【专项练习】全套专题英语中考考点二十一：短文理解专题整理(带答案)

这是一份【专项练习】全套专题英语中考考点二十一：短文理解专题整理(带答案)，共13页。试卷主要包含了考点解析，中考真题演练等内容，欢迎下载使用。
一、考点解析
短文理解是长沙市中考的必考题型，分值 20 分，占比重较大。考试中重点考查细节理解，主旨大意，推理判断以及词义猜测四种类型题，体裁主要包括记叙文、议论文和说明文。阅读文章题材丰富，多涉及社会热点话题、自然与科学发现、哲理性文章、健康与疾病等内容。针对这一题型，考生应具备基本的阅读理解能力，逻辑思维能力、推理判断能力以及综合概括能力。
长沙市近五年短文理解考频统计：
考点 1：细节理解题
常见的提问方式：
Which f the fllwing is NOT included/ mentined in the passage?
Which f the fllwing (sentences /statements) is NOT true?
Accrding t the passage, all f the fllwing are true except/but .
Chse the right rder f the events given in the passage.
Which f the fllwing maps/diagrams gives the right psitin f…?
Which f the drawings belw gives an idea f what …is like?
解题技巧：
搜寻直接答案：关键词定位法。根据题干所给的关键信息在文章中寻找相关内容，并与题目选项进行核对，得出答案。
搜寻间接答案：转换相关语句法。根据题干的关键词，在文章中寻找相关信息，进行同义或反义转换，与题干进行匹配，确认相关信息与题目所给选项是否一致。
【典例】：(2019. 湖南长沙) Patrick: I can see the advantages f wearing schl unifrms. They play a very imprtant rle in managing schls. Hwever, a schl shuld nt depend heavily n unifrms t imprve students’ behavirs. Teaching them hw t express themselves with cnfidence（自信）is mre imprtant.
( ) Accrding t Patrick, what is mre imprtant?
A. Managing schls by uni frms.B. Imprving students’ behavirs.
2015
中国待客礼仪
中学生使用网络的利弊
电子垃圾的处理
2016
传统节日元宵节
水污染
帮助无家可归的人
2017
太空生活
学生告诉父母使用微信
杂志封面的变化
2018
小孩子和王子
动物大象的生活习性
/
2019
学生对于是否穿校服进行的讨论
基于现实人物进行的小说虚拟人物的描写
/
C. Helping students express themselves.
解析：本题考查细节理解题。题目意为“根据 Patrick 所言，什么更重要？”可定位至 Teaching them hw t express themselves with cnfidence（自信）is mre imprtant，故答案为 Helping students express themselves，故选 C。
答案：C
考点 2：主旨大意题
常见的提问方式：
What’s the passage mainly abut?
The passage mainly talks abut .
What is the main idea f this passage?
The main idea f the passage is .
What’s the tpic f the text?
What/Which is the best title fr this passage?
The purpse f this passage is t .
What can we knw frm the passage?
解题技巧：
主旨大意题要求考生在理解全文的基础上对语篇进行归纳、概括和总结，并结合语言知识、背景介绍以及生活常识对文章进行一定程度的推理和判断。
开门见山或藏头露尾式。主旨大意在文章或者段落的首尾段或首尾句能够总结出来。前者结构为“总—分”，后者多为“分—总”结构。
首尾呼应式。即在文章或段落的开头与结尾处都进行主旨大意的渲染，即“总—分—总”结构。
关注核心或者高频词汇、短语及句型的表达。很多文章并不会突出表述其主旨，而是在文章的叙述中多次体现其中心立意，以表达其主旨内容。
【典例】：(2019. 湖南长沙) It’s believed that Huck Finn is based n（基于）a childhd friend f Mark Twain’s. In fact, Twain was nt alne in basing a fictinal character（虚构的角色）n a real-life persn.
Severus Snape/ Jhn Nettleship
Severus Snape is a skillful wizard（巫师）… That sunds familiar t Harry Ptter fans.
Alice/ Alice Liddell
Famusly, Lewis Carrll’s Alice in Alice’s Adventure in Wnderland is based n Alice Liddell. … And the rest is histry.
Dill/ Truman Capte
In T Kill a Mckingbird, … where we lived!”
() The text is mainly abut .
purpse f writing fictinal stries
intrductins t famus writer’s childhd friends
characters f fictinal stries frm real-life persns
解析：本题考查主旨大意题。根据第一段中“In fact, Twain was nt alne in basing a fictinal character（虚构的角色）n a real-life persn.”以及文章的“总—分”式结构可知，本篇文章主旨为“characters f fictinal stries frm real-life persns”，故选 C。
答案：C
考点 3：推理判断题
常见的提问方式：
Frm the stry we can guess .
The writer writes this text t .
The writer suggests that .
We can learn frm this passage that .
We can infer (推断) frm the passage that .
It can be seen frm the passage that .
What can we knw frm the passage?
Frm the passage we knw that .
解题技巧：
根据上下文的逻辑关系进行推理判断。根据文章已给事实信息进行合理推理，结合题目选项得出合乎逻辑的结论。
根据作者和文中人物的情感态度和思想倾向进行推理判断。通过文章字里行间透露出来的作者或者其他人物的感情与态度，推敲整篇文章的感情基调，对照题目选项中所给信息进行正确的推理判断。
根据文章体裁及内容推断文章来源。文章体裁与内容的特殊性决定了文章来源的不同，这种一一对应的关系使得题目的解答变得一目了然。
【典例】： (2019. 湖南长沙) T Kill a Mckingbird, Harper Lee based Dill n her childhd friend, Truman Capte. Capte nce said, “Lee was my best friend. Have yu ever read T Kill a Mckingbird? I’m a character in that stry! The stry tk place just in the twn where we lived!” () Being a character f T Kill a Mckingbird, Truman Capte felt .
A. prudB. unsatisfiedC. surprised
解析：本题考查推理判断题。根据“Have yu ever read T Kill a Mckingbird? I’m a character in that stry! The stry take place just in the twn where we lived!”中 Truman Capte 的说话语气可知，他的内心感受是 surprised“惊喜的”，故选 C。
答案：C
考点 4：词义猜测题
常见的提问方式：
The wrd “…” in the passage means .
The wrd “…” is clsest in meaning t .
The underlined wrd “…” means .
What is the Chinese meaning f the wrd “…”?
The underlined part in the secnd paragraph means .
The underlined wrd “it/they/them” means .
解题技巧：
本题型主要是考查“生词熟义”或者“熟词生义”。
同义猜测。被考查单词的前后文中一般都会有同义词或者同义句对所考单词的意义进行暗示，考生可以据此推测所考单词的意义。
反义推测。同上所述，被考查单词的前后文中如果存在转折意义的表达，如 but, hwever
等词，或者存在对比关系的表达，如：n the cntrary 等词，那么考生便可以进行反义推测。
逻辑推测。根据上下文句间的意义联系，分析句与句之间的关系，如递进关系，因果关系等，从而推断所考单词在句中的实际意义。
【典例】：(2019. 湖南长沙) The teacher turned ut t be Jhn Nettleship, wh taught Rwling chemistry. At first, Nettleship felt surprised. “I knw I am a strict teacher,” he said. “But I dn’t think I am as bad as Snape!” On secnd thughts, hwever, he said that he was s ill-tempered that mst f his students avided making him mad. Als, he used t wear lng hair and have an untidy lab. That sunds familiar t Harry Ptter fans.
( ) What des the underlined wrd “ill-tempered” mean in Paragraph 3?
A. 沉着冷静的B. 优柔寡断的C. 脾气暴躁的
解析：本题考查词义猜测题。根据“he said that he was s ill-tempered that mst f his students avided making him mad.”中 aviding making him mad（避免让他生气）可知，ill-tempered意为“脾气暴躁的”，故选 C。
答案：C
二、中考真题演练
（一）随堂反馈
A (2018. 湖南长沙)
After wandering ( 闲逛) arund in the city fr a lng time, Tm finally fund himself
standing in frnt f the palace. He lked thrugh its glden gate, hping t take a lk at a real prince (王子).
There were sme guards (卫兵) standing at bth sides f the gate. Tm, dressed badly, was
mving nervusly past them when he suddenly caught sight f a well-dressed by wh was fllwed by several servants. He was n dubt the prince!
Tm was excited. He wanted t get clse t the prince and have a gd lk at him. Hwever, a guard saw him and stpped him rudely(粗鲁地).
The yung prince, whse name was Edward, was angry with the guard fr his rudeness. He asked the guard t pen the gate and tk Tm t his rm in the palace.
The tw bys became gd friends. They even exchanged their clthes after Tm tld Edward that he had dreamt abut dressing like a prince. As they std side by side in frnt f a great mirrr, they were surprised t find that they lked almst like twins!
The tw bys were in each ther’s clthes when Edward suddenly nticed a bruise (瘀伤) n
Tm’s hand. He sn realized that it was caused by the guard wh had stpped Tm rudely. In a mment, the yung prince ran ut f the rm. He decided t punish the guard.
Hwever, the guard didn’t realize that the prince was in Tm’s ld wrn clthes. He hit Edward heavily n the ear and threw him ut f the palace.
() 1. Why did Tm lk thrugh the gate f the palace?
A. T talk with the guard.B. T ask fr a place t live in.
C. T have a lk at a real prince.
() 2. Hw did Tm feel while mving past the guards?
A. Nervus.B. Excited.C. Prud.
() 3. When Tm was stpped, Edward gt mad because f .
A. the bad manners f TmB. the strict rules f the palace
C. the rude behavir f the guard
() 4. Which f the fllwing is TRUE accrding t the passage?
A. Edward and Tm were twin brthers.B. Edward was kind, caring and friendly.
C. Edward was tired f living in the palace.
() 5. We can infer (推断) frm the passage that .
A. bld is thicker than waterB. tw heads are better than ne
C. never judge peple by their lks
B (2018. 湖南长沙)
Elephants are the largest land animals alive tday. African elephants live in family grups called herds(群). All f the elephants in the herd take care f each ther. The leader f the herd is an ld mther elephant. She is the matriarch(族长). A herd may have as few as eight r as many as 100 elephants. The ther elephants fllwed the matriarch because she knws hw t keep them
safe frm cming danger.
Elephants learn by watching and cpying ther elephants, and als learn frm life. Baby elephants stay with their mthers until they are fully grwn at abut ten years ld. Elephants live t be 50 r 60 years ld. Elephants are smart animals with lng memries. In the dry seasn, a matriarch can remember where water was fund in the past. The herd will fllw her there. She can als remember the safest place fr baby elephants t crss a fast-mving river.
Elephants talk t each ther with rumbling sunds. Sme rumbling sunds are s lw and deep that peple are unable t hear them . Elephants hear sunds nt nly with their ears, but als with their feet, and even trunks (lng nses f the elephants). They als greet each ther by tuching with their trunks and feet. If danger appears, mthers beat their ears t call their babies t them.
Other animals dn’t usually attack ( 攻击) elephants. Hwever, a lin might try t attack a
sick elephant r a baby. If this happens, the adult elephants circle arund the baby elephants. The adults make luder sunds and hit the grund with their trunks. The matriarch puts herself between the lin and the herd. She beats her ears ut t make herself lk even larger. Then she lwers her herd and attacks the enemy(敌人) in a big clud f dust(灰尘).
() 1. Accrding t Paragraph(段落) One, an elephant herd.
has a father elephant as the leader
wns a matriarch wh keeps it away frm danger
always has several leaders and hundreds f elephants
() 2. Lng memries help elephants t .
A. chse their matriarchB. cmmunicate with each ther
C. find water and crss the river
() 3. What des the underlined wrd “rumbling” mean?
A. 低沉的.B. 尖细的.C. 高亢的. () 4. Why d the adult elephants circle arund their babies?
A. T keep their babies safe.B. T welcme their friends.
C. T attack their enemies.
() 5. The passage mainly tells us abut.
A. why the elephants live in herdsB. what the elephants’ living habits are
C. hw the elephants avid being attacked
C (2017. 湖南长沙)
With time, everything changes. S d magazine cvers. The fllwings are three f the mst ppular magazines in the U.S. Let’s take a lk at hw their cvers have changed ver the past centuries.
Time
学成国际教育科技集团有限公司产品研发中心出品
Time is best knwn fr its red brder ( 镶边). The cver phts and designs are almst the same fr ages — a pht f a famus persn with bld ( 粗体) text t draw yur attentin. The cver cntinues t feature (以……为特色) America’s icns year after year— frm presidents t pp stars.
Natinal Gegraphic
Being arund fr mre than a century, the design f Natinal Gegraphic, especially f the cver, has gne thrugh many changes. The magazine is perhaps best knwn fr its amazing phtgraphy — yet it wasn’t shaped until the 1960s. It has als dne a great jb designing its famus yellw brder.
Seventeen
The Seventeen lg (标识) has stayed the same, but almst everything else abut the design has changed. There was a time when the cver was simple. And then things just gt mre and mre cluttered ( 杂乱). The magazine cver’s jb is t sell the magazine — it has 10 stand ut frm the thers. S the design starts t get luder and luder. But hnestly, yu might get a bit f a headache when yu lk at the Seventeen cvers fr t lng.
() 1. What des the underlined wrd “icns” in this passage mean in Chinese?
A. 轶事.B. 时政.C. 偶像.
() 2. Which f the fllwing is NOT true abut Natinal Gegraphic?
It has a histry f mre than a hundred years.
It had amazing phtgraphy in the 1950s.
It is famus fr its yellw brder.
() 3. Accrding t the last paragraph, may make a magazine sell well.
A. special cversB. gd writersC. fantastic ads () 4. The writer thinks the cvers f Seventeen became .
A. cmfrtableB. pleasantC. cluttered () 5. What culd be the best title f this passage?
A. The changes f magazine clrs.B. The changes f magazine cvers.
C. The changes f magazine lgs.
D (2016. 湖南长沙)
It was a Christmas night. I was an unlucky nurse wh had t wrk n such a beautiful festival. When I was cmplaining（抱怨）abut it, three peple appeared at my desk — a tired wman and tw children.
“Are yu all sick?” I asked dubtfully because they seemed all right.
“Yes,” the wman answered weakly and lwered her head.
But when they started t present their prblems, things became
unclear. One child had a fever, but his temperature was OK. The ther child had an earache, but she culd nt tell me which ear hurt. It seemed that the mther was pretending（假装）t cugh.
Smething was wrng. But I nly explained that it might take a while befre a dctr culd meet them. “Take yur time, please.” said the mther. I checked their charts — n address. Suddenly I knew, they were hmeless while the hspital was warm.
The family huddled（蜷缩）tgether under the Christmas tree, smiling and talking with each
ther sweetly. Quietly, I went back t the nurses’ statin and tld them what happened in the waiting rm. It was just like Gd sending us a gift n Christmas Day. The nurses’ statin suddenly came back t life. All the nurses went int actin fr “a Christmas emergency（急诊）”.
We tk ut ur meals fr ur Christmas “patients”. We als put tgether ranges and apples
as presents. We tried t exceed the needs f a family wh nly wanted a warm place n Christmas night. Later, the little girl kissed me and said, “Thanks fr being ur angel（天使）.”
() 1. Befre the family appeared in the hspital, the writer was very_.
A. prudB. unhappyC. pleased () 2. The family came t the hspital because.
A. they came t visit a patientB. they were all sick
C. they were hmeless
() 3. The nurses ffered the family meals and gifts in rder t .
A. make them feel at hmeB. make them leaveC. make them feel upset () 4. What des the underlined wrd “exceed” mean in this passage?
A. 降低.B. 超出.C. 拒绝.
() 5. Frm the stry, we learn that.
hmeless peple ften tell lies
a hspital is a gd place t spend Christmas night
we shuld always be friendly and kind t thse in need
（二）巩固提升
A (2017. 湖南长沙)
Almst everyne has a questin r tw abut living in space. What is life really like in space? And what d astrnauts(宇航员) d there?
Astrnauts living in space have the same hygiene needs as peple d n Earth. When they wake up, they wash their hair, brush their teeth and g t the bathrm as well. Hwever, because
f micrgravity (微重力), astrnauts take care f themselves in different ways. Fr example, they
use a kind f special matter t wash their hair and leg restraints ( 腿部固定装置) t psitin themselves when they use the tilet.
Astrnauts eat three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. Sme fd can be eaten in the natural frm such as fruit. Other fds require adding water such as ndles. There are n fridges in space, s space fd must be stred and prepared prperly t avid ging bad.
Besides mrning rutine(常规) and eating in space, astrnauts perfrm many tasks including
checking machines, updating cmputer equipment ( 更新电脑设备), etc. At the same time, the cntrl center n Earth sends message t the astrnauts thrugh vice r email with new instructins t assist them in their daily rutines.
What’s mre, living in space is nt just all wrk and n play. A ppular way f relaxatin is lking ut f the windw. And they can als enjy themselves by watching mvies, reading bks, playing cards and talking t their families during their free time.
() 1. The underlined wrd “hygiene” in this passage prbably means in Chinese.
A. 卫生B. 饮食C. 心理
() 2. As fr eating in space, which statement is NOT true?
Astrnauts eat three meals a day as peple d n Earth.
Fruit can be eaten in the natural frm.
Fd can be kept fresh in fridges.
() 3. What’s the main idea f Paragraph (段落) Fur?
A. Eating in space.B. Wrking in space.C. Relaxing in space.
() 4. Besides checking the machines and updating cmputer equipment, astrnauts als need t
in their daily wrk.
cmmunicate with friends n Earth
cntrl the peple at the cntrl center n Earth
receive the messages and fllw the instructins frm the cntrl center n Earth () 5. Frm this passage, we learn that .
life in space is exactly the same as life n Earth
living in space is different but interesting
astrnauts have little free time in space
B (2016. 湖南长沙) The Lantern Festival falls n the 15th f the first mnth f the lunar calendar（阴历）. This day is always the first full mn in the new year. Ancient peple als called it Shangyuan Festival. Celebratins and traditins n this day began frm the Han Dynasty（朝代）and became ppular in
the Tang Dynasty.
Watching the red lanterns is ne f the main traditins.
Lanterns f different shapes and sizes are usually put n trees, r alng river banks n shw. It is
said that sky lanterns were first used by Zhuge Kngming t ask fr help when he was in truble. Tday, when the lanterns slwly rise int the air, peple make wishes.
Anther traditin is guessing lantern riddles. The riddles are usually shrt, wise, and smetimes humrus. The answer t a riddle can be a Chinese character(汉字), a famus persn’s name, r a place name.
The mst imprtant thing is t eat sweet dumplings with different tastes. In nrthern China, they are called yuanxia while in suthern part they’re named tangyuan. Because making sweet dumplings is like a game r an activity, they are usually dne happily by a grup f friends r family members.
In ld times, the Lantern Festival was als rmantic（浪漫的）. Watching lanterns gave yung
peple a chance t meet each ther. A line frm Xin Qiji, a pet during the Sng Dynasty, shws this:
Hundreds and thusands f times I searched fr her in the crwd. Suddenly I turned, and there she std, in the dim（昏暗的）light.
() 1. The traditinal festival talked abut in this passage is called “” in Chinese.
A. 春节B. 元宵节C. 端午节
() 2. When did celebratins and traditins f the Lantern Festival start frm?
A. The Han Dynasty.B. The Tang Dynasty.C. The Sng Dynasty. () 3. What were sky lanterns first used fr by Zhuge Kngming in ancient times?
A. Making wishes.B. Celebrating birthdays.C. Asking fr help. () 4. Which f the fllwing is NOT true abut sweet dumplings?
They have different tastes.
They are named “yuanxia” all ver the cuntry.
Peple enjy the prcess f making them.
() 5. The line frm Xin Qiji in the passage shws the Lantern Festival was in ld times.
A. bringB. humrusC. rmantic
C (2017. 湖南长沙)
A cllege graduate (毕业生) frm Shanxi named Wu Jun created a 9-page “WeChat guide”. With drawings and simple wrds, the step-by-step guide explains hw t send messages, take pictures and make vide calls. Wu made the guide fr her parents. “My parents are getting ld. They need an easy way t learn hw t use technlgy.” she said.
Wu’s experience is cmmn nwadays. Wrldwide, 40 percent f parents learn abut new technlgies, including cmputers, mbiles, Internet and scial media (媒体), frm their children, accrding t a study.
Parents used t teach their kids abut almst everything. Nw fr the first time, the teachers becme the students. While the students turn int the teachers.
“The change f rles cmes frm the rapid develpment f sciety and technlgy,” says Zhu Xiahng, a prfessr ( 教授) frm Nanjing University. Zhu said the Internet and ther frms f media give children ways t get infrmatin besides frm asking lder generatins (辈). As a result, in the age f infrmatin, it’s pssible that children knw mre than their parents d.
It’s reprted that 56.7 percent f Internet users and 67.2 percent f scial media users in China are under the age f 30. The yung generatin usually acts as a link (桥梁) between their families and the new envirnment. When they teach their parents new technlgies, parents can cnnect t the new wrld by themselves.
In Wu’s eyes, teaching her parents abut WeChat brings her clser t her parents. “Peple can cmmunicate mre by using new technlgy. Why shuld we keep ur parents ut?” said Wu.
() 1. Wu’s 9-page “WeChat guide” made it fr her parents t learn the new technlgy.
A. harderB. simplerC. slwer
() 2. What has caused the change f rles abut teaching in the family?
The rapid develpment f sciety and technlgy.
The grwing numbers f ld peple.
The unscientific design (设计) f the new technlgy.
() 3. Why is it pssible that children knw mre than their parents d?
Because children have better memries.
Because children have mre ways t get infrmatin.
Because their parents refuse t accept new things.
() 4. What des Wu think f the phenmenn (现象) that kids teach parents?
There is n need fr parents t learn new technlgy.
Parents are suppsed t learn new technlgy by themselves.
Children shuld teach their parents new technlgy t make cmmunicatin cnvenient. () 5. We can infer (推断) frm the passage that .
it’s never t ld t learn
all is well that ends well
a gd beginning is half dne
D (2016. 湖南长沙)
Why is clean water s imprtant t develping cuntries? A recent reprt shws that abut 80 percent f diseases in develping cuntries are caused by pr water and lw sanitatin（卫生）cnditins. In thse cuntries, wmen and girls spend several hurs cllecting water, but ften plluted, far away frm their families. The plluted water mre r less
influences their health. In this case, there is an urgent（迫切的）need fr peple in develping cuntries t have access t（有机会或权利使用）clean water t imprve their health.
Here is a shrt stry abut Hadjara Zakari, a 12-year-ld girl in Niger. Having access t clean water changed her life. She learned abut the imprtance f hand-washing when the schl first received clean water three years ag. That evening, she tld her father, “Yu shuldn’t eat with me unless yu clean yur hands.” Her father was very angry and shuted at her, “It’s nt up t yu t tell me what t d!” Stunned（目瞪口呆的），Hadjara sat in silence. But she knew she was right. In prtest, Hadjara refused t eat dinner that night. After her father questined Hadjara’s head teacher, he understd the imprtance f hand-washing and his daughter’s intentins（目的）. The girl really wanted her family t live lnger and healthier lives.
Fr peple in develping cuntries, clean water can change many things, especially imprve their health. S, frm nw n, let’s avid wasting water and take actin t save water, which is imprtant t peple all ver the wrld.
() 1. Accrding t the recent reprt, pr water and lw sanitatin cnditins can cause .
A. traffic prblemsB. frest firesC. many illnesses
() 2. The key t imprving peple’s health in develping cuntries is in Paragraph 1.
A. t get clean waterB. t exercise ftenC. t refuse drugs () 3. What can we infer（推断）frm Paragraph 2?
Hadjara laughed at her father’s flishness.
Hadjara refused t eat dinner that night in rder t lse weight.
Hadjara’s father understd his daughter’s lve and care fr him later. () 4. The underlined wrd “prtest ” in this passage means .
A. 抗议B. 保护C. 节约
() 5. The purpse f the writer is t .
teach peple hw t wash hands
call n peple all ver the wrld t save water
shw develping cuntries rich in clean water
考点二十一：短文理解答案
【随堂反馈】：A 1~5 CACBC
B 1~5 BCAAB
C 1~5 CBACB
D 1~5 BCABC
【巩固提升】：A 1~5 ACBCB
B 1~5 BACBC
C 1~5 BABCA
D 1~5 CACAB