2022-2023初中英语基础知识大全-现在分词与过去分词

这是一份2022-2023初中英语基础知识大全-现在分词与过去分词，共3页。
初中英语基础知识现在分词与过去分词(一)现在分词(ing形式)与过去分词的意义现在分词表示一个“正在发生的动作”或是表示一个“在现在或过去一段时间内经常性的动作”;分词和与其相关的名词、代词之间构成一种主谓关系,即“主动态”.China belongs to developing countries.中国属于发展中国家.过去分词表示一个“已完成的动作”或是表示一个“在以前某个未知时间发生的动作”;分词和与其相关的名词、代词之间构成一种“被动态”.America belongs to developed countries.美国属于发达国家.(二)两种分词在句子中的作用1.作定语单个分词作定语,分词一般说来放在被修饰的名词、代词之前;分词短语作定语时,分词放在被修饰词之后.现在分词作定语,主要说明“正在进行的动作”或是“在现在或过去某段时间内的经常性动作”.过去分词作定语,主要说明“已完成的动作”或是“在以前某个未知时间发生的动作”.(1)分词前置的情况.That is an interesting TV play,那是一部非常有趣的电视剧.We can see the rising sun.我们可以看到东升的旭日.(2)分词后置的情况.This is the question given.这就是所给的问题.There is nothing interesting.没什么有趣的.(3)过去分词作定语的情况下,分词与其修饰的词是被动关系,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句.Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.参加聚会的大都是著名科学家.Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.参加聚会的艺术家大都从南非来.2.作状语由于分词有两种形式,所以分词作状语时的意义和作用也不尽相同:现在分词作状语主要是对谓语动作加以修饰、烘托;过去分词作状语主要是说明谓语动作发生的背景、条件.(1)分词作状语,常用来说明动作发生的原因、方式、时间、条件和结果等方面的情况.As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.(=Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.)由于没有收到他的信,我给他打了电话.Choked by the heavy smoke, he could hardly breathe.(表示原因)他被浓烟呛了,几乎不能呼吸了.Putting down the newspaper, he walked to the window.(表示时间)他放下报纸,走到窗前.Laughing and talking loudly, the audience left the stadium after the match.(表示伴随方式)比赛结束后,观众们大声说笑着离开了赛场.Given better attention, the accident could have been avoided.(表示条件)要是多加注意,那次事故就可以避免了.(2)分词作时间或条件状语时,为了明确其意义,有时可在分词前加上when, while, if等连词.When explaining it to her, you should be patient.对她解释这件事时,你应该耐心些.If being late again, you will be punished.要是再迟到你要受罚了.(3)明确表示分词动作发生在谓语动作之前,可用分词的完成形式(其中包括主动式和被动式):Having+过去分词(主动式),Having+ been+过去分词(被动式).分词作状语还有“being+过去分词”的形式.Having been discussed several times, the decision was finally made.进行了几次讨论之后,终于做出了决定.Being surrounded by a large crowd of his fans, Jordan could hardly move a step further.乔丹被他的一大群球迷簇拥着,几乎无法挪动一步.3.作表语现在分词作表语主要是表示主语的性质、特征,而过去分词作表语则多表示主语所处的状态.现在分词表示主动,正在进行,过去分词表示被动,已经完成.She looked tired with cooking.她忙着做饭,看上去有些疲倦.He remained standing beside the table.他依然站在桌旁.The news is really exciting.那消息真让人兴奋.4.作补语I heard my sister singing that song in English outside.(宾语补足语)我听到妹妹在外面用英文唱那首歌.My sister was heard singing that song in English outside.(主语补足语)有人听到我妹妹在外面用英文唱那首歌.The song was once heard sung in English.(主语补足语)有人曾听见那首歌被人用英文唱过.I found my car missing.(在感官动词和使役动词之后)我发现我的车不见了.5.作插入语分词作插入语时,其结构是固定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语.generally speaking 一般说来;talking of/speaking of 说到strictly speaking 严格地说;judging from从······判断all things considered 从整体来看taking all things into consideration 全面看来Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看,他一定是病了.6.分词的时态现在分词有一般式-ing和完成式“having+过去分词”.一般式表示分词的动作和句子谓语动词的动作同时发生.完成式表示分词的动作在句子谓语动词的动作之前发生.过去分词无时态变化.Hearing the news ,he jumped with joy.听到这一消息,他高兴得手舞足蹈.While walking in the garden, he hurt his leg.在花园里散步时他伤了腿.分词作时间状语,如果先于主动词的动作,且强调先后,要用having done.Having finished his homework, he went out.(＝As he had finished his homework, he went out.)做完作业后,他出去了.7.分词的语态(1)通常,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动.He is the man giving you the money.(=who gave you...)他就是给你钱的那个人.16He is the man stopped by the car.(=who was stopped by...)他就是那个被车拦住的人.(2)不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生.a well-read person一个读过许多书的人a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴