart phne is distracting（分心）yu”可知手机会让人分心，很难保持专注。故选A。
4. 句意：而且，当你做其他事情时，我们的智能手机也会分散你的注意力。
Hwever然而；Als而且；Thugh虽然；Luckily幸运地。根据“When wrking n yur hmewrk, yu might smetimes find that yur smart phne is distracting（分心）yu…yur smart phne can distract yu when yu are ding ther things”可知前后两个句子是递进关系，用als。故选B。
5. 句意：一个叫做“森林”的手机软件可以帮助你保持专注。
bk书；app手机软件；magazine杂志；film电影。根据“Yu can dwnlad the app”可知这是一个手机软件。故选B。
6. 句意：如果你想摆脱手机并专注于更重要的事情，可以下载该应用程序。
hmewrk家庭作业；game游戏；phne手机；schlwrk学校作业。根据“But if yu clse the app and play with yur phne…”以及文章的描述可知这款软件是让人放下手机，专注做事。故选C。
7. 句意：如果你继续做你的任务，种子就会长成一棵树。
wrk工作；plan计划；task任务；activity活动。根据“When yu set（设置）a new task（任务）in the app”可知只有继续做任务，种子才会长大。故选C。
8. 句意：但是相反如果你关闭应用程序并玩手机，树会枯萎并死亡。
instead相反；finally终于；sn很快；happily快乐地。由语境可知，此处指“玩手机”代替“做任务”，树就会枯萎。故选A。
9. 句意：一旦你完成工作，你的树将被“种植”在应用程序中。
stp停止；finish完成；start开始；chse选择。根据“Once yu…the wrk, yur tree will be “planted” in the app”可知只有完成了工作，树才会被“种植”到app上。故选B。
10. 句意：如果你继续努力，总有一天你会拥有一片森林。
tree树；study学习；success成功；frest森林。根据“If yu keep trying, yu will have a…ne day”可知坚持下来，会有越来越多的树，就会形成一个森林。故选D。
二、
1
【答案与详解】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍我国的第一个火星车被命名为“祝融”的渊源介绍了我国宇航事业的巨大发展。
11. 细节理解题。根据“Then he brught fire frm heaven t the wrld.”可知祝融从天国带到人类世界的是火。故选 A。
12. 细节理解题。根据“The name symblizes light and hpe fr space explratin in ur cuntry.”可知这个名字象征着我国太空探索的光明与希望。故选C。
13. 词义猜测题。根据“After leaving the earth last summer, Zhu Rng mved arund Mars fr several mnths and landed n it in May.” 可知去年夏天离开地球后，祝融号绕火星飞行了几个月，并于今年5月在它上面登陆，所以推测it代指火星，故选B。
14. 推理判断题。根据“We have made great prgress in space technlgy and will sn start building ur wn space statin.”可知我们在宇航技术方面取得了巨大的进步，不久将开始建设我们自己的空间站，所以推测作者为中国的宇航技术感到骄傲。故选C。
2
【答案与详解】本文主要介绍了纸币的历史。
15. 细节理解题。根据“Every piece f paper had pictures f huses, trees, and peple n it.”可知纸币上有房子、树木和人物图，而没有鸟。故选D。
16. 细节理解题。根据“The reasn it became ppular s quickly was that it was cnvenient t take and use. Peple didn’t have t take heavy cins t shps.”可知纸币受欢迎是因为携带方便、买东西方便且很轻，它看起来漂亮不是受欢迎的原因。故选B。
17. 细节理解题。根据“The use f ld paper mney ended in 1897. In the same year, China started t use mdern paper mney.”可知中国与1897年开始使用现代纸币，已经用了超过一百年了。故选B。
18. 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了纸币的历史，用“The Histry f Paper Mney”做标题最合适。故选C。
3
【答案与详解】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了中医三种典型的治疗方法：拔火罐、按摩和针灸，并介绍了中医最著名的医学专著《黄帝内经》，以及中医在世界上的发展趋势。
19. 推理判断题。根据“The famus American swimmer Michael Phelps, an Olympic champin, has ever visited a dctr f traditinal Chinese medicine and had ‘cupping’”可知，Michael Phelps是作者列举使用中医拔火罐疗法的一个例子，故选B。
20. 推理判断题。由第三段内容可知，《黄帝内经》是中国最早的医学典籍，它成书在两千多年前，是一部重要的中医书籍，C选项“它主要是关于如何服药的”没有提及，故选C。
21. 词义猜测题。根据“Als, get yur bdy mving ften, just as the saying ges”可知，讲的是有关身体运动的，“流水不腐”符合语境，故选D。
22. 推理判断题。介绍了中医三种典型的治疗方法：拔火罐、按摩和针灸，并介绍了中医最著名的医学专著《黄帝内经》，以及中医在世界上的发展趋势，最有可能来自杂志，故选C。
三、
23. neighbur
24. gd/helpful
25. learn frm
26. frgive
27. a lessn
【详解】本文主要讲述了你的同学，邻居或朋友会走进你的生活，影响你和改变你，这些影响不论好坏都会成为你宝贵的经验。
23. 根据“Yu never knw these peple wh may be a classmate, a neighbur r a friend—but when yu lck yur eyes n them, yu knw at that very mment they will influence yur life in sme ways”可知，同学、邻居或朋友可以在某些方面影响我们的生活。a修饰名词的单数形式，故填neighbr。
24. 根据“Smetimes things that happen t yu may see m unpleasant, painful, r frustrating at first. But in anther way, yu find that withut getting ver thse difficulties yu wuld have never realized yur ability, strength r will pwer”可知，不愉快的事情对你有好处/有帮助，be gd fr“对……有好处”；be helpful fr“对……有帮助”。故填gd/helpful。
25. 根据“Even the bad experience can be learned frm”可知，有时糟糕的经历对我们来说非常重要，因为我们可以从中吸取教训。can后接动词原形，故填learn frm。
26. 根据“If smene hurts yu, r breaks yur heart, frgive(原谅) them, fr they have helped yu learn abut truth and the imprtance f being careful f peple arund”可知，如果有人对我们做了坏事，我们应该原谅他或她。shuld后接动词原形，故填frgive。
27. 根据“Learn a lessn in life each day yu live”可知，作者认为我们每天的生活可以给我们上一课。故填a lessn。
四、
28. visit
29. sun
30. cats
31. lucky
32. famus##well-knwn
33. glass
34. inside
35. easily
36. daily
37. rest
【详解】本文讲述芬兰的地理位置，天气和良好的空气质量，人们在芬兰可以享受的活动。
28. 句意：芬兰，位于北欧，波罗的海，波的尼亚湾和芬兰海湾沿岸的一个小国家，是一个美丽的地方，值得人们参观。名词“place”后用动词不定式作后置定语，表示“参观”用动词“visit”。故填visit。
29. 句意：太阳在国家的北部大部分地方消失好几个月。句子缺主语，根据“disappears”可知主语是单数概念，表达“太阳”用名词“sun”。故填sun。
30. 句意：人们必须穿很厚重的外套来取暖。动词“wear”后缺宾语，根据“peple”可知是复数概念，表达“外套”用复数名词“cats”。故填cats。
31. 句意：白色的雪，明亮的月亮和星星，还有，如果你足够幸运，你可以看到多彩的北极光。句子用“形容词+enugh”的结构，表达“幸运的”用形容词“lucky”作表语。故填lucky。
32. 句意：创作出著名的让人惊奇的光和魔幻的场景。根据“and surprising”可知用形容词形成并列结构，表达“著名的”用形容词“famus”或“well-knwn”。故填famus/well-knwn。
33. 句意：经历这个场景的最好的方式之一是睡在一个玻璃屋里，被大自然包围着。表达“玻璃屋”，名词“hut”前用名词“glass”作定语。故填glass。
34. 句意：你可以只是待在屋里面，温暖舒适，看着夜空等待着。动词“stay”用副词修饰，表达“在……里面”用副词“inside”。故填inside。
35. 句意：国家四分之三的地方覆盖着森林，人们很容易亲近自然。动词“cnnect”用副词修饰，表达“容易地”用副词“easily”。故填easily。
36. 句意：芬兰人经常享受日常生活里的小事物，比如只是静静地坐在湖边。名词“lives”用形容词修饰，表达“日常的”用形容词“daily”作定语。故填daily。
37. 句意：因此如果你有机会去芬兰，只要深呼吸，在森林里远足或者只是在海边的平滑的岩石上休息。根据“take a deep breath, hike in the frest r”可知用动词原形形成并列，表达“休息”用动词“rest”。故填rest。
五、【参考范文】
Recently, I read a result f a survey made amng 6, 400 peple abut their difficulties in learning a freign language. 35% f peple think there is n enugh time fr them. 25% f them think that keeping up the mtivatin is their main difficulty. 20% say they ften feel ashamed when speaking a freign language. And the rest f 20% f peple say they have n access t native speakers.
Fr me, the tw main difficulties are “ being unable t keep up the mtivatin” and “ having n access t native speakers” . Hwever, where there are difficulties, there are ways t get ver them. S I watch English mvies in my free time. There are many freign teachers giving lessns nline, s I practice my English in that way.
相关试卷
中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力练习议论类语篇的特征及攻略 (含详解)： 这是一份中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力练习议论类语篇的特征及攻略 (含详解)，共28页。试卷主要包含了议论文的文体分析，议论文的语体特征，议论文的解读策略等内容，欢迎下载使用。
中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力练习时态要点精读与精练 (含详解)： 这是一份中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力练习时态要点精读与精练 (含详解)，共24页。试卷主要包含了 常用常考的动词时态和用法，一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较，容易混淆的时态比较等内容，欢迎下载使用。
中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力练习名词要点精读与精练 (含详解)： 这是一份中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力练习名词要点精读与精练 (含详解)，共20页。试卷主要包含了单项选择，短文填空等内容，欢迎下载使用。
