2022-2023初中英语基础知识大全-句子的种类

这是一份2022-2023初中英语基础知识大全-句子的种类，共10页。学案主要包含了三人称的祈使句等内容，欢迎下载使用。
初中英语基础知识句子的种类句子按其使用目的可分为:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句.(一)陈述句陈述句是用来说明一个事实或陈述说话人看法的句子,可以是肯定结构(肯定句),也可以是否定结构(否定句)陈述句通常用降调来读,并在句末加句号(.).The building has been completed.(肯定)那栋建筑已经完工.I am not sure whether he can pass the exam.(否定)我不确定他能否通过考试.1.陈述句的肯定形式陈述句的肯定形式一般用“主语＋谓语”的语序.Li Wei was a student at No.4 middle school ten years ago.十年前李伟是四中的学生.Professor Peng likes studying linguistics.彭教授喜欢研究语言学.2.陈述句的否定形式陈述句的否定形式主要用以下两种结构来表达:(1)谓语动词是be, have,或者谓语动词含有情态动词或助动词时,在它们的后面加上not.如:They are not my books.它们不是我的书.We will not go for a picnic tomorrow.我们明天不去野炊.I can't speak French.我不会说法语.(2)谓语动词是do(即实意动词),而且句中又没有情态动词或者助动词时,则在谓语动词前加do not(第三人称单数现在时为does not),过去时中在动词前加did not 来构成否定形式.如:We don't know anything about it.我们对此一无所知.She didn't go to school yesterday.她昨天没去上学.点拨:①在非正式文体中,否定式常用缩略的形式,如上面的例句.②当have作为构成完成时态的助动词时,否定形式是在其后加not;当have做实意动词用时,否定形式和其他的实意动词一样.如:I haven't been to America.我没去过美国.I don't have an English book.我没有英语书.另外:当have做实意动词“有”讲时,否定形式也可以直接在have后加not.如:I don't have an English book.(=I have't an English book.)③也可以借助其他的否定词,如hardly, never, scarcely, rarely, seldom, few, little, no等,构成否定句.如:I seldom go to school by bus.我很少乘公共汽车去上学.I have no brothers or sisters.我没有兄弟姐妹.I have never heard of him.我从未听说过他.3.否定转移和并列否定(1)否定转移是指在一些否定句中,表面上看是否定了一个句子成分,但实际上却否定了另外的成分的一种现象.否定转移最常见的形式是表示“相信、臆测”的动词,如think, believe, suppose, feel, expect, imagine, see等,这些动词作谓语时,其后的宾语从句若为否定形式,则通常把否定词not前移.I don't think it will be windy today.我认为今天不会大风.We don't believe that he will cheat in the exams.我们相信他不会在考试中作弊.点拨:hope是一个不能否定转移的动词.I hope you didn't go abroad.我希望你没出过国.注意以下几种缩略形式的区别.肯定形式:I think so.I believe/suppose/expect/imagine so.I hope so.否定形式:I don't believe so.=I think not.(前者较常用)I don't believe/suppose/expect/imagine so. = I believe/suppose/expect/imagine not.I hope not.(不能用I don't hope so.)(2)并列否定是指在否定句中,并列成分的列举用or而不用and;表示否定含义的介词 without后也用or表示并列成分的列举.如:I don't like eating apples or pears.我不喜欢吃苹果和梨.He is a person without hope or dream.他是一个没有希望和梦想的人.(二)疑问句疑问句可分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反义疑问句四种.1.一般疑问句一般疑问句是需要用yes或no来回答的疑问句,其基本结构为:助动词或情态动词＋主语＋其他成分.Could I speak to Mr. Wang?我能和王先生讲话吗？Does he like watching TV?他喜欢看电视吗？Will you please do me a favor?你能帮我个忙吗？一般疑问句的构成:(1)谓语动词是be或者谓语动词含有情态动词或助动词时,把它们提到主语前面即构成一般疑问句.如:Was he at home yesterday?他昨天在家吗？Is your mother a teacher?你妈妈是老师吗？Have you finished your homework?你做完作业了吗？(2)谓语动词是do(即实意动词),而且句中又没有情态动词或者助动词时,需要借助于助动词do/does(用于第三人称现在时)／did(用于一般过去时)来构成一般疑问句.如:Does he like swimming?他喜欢游泳吗？Did you go to Australia last year?你去年去澳大利亚了吗？(3)若句子的谓语是由几部分组成,则应将第一部分提到主语的前面构成一般疑问句.如:Will the bridge have been built by the end of this year?今年年末这座桥能建好吗？点拨:①当实意动词have表示“有”的含义时,可以把它提前,也可以借助于助动词do来构成一般疑问句;而它表示其他含义时,只能借助于助动词do构成一般疑问句.Have you any books?(＝Do you have any books?)你有书吗？Will you have a look at this?(而不能说 Have you a look at this ?)你能看看这个吗？②一般疑问句的否定结构即否定疑问句,一般将not放在主语之后,但在口语中,常用缩略式,即把n't和句首的be, have或助动词连在一起.否定疑问句经常用来表示提问人的惊讶、怀疑、邀请、赞叹等.Do you not/Don't you trust me?你不相信我？(表惊讶)Is it not/Isn't it a fine day?这天气多么好啊.(表赞叹)Are you not/Aren't you coming?你不来吗？(表怀疑)Won't you drink something?你不喝点东西吗？(表邀请)③回答否定疑问句时,要注意其后的内容在肯定或否定形式上要与Yes或No保持一致,但翻译时应注意要依照汉语的语言习惯.-Haven't you seen this film before?你以前没看过这部电影吗？-Yes, I have.不,我看过.-No, I haven't.是的,我没看过.④回答一般疑问句除了用yes和no以外,还可以用certainly, probably, perhaps, of course, all right, with pleasure等其他词或词组代替yes,用never, not at all等代替 no.如;Have you been to Korea?你去过韩国吗？Never,从来没有.2.特殊疑问句特殊疑问句是用来对句子中某一特殊部分提问的疑问句,由疑问代词what, who, whom, which, whose 或疑问副词 when, where, why, how 引导.特殊疑问句一般以疑问词(包括疑问代词与疑问副词)位于句首,但疑问代词作介词的宾语时,介词可置于其前.特殊疑问句一般有两种句序:(1)与陈述句的句序相同.如:What can be done about this matter?对此能做些什么呢？Which are your books?哪些是你的书？(2)“特殊疑问词十一般疑问句”的句序.如:When will you go abroad for further education?你什么时候出国进修？Why didn't you come yesterday?你昨天为什么没来呢？点拨:①采用陈述句句序的特殊疑问句,特殊疑问词就是句子的主语;采用“特殊疑问词十一般疑问句”句序的特殊疑问句,特殊疑问词不是句子的主语,如上面的例句中.②what与which在大多数情况下可以互换.如:What's your favorite film?你最喜欢什么电影？Which is your favorite film?你最喜欢哪部电影？但两者的意思有些差别,which侧重于在特定的范围内进行选择,而what侧重于对未知情况的询问.因此当句中有明确的选择范围时,应选用which.③几个带 how的疑问副词:how far, how long, how soon和 how often.how far“多远”,用来询问距离.How far can you walk in an hour?你一小时能走多远？how long“多久,多长”,用来询问时间的长短或物体的长度.How long is the river?那条河有多长？how soon“多久”,用来询问某事在多久之后才能发生,经常和将来时搭配使用.如:How soon will you come back to China?你过多久才能回中国来？how often“多长时间一次”,用来询问做某事的频率.How often do you write to your parents?你多长时间给你父母写一次信？3.选择疑问句选择疑问句提供两种或两种以上的选择,问对方选择哪一种.在供选择的情况之间用or来连接.Shall we play basketball or football?我们打篮球还是踢足球？Do you like blue or white?你喜欢蓝色还是白色？点拨:①在选择疑问句中,后一种选择情况也可以用not代替.Do you like it or not?你喜欢不喜欢它？Are you coming or not?你来还是不来？②选择疑问句不能用yes和no来回答,而要用一个完整的句子.-Will you go out or not?你是出去还是不出去？-I will go out.我出去.4.反义疑问句反义疑问句是附加在陈述句之后的一种简短的问句,对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问.它与陈述句之间用逗号隔开,并且反义疑问句的主语总是代词,这个代词与前面陈述句中的主语要保持一致.一般情况下,肯定的陈述句后跟否定的反义疑问句,否定的陈述句后跟肯定的反义疑问句.构成反义疑问句的助动词通常是陈述句谓语中的助动词、情态动词或系动词be,当陈述句中不包含助动词或情态动词时,要选用相应的do/does/did构成反义疑问句,要注意前后的时态保持一致.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     (1)反义疑问句的基本结构,如下表:结构例句回答肯定陈述句＋否定反义疑问句He likes music, doesn't he?他喜欢音乐,是吗？Yes, he does.是的,喜欢.No, he doesn't.不,不喜欢.They will have a party this Friday, won't they?他们这周五要开个晚会,是吗？Yes, they will.是的,他们要开.No, they won't.不,他们不开.否定陈述句＋肯定反义疑问句She doesn't like dancing, does she?她不喜欢跳舞,是吗？Yes, she does.不,喜欢.No, she doesn't.是的,不喜欢.He can't pass the exam, can he?他不能通过考试,是吗？Yes, he can.不,他能.No, he can't.是的,他不能.点拨:①若陈述句中含有多个谓语动词,则反义疑问句的助动词一定是陈述句中的第一个助动词或情态动词.This bridge will have been completed by the end of this month, won't it?这座桥将在本月底竣工,是吗？②对反义疑问句的回答,与否定疑问句的回答相似.不管提问方法如何,若事实是肯定的就用yes回答,反之就要用no来回答,但翻译时仍应依照汉语习惯(参见上表).(2)祈使句的反义疑问句.①肯定的祈使句,反义疑问句可用won't you 或 will you;否定的祈使句,反义疑问句的助动词只能用will you.如:Sit down and have a cup of coffee, will you/won't you?坐下来喝杯咖啡,好吗？Don't do that again, will you?别再那样做了,好吗？②let's开头的肯定的祈使句,其反义疑问句一般用shall we;而let's若拆成let us时,反义疑问句则用will you; let's开头的否定的祈使句,反义疑问句可以用all right 或OK.如:Let's go to movies together, shall we?我们一起去看电影吧,好吗？Let us stay alone, will you?让我们单独待着,好吗？(3)主语比较特殊的反义疑问句.①陈述句部分的主语是从句、不定式或动名词时,反义疑问句部分的主语用it,助动词用be的适当时态.如:Playing football is interesting, isn't it?踢足球很有趣,不是吗？To be a good teacher is not an easy thing, isn't it?做个好老师不容易,不是吗？②当陈述句的主语是表物的不定代词 everything, something, anything, nothing时,其反义疑问句的主语用it.如:Everything is here, isn't it?东西都在这儿,是吗？Nothing is serious, is it?没什么严重的,是吗？③当陈述句的主语是no one, nobody, everybody, somebody, anybody, someone, anyone, none, neither等不定代词时,其反义疑问句部分的主语既可以用复数代词they(与复数动词连用),也可以用单数代词he(与单数动词连用).如:Everyone likes Beijing, don't they?大家都喜欢北京,是吗？Neither of the two answers is right, is it/are they?两个答案都不对,是吗？④当陈述句的主语是指示代词this, that, those, these时,其反义疑问句部分的主语用it或they.另外要在单复数上与指示代词相对应,保持逻辑上的一致.如:This is my car, isn't it?这是我的车,不是吗？Those flowers are very beautiful, aren't they?那些花很漂亮,不是吗？⑤当陈述句的主语是不定代词one时,其反义疑问句部分的主语在正式场合用one,在非正式场合用you.One should look after his parents when they are old, shouldn't one?当父母年老时,儿女应该照顾他们,不是吗？One can't always have time for reading, can you?人不是总有时间看书,是吗？(4)陈述句中有否定词的反义疑问句.①如果陈述句中含有否定意义的词,如 few, little, never, seldom, hardly, rarely等,反义疑问句部分用肯定形式.如:There were few people in the classroom, were there?教室里没有几个人,是吗？The bear hardly moves in its winter sleep, does it?熊在冬眠时几乎不动,是吗？②如果陈述句中的否定词是no one, nobody, none, nothing, neither等,其反义疑问句部分既可以用肯定形式,也可以用否定形式.如:There is no one in the cinema, is(n't) there?电影院里没有一个人,是吗？He has nothing to do with this, does(n't)he?他和这事没关系,是吗？点拨:若否定句的陈述部分含有带否定前缀如im-,un-,in-,dis-等的派生词,该陈述句仍然是肯定结构,因此反义疑问句部分仍然用否定形式.It is impossible, isn't it?这是不可能的,是吗？(5)陈述句部分是主从复合句的反义疑间句.①若陈述句部分是主从复合句,则反义疑问句部分的助动词和人称应与主句的谓语动词和人称保持一致.如:It is the first time that he has been abroad, isn't it?他是第一次出国,是吗？②若宾语从句中的主句为1think/suppose/believe/expect/imagine等表示说话人的看法时,则反义疑问句部分的助动词应与宾语从句一致.要注意否定转移的现象.如:I suppose they have done what they should do, haven't they?我认为他们已经做了应该做的事情,是吗？I don't think he will lie to me. will我认为他不会对我撒谎的,对吗？点拨:当这几种情况的主句主语不是第一人称时,反义疑问句部分的主谓语要同主句的主谓语一致.He thinks you can do well in the exam, doesn't he?他认为你能在考试中成功,是吗？(6)其他情况.①若陈述句中含有I am,反义疑间句部分应使用aren't I.如:I am a student, aren't I?我是个学生,是不是？②感叹句变反义疑问句时,反义疑间句部分的助动词用一般现在时态的否定式.如:What a beautiful flower, is多么漂亮的一朵花啊,是吧？What a smart girl, isn't she?多聪明的女孩儿啊,是不是？③若陈述句部分是并列句,则反义疑问句部分的主语和助动词一般与最近的分句的主语和助动词保持一致.如:We must study hard, or we can't serve our country well, can we?我们必须努力学习,否则我们就不能好好地为我们的祖国服务,不是吗？He is very short, while his younger sister is very tall, isn't she?他很矮,而他的妹妹却很高,是吗？④当陈述句部分是 you'd better...结构时,反义疑问句部分应该用hadn't you/shouldn't you;当陈述部分是you'd like...和you'd rather...结构时,反义疑问句部分应该用 wouldn't you.如:You'd better do your homework first, hadn't/shouldn't you?你最好先做作业,好不好？You'd like to be a teacher in the future, wouldn't you?将来你想当一名老师,对不对？点拨:以上讲的一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反义疑问句是最常见的四种疑问句,在口语和非正式文体中还有一种疑问句叫陈述疑问句.陈述疑问句的语序跟陈述句的语序相同,但它的末尾有问号,并且读升调.You've told her about her father's death?你跟她讲她爸爸的死讯了？He isn't at school?他没在学校？You are thirsty? You've just drunk four bottles of orange juice!你渴了？你刚刚喝了四瓶橘汁！(三)祈使句祈使句是用来表示请求、命令、叮嘱和号召等的句子.祈使句一般都省去主语,谓语动词用动词原型.祈使句句末用感叹号或句号,句子读降调.1.第二人称的祈使句(1)结构:谓语动词用动词原型,第二人称主语you(听话人)一般省去,有时在句尾加please表示客气.Come in, please.请进.Open the door.把门打开.Look out!小心！Lay down your arms!放下武器！(2)否定形式:在肯定式的谓语动词前加do not/don't,即“don't+动词原形”.如:Please don't forget to post the letter for me.请不要忘了帮我邮信.Don't tell that to her.别把那件事告诉她.(3)强调形式:在动词原形前加助动词do或标出主语you.Do be careful,一定得小心.Do finish your homework on time.一定要按时完成家庭作业.You leave everything to me.你把一切都交给我来办好了.2.第一、三人称的祈使句第一,三人称的祈使句借助于动词let来构成.(1)结构:①Let me+动词原形.Let me help you.让我来帮助你.②Let us/Let's+动词原形.Let us have a rest.让我们休息一下.(不包括对方)Let's have a rest.我们体息一下.(包括对方)③Let+第三人称名词或代词＋动词原形.Let him go.让他走吧.Let them wait.让他们等吧.点拨:Let's是Let us的缩略形式,但Let's一般包括听话人在内,而Let us一般不包括听话人在内.(2)否定形式:“Don't+let”祈使句或在动词原形前加not,但 Let's do的否定形式通常是Let's not do.Don't let him do that to me.别让他那样对我.Let's not play truant any more.我们别再逃学了.(3)强调形式:在祈使句前加do.Do let me know.一定要让我知道.(四)感叹句感叹句用来表示说话人的喜怒哀乐等强烈感情,一般由what和how引导,句末用感叹号.读时用降调.            What a/an+(形容词)+ 单数可数名词基本句型:    What+(形容词)+复数可数名词         (主语＋谓语)!            What+形容词+不可数名词How+形容词＋a/an+单数可数名词How+形容词                        (主语＋谓语语)！How+(副词)点拨:①what和可数名词搭配时,有时what之后没有形容词,此时要根据语境来理解它的具体含义.What a day!多糟糕的天气啊！/多好的天气啊！②在所指明确的情况下,what和how引导的感叹句中,主语和谓语常被省略.What a fine day(it is)today!今天天气多好啊！What kind people the villagers are!村民们是多善良的人啊！What sweet juice it is!这是多甜的果汁啊！What an idea!多好的主意啊！／多怪的主意啊！How time flies!时间过得真快啊！How they hate the capitalists!他们多么痛恨那些资本家啊！