(新高考)高考英语一轮复习课时精炼 选择性必修第一册　Unit 1　People of Achievement (含详解)

选择性必修第一册　Unit 1　People of Achievement

阅读·提速练

Ⅰ.阅读理解

A

Independence is something that can be difficult to achieve.But don’t worry because here we have four books that can help you.If you don’t buy less than three of them，you’ll be given a 20% discount!

The Total Money Makeover by Dave Ramsey

Taking care of your finance is hard.Dave Ramsey，a famous businessman，is here to take you on the whole process of planning your finance，and show the myths of cash advances and debt consolidation(债务重整)，to make sure your finance is healthy.

Price：$14.49

Grace’s Guide by Grace Helbig

Grace Helbig shared her tips to becoming a grown-up.The book is full of personal stories of Helbig，her struggles and the lessons she learnt from failing many times.This book is your on-the-go fun read with pictures and drawings of Helbig，and worksheets(工作表) to practice.

Price：$7.95

The Oh She Glows Cookbook by Angela Liddon

Having suffered from eating disorder and living on diet，Angela Liddon promised to eat healthily forever.She threw out her fat-free butter spray(黄油喷雾) and low-calorie frozen dinners after learning how to properly cook.This book contains more than 100 recipes(食谱) covering breakfast，salads，soups，power snacks and the main dishes for a healthy meal at any time of the day.We all know that healthy eating is all part of being independent.

Price：$22.22

Tiny Beautiful Things by Cheryl Strayed

Life can be hard，especially when it comes to relationships with others.In the book，Strayed gives advice on love and life.She writes about different subjects：a son rejected by his parents，a mother who has lost her child.And the message hidden throughout all her advice is always that，if you want a good life，you have to create it.

Price：$8.76

1．How much will you save at least if you buy three of the listed books?

A．$5.68.   B．$6.24.

C．$8.95.   D．$9.10.

答案　B

解析　数字计算题。根据第一段最后一句可知，如果你买至少3本书以上，就会得到20%的折扣，如果你买了三本书，至少能省(14.49＋7.95＋8.76)×0.2＝6.24，即能省 $6.24。故选B。

2．What is special for the book Grace’s Guide?

A．It is about how to grow up healthily.

B．It is mainly about how to work better.

C．It is based on its author’s life experience.

D．It teaches readers to learn from others’ life stories.

答案　C

解析　细节理解题。根据Grace’s Guide by Grace Helbig部分中的“The book is full of personal stories of Helbig...”可知，这本书充满了Helbig的个人故事。由此可知，《格蕾丝指南》这本书的特别之处是基于作者的生活经历。故选C。

3．Which book should you choose for someone who is bad at getting along with others?

A．Grace’s Guide.

B．Tiny Beautiful Things.

C．The Total Money Makeover.

D．The Oh She Glows Cookbook.

答案　B

解析　推理判断题。根据Tiny Beautiful Things by Cheryl Strayed部分中的“Life can be hard，especially when it comes to relationships with others.”可知，生活可能会很艰难，尤其是当涉及与他人的关系时。由此可知，对于不善于与人相处的人，你应该选择Tiny Beautiful Things这本书。故选B。

B

One afternoon，after finishing shopping in a supermarket，my family and I went to the check-out.I suddenly thought we didn’t need any of the junk，and we abandoned all of those，saving $300.

That got me thinking about all our pointless expenses in life.With a promise that we’d stop if it was killing us，I convinced the family to take the leap into frugality.The rules were that we would buy nothing for 30 days except absolutely essentials.

Our adventure began with a great start.By 9 a．m.，my wife，Ruth，had already made cakes from old strawberries and picked flowers I didn’t even know we had in the garden.I cleared the car by hand for the first time for years.I read and returned the neighbor’s newspaper before he woke up.Total spending on the first day：$0.

As days turned into weeks，we became so proficient(熟练的) at living frugally.We started riding our bikes to save gas.My child’s finger painting was recycled as gift wrap for the home-made presents.We started to use an Internet application like Skype for free phone calls and ask neighbors with gardens for extra vegetables and herbs.

In the end，we saved more than $2,000 by not spending for a month.When we began，I imagined we would rush out the moment we were done and buy a lot of things in the supermarket.Then maybe hit the mall or go to the movies.

4．What can we infer from the passage before that very afternoon?

A．The family had often spent money randomly.

B．The family had had higher income and living standard.

C．The family had adopted an advisable habit of saving money.

D．The family hadn’t expected they would have financial problems.

答案　A

解析　推理判断题。根据第二段的内容可推知，在那天下午之前，这个家庭经常乱花钱。故选A。

5．How many things were mentioned about what the family did to save on the first day of the “30 days”？

A．Two.   B．Three.

C．Four.   D．Five.

答案　B

解析　细节理解题。根据第三段第二、三、四句可知，早上9点，作者的妻子露丝已经用草莓做了蛋糕，还摘了一些花，作者甚至都不知道花园里有。多年来作者第一次手动清理汽车。在邻居醒来之前，作者看完并把报纸还给了他。由此可知，第一天提到了家庭为节省开支所做的三件事情。故选B。

6．The end of the story suggests that the family         .

A．stopped halfway because of unexpected things

B．could barely put up with the life of frugality

C．would return to normal after the “30 days”

D．succeeded in saving and changed their spending habit

答案　D

解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句可知，作者他们节省了不少钱，根据最后一段最后两句“当我们开始的时候，我想象着当我们完成任务的时候，我们会冲出去，在超市里买很多东西，然后可能去购物中心或者去看电影”可知，作者只是一开始的时候这样想象的，由此可推知，故事的结尾表明，这个家庭成功地节省了开支并改变了他们的消费习惯。故选D。

7．What is this passage mainly about?

A．A new idea coming up to save gas.

B．A family’s managing their daily life.

C．A family’s attempt not to buy anything.

D．A family’s way of solving life problems.

答案　C

解析　主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是第二段第二、三句可知，文章主要讲述了作者一家发现一些无意义的花销后，尝试一个月除了绝对的必需品外不买东西，然后省下两千多美元的故事。故选C。

C

Classifying things is critical for our daily lives.For example，we have to detect spam mails(垃圾邮件)，false political news.When we use AI，such tasks are based on “classification technology” in machine learning—having the computer learn，using the boundary separating positive and negative data.For example，“positive” data would be photos including a happy face，and “negative” data photos that include a sad face.Once a classification boundary is learned，the computer can determine whether a certain data is positive or negative.

However，the difficulty with this technology is that it requires both positive and negative data for the learning process，and negative data are not available in many cases.For instance，when a retailer(零售商) is trying to predict who will make a purchase，they can easily find data on customers who have purchased from them (positive data)，but it is basically impossible to obtain data on customers who have never purchased from them (negative data)，since they do not have access to their competitors’ data.

According to lead author Takashi Ishida from RIKEN AIP，“Previous classification methods could not cope with the situation where negative data were not available，but we have made it possible for computers to learn with only positive data，as long as we have a confidence score for our positive data，constructed from information such as buying intention or the active rate of app users.Using our   new method，we can let computers learn a classifier only from positive data equipped with confidence.”

According to Ishida，“This discovery could expand the range of applications where classification technology can be used.Even in fields where machine learning has been actively used，our classification technology could be used in new situations where only positive data can be gathered due to data regulation or business constraints (限制)．In the near future，we hope to put our technology to use in various research fields，such as natural language processing，computer vision，robotics，and bioinformatics.”

8．How can the computer distinguish the positive data from the negative data?

A．By learning the classification boundary.

B．By updating the data collected regularly.

C．By separating happy faces and sad ones.

D．By introducing classification technology.

答案　A

解析　细节理解题。由第一段倒数第一句可知，classification boundary是区分正面信息和负面信息的关键。故A选项正确。

9．Why is the example mentioned in Paragraph 2?

A．To prove how important the positive data are.

B．To confirm that data on customers are complete.

C．To argue that retailers get their competitors’ data.

D．To explain why negative data are hard to acquire.

答案　D

解析　推理判断题。由第二段的第一句可知，这种技术的困难在于它需要正负两方面数据，而在许多情况下我们很难获得负面数据。例如，零售商很难获得从来不在他这儿买东西的顾客的信息。文章举出这个例子是为了解释负面信息很难获得的原因。故D选项正确。

10．What do the underlined words “new method” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A．Analyzing buying intention.

B．Building a confidence score.

C．Assessing the active rate of app users.

D．Equipping the computer with confidence.

答案　B

解析　词义猜测题。由第三段的“...but we have made it possible for computers to learn with only positive data，as long as we have a confidence score for our positive data，constructed from information such as buying intention or the active rate of app users.”可知，下文中的new method指的是“创建一个信心指数”。故B选项正确。

11．What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．The History of Classification Technology

B．Smarter AI：Machine Learning Without Negative Data

C．Bigger Data：Computers Assisting Language Processing

D．The Comparison Between Positive Data and Negative Data

答案　B

解析　标题归纳题。本文主要讲的是计算机通过学习分类技术可以区分出正面信息和负面信息。并结合第三段末句和第四段的第二句的内容可知，B选项适合作文章标题。

D

(2021·江苏镇江八校联考)

Student loan(贷款) debt has become a worldwide problem.In America，the country’s overall student debt reached a record of $1.6 trillion in 2019.The average person with student loan debt owed between $20,000 and $25,000.A recent Japanese government report says it has been lending over $9 billion yearly to students since 2010.Similar conditions exist in Africa and South America.

Several factors account for high student loan debt.One is that employers everywhere have increased their demands for skilled workers，making higher education a requirement for many jobs.The students，however，after graduation，often find that their country’s economy is not strong enough to support their financial needs，so their ability to pay back the loan becomes a problem.

To solve the problem，many countries are seeking their ways.Australia has developed a system where students do not have to pay anything back until they are earning at least $40,000 a year.In America，several candidates running for president in the 2020 election have offered more extreme solutions that all or at least some of these loans will be forgiven.

Some professors in several universities recently studied what the effects of debt forgiveness might be.They found that，overall，sudden debt relief greatly improved the borrowers’ lives.Not only did they have more money，but they were more likely to move to a new area and seek better paying work.

Yet the professors’ research doesn’t include what might happen to financial institutions or the overall economy if debt were totally forgiven.It only looks at how debt forgiveness would help the borrowers.They warn of some other possible negative effects.If a borrower knew that if he ran into any trouble he would be saved because he could get the debt relief，then he might actually become more reckless(轻率的) with his borrowing in the future.

No matter what，the professors agree that if countries do decide to approve some student debt relief，the neediest students should be helped first.

12．How does the author introduce the problem of student loan?

A．By making a comparison.

B．By making classifications.

C．By presenting some statistics.

D．By setting down general rules.

答案　C

解析　推理判断题。由第一段的内容可推知，作者通过列举一些统计数据介绍学生贷款的问题。故选C项。

13．What can we learn about student loan debt relief?

A．It will surely provide some benefits to borrowers.

B．It has already been carried out in the United States.

C．It aims to encourage more students to borrow money.

D．It will prevent a person from landing a well-paying job.

答案　A

解析　推理判断题。由倒数第三段的最后两句内容可知，债务减免肯定会给借款人带来一些好处。故选A项。

14．What is the professors’ attitude to debt forgiveness?

A．Uncaring.   B．Positive.

C．Disapproving.   D．Cautious.

答案　D

解析　观点态度题。根据第四段的内容可知，教授们认为免除学生债务是有好处的。再根据第五段可知，他们警告说，还有其他一些可能的负面影响。由此判断出，教授们对债务免除的态度是谨慎的。故选D项。

15．What’s the main idea of the text?

A．Student loan debt is the most serious problem worldwide.

B．Student loan debt tends to pull the needy out of trouble.

C．Growing global student debt fuels search for solutions.

D．People hold different opinions on debt forgiveness.

答案　C

解析　主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了学生债务已成为全球性问题，对此各国都在寻求解决方案。故选C项。

Ⅱ.七选五

(2021·百师联盟联考)

As the coronavirus outbreak continues，many Americans are fearful of using public transportation.They are also looking for ways to get exercise without having to go to a gym，as well as ways to enjoy the outdoors.  1 

In the United States，bicycles at big stores like Walmart have sold out.And small bicycle stores cannot keep up with demand for “family-style” bicycles：the low-cost，easy-to-ride models.

The bicycle industry is seeing its biggest sales increase since the oil crisis of the 1970s.The increase in bicycle demand began in March as countries began to close down.  2   All bicycle sales，including those for children，are up 100 percent from the year before.

  3   Cities like Manila in the Philippines and Rome，Italy have created bicycle paths for the growing number of people who want to avoid public transportation.In London，city officials plan to bar cars from some central roads.

Of course，you can only buy a bicycle if you can find one bicycle.In the U．S.，the shortages now mean it may take many months to get one.  4  The U．S.buys 90 percent of its bicycles from China.Bicycle factories there were shut down to stop the spread of COVID-19.

In Bar Harbor，Maine，Brian Smith bought a new bicycle for one of his daughters.She is a competitive swimmer who could not get to the pool to practice.His family now goes for rides several times a day.Bicycling helps them all get exercise and enjoy the fresh air.  5  “It’s fun.Maybe that’s the bottom line.It’s really fun to ride bikes，” Smith said.

A．But what’s the biggest reason why they go on rides?

B．High demand is not the only reason for the shortage.

C．Then who has benefited greatest from riding bikes?

D．The rise in bicycle sales is not happening just in the United States.

E．In April，the sale of bicycles for adults increased 200 percent in the United States.

F．However，no bicycles have been imported from abroad like China since the end of last year.

G．So，it may not be surprising that the pandemic(流行病) has led to a major increase in bicycle sales.

1．答案　G

解析　本段在描述文章背景，指出人们在寻找户外锻炼的新方式，下文则转入了对自行车相关的描述，G选项“所以，流行病导致自行车销量大增，可能并不让人感到奇怪”贴合给出的背景，且承上启下，引出了后文内容。故选G项。

2．答案　E

解析　空格前指出随着三月份诸多国家开始封锁，自行车的需求就开始增加。E选项“在四月，美国成年人的自行车销量增加了200%”符合时间顺序，且与后句都可以作为自行车销量增长的数据佐证，符合文意。故选E项。

3．答案　D

解析　本段列举了菲律宾的马尼拉、意大利的罗马以及伦敦，以说明这些地区的自行车数量都有所增加。D选项“自行车销量增长并不只是发生在美国”适合置于段首，作为本段的主题句。故选D项。

4．答案　B

解析　空格前句指出在美国自行车货源短缺的情况。B选项“高需求并不是货源短缺的唯一原因”可以自然地引出后文对自行车货源短缺的另一种解释，即因为中国工厂疫情期间的关闭导致断了货源。故选B项。

5．答案　A

解析　这里空格前句在叙述骑自行车给人们带来的好处。A选项“但他们骑自行车的最大原因是什么呢？”承接前文进行发问，其后则以“It’s fun.”作为回答，符合结构和文意。故选A项。