(通用版)高考英语三轮冲刺课件专题三　阅读理解 (含答案)

这是一份(通用版)高考英语三轮冲刺课件专题三　阅读理解 (含答案)，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了篇章分析，解题步骤，考点一，考点二，考点三，考点四等内容，欢迎下载使用。

专题三　阅读理解
篇章分析
解题步骤
篇章分析
解题步骤
篇章分析
解题步骤
1.体裁各有所重从上面的表格中可以看出,全国卷阅读理解考查全面,体裁涉及应用文、说明文、记叙文和议论文四种体裁,但在2019年全国Ⅱ和全国Ⅲ和2018年全国Ⅰ和全国Ⅱ中都没有出现记叙文。考生在练习四大体裁的文章时,要有所侧重。2.细节决定成败根据上面的表格可以看出,题目设置以细节理解题和推理判断题为主,兼顾主旨大意题和词义猜测题。准确理解细节不但有助于提高细节理解题的得分率,而且也是做好推理判断题的前提。因此,细节决定成败!
篇章分析
解题步骤
3.题材丰富且具有时代性阅读理解选材涵盖人与自然(如2019全国Ⅱ 的D篇——美国国家航空航天局HUNCH计划)、人与社会(如2019全国Ⅰ的A篇——面向学生的暑期工作公告、人与自我(如2019全国Ⅰ的B篇——Canaan小学二年级开展总统竞选演讲)三大主题,更加注重将学科素养的考核融入对语言能力的考查中,充分体现了高考坚持立德树人、提升综合素养的根本宗旨。
篇章分析
解题步骤
1.阅读为王,词汇先行没有语言基础知识,就无法进行阅读与理解。高考求稳求变,要夯实词汇基础和培养阅读理解能力,以不变应万变。除了扎实掌握好词的音、形、性、义、用等基本要素外,还要注意词义拓展、熟词生义等变化,真正过好词汇关。2.既要“快”,又要“准”在准确把握文章整体、细节以及严密推理的基础上,尽量提高阅读速度,而不是单纯地追求阅读速度。在阅读中,对于不影响语篇理解的无关紧要的词汇就“跳过去”;对影响语篇理解的生词拦路虎要“猜出来”。3.准确定位、同义替换、顺序对应在解答阅读理解题时,不论遇到哪种题型,只要将“准确定位、同义替换、顺序对应”等解题技巧做到熟练运用,就能事半功倍。
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细节理解题【阅卷寄语】细节理解题分为直接细节理解题、间接细节理解题和概括细节理解题,在高考英语阅读理解试题中所占比例最大。这类题目相对来说比较简单,只要找准题干中的关键词,在文中找到题目的信息区间,仔细比对,就能得出答案,因此对这类题目要做到读得快、答得准,力争不丢分,保住基本分才能得高分。
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满分流程:步骤规范,定位精准看题干,找关键词➡据关键,标出信息源(即含有信息的那一段或那一句:重点词语,如数字、地名等)➡1.根据某句话、某个小段或某个表格选出答案。2.寻找相邻信息,根据同一段中的几句话选出答案。3.寻找篇章信息,根据不同的段落选出答案。
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(一)直接细节理解题典题感悟(2019全国Ⅰ,A节选)...Summer CompanySummer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses.Who is eligible:Students aged 15-29,returning to school in the fall.Stewardship Youth Ranger ProgramYou could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer.
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Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire,but not turning 18 before December 31 this year....21.What is special about Summer Company?A.It requires no training before employment.B.It provides awards for running new businesses.C.It allows one to work in the natural environment.D.It offers more summer job opportunities.B　直接细节理解题。题干关键词为“Summer Company”。由此定位到Summer Company部分,根据该部分的内容可知,Summer Company 为创业者提供奖金。选项中的“running new businesses”对应原文中的“start and run their own summer businesses”。D项属于无中生有。
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22.What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program?A.15-18. B.15-24.C.15-29. D.16-17.D　直接细节理解题。题干关键词为“Stewardship Youth Ranger Program”以及“age”。由此定位到Stewardship Youth Ranger Program 中的“Who is eligible:Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire,but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.”由此可知答案。
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状元笔记利用题干关键词复现锁定信息源直接信息题多采用原文中的信息直接进行考查。做题时,可以先从问题中找到关键词,然后以此为线索,运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节,找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍,比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别。当问到what,when,which,where等具体信息时,往往有according to the author/passage这样的限制语,回答时,一定以文章所谈到的内容为依据,切忌凭自己的观点和经验去选择不符合文章内容的答案。
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技法点拨技法1.知正确选项特征,快速锁定答案(1)同义替换。指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose one’s job换成be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性,如把important改成of importance;有些改变原文中句子的语态,如主动语态与被动语态的转换。(2)语义转换。细节理解题的正确选项一般不出现原文中的原词原句,而是借助概念解析、归纳事实等方法对原文信息进行适当变换。(3)语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化,变成正确选项。
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技法2.晓干扰项面貌,避免中圈套(1)张冠李戴。是原文信息,但不是题目要求的内容。(2)无中生有。符合常识,但不是文章的内容。(3)曲解文意。与原文的内容极其相似,只是在某个细节处有些变动。(4)颠倒是非。在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。(5)正误参半。部分正确,部分错误。
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(二)间接细节理解题典题感悟【典例1】(2019全国Ⅰ,A节选)Need a Job This Summer?...Summer Employment Opportunities(机会)Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program,students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service,its related agencies and community groups.Who is eligible:Students aged 15 or older.Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.
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23.Which program favors the disabled?A.Jobs for Youth.B.Summer Company.C.Stewardship Youth Ranger Program.D.Summer Employment Opportunities.D　间接细节理解题。题干关键词“the disabled”是原文中“persons with a disability”的同义改写。根据选文最后一句“Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.”可知,Summer Employment Opportunities 给有残疾的人提供工作优待。
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【典例2】(2018全国Ⅱ,B节选)...Of the common berries,strawberries are highest in vitamin C,although,because of their seeds,raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质),iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein).Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质).The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants.As for cherries (樱桃),they are so delicious who cares?However,they are rich in vitamin C....
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24.What does the author seem to like about cherries?A.They contain protein.B.They are high in vitamin A.C.They have a pleasant taste.D.They are rich in antioxidants.C　间接细节理解题。根据节选段最后两句“As for cherries,they are so delicious who cares?However,they are rich in vitamin C.”可知,樱桃非常美味,这是人们喜欢樱桃的原因。选项中的“have a pleasant taste”是对原文中“so delicious”的同义改写。
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技法点拨技法.“两关注”“一留意”,间接细节零失误间接细节理解题相比直接细节理解题更有隐蔽性,正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。在做间接细节理解题时,要做到“两关注”“一留意”。“两关注”:指关注正确选项的两个特征:一是同义词替换或释义,即把文中语言(词汇和结构)改头换面,来表达相同的意思;二是对文章信息的归纳。“一留意”:是指防范干扰选项的迷惑性,错误选项常使用诸如张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解文意、颠倒是非、正误参半等方式来造成句意的改变。
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(三)概括细节理解题典题感悟(2018全国Ⅲ,C节选)...Wang serves as head of the Architecture Department at the China Academy of Art(CAA).His office is located at the Xiangshan campus(校园)of the university in Hangzhou,Zhejiang Province.Many buildings on the campus are his original creations.The style of the campus is quite different from that of most Chinese universities.Many visitors were amazed by the complex architectural space and abundant building types.The curves (曲线) of the buildings perfectly match the rise and fall of hills,forming a unique view.
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Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages.He asked the workers to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls,roofs and corridors.This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements (元素).Wang’s works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions.Through such a balance,he had created a new type of Chinese architecture,said Tadao Ando,the winner of the 1995 Pritzker Prize....
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29.What impressed visitors to the CAA Xiangshan campus most?A.Its hilly environment. B.Its large size.C.Its unique style. D.Its diverse functions.C　概括细节理解题。根据节选的第二段尤其是句首的“The style of the campus is quite different from that of most Chinese universities.”可知,中国美术学院象山校区给人留下的最深刻印象是其独特的建筑风格。
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30.What made Wang’s architectural design a success?A.The mixture of different shapes.B.The balance of East and West.C.The use of popular techniques.D.The harmony of old and new.D　概括细节理解题。根据节选的最后一段中,1995年“普利兹克建筑奖”获得者Tadao Ando对王澍作品的评价“Wang’s works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions.Through such a balance,he had created a new type of Chinese architecture”可推断出,王澍既深刻理解现代建筑,又熟悉传统,他的作品实现了古今平衡,即D项中转述的The harmony of old and new。
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技法点拨技法.全面分析归纳,综合事实定答案概括细节理解题要求通过思维分析将原文中比较分散或复杂的信息进行归纳概括,即要“综合事实定答案”。容易做错的原因是没有全面分析所涉及的相关信息,只是单一地、孤立地分析某句内容从而不能做出符合题干条件的选择。
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1.关键词定区间在阅读题干的时候我们应该迅速把题干中的关键词标记出来,然后根据关键词回到原文当中定位相关的段落、语句。2.概括法定选项概括细节理解题可能涉及文章某一段或几段,甚至贯穿全文的各个位置,需要考生寻找文章中的多个细节,然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳文中的信息或事实,然后再看选项,挑选出和自己所归纳的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。3.排除法无失误在遇到模棱两可、难以做出选择的答案时,也可采用排除法,将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。
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考点集训A组　基础语篇练技法Passage 1Passenger pigeons(旅鸽) were the most common birds in all of North America in the 1800s.It was common to see large groups of passenger pigeons—groups that made a sound like a storm.But today,they are extinct because of human behavior.Now,some scientists want to bring passenger pigeons back to life by using new technology and scientific ideas.They call this process de-extinction.
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De-extinction has not happened yet.It is still just an idea.The process of de-extinction is not easy.First,scientists must collect DNA from the bodies of extinct animals.Then they will put it in the eggs of similar animal species.When these animals become adults,they will have babies.And these baby animals will have the DNA of the extinct animals....
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1.In the 19th century,passenger pigeons 　　　. A.were common sightingsB.suffered a lot from stormsC.lived mainly in North AmericaD.were the largest in American history答案:A解析:间接细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Passenger pigeons were the most common birds in all of North America in the 1800s.It was common to see large groups of passenger pigeons—groups that made a sound like a storm.”可知,19世纪时的旅鸽数目众多,且很常见。
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2.What do we know about de-extinction?A.It will change the DNA of the extinct animals.B.It was first used in passenger pigeons.C.It is difficult to carry out.D.It proved to be useful.答案:C解析:概括细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The process of de-extinction is not easy.”以及接下来具体介绍灭绝物种复活的复杂过程可知,复活灭绝物种绝非易事。
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Passage 2(2018浙江,B节选)Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter,including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Stein’s jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.
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Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台).The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California,including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds,plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.Among the bag makers’ arguments:many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags,which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport.And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at,they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.
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The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement:reusable shopping bags.The stronger a reusable bag is,the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out.However,longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic....
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1.What has Steven Stein been hired to do?A.Help increase grocery sales.B.Recycle the waste material.C.Stop things falling off trucks.D.Argue for the use of plastic bags.答案:D解析:概括细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句中的“...one of Stein’s jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.”以及第二段中的“...plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.”可知,Steven Stein受雇于塑料袋生产商为塑料袋的使用提供正面的论据。
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2.What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?A.They are quite expensive.B.Replacing them can be difficult.C.They are less strong than plastic bags.D.Producing them requires more energy.答案:D解析:直接细节理解题。根据第四段倒数第二句“However,longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.”可知,制作可重复利用的购物袋更耗能源,这是缺点。
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Passage 3(2018全国Ⅱ,D节选)...Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy,but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation.Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication,says Bernardo Carducci,director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,”he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others,not just communicate with them.”
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In a 2014 study,Elizabeth Dunn,associate professor of psychology at UBC,invited people on their way into a coffee shop.One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter;the other,to speak only when necessary.The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,”says Dunn.“But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”...
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1.What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?A.Showing good manners.B.Relating to other people.C.Focusing on a topic.D.Making business deals.答案:B解析:直接细节理解题。由选文第一段Carducci所说的话“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others,not just communicate with them.”可知,他认为与他人建立良好关系才是成功闲谈的关键。
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2.What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?A.It improves family relationships.B.It raises people’s confidence.C.It matters as much as a formal talk.D.It makes people feel good.答案:D解析:概括细节理解题。由选文第二段中的“The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings...”可知,闲谈会使人心情很好。
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Passage 4(2019全国Ⅲ,A节选)OPENINGS AND PREVIEWSAnimals Out of PaperYolo!Productions and the Great Griffon present the play by Rajiv Joseph,in which an origami(折纸术)artist invites a teenage talent and his teacher into her studio.Merri Milwe directs.In previews.Opens Feb.12.(West Park Presbyterian Church,165 W.86th St.212-868-4444.)
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The AudienceHelen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan,about Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ of the UK and her private meetings with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years.Stephen Daldry directs.Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey.Previews begin Feb.14.(Schoenfeld,236 W.45th St.212-239-6200.)...【语篇解读】本文是一篇应用文,介绍了四场演出的主要内容,导演,时间和地点。
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1.What is the play by Rajiv Joseph probably about?A.A type of art. B.A teenager’s studio.C.A great teacher. D.A group of animals.答案:A解析:概括细节理解题。根据Animals Out of Paper中的第二句“Productions and the Great Griffon present the play by Rajiv Joseph,in which an origami artist invites a teenage talent and his teacher into her studio.”和小标题 Animals out of paper可知,这个戏剧的内容是一种折纸艺术。
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2.Who is the director of The Audience?A.Helen Mirren. B.Peter Morgan.C.Dylan Baker. D.Stephen Daldry.答案:D解析:直接细节理解题。根据The Audience中第二句“Stephen Daldry directs.”可知答案。
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Passage 5(2019全国Ⅱ,A节选)My Favourite BooksJo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series (系列) of lifestyle books.Here she picks her top reads.MatildaRoald DahlI once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl’s writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful worlds.Matilda’s battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress,Miss Trunchbull,are equally funny and frightening,but they’re also aspirational.
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After DarkHaruki MurakamiIt’s about two sisters—Eri,a model who either won’t or can’t stop sleeping,and Mari,a young student.In trying to connect to her sister,Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of diverse “night people” who are hiding secrets.Gone GirlGillian FlynnThere was a bit of me that didn’t want to love this when everyone else on the planet did,but the horror story is brilliant.There’s tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust.It’s a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise what’s going on is horribly enjoyable....
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1.Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri?A.Cosmopolitan. B.Matilda.C.After Dark. D.The Stand.答案:C解析:概括细节理解题。由After Dark中的“It’s about two sister—Eri,a model who either won’t or can’t stop sleeping,and Mari,a young student.”可知,故事讲的是两个姐妹——Eri和Mari。故选C项。
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2.What kind of book is Gone Girl?A.A folk tale. B.A biography.C.A love story. D.A horror story.答案:D解析:直接细节理解题。由Gone Girl中的“...but the horror story is brilliant”可知,但是这个恐怖的故事很精彩。所以Gone Girl讲述的是一个恐怖故事。故选D项。
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B组　模拟语篇提能力Passage 6主题语境:人与社会——科学与技术　建议用时:5’　实际用时:　　　　　　正答率:　　　　　/3 (2019山东潍坊一模)
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4 apps to help you make the most of your moneyLiving on a student budget can be tough.Budgeting is essential and it’s important to make savings in any way possible,so you can make the most of your money.Here are some useful apps for saving money as a student.UnidaysCost to sign up:freeThis is probably the most well-received student discount app.It’s easy to sign up and once you have,all you have to do is use the codes Unidays provides you with when you’re paying in-store or checking out online.Unidays also sometimes increases its discount offers at certain stores and websites.Keep an eye out for these increased discounts to save yourself some extra cash,particularly as Christmas is on the horizon.
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VouchercloudCost to sign up:freeVouchercloud offers some amazing deals that cannot be missed.There’s frequent 2 for 1 deal or discount available at many well-known restaurants such as Pizza Express,Frankie& Benny’s and Giraffe.They also offer deals on hotels,city breaks and a range of items such as Real Techniques products.It’s a great way to save on Christmas presents—the regular 40%off at The Body Shop is always worth looking out for!
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TopCashbackCost to sign up:freeYou may have seen the TV adverts for TopCashback.With the TopCashback app,you can view all participating stores’ security cameras.Then,all you have to do is complete your online shopping via the app to receive cashback on any purchases you make.For example,if you buy online at Amazon you can receive up to 9%cashback into your account.It doesn’t always seem like a lot of money but if you shop online frequently it all adds up!
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TastecardCost to sign up:subscription costs vary(monthly to annual subscriptions available)Even though it costs to subscribe to Tastecard,the discounts are worth it.With a Tastecard,you can get 2 for 1 meal or 50%off food at participating restaurants,all of which can be viewed on the app or website simply by typing in your postcode.These discounts are available at chains like Pizza Hut and Bella Italia and also independent restaurants across Manchester.【语篇解读】本文属于说明文,介绍了受学生欢迎的4款省钱软件。
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1.Which of the following is the most popular with students?A.Unidays.B.Vouchercloud.C.TopCashback.D.Tastecard.答案:A解析:细节理解题。根据Unidays部分中的“This is probably the most well-received student discount app.”可知,该软件是学生中接受度最高的折扣软件,故可知该软件最流行,故选A项。
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2.What is special about TopCashback?A.It can only be used in stores.B.It costs a lot of money to sign up.C.No ads for TopCashback appear on TV.D.Online cashback can be stored in your account.答案:D解析:细节理解题。根据TopCashback中的最后两句“For example,if you buy online at...online frequently it all adds up!”可知,通过该软件购物的话,可以返现金到软件的账户上,这是它与其他几款软件最大的区别,故选D项。
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3.What does Tastecard help you to save money on?A.Hotels. B.Restaurants.C.Tickets. D.Presents.答案:B解析:细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“With a Tastecard,you can get 2 for 1 meal or 50%off food at participating restaurants”可知,Tastecard帮助消费者在餐饮方面获得折扣,故选B项。
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C组　真题语篇通高考Passage 7主题语境:人与社会——社会服务　建议用时:6’实际用时:　　　　　　正答率:　　　　　/4 (2019全国Ⅱ,B)“You can use me as a last resort(选择),and if nobody else volunteers,then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids’ lacrosse(长曲棍球) club.
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I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule,or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport.She may just need a little persuading.So I try again and tug at the heartstrings.I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on... At this point the unwilling parent speaks up,“Alright.Yes,I’ll do it.” 
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I’m secretly relieved because I know there’s real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many.The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule,sends out emails,and collects money for end-of-season gifts.Somewhere along the way,the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team.The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season.Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.
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Still,most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close.That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more:Connecting to the community(社区)as you freely give your time,money,skills,or services provides a real joy.Volunteering just feels so good.In that sense,I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like to admit.However,if others benefit in the process,and I get some reward too,does it really matter where my motivation lies?【语篇解读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议类文章。作者介绍了自己说服他人参与志愿者工作的经历,论述了志愿者工作的特殊意义。
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1.What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph 1?A.She knows little about the club.B.She isn’t good at sports.C.She just doesn’t want to volunteer.D.She’s unable to meet her schedule.答案:C解析:推理判断题。根据第一段第一句可知,这位家长让作者最后再考虑她,如果没有其他人当志愿者,她才会做。由此可知,她不想做志愿者工作。
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2.What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in paragraph 2 mean?A.Encourage teamwork.B.Appeal to feelings.C.Promote good deeds.D.Provide advice.答案:B解析:词义猜测题。开头提到这位家长不愿当志愿者,再根据第二段的“She may just need a little persuading.”以及下文作者提到的两个例子可知,作者是想让她内心有所触动。对比四个选项可知,B项正确。
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3.What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3?A.She gets interested in lacrosse.B.She is proud of her kids.C.She’ll work for another season.D.She becomes a good helper.答案:D解析:推理判断题。根据第三段第二句可知,这位家长安排就餐时间表、发送电子邮件,并且为季末礼品筹款。这些都可表明她是一位好帮手。故选D项。
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4.Why does the author like doing volunteer work?A.It gives her a sense of duty.B.It makes her very happy.C.It enables her to work hard.D.It brings her material rewards.答案:B解析:细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Connecting to the community as you freely give your time,money,skills,or services provides a real joy.Volunteering just feels so good.”可知,志愿者工作给她带来了快乐。故选B项。
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Passage 8主题语境:人与社会——科学与技术　建议用时:6’　实际用时:　　　　　　正答率:　　　　　/4 (2019全国Ⅲ,D)Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward.The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
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Here’s how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone,who led the team,described the experiment:In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens.On one part of the screen,a symbol would appear,and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown.For example,the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8.If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice;if they went for the circle,they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.After running hundreds of tests,the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time,indicating that they were performing a calculation,not just memorizing the value of each combination.
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When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely,they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing,for example,a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6.The underestimation was systematic:When adding two numbers,the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two,and then added only a fraction(小部分)of the smaller number to it.“This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains,”Dr.Livingstone says.“But in this experiment what they’re doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。哈佛医学院的科学家用触摸屏对猴子进行实验,结果发现猴子可以进行基本的加法运算。
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1.What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?A.They fed them.B.They named them.C.They trained them.D.They measured them.答案:C解析:细节理解题。根据第二段的“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to...”和“The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined...”可知,研究者在测试前对猴子进行了训练。
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2.How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?A.By drawing a circle.B.By touching a screen.C.By watching videos.D.By mixing two drinks.答案:B解析:细节理解题。根据第三段的最后两句“If the monkeys touched...17 in this example.”可知,想得到奖励,猴子需要触摸屏幕。
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3.What did Livingstone’s team find about the monkeys?A.They could perform basic addition.B.They could understand simple words.C.They could memorize numbers easily.D.They could hold their attention for long.答案:A解析:推理判断题。根据第四段中的“...indicating that they were performing a calculation,not just memorizing the value of each combination.”可知,猴子正在进行计算,而不仅仅是记住每个组合的值。故A项正确。
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4.In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?A.Entertainment. B.Health.C.Education. D.Science.答案:D解析:文章出处题。本文主要介绍了哈佛医学院的科学家对猴子进行研究,结果发现猴子可以进行基本的加法运算。由此可知本文与科学有关,故D项正确。
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推理判断题【阅卷寄语】推理判断题属于难度较大的题型,考查考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思,以及对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确推理判断的能力。要求考生在阅读过程中贯通表面和隐含的意思,并把已知的和未知的信息联系起来,以文章所提供的事实为依据,经过分析思考而形成一定的观点。考生需尽量考虑文中的全部信息和事实,在通盘理解文章的基础上去领会作者的言外之意,并作出正确的推断。
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满分流程:步骤规范,定位精准第一步,根据关键词寻找依据,即答题信息点;第二步,理解相关信息;第三步,结合已有常识,进行适度的符合情理的推断,从而得出答案。
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(一)事实细节推断题典题感悟(2019全国Ⅰ,B节选)...Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast (夸耀) about themselves.“Boasting about yourself,and your best qualities,” Whaley says,“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”
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26.We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to 　　　. A.help students see their own strengthsB.assess students’ public speaking skillsC.prepare students for their future jobsD.inspire students’ love for politicsA　事实细节推断题。根据选文第一段中的“Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves.”和最后一段中的“Boasting about yourself,and your best qualities”可推知,Whaley老师开展“总统竞选演讲”是为了帮助学生建立自信,看到自己的优点,strength意为“优点”,故选A项。
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状元笔记事实细节推断题首先要通过寻读找到相关信息点,然后理解相关信息点的字面意思,最后要结合语境和常识,在理解字面意思的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断,从而理解作者的言外之意。事实细节推断题的答案不能在文章中直接找到,但推理时我们务必要忠于原文,在文章中寻找并确定可推理的依据,进行正向或逆向思维,推断出隐含的深层含义,推断时要做到判断有据,推论有理。切忌主观臆断、过度推断、错误推断和以细节代替推断。
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技法点拨技法1.三步巧推断(1)抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理:要善于抓住某段话中的关键信息,即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断,利用逆向思维或正面推理。(2)整合全文(段)信息进行推断:有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息,综合起来去推理判断,确定最佳结论。(3)以事实为依据:推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据,不能凭空想象,这样才能做出正确合理的推断。
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技法2.知正确选项特征,快速锁定答案(1)不是文中直接或明确说明的内容,是间接表达出来的,除符合文章主旨外,还符合逻辑,让考生有推敲的余地。(2)正确选项大多含义深刻,不是常识选项。技法3.晓干扰项面貌,避免中圈套(1)夸大事实:对于原文中的细节或某方面进行了夸大处理。(2)无中生有:捏造原文并不存在的信息,并以此作为依据进行推理。(3)掺入常识:考生已有的常识是正确的,但不是基于文章。(4)推理过度:引申过度,使结论过于绝对化。(5)以细节代替推断:只是原文简单的复述,而非推断出来的结论。
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(二)观点态度推断题典题感悟(2018浙江,C节选)...The problems of excessive(过度的) energy consumption,climate change and population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L.Friedman.He fears the worst,but hopes for the best.Friedman points out that the green economy(经济)is a chance to keep American strength.“The ability to design,build and export green technologies for producing clean water,clean air and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.”
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30.What is Friedman’s attitude towards America’s future?A.Ambiguous. B.Doubtful.C.Hopeful. D.Tolerant.C　观点态度推断题。由倒数第二段中的“He fears the worst,but hopes for the best.”以及最后一段Friedman指出绿色经济是美国保持实力的机会,可以推断Friedman认为美国的未来是充满希望的。A项意为“模棱两可的”;B项意为“感到疑惑的”;D项意为“容忍的”。
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技法点拨技法1.慧眼锁定题干关键词观点态度推断题的题干通常包含以下词汇:attitude,believe,consider,regard,think of,opinion等。技法2.精准记忆观点态度词汇(1)表示支持或肯定:appreciative 欣赏的;approving赞成的,同意的;favorable赞同的;positive积极乐观的;supportive 支持的;optimistic乐观的;hopeful充满希望的(2)表示中立:ambiguous模棱两可的;cautious 谨慎的;unconcerned不关心的;uninterested不感兴趣的;objective客观的;neutral中立的;indifferent 不感兴趣的,冷淡的(3)表示反对或否定:disgusted 厌恶的;critical批评的;negative 否定的,消极的;disapproval 不赞成;worried 闷闷不乐的;disappointed失望的;doubtful 怀疑的
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技法 3:忠于措辞定态度注意作者或文中人物的措辞。文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思,不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。(2)留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。(3)结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来进行合理的推断。
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技法4.根据文章体裁推断观点、态度
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(三)写作意图推断题写作意图推断题要求考生根据对文章的理解,推断作者运用某种写作手法的目的。高考试卷中的写法一般包括以下几个方面:1.为了引出主题,先提到相关事物;2.为了让读者关注主题,文章以提问开始;3.通过列举具体事例来说明主题;4.运用比拟或比喻,让读者更易理解抽象或陌生的事物;5.通过引语来说明或论证某个观点,或使自己的观点更有说服力。
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典题感悟(2016全国Ⅱ,C节选)Reading can be a social activity.Think of the people who belong to book groups.They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them.Now the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group....
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29.Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?A.To explain what they are.B.To introduce BookCrossing.C.To stress the importance of reading.D.To encourage readers to share their ideas.B　写作意图推断题。第一段首先说阅读是一种社会性的活动,谈到读书小组(book groups),然后作者用一个Now引出本书要说的话:BookCrossing这个网站给传统的读书小组翻开了新的一页(turns the page on),可见作者介绍读书小组的目的是引出这个网站,故选B项。
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技法点拨技法1.精准记忆题干特点题干中常含有purpose,in order to等词。不同文体的文章可能有不同的写作目的。技法2.明确常见写作意图从文体的角度可以细分为:(1)to entertain or instruct readers(如故事类文章);(2)to persuade readers(如广告);(3)to explain/report sth.(如科普类、新闻报道类或文化类文章)。
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(四)文章出处推断题典题感悟...“It can follow and carry things for people around while communicating with their smartphone,and avoiding obstacles,” explained Alex Libman,founder of NUA Robotics.“We’re combining sensor network,computer vision,and robotics.So if you download our app (应用),press the ‘follow me’ button,the luggage recognizes its user and knows to follow and communicate.”12.Where is the article probably from?A.A textbook. B.A poster. C.A biography. D.A website.D　文章出处推断题。根据文中的“So if you download our app (应用),press the ‘follow me’ button...”可推断,本文可能来自一个网站。故选D项。
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技法点拨技法1.熟悉题干特点凡是文章都可能涉及出处,这类试题的题干中常有come from,most probably appear,most likely to be taken from等表述。技法2.精准储备文体常识考生本身要具备一定的常识,把文章的内容与自己所具备的常识结合起来做出正确的判断。
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技法3.了解语言特色近几年来常考的文章出处选项有:广告 (an advertisement)、书评(a book review)、新闻特写或专题报道(a feature story)、新闻报道(a news report)、科技新闻(science news)、科幻故事(science fiction story)、展览指南(an exhibition guide)、通知或公告(an announcement)等。要对这些文章的语言特色,特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解,根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座,快速选出最佳答案。技法4.找依据,合情理推理判断题都不能直接从原材料中找到答案,也就是说在解题时,要在理解表面文字信息的基础上,尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实,在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意,从而做出正确的推理和判断。
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考点集训A组　基础语篇练技法Passage 1(2019全国Ⅰ,B节选)...Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience.What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.“It takes a lot for any student,” Whaley explains,“especially for a student who is learning English as their new language,to feel confident enough to say,‘I don’t know,but I want to know.’”
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Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves.“Boasting about yourself,and your best qualities,” Whaley says,“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”
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Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?A.Humorous. B.Ambitious.C.Caring. D.Demanding.答案:C解析:事实细节推断题。本文主要介绍了Thomas Whaley老师在班里发起一项总统竞选演讲活动,帮助孩子们建立自信,看到自己的优点,由此可推知Whaley老师是一个关心学生的老师。
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Passage 2...Now,several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opting out.But no one does enough to limit exemptions.Parents ought to be able to opt out only for limited medical or religious reasons.But personal opinions?Not good enough.Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide,but they’ll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.
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What is the purpose of the passage?A.To introduce the idea of exemption.B.To discuss methods to cure measles.C.To stress the importance of vaccination.D.To appeal for equal rights in medical treatment.答案:C解析:写作意图推断题。根据文中的“Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide,but they’ll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.”可以推断出本文的写作目的是强调接种疫苗的重要性,故选C项。
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Passage 3(2017·全国Ⅰ,C节选)...Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost.“The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move,because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran....
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What can we infer about Moran’s opinion on jazz?A.It will disappear gradually.B.It remains black and white.C.It should keep up with the times.D.It changes every 50 years.答案:C解析:事实细节推断题。根据选文中的“‘The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move,because the way the world works is not the same,’”可知,Moran认为爵士乐不能以1908或1958年的方式来呈现了,因为世界运转的方式不同,所以爵士乐必须继续前进才行。这说明随着时代的发展,爵士乐也要跟上时代才不会被年轻一代所抛弃。故选C项。
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Passage 4I first met Paul Newman in 1968,when George Roy Hill,the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid,introduced us in New York City.When the studio didn’t want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well known as Paul—he stood up for me.I don’t know how many people would have done that;they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers....
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Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first?A.Paul Newman wanted it.B.The studio powers didn’t like his agent.C.He wasn’t famous enough.D.The director recommended someone else.答案:C解析:事实细节推断题。由文中第二句“When the studio didn’t want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well known as Paul”可知,摄制组起初拒绝接纳“我”,因为“我”没有Paul有名气,由此可以推断作者当时名气不够。
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B组　模拟语篇提能力Passage 5主题语境:人与社会:美国教育　建议用时:6’　实际用时:　　　　　　正答率:　　　　　/4 (2019湖北襄阳一调)Educators across the US are calling for major changes to the admission process in higher education.The National Center for Educational Statistics reported that US colleges and universities received more than 9 million applications between 2013 and 2014.The schools admitted more than 5 million students in that time.
But a new report says that the problem is not in the number of students that are being admitted.The Harvard School of Graduate Education,along with 80 other schools and organizations,released the report in January 2016,called “Turning the Tide—Making Caring Common”.The report argues that the process schools use to choose students causes major problems.David Hawkins,the Executive Director for Educational Content and Policy,says that most colleges and universities require many things from students when they apply.Schools usually ask for an essay describing a student’s interests or why they want to study at that school.The schools also ask for letters from teachers or other responsible adults describing why a student is a good candidate.But,Hawkins says,schools are most concerned with a student’s high school grades and standardized test results.
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The report suggests that paying attention to academic success over other qualities works well for some students but hurts others.In addition,academic success is not the most important quality a student should have.More attention should be paid to showing whether or not a student wants to do good in the world.The report also suggests that schools should ask for evidence that students care about other people.Moving attention away from academic ability will make the process less about competition,the report says.Students will feel less stress about meeting higher and higher expectations.
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But the report does have its critics.Bob Schaeffer,Public Education Director,says that every few years,someone makes the same argument for changes.He said that no real change has happened yet and that even many of the schools that agree with the report still make no changes.“Many of the institutions that have supported the findings in the report are the very institutions that have the most competitive admission processes in the country,”Schaeffer said.【语篇解读】美国各地的教育工作者呼吁对高等教育招生过程进行重大改革。美国大学在录取新生过程中出现了问题,即学校过于重视学生的学业成绩。这种方法对某些学生来说效果不错,但却伤害了其他学生。
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1.What is the problem of the admission process according to the report?A.The schools ask social responsibilities from the applying students.B.The schools attach importance to students’ academic records.C.The number of students getting admitted is too small.D.Admission officers only consider personal qualities.答案:B解析:推理判断题。由第二段中的“the problem is not in the number of students that are being admitted”可知,问题不是出在被录取的人数上。接着在第三段最后一句霍金斯说,“学校最关心的是学生的高中成绩和标准化考试成绩。”由第四段第一句可知,报告指出,与其他素质相比更注重学业成绩对某些学生来说效果不错,但却伤害了其他学生。由此可知录取的过程中出现的问题就是注重了学生的学业成绩。分析选项可知B项符合题意。
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2.Which of the following do colleges not ask of applicants?A.Their reasons to attend the school.B.A description of their interests.C.Recommendation letters from adults.D.Evidence that students care about others.答案:D解析:细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The report also suggests that schools should ask for evidence that students care about other people.”可知,报告还指出,学校应该要求学生要有关心他人的证据。故现在的美国大学招生并未关注学生的这方面品质。
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3.What is the author’s attitude to the report of the admission process?A.Supportive. B.Doubtful.C.Neutral. D.Negative.答案:C解析:推理判断题。根据全文可知,作者只是对于录取过程中的问题进行了描述,没有加入自己的评论,因此是中立的。可知C项正确。
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4.The critic,Bob Schaeffer,thinks that 　　　. A.some schools don’t do what they believe is rightB.the largest schools are expected to make changes firstC.not enough schools currently agree with the reportD.history has proved that all changes are good答案:A解析:推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“He said that no real change has happened yet and that even many of the schools that agree with the report still make no changes.” 可知,目前还没有真正的变化,甚至许多同意这份报告的学校仍然没有改变。分析选项可知A项(有些学校不做他们认为正确的事)符合题意,故选A项。
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C组　真题语篇通高考Passage 6主题语境:人与社会:大众报纸的产生　建议用时:7’　实际用时:　　　　　　正答率:　　　　　/4 (2019全国Ⅲ,C)Before the 1830s,most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America,usually $8 to $10 a year.Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money,but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens.Accordingly,newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades.In addition,most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience.They were dull and visually forbidding.But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend,then,was toward the “penny paper”—a term referring to papers made widely available to the public.It meant any inexpensive newspaper;perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.This development did not take place overnight.It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer’s office to purchase a copy.Street sales were almost unknown.However,within a few years,street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities.At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny—usually two or three cents was charged—and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents.But the phrase “penny paper” caught the public’s fancy,and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
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This new trend of newspapers for “the man on the street” did not begin well.Some of the early ventures(企业)were immediate failures.Publishers already in business,people who were owners of successful papers,had little desire to change the tradition.It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“便士报”产生的背景及其发展的艰难过程。
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1.Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?A.Academic.B.Unattractive.C.Inexpensive.D.Confidential.答案:B解析:细节理解题。根据第一段的第四、五句“In addition,most newspapers...and visually forbidding.”可知,当时的报纸枯燥无味,没有吸引力。
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2.What did street sales mean to newspapers?A.They would be priced higher.B.They would disappear from cities.C.They could have more readers.D.They could regain public trust.答案:C解析:推理判断题。根据第二段的 “...papers made widely available to the public.”和“...that could be bought in single copies on the street.”可知,街头销售能让报纸有更多的读者。
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3.Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?A.Local politicians.B.Common people.C.Young publishers.D.Rich businessmen.答案:B解析:细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句 “This new trend of newspapers for ‘the man on the street’ did not begin well.”中提到的“the man on the street”可知,报纸的目标读者是普通人。
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4.What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?A.It was a difficult process.B.It was a temporary success.C.It was a robbery of the poor.D.It was a disaster for printers.答案:A解析:推理判断题。最后一段中提到“早期的一些企业是直接失败的。那些拥有成功报纸的出版商几乎不想改变传统。一些年轻大胆的商人才把这件事情推动起来。”由此推测,便士报的推动过程比较艰难。
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Passage 7主题语境:人与社会:智能键盘防止数据和身份盗窃　建议用时:7’　实际用时:　　　　　　正答率:　　　　　/4 (2019全国Ⅰ,C)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common,the market is growing for biometric(生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces.At present,these technologies are still expensive,though.
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Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem:a smart keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses.These patterns are unique to each person.Thus,the keyboard can determine people’s identities,and by extension,whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
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It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with.Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology,the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word“touch”four times using the smart keyboard.Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed,with very low error rates.The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive,plastic-like parts.The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了佐治亚理工学院的研究者们新开发了一种键盘,它能根据用户打字模式准确识别出使用者。
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1.Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?A.To reduce pressure on keys.B.To improve accuracy in typing.C.To replace the password system.D.To cut the cost of e-space protection.答案:D解析:细节理解题。根据第一段描述及第二段第一句可知,研究者研发了智能键盘是为了降低电子空间保护的成本。故选D项。
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2.What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?A.Computers are much easier to operate.B.Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.C.Typing patterns vary from person to person.D.Data security measures are guaranteed.答案:C解析:细节理解题。根据第二段第四、五句可知,正是由于每个用户都有自己独特的击打键盘的模式,才使得研发智能键盘用以识别用户身份成为可能。故选C项。
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3.What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?A.It’ll be environment-friendly.B.It’ll reach consumers soon.C.It’ll be made of plastics.D.It’ll help speed up typing.答案:B解析:细节理解题。根据文章最后一句“The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.”可知,研究者们希望这种智能键盘在不久的将来能够面世,供消费者使用。故选B项。
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4.Where is this text most likely from?A.A diary.B.A guidebook.C.A novel.D.A magazine.答案:D解析:文章出处题。通读全文可知,作者客观介绍了佐治亚理工学院的研究者们新开发了一种键盘,它能根据用户打字模式准确识别出使用者。键盘使用常见的廉价材料,因此在成本和耐用性上都有很强竞争力,有望不久可以投入市场。故选D项。
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词义猜测题【阅卷寄语】词义猜测题是历年高考必考的一类题型。它可以是对一个单词的意义的推断,也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断;既可以考查生词的意义,也可以考查熟词的新义,还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中,所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上,而要根据短文提供的语境,通过阅读上下文,根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。
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满分流程:步骤规范,定位精准
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(一)词义猜测题典题感悟(2019全国Ⅰ,B节选)But he’s nervous.“I’m here to tell you today why you should...should...” Chris trips on the “-ld,” a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers.His teacher,Thomas Whaley,is next to him,whispering support.“...Vote for...me...” Except for some stumbles,Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion,Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
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25.What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to?A.Improper pauses.B.Bad manners.C.Spelling mistakes.D.Silly jokes.A　词义猜测题。根据选文中的“to tell you today why you should...should...,Chris trips on the...”可知Chris因为紧张,演讲时说话有点磕巴,故此处stumbles指不恰当的停顿。
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状元笔记词义猜测题考查的是考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力,即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理,有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。解题时要注意以下几点:(1)牢记没有上下文就没有意思,推断词义要回到原句中分析。(2)推断句意要看全段甚至全文。(3)正确理解作者在全文中的情感态度对准确判断至关重要。(4)不要受平时该词最常见意思的影响。
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技法点拨技法1.知正确选项特征,快速锁定答案(1)含义和其字面意思一般没有关系。(2)上下文逻辑通顺。(3)与原句意思最接近。技法2.晓干扰项面貌,避免中圈套(1)断章取义,与上下文结合不紧密的选项。(2)与所考词汇形似。(3)就词论词、字面意思。如果考的是熟词,含有常规词义的往往是错误选项。(4)句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般是错误选项。
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技法3.猜测词义五法巧运用(1)通过上下文语境信息来猜测词义任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的,都与句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索,进行符合逻辑的综合分析,并依此来猜测词义。(2)通过转折或对比关系来猜测词义如果一个句子或段落中有对两个事物或现象进行对比的描述,可以根据画线词的反义词猜测其词义。表示转折关系的词主要有:but,however,otherwise,though等;表示对比关系的标志性词语有:while,in contrast,unlike,on the other hand等。(3)通过比较关系来猜测词义比较关系表示意义上的相似关系,表示比较关系的词和短语主要有:similarly,like,just as,also,as well as等。
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(4)通过因果关系来猜测词义该方法是根据前后的因果关系来推断画线词或短语的意思。可由表示原因的句意推测出表示结果的句子中的某个词或短语的意思,即由因推果;也可由表示结果的句意推测出表示原因的句子中的某个词或短语的意思,即由果推因。表示因果关系的词有because,since,so that,so/such...that...等。(5)根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系来猜测词义该方法主要通过文中出现的同义词、近义词等来猜测生词的含义;或根据生词所在的上下文及其意义上的联系来进行判断。生词与文中相联系的词可能是一种上下义关系,或者是同一类别的并列关系。
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(二)代词指代题典题感悟(2016·全国Ⅲ,B节选)...“My friend said:‘Now we believe your stories,’”Welty added.“And I said:‘Now you know.These are the people that make me write them.’”26.The underlined word“them”in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty’s 　　　. A.readers B.parties C.friends D.storiesD　代词指代题。根据them所在的这一段中的“Now we believe your stories”及“These are the people that make me write them.”可知,是这些人让她写这些故事。故选D项。
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技法点拨代词指代题要求考生根据语境判断代词(this,that,it,they,them,one,which等)或助动词(do,does,did等)究竟指代什么。
技法1.“三个步骤”判指代(1)返回原文,找出指代词(it,they,them,this...)。(2)向上(有时向下)搜索,找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子(就近原则)。(3)将找到的词、词组或句子代入替换该指代词,看其意思、逻辑关系是否通顺,并最终确定最佳答案。
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技法2.“就近原则”判指代指代词汇的猜测即找出人称代词、指示代词、关系代词或关系副词所指代的内容。代词所指代的内容多在这一句的前、后句中(特别是前句),或者前几个句子中。找到指代的内容后,把它放在代词的位置上,看一看这句话是否合理,与前后的内容是否一致,然后再判定它是否为正确答案。技法3.“逻辑原则”寻指代理清人物及事物间的逻辑关系是解答代词指代题的关键。考生可利用上下文语境,采用逻辑关系梳理法,使人物或事物的关系明朗化。要记住代词通常出现在原词之后,根据这条原则可快速排除选项中出现在代词之后的词汇,锁定答案,最后代入原句中进行验证。
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(三)句意理解题典题感悟(2019浙江,B节选)Money with no strings attached.It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month,a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read,“Give What You Can,Take What You Need.” 
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People quickly caught on.And while many took dollars,many others pinned their own cash to the board.“People of all ages,races,and socio-economic(社会经济的) backgrounds gave and took,”said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox,which created the project.“We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars.” Most of the bills on the board were singles,but a few people left fives,tens and even twenties.The video clip(片段) shows one man who had found a $20 bill pinning it to the board....
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24.What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?A.Money spent without hesitation.B.Money not legally made.C.Money offered without conditions.D.Money not tied together.C　句意理解题。根据画线部分的内容并结合牌子上出现的话“Give What You Can,Take What You Need.”可知,画线部分意为“这里的钱是可以随意拿取的,并不附带任何条件”,故选C项。
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技法点拨句意推测两关注关注1:返回原文,找到该句,对原句进行语法和逻辑关系的分析。对于需要推理的句意理解,首先要理解句前后的语境,其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理推断,最后再归纳总结。关注2:正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同,是用其他的英语词汇和句式来表达相同的意思。
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考点集训A组　基础语篇练技法Passage 1(2019山东日照一模)...Booking tickets to theme parks and making reservations for just about everything in advance makes the trip less stressful.Try having your children babysat.Hire a local babysitter once or twice.Vacation Home owners can set this up for you,and some hotels might be willing to,too.
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What does the underlined word“this”in the last paragraph refer to?A.Booking tickets in advance.B.Hiring a babysitter.C.Making reservations ahead of time.D.Looking for a tour guide.答案:B解析:代词指代题。由画线词前的“Hire a local baby-sitter once or twice.(雇用一两次当地的保姆)”及画线词所在句“Vacation Home owners can set this up for you,and some hotels might be willing to,too.(度假屋的主人可以为你安排这个,一些酒店可能也愿意)”可知,this指的是雇用当地保姆这件事。故选B项。
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Passage 2(2017全国Ⅰ,D节选)...To construct a working still,use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity.Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole.Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole. ...
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What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.The tube. B.The still.C.The hole. D.The cup.答案:B解析:词义猜测题。根据选文中的“Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity.”可知,最好在潮湿的地方挖洞,以提高接水器的工作效率。接水器指的是在潮湿的地方挖洞,在洞的底部放一个杯子,杯子上方用塑料板遮挡。整个装置构成接水器,而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错选D项。就算在干燥的地方挖洞,杯子也可以接水,杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围的环境变化而变化,杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选B项。
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Passage 3(2018浙江,B节选)Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter,including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Stein’s jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.
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Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts (收银台).The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California,including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds,plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume....
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What does the word “headwinds” in paragraph 2 refer to?A.Bans on plastic bags.B.Effects of city development.C.Headaches caused by garbage.D.Plastic bags hung in trees.答案:A解析:词义猜测题。第二段讲述的是塑料袋由于污染环境而被越来越多的城市禁用,看到这一情况,塑料袋生产商于是找科学家为塑料袋代言。根据文章的意义可知,headwinds指的是禁用塑料袋这一情况。
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Passage 4After her education,she pursued her career,and after much time and hard work,she drastically reduced the number of infants (幼儿) dying from meningitis (脑膜炎).Hattie was very dedicated to her work and helped at as many locations as she could.Spending substantial (大量的) time in the labouratory,Hattie successfully developed a cure against the disease,which decreased the death rate to 20 per cent.At the same time,she was also a teacher working with Columbia University.
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What does the underlined word “drastically” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A.Slightly. B.Hardly.C.Greatly. D.Totally.答案:C解析:词义猜测题。根据第一句“...after much time and hard work,she drastically reduced the number of infants (幼儿) dying from meningitis (脑膜炎).”可知应该是大大减少了死于脑膜炎的幼儿的数量。故C项符合题意。
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Passage 5According to some studies,graduates of prestigious universities do earn much money.But even this seems like just a coincidence.Kids count more than their colleges. Getting into Yale may mean intelligence,talent and ambition.But there are many other things that are equally important.The reason:so many similar people go elsewhere.Getting into college isn’t life’s only competition.In the next competition,the results may change.Princeton economists Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top PhD programme.High scores on the GRE helped explain who got in;degrees of prestigious universities didn’t. 
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What is the meaning of the sentence “Kids count more than their colleges.”?A.Continuing education is more important to a person’s success.B.A person’s happiness should be valued more than their education.C.What kids learn at college cannot match job market requirements.D.Kids’ actual abilities are more important than their college background.答案:D解析:句意理解题。此句表达的意思是:孩子比他们的大学重要。根据下文的描述“Getting into college isn’t life’s only competition.In the next competition,the results may change.(进入大学并不是生活的唯一竞争,在下一场竞争中,结果可能就不一样了。)”可知这里的意思是,孩子的能力比大学背景更重要,故选D项。
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B组　模拟语篇提能力Passage 6主题语境:人与自我——个人家庭　建议用时:5’实际用时:　　　　　　正答率:　　　　　/4 (2019安徽安庆二模)The flowers are blooming and the birds are singing as Melinda sits in the rose garden of the nursing home.She is recalling old times as she waits for her family’s arrival.The nursing home has been Melinda’s new settlement ever since Thomas passed away a week ago.Thomas had fought a long and hard battle against lung cancer for three years.Unfortunately,he has broken the promise that he and Melinda had made:to be with each other for every birthday.Melinda knew this was unrealistic (不现实的) but agreed to the promise for Thomas’s sake.
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“Thomas,you are completely a dreamer,”Melinda shouted to Thomas as he dragged on about living on an island with his beautiful wife.That’s what she loved about him most—he had a vivid imagination.They got married at age eighteen and began having children right away.Mary came within the year,followed by Thomas Benjamin II,Lilly-Ann,and Joseph “Little Joey” George.The family lived an exultant life filled with laughter and love.“Mom!” Lilly shouted,but it really sounded like a howl.Melinda had lost herself in thinking about the life she had shared with her late husband.Lilly pushed her down the long dark halls of the nursing home until they arrived at the recreational room.
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When the door opened,Melinda put her hand over her mouth and was completely speechless.The room was crowded with the people nearest and dearest to her and the warmth and love was felt instantly.The night went on;stories and cocktails were shared and everything was perfect.However,when Melinda caught a moment to herself she looked around at her family.With a smile on her face,she raised her Manhattan and called out for a toast.“This one is for you,Thomas,though you are not here.”【语篇解读】丈夫去世后,梅琳达住到了养老院,在自己生日的时候回想起以往的生活,想起丈夫曾经的承诺,对这个没有丈夫参加的特殊的生日感慨颇多。
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1.Why did Thomas break his promise?A.He was busy with his work.B.He died of lung cancer.C.He had to serve in the army.D.He stopped loving Melinda.答案:B解析:推理判断题。题干关键词为“break his promise”,由此定位到第一段的“Thomas passed away a week ago.Thomas had fought a long and hard battle against lung cancer for three years.”可知,他丈夫没有遵守诺言是因为患肺癌去世了,故选B项。
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2.Which of the following best explains “exultant” underlined in Paragraph 2?A.Peaceful. B.Simple.C.Stressful. D.Happy.答案:D解析:词义猜测题。由下文的“life filled with laughter and love”可知,生活充满了笑声和爱,由此可推断出,他们过着开心的生活,故选D项。
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3.What can we infer from the last paragraph?A.Melinda’s children forgot their father.B.Melinda was tired of noise.C.Melinda missed her husband badly.D.Melinda liked to drink alcohol.答案:C解析:推理判断题。由最后一句“This one is for you,Thomas,though you are not here.”可知,她时刻都在惦记她的丈夫,结合上文他们一家人曾经生活得非常开心,她和丈夫十分恩爱,由此可推断出,梅琳达非常想念她的丈夫。故选C项。
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4.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.A Particular BirthdayB.A Woman at a Nursing HomeC.Memories of Old DaysD.A Big Surprise for Melinda答案:A解析:主旨大意题。梅琳达在养老院生日那天,回想起丈夫和自己的约定:每年的生日都在一起。在最后,大家举杯庆祝的时候,她大声道出了对丈夫的思念。由此我们可以推断出,本文的标题应为“一个特别的生日”。故选A项。
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C组　真题语篇通高考Passage 7主题语境:人与社会——中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响　建议用时:6’　实际用时:　　　　　　正答率:　　　　　/10 (2019全国Ⅱ,B)For Western designers,China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.“It’s no secret that China has always been a source(来源) of inspiration for designers,”says Amanda Hill,chief creative officer at A+E Networks,a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚) shows.
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Earlier this year,the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art,with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美学) on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries.The exhibition had record attendance,showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
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“China is impossible to overlook,” says Hill.“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world,which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.”Of course,not only are today’s top Western designers being influenced by China—some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang,Alexander Wang,Jason Wu are taking on Galliano,Albaz,Marc Jacobs—and beating them hands down in design and sales,”adds Hill. 
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For Hill,it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion.“The most famous designers are Chinese,so are the models,and so are the consumers,”she says.“China is no longer just another market;in many senses it has become the market.If you talk about fashion today,you are talking about China—its influences,its direction,its breathtaking clothes,and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.”【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响,展现了中国对国际时尚和设计发展的引领作用。
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1.What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?A.It promoted the sales of artworks.B.It attracted a large number of visitors.C.It showed ancient Chinese clothes.D.It aimed to introduce Chinese models.答案:B解析:推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“The exhibition had record attendance,showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.”可知,这次展览出席的人数创了纪录,由此表明吸引了很多游客。故B项正确。
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2.What does Hill say about Chinese women?A.They are setting the fashion.B.They start many fashion campaigns.C.They admire super models.D.They do business all over the world.答案:A解析:细节理解题。根据第四段中Hill说的话“...which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement.(这意味着中国女性不仅仅是时尚的消费者——她们是时尚运动的核心。)”可知,A项正确。
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3.What do the underlined words “taking on” in paragraph 4 mean?A.learning from B.looking down on C.working with D.competing against答案:D解析:词义猜测题。画线短语的前面提到“当代一些最优秀的时装设计师本身就是中国人”,接着列举了“Vera Wang,Alexander Wang,Jason Wu”三个例子,再结合下文的句意“在设计和销售方面都击败了他们”可知,该短语的意思应是“与……竞争”。故选D项。
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4.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Young Models Selling Dreams to the WorldB.A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New YorkC.Differences Between Eastern and Western AestheticsD.Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends答案:D解析:主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第三段和最后一段的最后一句可知,本文主要讲述了中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响,展现了中国对国际时尚和设计发展的引领作用。故D项“中国文化推动国际时尚潮流”最适合作为本文的标题。
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Passage 8主题语境:人与自我:生活方式建议用时:5’　实际用时:　　　　　　正答率:　　　　　/4 (2018全国Ⅲ,D)Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings?The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less. 
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I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things,and it worked.Because of our efforts,our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).
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For weeks,I’ve been thinking of bigger,deeper questions:How do we make it a habit for them?And how do we train ourselves to help them live with,need,and use less?Yesterday,I sat with my son,Shepherd,determined to test my own theory on this.I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest.I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes,ten minutes,max.I chose a red rubber ball—simple,universally available.We passed it,he tried to put it in his mouth,he tried bouncing it,rolling it,sitting on it,throwing it.It was totally,completely enough for him.Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.
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We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together.He had my full attention and I had his.My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.【语篇解读】本文是议论文。生活其实不需要过多的外在物质,只要你专注其中,同样可以让你过得充实、精彩。
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1.What do the words“more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?A.The more,the better.B.Enough is enough.C.More money,more worries.D.Earn more and spend more.答案:A解析:词义猜测题。由第一段首句“Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.”及该段最后“live more with less”可知,成年人明白越多越好是什么感受,而作者认为拥有的物品很少也能活得很开心,所以答案为A项“越多越好”。B项“适可而止”;C项“钱越多,忧虑越多”;D项“赚得多,花得多”。
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2.What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?A.Saving up for her holiday.B.Raising money for a poor girl.C.Adding the money to her fund.D.Giving the money to a sick mother.答案:C解析:细节理解题。由第二段最后一句“She chose to sell a few larger objects...when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).”可知,女儿之所以同意卖掉自己不经常用的东西,是因为“我们”承诺会把这些钱存入她的学校基金中,女儿将来当医生要用,所以答案为C项。
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3.Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?A.To try out an idea.B.To show a parent’s love.C.To train his attention.D.To help him start a hobby.答案:A解析:细节理解题。由第三段第三句“Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this.”可知,作者和儿子玩球的目的在于检验自己“live more with less”想法的正确性,所以答案为A项。
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4.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Take It or Leave ItB.A Lesson from KidsC.Live More with LessD.The Pleasure of Giving答案:C解析:主旨大意题。作者在文中倡导的观念是“live more with less”,并通过亲身体验去验证该观念是否正确可行,由此可知C项正确。
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主旨大意题【阅卷寄语】主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目,因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要考生从文章中提炼抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目又分为三个角度,即文章大意题、标题归纳题和段落大意题。
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满分流程:步骤规范,定位精准
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(一)文章大意题典题感悟Botswana is situated in Southern Africa.There are many top-quality places to enjoy your African trip.The Okavango DeltaThe Okavango Delta(三角洲) is the world’s largest inland delta and is a top spot to visit during your Botswana trip.The whole delta covers an area of 15,000 km2.The Okavango River ends in this area flooding the whole region.Besides the regular flooding,rainfall can drastically increase the size of this water body,up to 22,000 km2.The delta also contains the Moremi Game Reserve (禁猎区) and it is one of the best places to see wildlife.Animals such as hippopotamuses,crocodiles,buffalo,rhinoceroses,elephants and antelopes can be very easily found in the region.There are over 500 species of birds in this area.
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The Chobe National ParkThe Chobe National Park is situated in Northwest Botswana.It is the third largest park in Bostwana and is famous for its large wildlife population.The Chobe National Park has different animal habitats and it is wonderful to watch these beautiful animals right in front of you.The park is also very famous for its elephants and is considered to be the largest area for elephants in Africa.Apart from the huge elephant population,other wild animals such as lions,leopards,wild dogs,antelopes,hippopotamuses,buffalo and crocodiles can also be seen.
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The Kalahari Game ReserveThe Central Kalahari Game Reserve is situated in the Kalahari Desert,covering an area of 52,800 km2.It is the second largest game reserve in the world.Large areas of trees,bushes and grass are widely spread in this reserve,thus adding to the beauty of the place.The reserve contains a huge concentration of wildlife.Many wild animals including giraffes can be spotted easily there.This passage is mainly about 　　　. A.the writer’s traveling experience in BotswanaB.some places of top quality to enjoy in BotswanaC.beautiful countries to visit in Southern AfricaD.activities people can do in Southern AfricaB　主旨大意题。文章的第一段就点出了主题,以下介绍了南非的博茨瓦纳的非常值得旅游的三个地方。
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状元笔记错误选项的特点之以偏概全以偏概全一般是全文主旨题或段落主旨题中的选项,指的是用文章某个段落的论点来代替整篇文章的中心思想或者用段落的论据来概括段落论点。另外,阅读过程中,我们可能会发现文章中提到几点,在一个备选项中却只出现其中一种或两种情况,这些干扰项的特点是以偏概全,以部分代替整体,这样的干扰项通常在细节题中较多见。务必牢记“永远把主旨大意题放在最后做”。因为需要读完全文才能把握文章主题,所以在解答此类题目时,考生不要急于去找答案,不论它出现在什么位置都把它作为最后一道题来做。在做完另外几道题目后,无疑会有助于考生加深对整篇文章的理解。
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技法点拨技法1.知正确选项特征,快速锁定答案(1)不含细节信息,也不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词。(2)涵盖性强:覆盖全文或全段的中心思想。(3)确定的范围恰当:既不太大,也不太小。(4)精确性强:不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。技法2.晓干扰项面貌,避免中圈套(1)以偏概全:答案细节信息鲜明,只阐述了局部信息或主旨的一部分。(2)主题过大:归纳概括过于笼统,超出了文章要讨论的范围。(3)断章取义:以次要的事实、细节替代全文的主要观点。(4)无中生有:与文章内容毫不相干或与文章内容相悖。
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技法3.巧用三法抓主旨(1)利用文章 “总—分—总”结构,定主旨句开门见山,是多数西方人写作的习惯性思维,文章开篇点明文章的主题。文章结构也多为“总—分—总”的形式,第一段一般交代文章的写作背景、故事梗概或点明主题;中间段落对主题句展开论述,而在最后一段重申主题,首尾呼应。因此,要寻找这类文章的主旨大意就需仔细研读文章的第一段及最后一段。(2)利用文章时间顺序或“分述—总说”结构,定主旨句常见的结构有按时间顺序或“分述—总说”结构。按时间先后顺序说明某一件事、某一理论的发展过程的文章,主题通常在首段或末段;而采用“分述—总说”结构的文章,前几段分别说明,末段总结,这类文章主题常在末段。
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(3)文章若无主题句,抓住高频词文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。因此,要善于抓住、利用这些反复出现的中心词,即高频词。此外还要注意以下几点:要着重理解首末段、首末句;若主旨在文章中间出现或前后段意转折时,应提高警惕;若段中出现转折时,该转折句很可能就是主题句;作者有意识重复的观点往往是主旨;首段出现疑问句时,对该疑问的解答就是主旨;主旨出现时常伴有如下词:but,however,therefore,in short。
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(二)标题归纳题典题感悟(2018浙江,B)Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter,including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Stein’s jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.
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Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台).The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California,including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds,plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.Among the bag makers’ arguments:many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags,which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport.And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at,they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.
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The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement:reusable shopping bags.The stronger a reusable bag is,the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out.However,longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.Environmentalists don’t dispute(质疑) these points.They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.
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27.What is the best title for the text?A.Plastic,Paper or NeitherB.Industry,Pollution and EnvironmentC.Recycle or Throw AwayD.Garbage Collection and Waste ControlA　主旨大意题。本文通过对比塑料购物袋和可重复使用的购物袋各自的利弊来讨论哪一种对环境更有害,故A项为最佳标题。
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技法点拨技法1.精准把握标题的三大特点该类题目题干中常包含“title”一词。正确选项通常具备以下三个特点:(1)概括性:概括准确而又简短。(2)针对性:标题外延正好与文章内容相符。(3)醒目性:能引发读者的阅读欲望。
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技法2.熟练运用选择标题的三大方法(1)正面肯定法:在理解文章主旨的基础上,揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。(2)反面否定法:撇开原文,拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容,然后和原文章对照,一一排除不符选项。(3)选项研读法:研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。
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(三)段落大意题典题感悟...Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn,but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike?Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort—the desire to explore,explain,and understand our world—is simply something that comes from our babyhood.Perhaps evolution (进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds,and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children.The same cognitive (认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists.As some psychologists put it,“It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”
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What is the main idea of the last paragraph?A.The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play.B.Studying babies’ play may lead to a better understanding of science.C.Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.D.One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.B　段落大意题。通读文章最后一段可知,该段是按“总—分”结构进行组织的,故该段的主题句应是第一句话。故选B项,句意:研究婴儿的游戏或许有助于更好地理解科学。干扰项A项过于笼统,其他各项均属于典型的无中生有。
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技法点拨段落大意是指一篇文章某个段落的主要意思。概括段落大意时,一定要在把握全段或全文中心的基础上进行,做到围绕中心,找出段落大意。技法1.因材而异,段落大意巧概括(1)议论文、科技文献和新闻报道主题句通常在段首,该段围绕这一主题而展开,用演绎法阐述观点。(2)主题句在段中时,通常前面只提出问题,然后段落的主题由随之陈述的细节和合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释、论证和说明。(3)主题句在段尾时,作者先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证,最后得出结论,即段落的主题。
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技法2.剥茧抽丝,段落大意巧归纳有的文章没有直接给出主题句,而是通过各种方法暗示给读者,这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力,剥茧抽丝,揣摩段落大意。
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考点集训A组　基础语篇练技法Passage 1(2019全国Ⅱ,C)Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself,quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad.What is she reading?None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time.And like more Americans,she’s not alone.A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America.More than half (53 percent) have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent) have lunch by themselves.Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore,74 percent,according to statistics from the report.
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“I prefer to go out and be out.Alone,but together,you know?” Bechtel said,looking up from her book.Bechtel,who works in downtown West Palm Beach,has lunch with coworkers sometimes,but like many of us,too often works through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder.She returns to work feeling energized.“Today,I just wanted some time to myself,”she said.Just two seats over,Andrew Mazoleny,a local videographer,is finishing his lunch at the bar.He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he’s on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流).“I reflect on how my day’s gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said.“It’s a chance for self-reflection.You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
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That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone.There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one,but those days are over.Now,we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table.“It doesn’t feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology,” said Laurie Demeritt,whose company provided the statistics for the report.
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What is the text mainly about?A.The trend of having meals alone.B.The importance of self-reflection.C.The stress from working overtime.D.The advantage of wireless technology.答案:A解析:主旨大意题。本文通过一份报告的统计数据和两个实例说明美国人喜欢独自用餐的趋势,并在文章最后一段提出人们选择独自用餐的原因。因此A项正确。
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Passage 2The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful,or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness,uneasiness,or worry.Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable;therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (间隙) with conversation.Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs.
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Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people,just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.Therefore,when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops,what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.In these cultures,silence is a call for reflection.
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Other cultures may use silence in other ways,particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power.For example,Russian,French,and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion.However,Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.In still another use,persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect,particularly to an elder or a person in authority.
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Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.A nurse who understands the healing (治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.
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What may be the best title for the text?A.Sound and SilenceB.What It Means to Be SilentC.Silence to Native AmericansD.Speech Is Silver;Silence Is Gold答案:B解析:主旨大意题。由文章中反复出现的silence和meaning这两个词及文章的首句“The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.”可概括出文章的主旨是:沉默在不同文化背景下的不同内涵。B项符合文章主旨。A项范围偏大;C项以偏概全;D项无中生有。
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Passage 3(2017全国Ⅱ,C节选)Terrafugia Inc.said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight,bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year.The vehicle —named the Transition — has two seats,four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car.The Transition,which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month,can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air.It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air.On the ground,it gets 35 miles per gallon....
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What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.The basic data of the Transition.B.The advantages of flying cars.C.The potential market for flying cars.D.The designers of the Transition.答案:A解析:主旨大意题。文章开篇点题,向我们介绍了特拉弗吉亚公司(Terrafugia Inc)的一款新产品:会飞的汽车问世,接着重点介绍了该车的相关数据:配置(has two seats,four wheels and wings),飞行速度(flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes,reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air),空中和路上的油耗(using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air.On the ground,it gets 35 miles per gallon.)等,由此可知,第一段主要介绍了该交通工具的一些数据。故选A项。
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B组　模拟语篇提能力Passage 4主题语境:人与社会——人际关系　建议用时:5’　实际用时:　　　　　　正答率:　　　　　/3 (2019浙江名校一模)My kids sit in Gee’s living room and respectfully lift antique Christmas ornaments (装饰品) out of a cardboard box.They giggle at Ann,who is a foreign character to them.Gee stands beside them,quietly explaining each treasure.She tells me that she and Tom built their ornament collection piece by piece.She smiles as we leave with the box.
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We first met Tom and Gee in the early days of our marriage.Someone had been returning our garbage cans to the garage each garbage day,and Jim and I had wondered who.Then one day we spotted him:an elderly man who lived across the street.I baked cookies and left them outside with a thank-you note.When we got home that day,a typed letter had replaced the gift.The letter was from Tom and explained back when he’d been fighting a war,neighbors had taken the time to handle the garbage cans for his young wife,Gee,and he never forgot.Now he paid it forward by doing the same for all of us.A few years after we’d moved in,Tom died.We photocopied that letter and attached it to one of our own for Gee.We told her how special Tom had been to us.She wrote back and told us she still talked to Tom every day.
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These days,we’re piling up boxes of our own.We’re planning a move.We know it’s time to go,and yet we can’t seem to stick the For Sale sign up on the lawn.It’s not just Gee.It’s the man who lets our kids pick peaches off the tree in his front yard.It’s the ladies who leave overflowing baskets for our kids on Easter.Jim and I agree to wait until January.This Christmas,we’ll decorate our tree with Gee’s ornaments,out of the box labeled in Tom’s handwriting.Maybe I’ll talk to him just as Gee still does.Thank you,I’ll say.For teaching us what it means to be a neighbor.【语篇解读】俗话说“远近不如近邻”。那么怎样才是真正的邻居呢?
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1.What can we infer from the first paragraph?A.The kids thought little of these antique Christmas ornaments.B.The kids were fond of these antique Christmas ornaments.C.The kids were afraid of these antique Christmas ornaments.D.The kids had no interest in these antique Christmas ornaments.答案:B解析:推理判断题。由第一段中的“My kids sit in Gee’s living room and respectfully lift antique Christmas ornaments (装饰品) out of a cardboard box.”和“She tells me that she and Tom built their ornament collection piece by piece.”可知,孩子们喜欢这些古老的圣诞装饰品。
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2.What do we know about Tom?A.He fought a war from which the author suffered a lot.B.He first met the author at her wedding.C.He was an elderly man whose job was handling garbage cans.D.He helped to handle his neighbors’ garbage cans secretly.答案:D解析:推理判断题。由第三段中的“The letter was from Tom and explained back when he’d been fighting a war,neighbors had taken the time to handle the garbage cans for his young wife,Gee,and he never forgot.”可知,他帮邻居们偷偷地处理垃圾桶。故选D项。
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3.What could be the best title of this passage?A.This is what Tom did for us.B.This is why we didn’t want to move.C.This is what it really means to be a neighbor.D.This is how neighbors help each other.答案:C解析:主旨大意题。由最后一段最后一句“For teaching us what it means to be a neighbor.(感谢你教会我们什么是邻居。)”可知C项为最佳标题。故选C项。
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C组　真题语篇通高考Passage 5主题语境:人与社会——人际关系　建议用时:7’　实际用时:　　　　　　正答率:　　　　　/4 (2019全国Ⅰ,D)During the rosy years of elementary school(小学),I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,which allowed me to keep my high social status.I was the queen of the playground.Then came my tweens and teens,and mean girls and cool kids.They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes,breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
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Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology.Mitch Prinstein,a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories:the likable and the status seekers.The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships,jump-start interpersonal skills and,when tapped early,are employed ever after in life and work.Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence:status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed,Dr.Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences.Those who were highest in status in high school,as well as those least liked in elementary school,are “most likely to engage(从事) in dangerous and risky behavior”.
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In one study,Dr.Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents,scoring the least liked,the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究).“We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates.But so had those who were high in status.It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment,high status has just the opposite effect on us.”Dr.Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date—sharing,kindness,openness—carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
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In analyzing his and other research,Dr.Prinstein came to another conclusion:Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes,but it is also responsible for those outcomes,too.“Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage,” he said.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了赢得欢迎度的两种类型及这两种类型对日后生活和成功的影响。结果表明,与人为善,人缘不会差。
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1.What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?A.Unkind. B.Lonely.C.Generous. D.Cool.答案:C解析:细节理解题。根据第一段第一、二句可知,在小学阶段,作者是一个慷慨大方的姑娘,人缘很好。故选C项。
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2.What is the second paragraph mainly about?A.The classification of the popular.B.The characteristics of adolescents.C.The importance of interpersonal skills.D.The causes of dishonorable behavior.答案:A解析:段落大意题。根据第二段第二句可知,本段主要论述人气的分类:讨人喜爱型与追求地位型。故选A项。
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3.What did Dr.Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?A.They appeared to be aggressive.B.They tended to be more adaptable.C.They enjoyed the highest status.D.They performed well academically.答案:B解析:推理判断题。根据第五、六段可知,乐于分享、仁慈善意、开放心态能够使人更好地建立人脉。讨人喜欢不仅与积极的生活体验相关,而且与人生的成功和幸福相关。受欢迎的孩子能为未来的人生际遇创造机会。他们会更能适应未来的生存挑战。故选B项。
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4.What is the best title for the text?A.Be Nice—You Won’t Finish LastB.The Higher the Status,the BetterC.Be the Best—You Can Make ItD.More Self-Control,Less Aggressiveness答案:A解析:主旨大意题。本文分别讲了受欢迎的两种类型可能在社会长远生活中产生的影响。因追求权力和地位而惹人喜爱的人与最不受欢迎的人相仿,他们更倾向于采取冒险举动。因此这种类型更容易给人的发展带来负面影响。最后证实最受欢迎的人能对日后长远生活带来的好处。由此推知,我们要做一个受欢迎的人,这样你在社会交往中不会差。故选A项。
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Passage 6主题语境:人与自然:宇宙探索　建议用时:6’　实际用时:　　　　　　正答率:　　　　　/4 (2019全国Ⅱ,D)Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts.The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station,so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem?It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids.But not just any kids.It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms,like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport,New York.
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HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years,Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity,and they think they’re close to a solution(解决方案).“We don’t give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold,a project manager.“There are no tests,” Gordon says.“There is no graded homework.There almost are no grades,other than ‘Are you working towards your goal?’Basically,it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then,at the end of the year,present it to NASA.’Engineers come and really do an in-person review,and... it’s not a very nice thing at times.It’s a hard business review of your product.”
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Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills.“These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back.I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria?Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem,readying a workable solution to test in space.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国一所中学与NASA合作的科研项目HUNCH,鼓励学生开发创新思维,培养实际生活技能。
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1.What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?A.They are hard to get rid of.B.They lead to air pollution.C.They appear in different forms.D.They damage the instruments.答案:A解析:推理判断题。根据第一段第二句提到的“来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间站的表面无法控制地生长,所以宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它们。”可知,在国际空间站,很难除掉细菌。
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2.What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?A.To strengthen teacher-student relationships.B.To sharpen students’ communication skills.C.To allow students to experience zero gravity.D.To link space technology with school education.答案:D解析:细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知,该项目设计的目的是把教室和NASA的工程师们连接起来。分析选项可知,D项与该意思一致。
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3.What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?A.Check their product.B.Guide project designs.C.Adjust work schedules.D.Grade their homework.答案:A解析:细节理解题。根据第三段中的“‘I’ve got to produce this product and then,at the end of the year,present it to NASA.’Engineers come and really do an in-person review...”可知,NASA的工程师们要亲自检查他们的成果。
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4.What is the best title for the text?A.NASA:The Home of AstronautsB.Space:The Final Homework FrontierC.Nature:An Outdoor ClassroomD.HUNCH:A College Admission Reform答案:B解析:主旨大意题。通读全文并结合文章的最后一句可知,戈登的学生每天都会给NASA的工程师发邮件,讨论这个问题,为太空测试准备一个可行的解决方案,故B项“太空:最后的作业前沿”作为文章的标题最合适。