中考总复习英语（河南）第三部分·题型一·阅读理解(选择型)课件

这是一份中考总复习英语（河南）第三部分·题型一·阅读理解(选择型)课件，共48页。PPT课件主要包含了目录河南·中考，细节理解题，类型1，推理判断题，类型2，主旨大意题，类型3，词义猜测题，类型4等内容，欢迎下载使用。
类型1 细节理解题类型2 推理判断题类型3 主旨大意题类型4 词义猜测题
细节理解题在阅读理解中占的比例相当大。该题型主要针对原文中的具体信息发问,考查考生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节、某个事实或个别词句的理解。细节理解题命题形式多样,考查内容涉及多个角度。
方法一　直接搜寻答案 这类试题的答案几乎可以在原文中直接找到,不需要考生对事实作出解释或者判断,只需要从阅读材料中直接获取信息即可(有时需要跨段落查找细节信息)。这类题比较简单,通常是原文再现:(1)题干中的关键信息点在文章中有直接具体的再现;(2)选项中的关键信息点在文中有直接具体的再现。
【典例】　[2020河南阅读C篇节选] ... Nt all sleep is the same every night. We experience sme deep,quiet sleep and sme active sleep, which is when dreams happen.Yu might think sleepwalking wuld happen during active sleep, but a persn isn't physically active during active sleep. It usually happens in the first few hurs f sleep in the perid called deep sleep. ...
32.When des sleepwalking usually happen? A. During active sleep. B. In the first few hurs f sleep. C. When dreams begin. D. When we're trying t fall asleep.
【思路指导】　根据题干中的"usually happen"可定位到本段最后一句中的"It usually happens in the first few hurs f sleep in the perid called deep sleep",句中的"It"指代的是sleepwalking,由此可知答案为B。
方法二　间接搜寻答案 为了更好地考查考生的综合思维能力,命题人往往会对具体信息进行处理,增加细节理解题的难度,这就需要考生综合多处信息进行理解。解答这类间接细节理解试题时,虽然各细节信息在文章中都能找到,但需要考生具备一定的概括能力。一个细节理解题涉及一段或者几段的内容,考生需要进行概括后才能作答。
【典例】　 [2020河南阅读B篇节选] "Are yu listening, Simn?" Simn's teacher asked. It was a pretty usual questin. Simn shk his head, smiling. He hardly listened r tried hard in class. Talking was s much fun. He wanted t be heard rather than listen. "Listen, and yu'll learn smething." Mrs. Jacbs tried every day, but Simn never paid attentin. ...
26.What did Mrs.Jacbs want Simn t d in class? A.T talk.B.T listen. C.T sit up.D.T stay awake.
【思路指导】　题干问的是雅各布斯夫人希望西蒙上课时做什么,根据文中的"‘Are yu listening, Simn?’ Simn's teacher asked.It was a pretty usual questin"以及"‘Listen, and yu'll learn smething.’ Mrs. Jacbs tried every day"可知,雅各布斯夫人希望西蒙上课时能认真听讲,故选B。
推理判断题在近几年阅读理解中的考查频率仅次于细节理解题,考查方向以推断细节隐含意义为主。在阅读测试中属于深层次理解题,它要求考生在理解全文的基础上,从文章本身所提供的信息出发, 运用逻辑思维,并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理和判断。其答案一般不会在原文中直接呈现,要把文章提供的信息进行分析、提炼和归纳之后才能得出。　　推理判断题涉及的范围很广,主要包括:推断细节隐含意义;推断文章来源或者读者对象;推断作者的写作意图;对文章内容进行预测;推断作者对某个人或事物的态度或评价等。
方法一　细节推断题的做题方法 细节推断题要求考生根据短文内容推断具体细节,如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。考生可遵循以下解题方法:(1)先跳读,找到相关信息点;(2)接着细读,理解相关信息点的字面意思;(3)再分析推理,在理解字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断,理解作者的言外之意,切勿把文章中非关键的细节内容作为推理的依据;(4)最后结合选项,找到与文章信息点所表达的意思相近的选项。 考生只有正确把握文章的内在联系,理解文章的真正含义,才能作出准确的推断。
【典例】　 [2020河南阅读B篇节选] ... When he gt t schl, Mrs.Jacbs said "Hell" t him, and he just ndded.When his friends asked him what TV shws he watched last night, he just shrugged.By the time the bell rang fr class, almst everyne was lking at him as if he'd grwn a third eye. Penny raised her hand."Mrs.Jacbs, why isn't Simn talking?" "He never stps talking," Richard said wrriedly. Everyne started talking at nce.They were excited, wrried, and surprised. ...
28.Why was almst everyne lking at Simn? A. Because he grew a third eye. B. Because Mrs.Jacbs praised him. C. Because he talked with nbdy. D. Because Mrs.Jacbs ndded t him.
【思路指导】　根据文中的描述"he just ndded"以及"he just shrugged"和"why isn't Simn talking"和"He never stps talking"可推知,那天西蒙没和其他人讲话,所以几乎所有人都看着他,故选C。
方法二　文章来源或读者对象推断题的做题方法 文章来源或读者对象推断题要求考生具备一定的常识。因此考生要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普知识、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解,这样才能在做题时根据文章的特点选出答案。推断文章出处是英语阅读理解中一个比较常见的考点,常用的技巧有: 1.根据文章的主要内容进行判断,如:介绍某产品性能的文章可能来自广告;介绍科学知识的文章可能选自科学杂志;介绍新型交通工具的文章可能来自报纸上有关科技的版块;介绍某处名胜或景点的文章可能出自旅游杂志等。
2.根据文章的关键信息进行判断,如:含有网址的文章可能出自网站;含有experiment, research等词的文章可能来自科学报告;含有admissin, cst, pening hurs等词或短语的文章可能来自旅行指南;含有fd, health等词的文章可能来自杂志或报纸的健康版块。
【典例1】　[2020河南阅读A篇节选]
25.Where is the text mst prbably frm? A.A research paper.B.A health magazine. C.A travel guidebk.D.A gegraphy textbk.
【思路指导】　通读全文内容,尤其是标题Liverpl下的"Discver the best music,sprt and culture in the UK"可知本文主要介绍了利物浦的几个好去处,人们可以在这些地方体验英国的音乐、体育运动和文化等。文章旨在吸引游客,故它最有可能选自一本旅行指南,故选C。
【典例2】　 [2020河南阅读C篇节选] Cait,11,was trying t fall asleep when her 8-year-ld brther, Dug, came int her rm.He lked arund, but seemed really ut f it.Then Dug went back int the hallway and std there lking straight up at the light.This was really strange.Cait didn't knw what t d.Just then, Cait's father appeared and explained Dug was sleepwalking.  ... Yu shuld call fr a grwn-up wh can lead the persn back t bed.And nce the sleepwalker is tucked back in bed, it's time fr yu t get sme sleep, t!
35.Wh is the text written fr? A. Teachers.B. Dctrs. C. Parents.D. Children.
【思路指导】　根据最后一段中的"Yu shuld call fr a grwn-up wh can lead the persn back t bed"可推知,本文是写给孩子们看的,故选D。
方法三　态度倾向推断题和评述性推断题的做题方法 态度倾向推断题旨在考查考生是否了解作者或文中人物对某人/事物所持的观点或态度,它要求考生具备在正确理解文意的基础上,对观点或态度倾向进行分析、判断的能力。
　　评述性推断题要求考生对文章所交代的人或事进行评价,此时要注意作者对相关人或事的细节描写。这些观点态度或评价通常隐藏在对人物的描写中,或者隐藏在作者对文中事物进行描述时所用的特殊词汇或句子中。解此类题目时应注意: 1.要区分开作者的态度和作者阐述的他人的态度; 2.切勿用自己的观点代替作者的观点或文中人物的观点; 3.要特别留意描写环境、气氛的语言以及表达感情、态度或观点的词语。
【典例1】　[2019河南阅读B篇节选] ... Clara had been studying ASL fr the past year t help blind and deaf peple and she knew she'd be able t finger spell int the man's palm. S she rse frm her seat, walked tward the frnt f the plane, and knelt by the seat f Tim Ck, then 64. Gently taking his hand, she signed, "Hw are yu? Are yu OK?" Ck asked fr sme water. When it arrived, Clara returned t her seat. She came by again a bit later because he wanted t knw the time. On her third visit, she stpped and stayed fr a while.
"He didn't need anything. He was lnely and wanted t talk," Clara said. S fr the next hur, she talked abut her family and her plans fr the future. Ck tld Clara hw he had becme blind ver time and shared stries f his days as a traveling salesman. Even thugh he culdn't see her,she "lked attentively at his face with such kindness," a passenger reprted. "Clara was amazing," an air hstess tld Alaska Airlines in an interview. "Yu culd tell Ck was very excited t have smene he culd speak t, and she was such an angel." ...
55.Which f the fllwing wrds best describe Clara Daly? A. Brave and clever.B. Beautiful and lvely. C. Patient and caring.D. Outging and friendly.
【思路指导】　根据文章中的"Clara had been studying ASL fr the past year t help blind and deaf peple and she knew she'd be able t finger spell int the man's palm"及"S fr the next hur, she talked abut her family and her plans fr the future"和"she ‘lked attentively at his face with such kindness,’a passenger reprted"等内容可推知Clara Daly是个耐心又体贴的人,故答案为C。
【典例2】　[2016河南阅读A篇节选] ... "Culdn't he wait sme minutes s that I can ask abut my sn's state?"shuted the father when seeing the nurse minutes after the dctr left. The nurse answered, tears cming dwn her face. "His sn died yesterday in a rad accident. He was at the burial(葬礼) when we called him fr yur sn's surgery. And nw that he saved yur sn's life, he left running t finish his sn's burial."
49.Hw might the father feel after he knew the truth? A. Angry.B. Excited. C. Srry.D. Dubtful.
【思路指导】　根据文中护士所说的话"He was at the burial(葬礼) when we called him fr yur sn's surgery. And nw that he saved yur sn's life, he left running t finish his sn's burial"可知医生是在自己儿子的葬礼还没有完成的情况下赶到了医院给男孩做手术,由此可推知那位父亲得知真相后,可能会为自己的大喊大叫感到"抱歉",故答案为C。
主旨大意题旨在考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力,以及加工与概括信息的能力。题干中往往出现下列词语:tpic, title, main idea, mainly tell us, mainly abut等。　　主旨大意题的考查方向: 1.概括整篇文章的中心思想(mainly abut); 2.选择最佳标题(best title); 3.分析归纳文章某部分的段落大意。
方法一　精确归纳标题的方法 1.要想正确解题,首先要了解标题的基本特点:浓缩性强,多为一个短语;涵盖面广,一般要求能覆盖全文;精确度高,不能随意改变文章的内容及要点信息。 2.选定标题的基本原则 (1)要在阅读原文的基础上,仔细考虑所给选项与文章主题是否有密切的联系。 (2)看它对文章的概括是否准确,覆盖面是否够广。 注意避免出现概括不够、过度概括、以具体细节代替主旨大意等错误。
3.选定标题的四大标准精——概括文章中心思想的语言要精练。准——注意文章的内涵和外延,作者的观点表达得要准确。统——标题要能统领文章的细节信息。新——标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力,能激发读者的阅读兴趣。
【典例】　[2020河南阅读B篇节选] "Are yu listening, Simn?" Simn's teacher asked.It was a pretty usual questin. Simn shk his head, smiling.He hardly listened r tried hard in class.Talking was s much fun.He wanted t be heard rather than listen. "Listen, and yu'll learn smething." Mrs.Jacbs tried every day, but Simn never paid attentin. That evening, his thrat really hurt.The next mrning, when he pened his muth t say "Gd mrning", nthing came ut but a crak.
Simn's mther lked at him."Hney, yu've lst yur vice." "Can I stay hme?"He tried t ask, but wrds didn't cme ut.Instead, his mther checked him fr a fever and decided it was gd fr him t g t schl, even if he culdn't talk. ... The next day, even thugh his vice was cming back, he stayed quiet again.The third day, he culd talk fine, but he listened and raised his hand t speak. What a difference that ne day made!
30.What is the best title fr the text? A. Are yu talking?B. Are yu listening? C. Is yur vice OK?D. Is yur schl fun?
【思路指导】　通读文章可知,本文围绕"西蒙上课听不听讲"展开,且文章以"Are yu listening, Simn"开篇,既引出了话题,又能吸引读者的注意,由此可知,B项最适合作本文的标题。
方法二　概括文章大意的方法 每篇文章都有一个中心思想,获取文章中心思想的有效方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁、概括性强等特点,起着统领全文的作用,文中的所有事实、细节都是为主题句服务的。主题句常出现在文章的首段或尾段。因此,我们要特别注意文章的首段和尾段。有的文章没有主题句,中心思想隐含在文章中,比如故事类题材的文章,这需要我们对文章的事实细节进行分析、归纳和总结,从而得到文章大意。
【典例】　[2017河南阅读C篇节选] The idea that red means stp and green means g has influenced ur lives in mre ways than just traffic signals(信号). We have been taught frm a yung age that the clr red means danger and green means it's kay t mve frward. But why were thse clrs chsen fr traffic lights in the first place? Fr smething we have t lk at every day, why culdn't they have been prettier clrs? ...
60.What des the text mainly tell us? A. Hw imprtant traffic lights are. B. Which clr has the lngest wavelength. C. What red, yellw and green can be used fr. D. Why traffic lights are red, yellw and green.
【思路指导】　文章开篇点题,主要探讨了有关信号灯颜色的问题,通读全文内容可知能概括文章主旨大意的是D项,整篇文章主要围绕为什么交通信号灯是红色、黄色和绿色的这一问题展开,故答案为D。
词义猜测题是考查考生英语语言能力和思维品质的一个重要形式,考查的单词或短语一般都超出了课标词汇表的范围,考生需要重点掌握根据上下文猜测生词或短语意思的技巧,从而准确理解文章。一般常见的有以下几种解题方法:方法一　通过上下文猜测词义 任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的,都跟句子所在的段落及篇章有联系,考生可利用上下文提供的线索合理地分析,猜测词义。
【典例】　[2017河南阅读B篇节选] ... The teen was abandned by her family last summer, when her parents and tw sisters mved t Tennessee. She fund herself hmeless and had t spend the night n friends' sfas. ...
53.What des the underlined wrd "abandned" mean in Chinese? A. 宠爱B. 抛弃 C. 鼓励D. 虐待
【思路指导】　根据下文中的"She fund herself hmeless and had t spend the night n friends' sfas"可知她无家可归,不得不在朋友家的沙发上过夜,由此可推知上文说的是她被自己的家人抛弃了,故B项符合题意。
方法二　通过构词法猜测词义 阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生、转化或合成而来的新词,考生可以根据构词法方面的知识来猜测词义。
【典例】　[2020株洲节选] ... If yu cme t an American's hme, yu'd better let the hsts knw ahead f time unless yu're very clse friends, especially when yu want t stay fr a few days. Here's a gd rule fr guests: shrt stays are best. Even relatives, fr example, their aunts, uncles r cusins, dn't usually stay fr several weeks every time. While yu're staying with an American family, try t keep yur living area clean and tidy. Yur hst family will thank yu fr yur cnsideratin. And they may even invite yu back! ...
54.The underlined wrd "cnsideratin" in the furth paragraph means "　　　　" in Chinese.  A. 体贴　　B. 大方　　C. 聪明
【思路指导】　cnsider有"仔细考虑;体谅"之意,此处cnsideratin为名词,根据画线词前的"当你和一个美国家庭待在一起时,尽量保持你居住的区域干净整洁"可推知,他们会感谢你的"体贴",故答案为A。
方法三　通过同义词、反义词猜测词义 在所给的上下文中,有时会出现与生词同义或反义的词语, 这时可根据熟悉的词语的含义推知生词的含义。
【典例】　[2020天津节选] ... When yu grw yur wn fruits and vegetables, yu help cut dwn n pllutin because big trucks dn't need t take yur fd t shps.Yu als help reduce the amunt f rubbish because yu dn't need t use bags fr packing yur fd.Yu can just pick it ut f the grund r ff a plant and put it int a basket! ...
58.What des the phrase "cut dwn n" mean in Paragraph 5? A. Cause. B. Accept. C. Reduce. D. Expect.
【思路指导】　根据画线词后的"because big trucks dn't need t take yur fd t shps"以及"Yu als help reduce"可知,cut dwn n和reduce同义,此处是说因为大卡车不必把你的食物送到商店里了,你就助"减少"了污染。故答案为C。
方法四　通过定义、解释或举例猜测词义 生词后往往有:that is t say, that means, stand fr, in ther wrds等短语。有时such as, like, fr example等后面的内容也可助考生猜测生词的意思。
【典例】　[2020哈尔滨节选] ... Mna Island is very small.The gvernment f Puert Ric (波多黎各)takes care f the island and has made it a natural reserve.That means the island's animals and plants are prtected frm being harmed by peple.Mna Island is different frm mst places because peple are nt allwed t live there.Only a few park wrkers are able t stay. ...