备战2023年春季英语新中考二轮复习热点透析 核心考点13 阅读理解之议论文

这是一份备战2023年春季英语新中考二轮复习热点透析 核心考点13 阅读理解之议论文，文件包含备战2023年春季英语新中考二轮复习热点透析核心考点13阅读理解之议论文解析版doc、备战2023年春季英语新中考二轮复习热点透析核心考点13阅读理解之议论文原卷版doc等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共22页， 欢迎下载使用。
中考阅读理解题主要考查学生的语篇阅读能力、分析和判断能力。要求学生能较快地通过阅读理解短文大意，获取其中的主要信息，能做出正确判断，然后根据试题的要求从A, B, C, D四个选项中选出最佳答案或做出正误判断。文章的难易程度和初三课文基本相同，要求阅读速度为每分钟40-50个词。
考点详解
一、重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨
标题往往是全文的主题，审视标题，有利于理解全文，提高解题效率。主题句对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用。根据主题句既可以知道文章议论的是什么，也可以知道作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。议论文题材偏难，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用总—分—总的结构，交替使用正面和反面的论证方式。通常，先总说现象或观点；其次，正面陈述、反面论证；最后作者表明自己的态度，再次总结文章。通常主题句会出现在文章的首句或句末，在这些地方要多留意表示归纳的词汇，也可以在具体事例之后或之前的表示观点的陈述句中寻找。
二、细读文章，注意文章细节理解
除主旨题外，细节理解题也是阅读理解题中的基础题，它主要考查学生对文中的具体事例、数字、时间、地点等的理解。经常出现排序题(按事情发展顺序排序)，图表题(按文章内容找出正确图形)，正误题(依据文章内容对所列的陈述进行正误判断) 。对这种题型，无论细节题如何变化形式，立足点都应是从文章中找出相应词句作为依据。虽然答案中有的细节在文中很清楚，但可能与问题无关。细节题的破解一般用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、分析、对比，有根据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。假如问题采用的是反向思维，题中含有nt或except等表示否定意义的词，则需要更加留意。此法可以加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率。做此类题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。
三、理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图
做推理判断题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，站在作者的视角，而不是主观臆断、凭空想象，从而走入误区。英语文章讲究使用主题段与主题句，段与段之间通常有过渡性词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。有时文章还会在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上运用较高级的手段进行组编。要想准确、深刻地理解文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉，即句内、句间和段落间的修辞手段或逻辑关系。作者往往在构思语篇前会进行预先设定：读者知道什么，不知道什么，读者可能与自己共同拥有什么样的生活经验、思想见地和需求欲望等，然后设计一些隐藏在语篇深层的＂潜台词＂。因此，这类试题要求考生利用主题句进行推测，揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用背景知识去挖掘文章的深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调。
四、多读多背，扩大词汇量，掌握猜词技巧
由于当今的阅读文章题材广泛，体裁多样，经常出现一词多义，甚至出现没学过的词汇。许多学生感到困扰很大，有的甚至烦躁得难以坚持阅读下去。要解决阅读中的生词问题，一是要扩大英语词汇量，二是要学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，如：利用同义、反义、上义、下义、词的集合、词的搭配等关系；利用照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等情境关系；利用词缀、转化、合成等构词法；利用后置定语或同位语等语法结构；利用前后对比或因果推理法等。
总之，想要提高阅读能力，尤其是对考生来说难度较大的议论文阅读，学生应能从篇章和试题双方面入手。通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法，优化阅读理解中议论文的解题思路和方法策略，提高学生自主学习的能力。
真题再现
一、阅读单选
（2021·内蒙古呼和浩特·中考真题）It’s lng been a scientific dream: t give peple a special vaccine befre birth t prevent them frm getting terrible illnesses. Gene editing (基因编辑) is ne way in which we culd d this. But this methd has als created sme discussin.
In an nline vide psted n Nv. 26, 2018, He Jiankui, a researcher at the Suthern University f Science and Technlgy, said that he had helped t make the wrld’s first genetically edited babies.
The babies are twin girls wh were brn in Nvember. Their father had HIV. The twins’ genes were edited in rder t prevent them frm suffering frm the HIV virus.
He said he chse t d this because HIV is widespread in China. “I feel such a strng duty nt nly t be the first t d this, but als t set an example,” he tld AP.
But his actins caused many questins. Althugh gene editing may help t prevent disease, many peple are wndering if it is safe and ethical t use it n humans.
Sme believe that gene editing culd be useful t HIV patients. HIV is “a large and grwing public health prblem”, accrding t Harvard Medical Schl genetic prfessr Gerge Church. Using gene editing fr HIV is “a gd idea”, Church tld AP.
Hwever, thers think that gene editing is still in its experimental perids and culd result in terrible changes. “It culd cause genetic prblems later in life, including the develpment f cancer,” Julian Savulescu frm the University f Oxfrd tld BBC News.
Others fear that peple might use gene editing technlgy t make “designer (设计的) babies”. It wuld give parents the ability t chse everything frm their baby’s eye clur t their IQ.
“Yu culd find wealthy parents buying the latest ‘upgrades’ fr their children, leading t even greater unfairness than we already live with,” Marcy Darnvsky, directr f the San Francisc Center fr Genetics tld BBC News.
1．What d we knw abut He Jiankui?
A．He was the first persn t edit genes.
B．He made the twins suffer frm HIV when he edited their genes.
C．He made the wrld’s first genetically edited babies.
D．He was the first persn whse genes were edited.
2．Wh agreed that gene editing culd be helpful t HIV patients?
A．Gerge Church.B．Julian Savulescu.
C．Marcy Darnvsky.D．Chinese researchers.
3．The underlined wrd “ethical” in the passage prbably means “________”.
A．合乎常情的B．道德的C．有价值的D．有效的
4．Accrding t the stry, we knw that gene editing ________.
A．is supprted by the writerB．is gd fr wealthy peple
C．causes sme heated argumentD．has been used widely in the UK
5．What des “designer babies” mean in the passage?
A．Parents can change their baby’s eye clur.
B．Parents are able t chse their baby’s height.
C．Parents can give their baby everything that he r she likes.
D．Parents have a chance t prevent their baby frm suffering frm the virus.
【答案】1．C
2．A
3．B
4．C
5．B
【分析】
本文讲述了通过基因编辑可以决定从眼睛颜色到智力的一切东西。南方科技大学的研究员贺建奎制造了世界上第一批基因编辑婴儿，目前这项技术的合理性引起了强烈的争论。
1．
细节理解题。根据“In an nline vide psted n Nv. 26, 2018, He Jiankui, a researcher at the Suthern University f Science and Technlgy, said that he had helped t make the wrld’s first genetically edited babies.”可知，在2018年11月26日发布的一段网络视频中，南方科技大学研究员贺建奎表示，他帮助制造了世界上第一批基因编辑婴儿。故选C。
2．
细节理解题。根据“Using gene editing fr HIV is ‘a gd idea’, Church tld AP.”可知，Gerge Church同意基因编辑对艾滋病患者有帮助，故选A。
3．
词义猜测题。分析“Althugh gene editing may help t prevent disease, many peple are wndering if it is safe and ethical t use it n humans.”可知，虽然基因编辑可能有助于预防疾病，但许多人都想知道，在人类身上使用基因编辑是否安全和道德。所以ethical的意思是“道德的”，故选B。
4．
推理判断题。根据“But this methd has als created sme discussin.”以及后文人们对于基因编辑的不同看法可知，根据这篇报道，我们知道基因编辑引发了一些激烈的争论。故选C。
5．
推理判断题。根据“Others fear that peple might use gene editing technlgy t make “designer (设计的) babies”. It wuld give parents the ability t chse everything frm their baby’s eye clur t their IQ.”可知，其他人则担心人们可能会使用基因编辑技术制造“设计婴儿”，这将使父母有能力选择一切，从孩子的眼睛颜色到智商。故选B。
（2021·江苏泰州·中考真题）
Just the ther day, I was in a bkshp and fund a bk named Hw t make friends with freigners. As a Canadian living in China fr a year, I was curius t see what kind f advice a Chinese writer giving n this matter.
One piece f advice really caught my attentin and, I must say, made me feel quite angry. In the writer’s pinin, freigners are an "pprtunity (机会)" t imprve yur ral English; whenever yu see a freigner, American r English, yu shuld practise speaking English with him r her. If the freigner desn’t want t answer yur questins, then he r she is a rude persn wh yu wuldn’t want t spend time with anyway. I think this advice is nt nly incrrect, but als may harm the relatinship between Chinese and freigners in China.
Like mst ther "La Wai" living in China, I knw hw lnely ne can smetimes feel living in a culture different frm ur wn familiar (熟悉的) ways. Hwever, I simply accept as part f being here. S far my time in China has been rewarding. I have imprved my Chinese language skills, learned abut ne f the fastest develping cuntries in the wrld tday and made sme very clse Chinese friends.
Hwever, I have als met many Chinese peple wh cnsider me nly as an "pprtunity" t imprve their ral English. I have had peple fllwing me frm twn t my flat t truble me t teach them English. I have had cmplete strangers thrwing articles r speeches in my face, insisting that I help them with the English translatin. I have had peple asking me nn-stp questins fr half an hur at the weekly English Crner ...
Friendship fr a lt f freigners is abut spending time with smene whse cmpany (陪伴) they really enjy. S if there is any advice t give n making and keeping friendships with freigners, I wuld say that it is this: Treat freigners as peple, nt pprtunities. Expect t make friendships step by step, ver a perid f time, nt in a rush. ________ If yur nly reasn fr becming fiends with a freigner is t imprve yur English, then yu will prbably find that yu dn’t have a freign friend fr lng.
6．Where is the writer f this passage frm?
A．AmericaB．ChinaC．CanadaD．England
7．Why is the writer f the passage interested in the bk "Hw t make friends with freigners" ?
A．Because he wants t have sme mre clse Chinese Friends.
B．Because he has greatly imprved his Chinese language skills,
C．Because n Chinese peple wuld like t make friends with him.
D．Because he wants t knw abut the Chinese writer’s advice n this tpic.
8．Accrding t the writer f the bk "Hw t make friends with freigners" , ________.
A．his advice may make freigners angry
B．it is rude f yu t ask a freigner questins
C．yu shuld chse a gd freigner t practise English with
D．dn’t waste time n a freigner wh desn’t answer yur questins
9．In the furth paragraph, the writer uses "I have had…" three times, because ________.
A．he had n better sentences t express his ideas.
B．he wanted t shw hw he hated t make friends with Chinese.
C．he wanted t shw hw he hated t be treated as an “pprtunity”.
D．he met Chinese wh wanted t make friends with him nly three times.
10．Which sentence may be the best t fill in the "________" in the last paragraph?
A．True friendships stand (经得起) the test f time.
B．Learn abut different cultures t make real friends.
C．Friends are abut pprtunities r persnal advantages.
D．There’s real friendship between peple frm different cuntries.
【答案】6．C
7．D
8．C
9．C
10．A
【分析】
本文讲述了一位在中国生活的加拿大人谈论如何与外国人建立和保持友谊，他认为要把外国人当作人，而不是机会，才能一步一步地建立友谊。
6．
细节理解题。根据第一段“As a Canadian living in China fr a year…”可知，作者来自加拿大，故选C。
7．
细节理解题。根据第一段“I was curius t see what kind f advice a Chinese writer giving n this matter”可知，作者对这本书很感兴趣，是因为他想知道一位中国作家在这个问题上给出了什么样的建议，故选D。
8．
细节理解题。根据第二段“ In the writer’s pinin, freigners are an ‘pprtunity’ t imprve yur ral English; whenever yu see a freigner, American r English, yu shuld practise speaking English with him r her.”可知，书的作者认为外国人是提高你英语口语的“机会”，每当你见到外国人，你应该和他或她练习说英语，故选C。
9．
细节理解题。根据第二段“One piece f advice really caught my attentin and, I must say, made me feel quite angry.”以及第四段“Hwever, I have als met many Chinese peple wh cnsider me nly as an ‘pprtunity’ t imprve their ral English.”可知，这里作者用了三次“I have had…”，因为他想表明他是多么讨厌被当作“机会”来对待，故选C。
10．
词句猜测题。根据前一句“Expect t make friendships step by step, ver a perid f time, nt in a rush.”可知，这里作者想告诉我们要一步一步地建立友谊，在一段时间内，不要匆忙，真正的友谊经得起时间的考验的，故选A。
（2021·山东滨州·中考真题）“Life’s a lng, lng jurney,” s we are tld, and mst f us wuld nt set ff n a jurney, even a shrt ne, withut sme ideas f where we wanted t g. Yet many peple travel n life’s jurney with n sense f directin at all.
Setting persnal gals can give yur life a sense f directin. Gal setting is used by tp sprts players, successful business peple and achievers in all fields. Befre yu set persnal gals, think abut what yu want t achieve with yur life.
Try t set gals in sme f the fllwing categries (类别):
Educatin—Will yu achieve the educatinal gals after finishing high schl? Are yu still grwing and learning?
Family—What kind f relatinship d yu want with yur parents and ther family members?
Creative—D yu want t achieve any artistic gals?
Career—What jb d yu want t take when yu grw up? What d yu need t make yur dream cme true?
Public Service—D yu want t make the wrld a better place?
Physical—Are yu fit enugh t d the things yu want t d?
Pleasure—Hw d yu want t enjy yurself?
T help make the prcess mre manageable, divide yur gals int smaller tasks. Fr example, if yu want t reach a main gal in five years, set a three-year gal, a ne-year gal, a three-mnth gal and a ne-mnth gal. Then create a daily T-D List f things that yu shuld d tday. When a gal is achieved, take the time t enjy yur success. This helps yu build the self-cnfidence.
Remember, yur gals can be changed as time ges n. But be sure yur gals are the things yu hpe t achieve, nt what yur parents, family r teachers want.
11．Accrding t the passage, why shuld we set gals?
A．T have a better future.B．T enjy pleasure in life.
C．T knw where t have a jurney.D．T give ur life a sense f directin.
12．What shuld yu cnsider when yu set a family gal?
A．The educatin yu want t get.B．The jb t supprt yur family.
C．The time yu’ll spend reaching yur gal.D．The relatinship with family members.
13．What’s the best advice t achieve the main gal?
A．Dividing yur gals int smaller tasks.B．Creating a daily T-D List f things.
C．Building the self-cnfidence.D．Setting the time t achieve the main gal.
14．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．Once yu set yur gals, they can’t be changed.
B．Nt all the peple can get success by setting gals.
C．Enjying success in ne gal can help yu d better in the next ne.
D．Yur gals are the things yu and yur parents, families r teachers want.
15．Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the passage?
A．A lng jurney.B．Gal setting fr life.C．The directin f life.D．Ways t achieve gals.
【答案】11．D
12．D
13．A
14．C
15．B
【分析】
生活是一段漫长的旅程，设定目标可以给我们的生活一个方向感。首先你要知道自己人生的目标是什么，如何设定自己的人生目标，这篇短文中作者提出了一些建议。
11．
细节理解题。根据“Setting persnal gals can give yur life a sense f directin.”可知，设定个人目标可以给我们的人生方向感。故选D。
12．
细节理解题。根据“Family—What kind f relatinship d yu want with yur parents and ther family members?”可知，在设定家庭目标的时候，你首先要想清楚你想与父母和其他家庭成员保持什么样的关系。故选D。
13．
细节理解题。根据“T help make the prcess mre manageable, divide yur gals int smaller tasks.”可知，为了完成一个主要的目标，你应该把它分成几个小目标。故选A。
14．
推理判断题。根据“When a gal is achieved, take the time t enjy yur success. This helps yu build the self-cnfidence.”可知，当一个目标实现了，享受你的成功，这会帮助你建立自信，这样可以帮助你在下一个目标中做得更好。故选C。
15．
标题归纳题。根据文意以及短文中“Setting persnal gals can give yur life a sense f directin.”可知，文章中作者首先提到“设定个人目标能给生活方向感”，然后下文介绍了如何设定人生目标。B选项“设定人生目标”符合文章主旨，作为标题最合适。故选B。
（2021·福建·中考真题）In recent years, there have been many films abut rbts trying t take ver the wrld. Studies shw that up t 20 millin factry jbs wrldwide culd be taken by rbts in the next 10 years. Sme peple are wrried abut what might happen in the future.
On 8th September, 2020, The Guardian published (发表) an article written by a rbt called GPT - 3. It wrte that “rbt” cmes frm the Greek wrd fr “slave” (奴隶) and humans have nthing t fear frm rbts, which are nly here t help humans. Hwever, the fact that a rbt culd write such an article has made sme peple feel even mre uneasy. Where is the rbt technlgy heading? Can rbts and humans wrk tgether?
What’s yur pinin n this matter?
16．What language des the wrd “rbt” cme frm?A．GreekB．EnglishC．GermanD．French
17．When learning that GPT - 3 culd write an article, sme peple feel ________ .
A．angryB．excitedC．nervusD．relaxed
18．What advantage f rbts is mentined in the text?
A．Acting in their wn interestsB．Develping filming technlgy
C．Wrking with different feelingsD．Ding unsafe wrk fr humans
19．What can we learn frm the text?
A．GPT - 3 will take ver the wrld
B．Sme rbts have learnt hw t be lazy
C．Rbts are still under the cntrl f humans nw
D．20 millin peple fear that they will lse their jbs
20．What wuld be the best title fr the text?
A．Will Rbts Becme Creative?B．Shuld Humans Trust Rbts?
C．Will Rbts D Harm t Humans?D．Shuld Humans D Things Themselves?
【答案】16．A
17．C
18．D
19．C
20．B
【分析】
本文就机器人技术的发展方向以及机器人是否能和人类一起工作，人类是否应该信任机器人等问题发表了不同的观点。
16．
细节理解题。根据“It wrte that “rbt” cmes frm the Greek wrd fr “slave””可知，机器人这个词来自于希腊语，故选A。
17．
细节理解题。根据“Hwever, the fact that a rbt culd write such an article has made sme peple feel even mre uneasy”可知，机器人能写这样一篇文章的事实让一些人感到更加不安，故选C。
18．
细节理解题。根据“Rbts take n jbs that are t dangerus fr peple t d by themselves”可知，机器人的优点是可以为人类做一些危险的工作，故选D。
19．
细节理解题。根据“Althugh rbts are under ur cntrl nw”可知，机器人现在还在我们的控制之下，故选C。
20．
最佳标题。根据“Besides, rbts’ prgramming culd actually make them mre trustwrthy than humans”及“humans shuld nt trust rbts”可知，本文主要围绕“人类是否可以信任机器人”等方面发表了不同的观点，故选B。
（2021·湖南长沙·中考真题）Frm an early age, we were taught that if we wanted t be successful, we had t study hard and get gd results at schl. In fact, gd students may just end up ding jbs they dn’t like, and sme even lead an unhappy life. Why is it like that?
In sme parents’ eyes, schl grades matter mst fr their kids. In reality, there are many things t cnsider besides the schl subjects, fr example, hw t be a happy persn, what t d t keep healthy, and hw t get alng well with thers. That is t say, schl is nt just enugh if yu want t have a great life.
Ding well in schl is different frm ding well in life. Studies shw that peple wh failed at schl may nt end up failing in life. Yu may have already knwn that sme famus peple, like Thmas Edisn and Steve Jbs, didn’t d very well at schl r even failed t finish schl. In fact, there are a lt mre than just the big shts wh are successful in life withut finishing schl. They seize (抓住) every chance t learn and finally make it t the tp.
Life is really a lng lessn, s lng that yu can’t define (界定) a persn’s success by just ne sectin (部分) f it. If yu have already finished schl, keep learning because what yu have learned at schl will never be enugh t live a satisfying life. If yu are still studying, whether yu are gd r bad at schl, dn’t take yur schl results t seriusly as lng as yu have put yur heart int it. Keep learning t make the mst f yur talents (天赋). That’s hw yu can live a happy and successful life.
21．What’s the writer’s main purpse f writing Paragraph (段落) One?
A．T intrduce a tpic.B．T give examples.C．T prvide a slutin.
22．In sme parents’ eyes, what’s the mst imprtant fr their kids based n Paragraph Tw?
A．Being happy.B．Staying healthy.C．Getting gd grades.
23．What des the underlined expressin “big shts” in the third paragraph mean?
A．好学生B．神枪手C．大人物
24．Accrding t the passage, which sentence may agree with the writer’s idea?
A．It takes mney t be successful.B．Schl grades aren’t everything.C．Successful peple never finish schl.
25．What can we infer (推断) frm the text?
A．Old habits die hard.B．Learning is a lifelng jurney.C．Gd grades always prmise a successful life.
【答案】21．A
22．C
23．C
24．B
25．B
【分析】
本文是一篇议论文。在学校学习成绩好可以和未来的成功划等号吗？其实学校中的常胜将军可能并非人生赢家，反之亦然。
21．
推理判断题。根据“In fact, gd students may just end up ding jbs they dn’t like, and sme even lead an unhappy life. Why is it like that?”可知作者写第一段是为了引出学习成绩好并不能和未来的成功划等号这一话题。故选A。
22．
细节理解题。根据“In sme parents’ eyes, schl grades matter mst fr their kids.”可知在一些家长的眼里，学习成绩对孩子们来说才是最重要的。故选C。
23．
词义猜测题。根据“wh are successful in life withut finishing schl”可知此处指的是没上学就取得成功的大人物，big shts意为“大人物”。故选C。
24．
观点态度题。根据“That is t say, schl is nt just enugh if yu want t have a great life.”可知想要拥有美好生活，只成绩好是不够的，由此可知“学校成绩并不代表一切。”这一句符合作者的观点。故选B。
25．
推理判断题。根据“If yu have already finished schl, keep learning because what yu have learned at schl will never be enugh t live a satisfying life.”可知即使完成学业了也要继续学习，学习是一个终生旅程。故选B。
YES - they’re here t help humansRbts are created by humans fr humans. Rbts take n jbs that are t dangerus fr peple t d by themselves. Althugh rbts might take sme peple’s jbs, they will create new types f wrk, and they will pssibly create mre jbs than they take away. Besides, rbts’ prgramming culd actually make them mre trustwrthy than humans , because they are nt influenced by feelings.
NO — humans shuld nt trust rbtsRbts are already taking ver the wrld. Jbs that used t be dne by human beings are nw being taken by rbts. Althugh rbts are under ur cntrl nw, that might nt always be the case. An experiment in Switzerland fund that sme rbts had learnt hw t lie t each ther. With the develpment f AI (人工智能), rbts culd start t act in their wn interests. Wherever pssible, humans shuld d things themselves.