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人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第二册Unit 1 Science and Scientists精品ppt课件
展开Learning bjectives
By the end f the lessn, yu will be able t:1. understand the basic frm f predicative clauses (表语从句).2. master the usages f different subrdinating cnjunctins (从属连词) that lead predicative clauses.3. understand the meanings and functins f predicative clauses.4. use predicative clauses crrectly and prperly in cntext (语境中).
Para. 2 In general, dctrs in thse days had tw cntradictry theries … One thery was that bad air caused the disease. Anther was that chlera was caused by an infectin frm germs in fd r water. …
……空气污染引发霍乱。
……食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。
Activity 1: Underline all the examples in the reading passage where nun clauses are used as the predicative. Then state their meaning and functins.
Para. 3 … What is mre, in anther part f Lndn, a wman and her daughter had died f chlera after mving away frm Brad Street. It seemed that the wman liked the water frm the pump s much that she had it delivered t her huse every day.
该女士似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水,每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。
Para. 4 The truth was that the water frm the Brad Street pump had been infected by waste. Mrever, Snw was later able t shw a link between ther cases f chlera and the different water cmpanies in Lndn. …
……宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。
The truth was that the water had been infected by waste.
The truth was that I lve my jb which is best in the wrld.
表语从句放在连系动词之后,充当复合句中的表语。表语从句就是指一个句子作为表语,说明主语是什么或者怎么样。一般结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”。可接表语从句的连系动词有……
1.感官类系动词(sund, lk, taste, smell, feel)
2.变化类系动(get, fall, grw, cme, turn, g, becme…)
be动词 (am, is, are, was, were) 意为“是”
保持类系动词(keep, remain, stay)
似乎类系动词( seem, appear )
证明类系动词(prve, turn ut)
Activity 2: Answer the fllwing questins using the infrmatin frm the reading passage as well as the predicative clauses.
Example What was it that Jhn Snw shwed t the wrld? What Jhn Snw shwed t the wrld was ___________________________________.
hw chlera culd be vercme
hw 意思为“如何”,在表语从句中充当状语
1. What was Snw’s discvery in tw particular streets in Lndn? Snw’s discvery in tw particular streets in Lndn was that was Snw determined t find ut during the 1854 utbreak f chlera in Lndn? What Snw was determined t find ut was why ____________________________________________________________________.
that 无意义,在表语从句中不充当成分, 起连接作用,不能省略
the chlera utbreak was s severe that mre than 500 peple died in ten days
the chlera utbreak had caused mre than 500 peple died in ten days
why 意思为“……的原因”,在表语从句中充当状语
3.What were the exact places Snw marked n the map? The exact places Snw marked n the map were where was the finding that Snw annunced? Snw’s finding was that ____________________________________.
all thse wh died had lived
the pump water carried chlera germs
where 意思为“……的地点”,在表语从句中充当状语
从属连词: that, whether, as if, as thugh, because …
连接副词: when, where, why, hw
连接代词: what, wh, whm, whse, which, …+ever
(在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语)
一、由连接词that, whether引导的表语从句从属连词that的用法:①无意义 ②不充当成分 ③不可省略。而whether有词义,意为“是否”。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词,如questin(问题),truble(麻烦),prblem(问题),result(结果),chance(可能性),suggestin(建议),idea(想法),reasn(理由)等。表语从句对主句主语进行解释、说明,使主语的内容具体化。
The reasn fr his absence is that he hasn’t been infrmed.他缺席的原因是他没接到通知。The pint is whether we shuld lend him the mney.关键在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
二、由连接代词引导的表语从句连接代词wh, what, which, whm, whse等引导表语从句,在句中作主语、宾语等,代词不能省略。
The questin is which f us shuld g.问题是我们哪一个应该去。The prblem was wh culd d the wrk.问题是谁能做这项工作。That’s what he is wrrying abut.那就是他在担心的事。
三、由连接副词引导的表语从句连接副词when, where, why, hw在从句中充当时间、地点、原因或方式状语。
G and get yur cat. It’s where yu left it.去把大衣拿来。就在你原来放的地方。I had neither a raincat nr an umbrella. That’s why I gt wet thrugh.我既没伞也没雨衣,那是我淋湿的原因。That is hw mice ruin many stres f grain every year.那就是老鼠每年毁坏大量储备粮食的方式。
四、由连词because, as if / as thugh等引导的表语从句It lked as if it was ging t snw.看起来好像要下雪了。That’s because we never thught f it.那是因为我们从未想过此事。
【易混辨析】why和because引导的表语从句的区别
I didn’t phne her, and that’s why she gt angry with me.(强调“没打电话”这一结果) 我没有给她打电话。那就是她对我生气的原因。I didn’t phne her, and that’s because I gt angry with her.(强调“生气”这一原因) 我没有给她打电话。那是因为我生她的气了。
五、表语从句中的虚拟语气在表语从句中,表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等,主句中的主语通常是advice, suggestin, prpsal, request, rder等,从句谓语形式是“shuld+动词原形”(shuld可以省略)。
My advice is that yu (shuld) practise speaking English as ften as pssible.我的建议是你应该尽可能经常地练习说英语。
as if/as thugh 引导的表语从句的虚拟语气: 若跟现在事实不符:过去式(be动词用were) 若跟过去事实不符:had dne 若跟将来事实不符:wuld/culd+动词原形
The yung man with lng hair lks as if he a girl.
这个留长发的男生看起来像是个女的。
与现在事实不符,表示对现在的虚拟,用一般过去式。
He lked as if he ________ a ghst.
他看起来好像见鬼了一样。
与过去事实不符,表示对过去的虚拟,用过去完成式。
She pens her muth as if she __________ smething.
对将来的虚拟,用wuld/culd/might+d
她张大嘴好像要说什么。
Dark cluds are gathering. It seems as if it ____________ rain.
与事实相符,用正常的陈述语气。
1. It sunds as if smene _________ kncking at the dr. 2. Tm likes t talk big as if he ______ an imprtant persn.3. He pens his muth as if he ________ eat smething. 4. He talked abut Rme as if he ___________ there.
(对现在的虚拟,用一般过去时,be动词用were)
(对将来的虚拟,用wuld/culd/might+d)
(对过去的虚拟,用had dne)
Activity 3: David is talking t Maria abut their scientific research prject. First cmplete David's lines (A-E, using the wrds in the bx. Then put David's lines in the crrect rder and practice the cnversatin.
A: Abslutely ! Yu may nt believe it, but that was ___________ happened at the initial stage f ur grup’s research n develping a vaccine fr malaria.B:Yes, it is. And it seemed ___________ all the theries were useful, but the fact was _________ we culdn't persuade ne anther that ne thery was better than anther.
as if that what wh when hw why whse which whether
C: Exactly. The prblem was nt abut __________ all ur theries were equally gd, but in deciding _______ thery t depend upn.D: We realised that what we cared abut was nt _______ aspect we needed t develp a thery in, but rather ______ we can reduce the cst f a vaccine withut reducing its effect!E: Yu’re right. At last, we became fcused n the key issue, which was ______we had t carry ut the research in the first place.
Maria: This mix f thery and data is ne f the key characteristics f what we call science.David: __________________Maria: With yur theretical framewrk?David: __________________Maria: Deciding n a thery is definitely f critical imprtance.David:_________________Maria: This was when yu shuld have calmed dwn and gt dwn t ding sme slid wrk.David:_________________Maria: S what happened in the end?David:__________________
若作状语,则用when, where, hw, why引导
若不作成分,则用that, as if/thugh, whether, because引导,只起连接作用
若作主语,宾语、表语、定语等成分,则用what(ever), wh(ever), whm(ever), whse, which(ever)引导
Cmplete Exercise 2 in Assessing Yur Prgress n P10.
Science is simply _________ yu can d. And ding science makes yu a scientist! S, what d scientists d? Actually, what matters is nt nly _________ they bserve in the wrld arund them and what questins they ask, but als _________ they use evidence r data t answer the questins. They identify useful data and take new measurements. Sme f the key issues that scientists face are _________ calculatins they d and _________ they analyse their data t draw cnclusins abut the questins they ask. The final issue, which many believe t be the mst imprtant, is _________ they need t cmmunicate their results. This is _________ they want everyne t benefit frm their wrk! It seems _________ science is all arund us. Yu see, by ding science, scientists get a better understanding f the wrld arund them and share that understanding with the whle wrld .
1. 表语从句的结构:
主语+系动词+引导词 + 简单句
从属连词: that, whether, as, as if/thugh, because
连接代词: wh, what, which, whm, whse, ...+ever
连接副词: when, where, hw, why
3)if 不引导表语从句。
4)表语从句的虚拟语气。
2)主语为reasn时,引导词用that
Ⅱ.单句填空1. The truble is I have lst his address. 2. The questin is I shuld g t the cinema with him, r g shpping with her. 3. That was she did this mrning n her way t the statin. 4. He was injured by a car this mrning. This is he was absent frm schl. 5. He has made rapid prgress. That is he is gifted. 6. That’s he used t live.
7. His suggestin is that anther meeting (hld) t discuss the prblem. 8. The impressin he makes n me is he is a reliable persn. 9. The reasn why he was fired was he was suspected f stealing the cmputer f his cmpany. 10. The prblem is is really fit fr the hard jb.
(shuld) be held
Ⅳ.完成句子1.我正要过马路,突然看到一辆小汽车快速过来了。I _____ ________ ______ _______ _______ _________ ________I saw a car cming quickly. 2.是我哥哥给我买的这辆自行车作为礼物。____ ______ _______ ___________ _________bught me the bike as a present. 3.事实是他没有做真正的努力。The fact was ______ _____ _________ ___________ ________.
was ready t crss the street when
It was my brther wh
that he didn’t really try
4.问题是这部电影是否值得看。The questin is _________ _____ ______ ____ _________ _________. 5.现在看起来好像她认识米莉已有好多年了。Nw _____ ________ _______ _____________ she has knwn Millie fr years. 6.那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。That’s _________ _______ ______ ________ _________.
whether the film is wrth seeing
it seems as thugh/if
where I first met her
1. Finish Activity 1 n page 62.2. Finish Activity 2 n page 62.
1. Research is I’m ding when I dn’t knw what I’m ding. (Werner vn Braun)2. The saddest aspect f life right nw is science gathers knwledge faster than sciety gathers wisdm. (Isaac Asimv)3. An expert can be has made all the mistakes that can be made in a very narrw field. (Niels Bhr)
1. Cmplete Exercise 1 f Using Structures in Wrkbk n P62.
Cmplete the fllwing ideas by famus scientists with a wrd r expressin that intrduces a predicative clause.
as thugh because that what whever why
4. ... when different experiments give yu the same result, it is n lnger subject t yur pinin. That’s the gd thing abut science: It’s true whether r nt yu believe in it. That’s __________ it wrks. (Neil deGrasse Tysn)5. This applied science, which saves wrk and makes life easier, brings us little happiness. That is ___________ we have nt yet learnt t make sensible use f it! (Albert Einstein)6. There are nly tw ways t live yur life. One is __________ nthing is a miracle. The ther is ___________ everything is a miracle. (Albert Einstein)
1. A: Papermaking, printing, gunpwder, and the cmpass are the fur great inventins f ancient China. They are significant cntributins f the Chinese natin t the wrld. B: Sure, they are. What I want t knw thugh is___________________________________________________________________________________2. A: The ancient Chinese were the first t invent paper and printing. Then they went n t invent bks and had pened bkshps in many cities. B: What I am curius abut is ____________________________________________________________________________________
which ne is the greatest
2. Cmplete Exercise 2 f Using Structures in Wrkbk n P62.
/hw these inventins have changed China and the wrld.
wh invented paper/when ink was invented.
/when and hw printing spread t the rest f the wrld.
3. A: The cmpass is a special inventin f ancient China, dating back t as early as the Warring States Perid.B: Yes, It seems_________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. A: Gunpwder was riginally used fr making firewrks.B: But what surprises me is ___________________________________________________________________________________________
that ancient Chinese had develped a gd knwledge f
/that the cmpass was particularly useful.
that gunpwder was nt used initially fr
/hw it is s unexpectedly used tday.
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