Section Ⅳ　Discovering Useful Structures——现在完成时的被动语态

现在完成时是一种现在的时态。它可表现为现在完成时的主动语态和现在完成时的被动语态两种形式。

一、概念

[合作探究]

There are countless articles telling us how the Internet has made our lives more convenient.有无数的文章告诉我们互联网如何使我们的生活更方便了。

Much has been written about the wonders of the World Wide Web.

关于万维网的奇迹已经写了很多。

[自主发现1]　现在完成时态表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态到现在已经完成或者仍将持续下去。它强调对现在造成的结果或影响。它有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。

二、构成

[合作探究]

I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。

I haven’t seen him recently.我已经很久没有看到他了。

The experiment has been done successfully.这个实验做得很成功。

The blackboard has not been cleaned yet.还没有擦黑板。

[自主发现2]

(1)现在完成时的主动语态：has/have__done (肯定式); has/have not done(否定式)

(2)现在完成时的被动语态：has/have__been__done (肯定式); has/have__not__been__done(否定式)

三、基本用法

1.完成用法

[合作探究]

He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。

He has already obtained a scholarship.他已经获得了一份奖学金。

This book has been translated into many languages.这本书已被译成多国语言。

These flowers have been watered，so you can go home.

这些花已经浇水了，所以你可以回家了。

[自主发现3]

(1)现在完成时的“完成用法”是指发生在过去的动作到现在为止已经结束，并且对现在产生了影响，与现在有因果关系。其特点是动作已经结束，不再延续。

(2)该时态常与already, yet, before, recently, never, this morning等时间状语连用。

2.未完成用法

[合作探究]

He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。

This machine has been repaired for two hours.

这台机器已经修理了两个小时了。

The child has been taken care of by grandma all these years.

这些年来，孩子一直由奶奶照看。

[自主发现4]

(1)现在完成时的“未完成用法”指的是过去发生的动作一直延续到现在并有可能还要继续下去。该动作虽然对现在产生了影响，但可能并未/没有结束。

(2) 现在完成时的“未完成用法”经常与for/since＋时间点， in the last/over＋时间段， all these years等表示一段时间的时间状语连用。

四、现在完成时的主动语态与被动语态的转换

[合作探究]

We have bought a new house recently.

→A new house has been bought recently by us.

They have just cleaned and repaired the watch.

→The watch has just been cleaned and repaired (by them).

[自主发现5]　现在完成时的主动语态在变成被动语态时，要注意以下几点：

(1)把主动语态中的宾语变成被动语态的主语，助动词has或have要与被动语态的主语在人称和数上保持一致，且要在助动词后加上been。

(2)主动语态的主语在变成被动语态时一般用by引出，有时可以省略。

[巩固内化1]

指出下列时态是主动语态还是被动语态

①Much useful information about these planets has been collected since 1971.被动语态

②I haven’t repaired my computer.主动语态

[巩固内化2]　单句语法填空

①He has__taught (teach) English since he came to the Junior High School.

②Much parking space in this city has__been__saved (save) by using small cars.

[巩固内化3]　补全句子

①You can see the house has__not__been__painted__for__many__years (多年未上漆).

②My homework hasn’t__been__finished (还没有写完) yet.

③My parents have__lived (已经住了) in Shandong for ten years.

④Big__progress__has__been__made (取得了很大进展) in cultural and educational fields.

[巩固内化4]　把下列变为被动语态

①He hasn’t removed the ink from his clothes.

→The__ink__hasn’t__been__removed__from__his__clothes.

②We have already told the good news to the children.

→The__children__have__already__been__told__the__good__news__by__us.

③My mother has given me a new shirt.

→I__have__been__given__a__new__shirt__by__my__mother.

→A__new__shirt__has__been__given__to__me__by__my__mother.

Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空

1.Tom has__had (have) the new phone for two weeks.

2.The experiment has__not__been__done (not do) successfully.

3.How many stories have__been__told (tell) by the elderly woman?

4.Computers have__been__used(use) in offices and homes since 1970s.

5.In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat has__been__cut (cut).

Ⅱ.把下列句子变成被动语态

1.They have put the computer into a robot.

→The__computer__has__been__put__into__a__robot__by__them.

2.He has given the child some interesting books.

→The__child__has__been__given__some__interesting__books__by__him.

→Some__interesting__books__have__been__given__to__the__child__by__him.

3.They have discussed the problem for nearly two weeks.

→The__problem__has__been__discussed__for__nearly__two__weeks__by__them.

4.Has he repaired his bike?

→Has__his__bike__been__repaired?

5.Who has Mary invited to her birthday?

→Who__has__been__invited__to__Mary’s__birthday?

Ⅲ.用现在完成时的知识完成下列语段

In our community, there is a large activity room.For the past few years, our community 1.has__hosted__more__than__ten__meetings(举行了10多场会议) there.Since 2018, five computers 2.have__been__fixed (已被安装) there for the residents.Today, the residents’ lives 3.have__been__greatly__changed (被大大地改变了) by these computers, because some residents 4.have__been__taught (被教)to use the Internet.Although they 5.haven’t__bought(没有买) any goods online, their confidence 6.has__been__inspired(被激起) by these things.Who can guess what their future life will be like?