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高中英语Unit 2 Animals课后测评
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这是一份高中英语Unit 2 Animals课后测评，文件包含Unit2Animals-基础版教师版docx、Unit2Animals-基础版学生版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共71页， 欢迎下载使用。
新高一Unit2（上外基础版）
学习目标：熟练掌握U2词汇和句型；熟练掌握并运用定语从句；熟练专题阅读。
引入：
1. This museum is ______ you visited the other day.
A. that B. which C. where D. the one
2. This is the museum ______ you saw the other day.
A. that B. where C. in which D. in that
3. It is the third time ______ late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived C. that you’ve arrived D. when you’ve arrived
4. We often think of the days ______ we spent together on the island.
A. when B. which C. in which D. during which
5. Have you ever been to Shanghai, ______ I left ten years ago?
A. where B. which C. that D. when
6. He has left Beijing, ______ a meeting is to be held.
A. when B. where C. as D. which
7. This is the very place ______ I’m wishing to live in.
A. where B. which C. that D. in which
8. I have bought the same dress ______ she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. than
9. The reason ______ he didn’t come was ______ he was injured.
A. that, because B. why, that C. why, because D. that, that
10. He must be from Africa, ______ can be seen from his skin.
A. that B. as C. it D. what
11. What surprised me was not what he said but________ he said it.
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
12. There was ________ time ________ I hated to go to school.
A. a; that B. a; when C. the; that D. the; when
13. ________ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
KEY: DACBB BCABB ABB
知识点一、重点词汇梳理
【知识梳理】
A
1. cruel /ˈkruːəl/
1). adj. Someone who is cruel deliberately causes pain or distress to people or animals. 残忍的
例：
Children can be so cruel.
孩子也会这么残忍。
2). A situation or event that is cruel is very harsh and causes people distress. 严酷的
例：
...struggling to survive in a cruel world with which they cannot cope.
…在一个他们不能承受的严酷世界中挣扎着求生。
2. establish /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/
1). vt. If someone establishes something such as an organization, a type of activity, or a set of rules, they create it or introduce it in such a way that it is likely to last for a long time. 建立; 确立
例：
The UN has established detailed criteria for who should be allowed to vote.
联合国就谁应当被允许投票确立了详细标准。
2). v. If you establish contact with someone, you start to have contact with them. You can also say that two people, groups, or countries establish contact. 建立 (联系) [正式]
例：
We had already established contact with the museum.
我们已经与那个博物馆建立了联系。
3). vt. If you establish that something is true, you discover facts that show that it is definitely true. 证实 [正式]
例：
Medical tests established that she was not their own child.
医学检测证实她不是他们的亲生孩子。
例：
It will be essential to establish how the money is being spent.
搞清这笔钱是如何被花费的将至关重要。
4) If you establish yourself, your reputation, or a good quality that you have, you succeed in doing something, and achieve respect or a secure position as a result of this. 确立 (地位)
例：
This is going to be the show where up-and-coming comedians will establish themselves.
这会是一场很有前途的喜剧演员们将在此确立他们地位的演出。
例：
He has established himself as a pivotal figure in state politics.
他作为国家政治中的一位轴心人物的地位已经确立。
【常用搭配】
establish oneself as… 确立了…的地位
3. concern /kənˈsɜːn/
1）. n. Concern is worry about a situation. 担忧
例：
The group has expressed concern about reports of political violence in Africa.
该集团已对有关非洲政治暴力的报道表示担忧。
例：
The move follows growing public concern over the spread of the disease.
该行动是针对公众日益增长的对该疾病传播的担忧而采取的。
2). vt. If something concerns you, it worries you. 使担忧 [no cont]
例：
The growing number of people seeking refuge in Thailand is beginning to concern Western aid agencies.
日益增多的到泰国寻求避难的人数开始让西方援助机构感到担忧。
3). vt. If you concern yourself with something, you give it attention because you think that it is important. 关心
例：
I didn't concern myself with politics.
我不关心政治。
4. habitat/ˈhæbɪˌtæt/
n. The habitat of an animal or plant is the natural environment in which it normally lives or grows. 生长环境
例：
In its natural habitat, the hibiscus will grow up to 25 ft.
在其野生环境中，木槿能长25英尺。
5. exhibit /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/
1). vt. If someone or something shows a particular quality, feeling, or type of behaviour, you can say that they exhibit it. 表现出 [正式]
例：
He has exhibited symptoms of anxiety and overwhelming worry.
他已表现出焦虑和忧心如焚的症状。
2). vt. When a painting, sculpture, or object of interest is exhibited, it is put in a public place such as a museum or art gallery so that people can come to look at it. You can also say that animals are exhibited in a zoo. 展览 [usu passive]
例：
His work was exhibited in the best galleries in America, Europe and Asia.
他的作品在美国、欧洲和亚洲最好的美术馆展览过。
3). n. exhibition 展览
6. adjust /əˈdʒʌst/
1). When you adjust to a new situation, you get used to it by changing your behaviour or your ideas. 调整以适应
例：
We have been preparing our fighters to adjust themselves to civil society.
我们一直在让我们的战士们准备好自我调整以适应普通社会。
例：
I felt I had adjusted to the idea of being a mother very well.
我感到我已经很好地适应了做母亲的想法。
2). If you adjust something, you change it so that it is more effective or appropriate. 调整
例：
To attract investors, Panama has adjusted its tax and labour laws.
为了吸引投资者，巴拿马已经调整了其税务及劳动法规。
3). If you adjust something such as your clothing or a machine, you correct or alter its position or setting. 调节
例：
Liz adjusted her mirror and then edged the car out of its parking space.
莉兹调节了她的后视镜，然后把车慢慢地开出了停车位。
【固定搭配】
adjust… to… 调整…以适应…
7. extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/
1). adj A species of animal or plant that is extinct no longer has any living members, either in the world or in a particular place. 绝种的
例：
At the current rate of decline, many of the rain forest animals could become extinct in less than 10 years.
按照目前的下降速度，许多雨林动物不到十年就会绝种。
2). adj If a particular kind of worker, way of life, or type of activity is extinct, it no longer exists, because of changes in society. 不复存在的
例：
Herbalism had become an all but extinct skill in the Western world.
草药医术在西方世界几乎已成了一项绝迹的技术。
3. adj. An extinct volcano is one that does not erupt or is not expected to erupt anymore. 死的 (火山)
例：
Its tallest volcano, long extinct, is Olympus Mons.
它最高的火山是已死很久的奥林匹斯山。
8. essential /ɪˈsɛnʃəl/
1). adj. Something that is essential is extremely important or absolutely necessary to a particular subject, situation, or activity. 至关重要的
例：
It was absolutely essential to separate crops from the areas that animals used as pasture.
把庄稼与牲畜的放牧区分开至关重要。
例：
As they must also sprint over short distances, speed is essential.
由于他们还必须疾速短跑，因此速度是至关重要的。
2). n. The essentials are the things that are absolutely necessary for the situation you are in or for the task you are doing. 必需品
例：
The apartment contained the basic essentials for bachelor life.
这套公寓配有单身生活的基本必需品。
3). adj The essential aspects of something are its most basic or important aspects. 基本的; 重要的
例：
Most authorities agree that play is an essential part of a child's development.
大多数权威人士认为玩耍是孩子成长的一个重要部分。
4). n. The essentials are the most important principles, ideas, or facts of a particular subject. 要素; 要点
例：
...the essentials of everyday life, such as eating and exercise.
…饮食、运动等日常生活要素。
9. threat/θrɛt/
n. A threat to a person or thing is a danger that something bad might happen to them. A threat is also the cause of this danger. 威胁; 造成威胁的原因
例：
Some couples see single women as a threat to their relationships.
有些夫妇把单身女子看作是对他们夫妻关系的一种威胁。
2). n. A threat is a statement by someone that they will hurt you in some way, especially if you do not do what they want. 威胁的言论
例：
He may be forced to carry out his threat to resign.
他可能会迫不得已将自己扬言要辞职的威胁付诸实施。
【固定搭配】
under threat 受到威胁
例：
His position as leader is under threat.
他的领导职位受到威胁。
10. illegal /ɪˈliːɡəl/
adj. If something is illegal, the law says that it is not allowed. 非法的
例：
It is illegal to intercept radio messages.
窃听无线电信息是违法的。
【反义词】
legal adj. 合法的
11. attempt /əˈtɛmpt/
1）. vt. If you attempt to do something, especially something difficult, you try to do it. 试图 (尤指做困难的事)
例：
The only time that we attempted to do something like that was in the city of Philadelphia.
我们惟一一次试图做那样的事是在费城。
2）. n. If you make an attempt to do something, you try to do it, often without success. (常指不成功的) 企图
例：
... deliberate attempt to destabilize the defence.
…蓄意削弱防御的企图。
3). n An attempt on someone's life is an attempt to kill them. (杀人) 企图
例：
...an attempt on the life of the former Iranian prime minister.
…刺杀伊朗前总理的企图。
12. typically /ˈtɪpɪkəlɪ/
1). You use typically to say that something usually happens in the way that you are describing. 通常 [ADV with cl/group]
例：
It typically takes a day or two, depending on size.
这通常需要一天或两天，依大小而定。
2). You use typically to say that something shows all the most usual characteristics of a particular type of person or thing. 典型地 [ADV adj]
例：
Philip paced the floor, a typically nervous expectant father.
菲利普在地板上踱来踱去，一个典型紧张的准爸爸。
3). You use typically to indicate that someone has behaved in the way that they normally do. 一贯地
例：
Typically, the Norwegians were on the mountain two hours before anyone else.
挪威人一贯比其他人早两个小时到山上。
13. approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/
1). v. When you approach something, you get closer to it. 走近
例：
He didn't approach the front door at once.
他没有立即走近前门。
例：
When I approached, they grew silent.
当我走近时，他们变得沉默了。
2). n. Approach is also a noun. 走近
例：
At their approach the little boy ran away and hid.
当他们走近时，那个小男孩跑开了并藏了起来。
3). vt. If you approach someone about something, you speak to them about it for the first time, often making an offer or request. 与…接洽 [no cont]
例：
When Brown approached me about the job, my first reaction was of disbelief.
当布朗为这份工作找我时，我的第一反应是不相信。
例：
He approached me to create and design the restaurant.
他来找我创办并设计那家餐馆。
4). n. Approach is also a noun. 接洽
例：
There had already been approaches from buyers interested in the whole of the group.
已经有一些对整个集团感兴趣的买主来接洽了。
5). vt. When you approach a task, problem, or situation in a particular way, you deal with it or think about it in that way. 处理
例：
The Bank has approached the issue in a practical way.
该银行已经务实地处理了这个问题。
6). vi. As a future time or event approaches, it gradually gets nearer as time passes. 临近
例：
As autumn approached, the plants and colours in the garden changed.
秋天渐近，花园里的植物与色调发生了变化。
7).n Approach is also a noun. 临近
例：
...the festive spirit that permeated the house with the approach of Christmas.
…随着圣诞节的临近而弥漫在这所房子里的节日气氛。
8).vt. As you approach a future time or event, time passes so that you get gradually nearer to it. 逐渐接近 (某时间或事件)
例：
There is a need for understanding and cooperation as we approach the summit.
在我们即将参加峰会之际需要理解与合作。
9).vt If something approaches a particular level or state, it almost reaches that level or state. 几乎达到 (某水平或状态)
例：
Oil prices have approached their highest level for almost ten years.
石油价格已几乎达到近十年来的最高水平。
10). n. An approach to a place is a road, path, or other route that leads to it. 路径
例：
The path serves as an approach to the boathouse.
这条小路是通向那个船库的一条路径。
11).n. Your approach to a task, problem, or situation is the way you deal with it or think about it. 方式
例：
We will be exploring different approaches to gathering information.
我们将探索收集信息的不同方法。
14. definitely /ˈdɛfɪnɪtlɪ/
1). ADV You use definitely to emphasize that something is the case, or to emphasize the strength of your intention or opinion. 一定地 [强调]
例：
I'm definitely going to get in touch with these people.
我一定要联系上这些人。
2). ADV If something has been definitely decided, the decision will not be changed. 确定地 [ADV before v]
例：
She had definitely decided that she wanted to continue working with women in prison.
她打定主意要继续与监狱里的女人一起工作。
B
1. reunite /ˌriːjuːˈnaɪt/
1). vt. If people are reunited, or if they reunite, they meet each other again after they have been separated for some time. 重聚
例：
She and her youngest son were finally allowed to be reunited with their family.
她和她的小儿子最终被允许和他们的家庭团聚。
2). v. If a divided organization or country is reunited, or if it reunites, it becomes one united organization or country again. 使重新统一; 重新联合
例：
As of this evening, Germany is reunited. In Berlin they're celebrating.
从今晚起，德国统一了。他们正在柏林庆祝。
例：
His first job will be to reunite the army.
他的第一项任务将是重新统一军队。
2. retire /rɪˈtaɪə/
1). vi. When older people retire, they leave their job and usually stop working completely. 退休
例：
At the age when most people retire, he is ready to face a new career.
在大多数人退休的年纪，他准备要面对一项新事业。
2). vi. When an athlete retires from their sport, they stop playing in competitions. When they retire from a race or a game, they stop competing in it. 退役
例：
I have decided to retire from Formula One racing at the end of the season.
我已经决定这个赛季末退出一级方程式赛车。
3. release/rɪˈliːs/
1). vt. If a person or animal is released from somewhere where they have been locked up or cared for, they are set free or allowed to go. 放走 [usu passive]
例：
He was released from custody the next day.
他第二天被从拘留中释放。
2). n. When someone is released, you refer to their release. 释放 [with supp]
例：
He called for the immediate release of all political prisoners.
他要求立即释放所有的政治犯。
3). vt. If someone or something releases you from a duty, task, or feeling, they free you from it. 解除 [正式]
例：
Divorce releases both the husband and wife from all marital obligations to each other.
离婚解除了夫妻相互之间的所有婚姻义务。
4). n. Release is also a noun. 解除 [also 'a' N, oft N 'from' N]
例：
Our therapeutic style offers release from stored tensions, traumas, and grief.
我们的治疗方式意在解除蓄积的压力、创伤和悲痛。
5).vt. To release feelings or abilities means to allow them to be expressed. 释放
例：
Becoming your own person releases your creativity.
保持你自己的本色可以释放出你的创造力。
6).n. Release is also a noun. 释放
例：
She felt the sudden sweet release of her own tears.
她感到自己的眼泪突然而甜蜜地流出来。
7). vt. If someone in authority releases something such as a document or information, they make it available. 发放
例：
They're not releasing any more details yet.
他们还不准备发放更多详情。
8).n. A new release is a new CD, DVD, or movie that has just become available for people to buy or see. 发行物
例：
Of the new releases that are out there now, which do you think are really good?
现在外面新的发行物中，你觉得哪些真正好呢？
4. elderly/ˈɛldəlɪ/
adj. You use elderly as a polite way of saying that someone is old. 上年纪的 [礼貌]
例：
There was an elderly couple on the terrace.
露台上有一对上年纪的老人。
5. recall 动词读作rɪˈkɔːl。名词读作ˈriːkɔːl。
1). v. When you recall something, you remember it and tell others about it. 记起; 回忆道
例：
Henderson recalled that he first met Pollard during a business trip to Washington.
亨德森记起他是在一次去华盛顿出差的途中第一次与波拉德结识的。
例：
His mother later recalled: "He used to stay up until two o'clock in the morning playing these war games."
他的母亲后来回忆道：“他过去常常熬夜到凌晨2点玩这些打仗的游戏。”
2). n. Recall is the ability to remember something that has happened in the past or the act of remembering it. 记忆力; 回忆
例：
He had a good memory, and total recall of her spoken words.
他有好记性，能完全回忆出她说过的话。
3). vt. If you are recalled to your home, country, or the place where you work, you are ordered to return there. 召回 (某人)
例：
The U. S. envoy was recalled to Washington.
该美国特使被召回了华盛顿。
4). n. Recall is also a noun. 召回
例：
The recall of Ambassador Alan Green is a public signal of America's concern.
艾伦·格林大使的召回是美国关注此事的公开信号。
5). vt. If a company recalls a product, it asks the stores or the people who have bought that product to return it because there is something wrong with it. 召回 (产品)
例：
The company said it was recalling one of its drugs and had stopped selling two others.
该公司说它正在召回它的一种药品，而且已经停售了另外两种药品。
6. affectionate /əˈfɛkʃənɪt/
adj. If you are affectionate, you show your love or fondness for another person in the way that you behave toward them. 显露感情的
例：
They seemed devoted to each other and were openly affectionate.
他们似乎很相爱，公然含情脉脉。
7. emerge /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/
1). v. To emerge means to come out from an enclosed or dark space such as a room or a vehicle, or from a position where you could not be seen. (从视线以外的地方) 出现; 出来
例：
Richard was waiting outside the door as she emerged.
当她出现的时候，理查德正等候在门外。
例：
She then emerged from the courthouse to thank her supporters.
于是她从法院大楼出来向支持者们表示感谢。
2). vi. If you emerge from a difficult or bad experience, you come to the end of it. 摆脱
例：
There is growing evidence that the economy is at last emerging from recession.
有越来越多的迹象表明经济将最终摆脱萧条。
3). v. If a fact or result emerges from a period of thought, discussion, or investigation, it becomes known as a result of it. 显露 (事实、结果)
例：
...the growing corruption that has emerged in the past few years.
…过去几年中暴露出来的日趋严重的腐败。
例：
It soon emerged that neither the July nor August mortgage payment had been collected.
很快显示的是7月和8月的抵押款都没有被收取。
4). v. If someone or something emerges as a particular thing, they become recognized as that thing. 立足成为 [journalism]
例：
Vietnam has emerged as the world's third-biggest rice exporter.
越南已立足成为世界第三大稻米出口国。
5). v. When something such as an organization or an industry emerges, it comes into existence. 兴起
例：
...the new republic that emerged in October 1917.
…1917年10月成立的新共和国。
8. peck /pɛk/
1). v. If a bird pecks at something or pecks something, it moves its beak forward quickly and bites at it. 啄; 啄食
例：
It was winter and the sparrows were pecking at whatever they could find.
已是冬天了，麻雀们能找到什么就啄食什么。
例：
Chickens pecked in the dust.
小鸡们在尘土中啄食。
·
【例题精讲】
1. 这通常需要一天或两天，依大小而定。( typically)
2. 把庄稼与牲畜的放牧区分开至关重要。(essential)
3.他已表现出焦虑和忧心如焚的症状。(exhibit)
4.我们已经与那个博物馆建立了联系。（establish）
KEY:
1. It typically takes a day or two, depending on size.
2.It was absolutely essential to separate crops from the areas that animals used as pasture.
3.He has exhibited symptoms of anxiety and overwhelming worry.
4.We had already established contact with the museum.
【巩固练习】
I. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases from the box below. Change the form where necessary.
A. threat B. recall C.extinct D. pecking
E.definitely F. emerge G.typically H.essential
1. As they must also sprint over short distances, speed is .
2. Herbalism had become an all but skill in the Western world.
3. Some couples see single women as a to their relationships.
4. , the Norwegians were on the mountain two hours before anyone else.
5.I'm going to get in touch with these people.
6. He had a good memory, and total of her spoken words.
7.She then from the courthouse to thank her supporters.
8.It was winter and the sparrows were at whatever they could find.
KEY:
HCAG EBFD
知识点二：1. 非限定性定语从句；
2. 介词+关系副词的使用；
【知识梳理】
一、as引导的非限定性定语从句
as可以像which一样引导非限定性定语从句，用来代表整个句子的内容，它的先行词可以是名词，也可以是不定式短语或整个句子。as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。此外，有些as引导的定语从句已成为固定用法。
as we know正如我们所知
as is often the case像通常那样
as has been said before如上所述
as is reported正如报道的那样
as is well known众所周知
as was expected正如预料的那样
She is very careful,as her work shows.正如她的工作所展现的那样，她是个细心的人。
As we know,smoking is harmful to one’s health.正如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
As is often the case,we have worked out the production plan.
像通常那样，我们已经制定出了生产计划。
比较：as和which引导的非限定性定语从句的联系和区别
as和which都可以代替整个句子，当定语从句至于主句之后时，as和which可以互换使用。
He didn’t tell me any news,as/which upset me.他没有告诉我任何消息，这使我很不安。
which引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时不能放在主句之前。as引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时可放在主句之前或之后，有时也可放在主语与谓语之间。
As is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress.
=Talks between the two countries,as is reported in the newspapers,are making progress.
正如报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在进展中。
二、.使用定语从句需注意的事项
1.定语从句中的主谓一致
A.定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语要与先行词的人称、数一致。
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的那个人吗？
B.as，which作主语引导非限定性定语从句，指全句时，从句谓语用单数。
As is usual,he came to school late this morning.像往常一样，他今天早晨上学又迟到了。
Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸气，这叫做蒸发。
C.先行词为“one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用复数。
Freddy is one of the students who want to be diplomats in our class.
弗雷迪是我们班想当外交官的学生之一。
D.先行词为“the only one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用单数。
He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.
他是惟一一个连续三年获得奖学金的学生。
2.what和how不能用于定语从句中
A.what不能用作关系代词来引导定语从句，但是what引导的宾语从句可以与that引导的定语从句互换。
（正）Tell me anything (that) you know.
（正）Tell me what you know.告诉我你所知道的一切。
说明：what引导的宾语从句相当于“anything/all+that”引导的定语从句。
（误）Tell me anything what you know.
B.how不能用作关系副词来引导定语从句。修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用in which来引导，也可用that或省略。
（正）This is the way (that/in which) that boy worked out the problem.
（正）This is how that boy worked out the problem.（how引导表语从句）
（误）This is the way how that boy worked out the problem.
这就是那个男孩解出这道题的方法。
3.介词+关系代词
句型：名词/代词+介词+关系代词
简单句①The professor gave a lecture to us yesterday.那位教师昨天给我们上了一堂课。
简单句②I couldn’t understand the meaning of the lecture completely.
我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。
合成为定语从句③=①+②The professor gave us a lecture yesterday,the meaning of which I couldn’t understand completely. 名词+介词+关系代词
那位教授昨天给我们上了一堂课，我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。
简单句①There are around 400 students in our grade.我们年级大约有400名学生。
简单句②Most of us are from the Xicheng District.我们中的大多数人都来自西城区。
合成为定语从句③=①+②There are around 400 students in our grade,most of whom are from the Xicheng District. 代词+介词+关系代词
我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数都来自西城区。
4.关系代词和关系副词的省略
1.关系代词的省略
A.在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不可以省略。
Jane Hasek,who was my former English teacher,retired last year.
简·哈塞克今天退休了，他曾经是我的英语老师。
B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词用作动词宾语时可以省略。
Sorry,I forget to bring the magazine (which/that) you want.对不起，我忘了把你要的杂志带过来。（which和that代替magazine，作动词want的宾语，可以省略）
C.关系代词作介词宾语，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可以省略；如果介词位于定语从句的句末，关系代词可以省略。
（正）This is the government building in which my father works.
（正）This is the government building (which/that) my father works in.
（误）This is the government building in my father works.这是我父亲工作的政府大楼。
D.there be句型之后的定语从句中，作主语或宾语的关系代词常可以省略。
There’s nothing (that) I can do about it.对此我毫无办法。
2.关系副词的省略
A.非限定性定语从句中关系副词不可以省略。
She lived in Nagoya for a couple of years,where she taught Chinese.
她在名古屋住了几年，在那儿教中文。
B.限定性定语从句中，若在口语和非正式语体中，某些表示地点、时间的名词后的关系副词可以省略。先行词the reason后面的关系副词why也可以省略。
This is the plane (where) we first met two years ago.这就是我们两年前初次见面的地方。
He still remembers the time (when) he studied in Berlin.他还记得他在柏林学习的那些日子。
补充：可以省略关系副词when的时间名词有the time，every time，each time，the moment等。
Tell me the reason (why) your brother was absent yesterday.告诉我你哥哥昨天缺席的原因。
6.定语从句和同位语从句的区别
1.根据that在从句中是否作成分来判定
that在定语从句中担任句子成分，而在同位语从句中不作成分。
The news (that) you told me last week is not true.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。
（that引导的定语从句，说明是哪一个news，that在从句中担任told的宾语。）
The news that the leader will come here is not true.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。
（that引导的同位语从句，说明news的具体内容，that在从句中不担任任何成分。）
2.根据意思来判断
在引导词前加is后，如果句子成立就是同位语从句，否则就不是，还是以上面两个例句为例。
The news that you told me last week is not true.
→（误）The news is that you told me last week.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。
（因为the news不能等于you told me last week，所以句子不成立，不是同位语从句，而是定语从句。）
The news that the leader will come here is not true.
→（正）The news is that the leader will come here.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。
（句子成立，所以是同位语从句。）
3.根据that前的名词判断
同位语从句中that前的名词必须是表示事实的抽象名词，如fact，news，information，order，belief，reply，answer，saying等，而定语从句前的先行词没有这个限制，但这一点不是决定因素，主要还要依前面所述的两点来判断。
【例题精讲】
1. A football fan（球迷） is _____ has a strong interest in football.
A. a thing that B. something that C. a person who D. what
2. The house， _____ was destroyed in the terrible fire， has been repaired.
A. the roof of which B. which roof C. its roof D. the roof
3. Can you lend me the novel _____ the other day？
A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about
4. The matter _____ you were arguing about last night has been settled.
A. that B. what C. why D. for which
5. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _____ they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
KEY:
CADAB
例2.
1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B. where C. what D. in which
2.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
7.Great changes have taken place in the factory ____we are working since then.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
KEY:
ACDCA CAAAA
【巩固练习】
1. --- Did you ask the guard _______ happened?
--- Yes, he told me all _______ he knew.
A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that
2. I shall never forget those years _______ I lived on the farm with
the farmers, _______ has a great effect on my life.
A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which
3. The number of the people who _______ cars _______ increasing.
A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own; are
4. During the days ________, he worked as a servant at the Browns.
A. followed B. following C. to follow D. that followed
5. Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn?
A. that B. / C. which D. it
6. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _______ he could see _____ was going on inside house.
A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that
7. Is _______ some German friends visited last week?
A. this school B. this the school
C. this school one D. this school where
8. John got beaten in the game, _______ had been expected.
A. as B. that C. what D. who
9. I have bought two ballpens, _______ writes well.
A. none of them B. neither of them
C. neither of which D. none of which
10. All that can be eaten _______ eaten up.
A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been
KEY:
ADCDA BBACB
课堂训练：
A
One day a man found a cocoon(茧) of a butterfly in the forest. He sat there for several hours and watched the butterfly. Suddenly a small opening appeared, and the butterfly struggled to force its body through that little hole. Then it seemed to stop making any progress. It appeared as if it had gotten as far as it could go no further. So the man decided to help the butterfly.
He took a pair of scissors and cut off the remaining bit of the cocoon so that the butterfly could come out easily. Much to his surprise, the butterfly got a swollen body but very small, weak wings when it came out of the cocoon.
The man continued to watch the butterfly because he expected that the body would grow smaller at any moment and the wings would enlarge and be able to support the body. But neither happened! In fact, the butterfly spent the rest of its life crawling around with a swollen body and small wings. It was never able to fly.
The man was in his kindness, but he did not understand the nature rules. The struggle required for the butterfly to get through the tiny opening was God's way of forcing fluid (流体) from the body of the butterfly into its wings so that it would be ready for flight once it achieved its freedom from the cocoon.
Sometimes struggles are exactly what we need in our life. If God allowed us to go through our life without any difficulties, it would make us fail. We would not be as strong as we could have been. And we could never fly.
1．In the first paragraph the butterfly was ______.
A．flying in the forest. B．playing with the man.
C．busy making a cocoon for itself. D．trying to get out of the cocoon.
2．What would have happened to the butterfly without the man's help?
A．The butterfly would come out easily.
B．The butterfly could crawl on its wings.
C．The butterfly would have got to prepared to fly.
D．The butterfly would never gain its freedom.
3．What can we learn from the story?
A．Warm﹣hearted people are always around us.
B．Struggles are necessary in our life sometimes.
C．Helping others could make oneself happy.
D．Where there is a will, there is a way.
4．What is the best title for the story?
A．The struggle for freedom. B．A kind man.
C．The joy of helping a butterfly. D．A lucky butterfly.
KEY:
DCBA
B
Researchers who helped discover a new species of Mexican butterfly are offering to sell the naming rights to raise money to fund more research. Co-discoverer Andrew Warren is hoping to raise at least $50,000 by auctioning(拍卖) off the rights to name the 4-inch “owl eye” butterfly, which lives in Sonora, a Mexican state bordering Arizona.
“That would support at least two years of research for our team down in Mexico,” Warren said. “Money goes a long way down here in Mexico.”
According to the scientific tradition, discoverers of a new species have the say in naming it. In recent years, some discoverers have auctioned off their naming rights to raise money.
Warren said the amount being sought for the butterfly is not out of the question, noting that naming rights for a new monkey species brought in $650,000 two years ago. A group of 10 new fish species that went on the naming auction block at the same time earlier this year brought in a total of $2 million.
The butterfly discovered by Warren and researcher George Austin ranges as far north as Mexico.
The butterfly was actually in a collection, misidentified as an example of another new species, at the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity at the Florida Museum of National History in Gainesville, said Warren. They soon began the hard process of determining that it was indeed a “new” model of butterfly.
After checking photos and comparing it with other known species, they determined it was a separate species.
5．Where did the researchers discover the new species of butterflies?
A．In Sonora. B．In Mexico state.
C．In a place in US. D．Near the US-Mexico border.
6．Why will the researchers sell the naming rights of the butterfly?
A．To raise money for wildlife protection.
B．To raise money for more research.
C．To cause people’s attention to the new discovery.
D．To cover the cost of the research.
7．When the butterfly was first discovered, people thought ______.
A．it was a new species at once
B．it wasn’t a species of American butterfly
C．it belonged to the monarch branches
D．it belonged to a new species
8．We can infer from the passage that ______.
A．the new species of butterfly live both in the US and Mexico
B．it took the researchers a lot of efforts to determine the new species of butterfly
C．the researchers are not sure whether they can get the money they want from the auction
D．it is the first time that the new species of butterfly has been found
KEY:
CBDB
巩固复习：
预习思考
Next autumn when you see wild geese heading south for the winter flying in a V formation you might think about what scientists have discovered as to why they fly that way.
As each bird flaps(拍打) its wings， it creates an uplift（升力） for the bird immediately following. By flying in V formation the whole group adds at least 71% greater flying range(航程) than if each bird flies on its own.
People who share a common direction and sense of community can get where they are going more quickly and easily because they are traveling on the push of one another. When a wild goose falls out of the formation， it suddenly feels the drag and resistance(阻力) of trying to go alone and quickly tries to get back into the formation to take advantage of the lifting power of the bird in front. When the head goose gets tired, it flies back into the formation and another goose flies to the front. It is wise to take turns doing difficult jobs whether it be people or wild geese flying south.
Wild geese honk(发出雁叫声) from behind to inspire those up front to keep up their speed. When a wild goose gets sick or wounded by gunshots, and falls out of the formation, two other geese will fall out with that goose and follow it down to lend help and protection. They will stay with the fallen goose until it is able to fly or until it dies, and only then will they go on with their own or with another formation to catch up with their group.
新高一Unit2（上外基础版）
学习目标：熟练掌握U2词汇和句型；熟练掌握并运用定语从句；熟练专题阅读。
引入：
1. This museum is ______ you visited the other day.
A. that B. which C. where D. the one
2. This is the museum ______ you saw the other day.
A. that B. where C. in which D. in that
3. It is the third time ______ late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived C. that you’ve arrived D. when you’ve arrived
4. We often think of the days ______ we spent together on the island.
A. when B. which C. in which D. during which
5. Have you ever been to Shanghai, ______ I left ten years ago?
A. where B. which C. that D. when
6. He has left Beijing, ______ a meeting is to be held.
A. when B. where C. as D. which
7. This is the very place ______ I’m wishing to live in.
A. where B. which C. that D. in which
8. I have bought the same dress ______ she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. than
9. The reason ______ he didn’t come was ______ he was injured.
A. that, because B. why, that C. why, because D. that, that
10. He must be from Africa, ______ can be seen from his skin.
A. that B. as C. it D. what
11. What surprised me was not what he said but________ he said it.
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
12. There was ________ time ________ I hated to go to school.
A. a; that B. a; when C. the; that D. the; when
13. ________ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
KEY: DACBB BCABB ABB
知识点一、重点词汇梳理
【知识梳理】
A
1. cruel /ˈkruːəl/
1). adj. Someone who is cruel deliberately causes pain or distress to people or animals. 残忍的
例：
Children can be so cruel.
孩子也会这么残忍。
2). A situation or event that is cruel is very harsh and causes people distress. 严酷的
例：
...struggling to survive in a cruel world with which they cannot cope.
…在一个他们不能承受的严酷世界中挣扎着求生。
2. establish /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/
1). vt. If someone establishes something such as an organization, a type of activity, or a set of rules, they create it or introduce it in such a way that it is likely to last for a long time. 建立; 确立
例：
The UN has established detailed criteria for who should be allowed to vote.
联合国就谁应当被允许投票确立了详细标准。
2). v. If you establish contact with someone, you start to have contact with them. You can also say that two people, groups, or countries establish contact. 建立 (联系) [正式]
例：
We had already established contact with the museum.
我们已经与那个博物馆建立了联系。
3). vt. If you establish that something is true, you discover facts that show that it is definitely true. 证实 [正式]
例：
Medical tests established that she was not their own child.
医学检测证实她不是他们的亲生孩子。
例：
It will be essential to establish how the money is being spent.
搞清这笔钱是如何被花费的将至关重要。
4) If you establish yourself, your reputation, or a good quality that you have, you succeed in doing something, and achieve respect or a secure position as a result of this. 确立 (地位)
例：
This is going to be the show where up-and-coming comedians will establish themselves.
这会是一场很有前途的喜剧演员们将在此确立他们地位的演出。
例：
He has established himself as a pivotal figure in state politics.
他作为国家政治中的一位轴心人物的地位已经确立。
【常用搭配】
establish oneself as… 确立了…的地位
3. concern /kənˈsɜːn/
1）. n. Concern is worry about a situation. 担忧
例：
The group has expressed concern about reports of political violence in Africa.
该集团已对有关非洲政治暴力的报道表示担忧。
例：
The move follows growing public concern over the spread of the disease.
该行动是针对公众日益增长的对该疾病传播的担忧而采取的。
2). vt. If something concerns you, it worries you. 使担忧 [no cont]
例：
The growing number of people seeking refuge in Thailand is beginning to concern Western aid agencies.
日益增多的到泰国寻求避难的人数开始让西方援助机构感到担忧。
3). vt. If you concern yourself with something, you give it attention because you think that it is important. 关心
例：
I didn't concern myself with politics.
我不关心政治。
4. habitat/ˈhæbɪˌtæt/
n. The habitat of an animal or plant is the natural environment in which it normally lives or grows. 生长环境
例：
In its natural habitat, the hibiscus will grow up to 25 ft.
在其野生环境中，木槿能长25英尺。
5. exhibit /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/
1). vt. If someone or something shows a particular quality, feeling, or type of behaviour, you can say that they exhibit it. 表现出 [正式]
例：
He has exhibited symptoms of anxiety and overwhelming worry.
他已表现出焦虑和忧心如焚的症状。
2). vt. When a painting, sculpture, or object of interest is exhibited, it is put in a public place such as a museum or art gallery so that people can come to look at it. You can also say that animals are exhibited in a zoo. 展览 [usu passive]
例：
His work was exhibited in the best galleries in America, Europe and Asia.
他的作品在美国、欧洲和亚洲最好的美术馆展览过。
3). n. exhibition 展览
6. adjust /əˈdʒʌst/
1). When you adjust to a new situation, you get used to it by changing your behaviour or your ideas. 调整以适应
例：
We have been preparing our fighters to adjust themselves to civil society.
我们一直在让我们的战士们准备好自我调整以适应普通社会。
例：
I felt I had adjusted to the idea of being a mother very well.
我感到我已经很好地适应了做母亲的想法。
2). If you adjust something, you change it so that it is more effective or appropriate. 调整
例：
To attract investors, Panama has adjusted its tax and labour laws.
为了吸引投资者，巴拿马已经调整了其税务及劳动法规。
3). If you adjust something such as your clothing or a machine, you correct or alter its position or setting. 调节
例：
Liz adjusted her mirror and then edged the car out of its parking space.
莉兹调节了她的后视镜，然后把车慢慢地开出了停车位。
【固定搭配】
adjust… to… 调整…以适应…
7. extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/
1). adj A species of animal or plant that is extinct no longer has any living members, either in the world or in a particular place. 绝种的
例：
At the current rate of decline, many of the rain forest animals could become extinct in less than 10 years.
按照目前的下降速度，许多雨林动物不到十年就会绝种。
2). adj If a particular kind of worker, way of life, or type of activity is extinct, it no longer exists, because of changes in society. 不复存在的
例：
Herbalism had become an all but extinct skill in the Western world.
草药医术在西方世界几乎已成了一项绝迹的技术。
3. adj. An extinct volcano is one that does not erupt or is not expected to erupt anymore. 死的 (火山)
例：
Its tallest volcano, long extinct, is Olympus Mons.
它最高的火山是已死很久的奥林匹斯山。
8. essential /ɪˈsɛnʃəl/
1). adj. Something that is essential is extremely important or absolutely necessary to a particular subject, situation, or activity. 至关重要的
例：
It was absolutely essential to separate crops from the areas that animals used as pasture.
把庄稼与牲畜的放牧区分开至关重要。
例：
As they must also sprint over short distances, speed is essential.
由于他们还必须疾速短跑，因此速度是至关重要的。
2). n. The essentials are the things that are absolutely necessary for the situation you are in or for the task you are doing. 必需品
例：
The apartment contained the basic essentials for bachelor life.
这套公寓配有单身生活的基本必需品。
3). adj The essential aspects of something are its most basic or important aspects. 基本的; 重要的
例：
Most authorities agree that play is an essential part of a child's development.
大多数权威人士认为玩耍是孩子成长的一个重要部分。
4). n. The essentials are the most important principles, ideas, or facts of a particular subject. 要素; 要点
例：
...the essentials of everyday life, such as eating and exercise.
…饮食、运动等日常生活要素。
9. threat/θrɛt/
n. A threat to a person or thing is a danger that something bad might happen to them. A threat is also the cause of this danger. 威胁; 造成威胁的原因
例：
Some couples see single women as a threat to their relationships.
有些夫妇把单身女子看作是对他们夫妻关系的一种威胁。
2). n. A threat is a statement by someone that they will hurt you in some way, especially if you do not do what they want. 威胁的言论
例：
He may be forced to carry out his threat to resign.
他可能会迫不得已将自己扬言要辞职的威胁付诸实施。
【固定搭配】
under threat 受到威胁
例：
His position as leader is under threat.
他的领导职位受到威胁。
10. illegal /ɪˈliːɡəl/
adj. If something is illegal, the law says that it is not allowed. 非法的
例：
It is illegal to intercept radio messages.
窃听无线电信息是违法的。
【反义词】
legal adj. 合法的
11. attempt /əˈtɛmpt/
1）. vt. If you attempt to do something, especially something difficult, you try to do it. 试图 (尤指做困难的事)
例：
The only time that we attempted to do something like that was in the city of Philadelphia.
我们惟一一次试图做那样的事是在费城。
2）. n. If you make an attempt to do something, you try to do it, often without success. (常指不成功的) 企图
例：
... deliberate attempt to destabilize the defence.
…蓄意削弱防御的企图。
3). n An attempt on someone's life is an attempt to kill them. (杀人) 企图
例：
...an attempt on the life of the former Iranian prime minister.
…刺杀伊朗前总理的企图。
12. typically /ˈtɪpɪkəlɪ/
1). You use typically to say that something usually happens in the way that you are describing. 通常 [ADV with cl/group]
例：
It typically takes a day or two, depending on size.
这通常需要一天或两天，依大小而定。
2). You use typically to say that something shows all the most usual characteristics of a particular type of person or thing. 典型地 [ADV adj]
例：
Philip paced the floor, a typically nervous expectant father.
菲利普在地板上踱来踱去，一个典型紧张的准爸爸。
3). You use typically to indicate that someone has behaved in the way that they normally do. 一贯地
例：
Typically, the Norwegians were on the mountain two hours before anyone else.
挪威人一贯比其他人早两个小时到山上。
13. approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/
1). v. When you approach something, you get closer to it. 走近
例：
He didn't approach the front door at once.
他没有立即走近前门。
例：
When I approached, they grew silent.
当我走近时，他们变得沉默了。
2). n. Approach is also a noun. 走近
例：
At their approach the little boy ran away and hid.
当他们走近时，那个小男孩跑开了并藏了起来。
3). vt. If you approach someone about something, you speak to them about it for the first time, often making an offer or request. 与…接洽 [no cont]
例：
When Brown approached me about the job, my first reaction was of disbelief.
当布朗为这份工作找我时，我的第一反应是不相信。
例：
He approached me to create and design the restaurant.
他来找我创办并设计那家餐馆。
4). n. Approach is also a noun. 接洽
例：
There had already been approaches from buyers interested in the whole of the group.
已经有一些对整个集团感兴趣的买主来接洽了。
5). vt. When you approach a task, problem, or situation in a particular way, you deal with it or think about it in that way. 处理
例：
The Bank has approached the issue in a practical way.
该银行已经务实地处理了这个问题。
6). vi. As a future time or event approaches, it gradually gets nearer as time passes. 临近
例：
As autumn approached, the plants and colours in the garden changed.
秋天渐近，花园里的植物与色调发生了变化。
7).n Approach is also a noun. 临近
例：
...the festive spirit that permeated the house with the approach of Christmas.
…随着圣诞节的临近而弥漫在这所房子里的节日气氛。
8).vt. As you approach a future time or event, time passes so that you get gradually nearer to it. 逐渐接近 (某时间或事件)
例：
There is a need for understanding and cooperation as we approach the summit.
在我们即将参加峰会之际需要理解与合作。
9).vt If something approaches a particular level or state, it almost reaches that level or state. 几乎达到 (某水平或状态)
例：
Oil prices have approached their highest level for almost ten years.
石油价格已几乎达到近十年来的最高水平。
10). n. An approach to a place is a road, path, or other route that leads to it. 路径
例：
The path serves as an approach to the boathouse.
这条小路是通向那个船库的一条路径。
11).n. Your approach to a task, problem, or situation is the way you deal with it or think about it. 方式
例：
We will be exploring different approaches to gathering information.
我们将探索收集信息的不同方法。
14. definitely /ˈdɛfɪnɪtlɪ/
1). ADV You use definitely to emphasize that something is the case, or to emphasize the strength of your intention or opinion. 一定地 [强调]
例：
I'm definitely going to get in touch with these people.
我一定要联系上这些人。
2). ADV If something has been definitely decided, the decision will not be changed. 确定地 [ADV before v]
例：
She had definitely decided that she wanted to continue working with women in prison.
她打定主意要继续与监狱里的女人一起工作。
B
1. reunite /ˌriːjuːˈnaɪt/
1). vt. If people are reunited, or if they reunite, they meet each other again after they have been separated for some time. 重聚
例：
She and her youngest son were finally allowed to be reunited with their family.
她和她的小儿子最终被允许和他们的家庭团聚。
2). v. If a divided organization or country is reunited, or if it reunites, it becomes one united organization or country again. 使重新统一; 重新联合
例：
As of this evening, Germany is reunited. In Berlin they're celebrating.
从今晚起，德国统一了。他们正在柏林庆祝。
例：
His first job will be to reunite the army.
他的第一项任务将是重新统一军队。
2. retire /rɪˈtaɪə/
1). vi. When older people retire, they leave their job and usually stop working completely. 退休
例：
At the age when most people retire, he is ready to face a new career.
在大多数人退休的年纪，他准备要面对一项新事业。
2). vi. When an athlete retires from their sport, they stop playing in competitions. When they retire from a race or a game, they stop competing in it. 退役
例：
I have decided to retire from Formula One racing at the end of the season.
我已经决定这个赛季末退出一级方程式赛车。
3. release/rɪˈliːs/
1). vt. If a person or animal is released from somewhere where they have been locked up or cared for, they are set free or allowed to go. 放走 [usu passive]
例：
He was released from custody the next day.
他第二天被从拘留中释放。
2). n. When someone is released, you refer to their release. 释放 [with supp]
例：
He called for the immediate release of all political prisoners.
他要求立即释放所有的政治犯。
3). vt. If someone or something releases you from a duty, task, or feeling, they free you from it. 解除 [正式]
例：
Divorce releases both the husband and wife from all marital obligations to each other.
离婚解除了夫妻相互之间的所有婚姻义务。
4). n. Release is also a noun. 解除 [also 'a' N, oft N 'from' N]
例：
Our therapeutic style offers release from stored tensions, traumas, and grief.
我们的治疗方式意在解除蓄积的压力、创伤和悲痛。
5).vt. To release feelings or abilities means to allow them to be expressed. 释放
例：
Becoming your own person releases your creativity.
保持你自己的本色可以释放出你的创造力。
6).n. Release is also a noun. 释放
例：
She felt the sudden sweet release of her own tears.
她感到自己的眼泪突然而甜蜜地流出来。
7). vt. If someone in authority releases something such as a document or information, they make it available. 发放
例：
They're not releasing any more details yet.
他们还不准备发放更多详情。
8).n. A new release is a new CD, DVD, or movie that has just become available for people to buy or see. 发行物
例：
Of the new releases that are out there now, which do you think are really good?
现在外面新的发行物中，你觉得哪些真正好呢？
4. elderly/ˈɛldəlɪ/
adj. You use elderly as a polite way of saying that someone is old. 上年纪的 [礼貌]
例：
There was an elderly couple on the terrace.
露台上有一对上年纪的老人。
5. recall 动词读作rɪˈkɔːl。名词读作ˈriːkɔːl。
1). v. When you recall something, you remember it and tell others about it. 记起; 回忆道
例：
Henderson recalled that he first met Pollard during a business trip to Washington.
亨德森记起他是在一次去华盛顿出差的途中第一次与波拉德结识的。
例：
His mother later recalled: "He used to stay up until two o'clock in the morning playing these war games."
他的母亲后来回忆道：“他过去常常熬夜到凌晨2点玩这些打仗的游戏。”
2). n. Recall is the ability to remember something that has happened in the past or the act of remembering it. 记忆力; 回忆
例：
He had a good memory, and total recall of her spoken words.
他有好记性，能完全回忆出她说过的话。
3). vt. If you are recalled to your home, country, or the place where you work, you are ordered to return there. 召回 (某人)
例：
The U. S. envoy was recalled to Washington.
该美国特使被召回了华盛顿。
4). n. Recall is also a noun. 召回
例：
The recall of Ambassador Alan Green is a public signal of America's concern.
艾伦·格林大使的召回是美国关注此事的公开信号。
5). vt. If a company recalls a product, it asks the stores or the people who have bought that product to return it because there is something wrong with it. 召回 (产品)
例：
The company said it was recalling one of its drugs and had stopped selling two others.
该公司说它正在召回它的一种药品，而且已经停售了另外两种药品。
6. affectionate /əˈfɛkʃənɪt/
adj. If you are affectionate, you show your love or fondness for another person in the way that you behave toward them. 显露感情的
例：
They seemed devoted to each other and were openly affectionate.
他们似乎很相爱，公然含情脉脉。
7. emerge /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/
1). v. To emerge means to come out from an enclosed or dark space such as a room or a vehicle, or from a position where you could not be seen. (从视线以外的地方) 出现; 出来
例：
Richard was waiting outside the door as she emerged.
当她出现的时候，理查德正等候在门外。
例：
She then emerged from the courthouse to thank her supporters.
于是她从法院大楼出来向支持者们表示感谢。
2). vi. If you emerge from a difficult or bad experience, you come to the end of it. 摆脱
例：
There is growing evidence that the economy is at last emerging from recession.
有越来越多的迹象表明经济将最终摆脱萧条。
3). v. If a fact or result emerges from a period of thought, discussion, or investigation, it becomes known as a result of it. 显露 (事实、结果)
例：
...the growing corruption that has emerged in the past few years.
…过去几年中暴露出来的日趋严重的腐败。
例：
It soon emerged that neither the July nor August mortgage payment had been collected.
很快显示的是7月和8月的抵押款都没有被收取。
4). v. If someone or something emerges as a particular thing, they become recognized as that thing. 立足成为 [journalism]
例：
Vietnam has emerged as the world's third-biggest rice exporter.
越南已立足成为世界第三大稻米出口国。
5). v. When something such as an organization or an industry emerges, it comes into existence. 兴起
例：
...the new republic that emerged in October 1917.
…1917年10月成立的新共和国。
8. peck /pɛk/
1). v. If a bird pecks at something or pecks something, it moves its beak forward quickly and bites at it. 啄; 啄食
例：
It was winter and the sparrows were pecking at whatever they could find.
已是冬天了，麻雀们能找到什么就啄食什么。
例：
Chickens pecked in the dust.
小鸡们在尘土中啄食。
·
【例题精讲】
1. 这通常需要一天或两天，依大小而定。( typically)
2. 把庄稼与牲畜的放牧区分开至关重要。(essential)
3.他已表现出焦虑和忧心如焚的症状。(exhibit)
4.我们已经与那个博物馆建立了联系。（establish）
KEY:
1. It typically takes a day or two, depending on size.
2.It was absolutely essential to separate crops from the areas that animals used as pasture.
3.He has exhibited symptoms of anxiety and overwhelming worry.
4.We had already established contact with the museum.
【巩固练习】
I. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases from the box below. Change the form where necessary.
A. threat B. recall C.extinct D. pecking
E.definitely F. emerge G.typically H.essential
1. As they must also sprint over short distances, speed is .
2. Herbalism had become an all but skill in the Western world.
3. Some couples see single women as a to their relationships.
4. , the Norwegians were on the mountain two hours before anyone else.
5.I'm going to get in touch with these people.
6. He had a good memory, and total of her spoken words.
7.She then from the courthouse to thank her supporters.
8.It was winter and the sparrows were at whatever they could find.
KEY:
HCAG EBFD
知识点二：1. 非限定性定语从句；
2. 介词+关系副词的使用；
【知识梳理】
一、as引导的非限定性定语从句
as可以像which一样引导非限定性定语从句，用来代表整个句子的内容，它的先行词可以是名词，也可以是不定式短语或整个句子。as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。此外，有些as引导的定语从句已成为固定用法。
as we know正如我们所知
as is often the case像通常那样
as has been said before如上所述
as is reported正如报道的那样
as is well known众所周知
as was expected正如预料的那样
She is very careful,as her work shows.正如她的工作所展现的那样，她是个细心的人。
As we know,smoking is harmful to one’s health.正如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
As is often the case,we have worked out the production plan.
像通常那样，我们已经制定出了生产计划。
比较：as和which引导的非限定性定语从句的联系和区别
as和which都可以代替整个句子，当定语从句至于主句之后时，as和which可以互换使用。
He didn’t tell me any news,as/which upset me.他没有告诉我任何消息，这使我很不安。
which引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时不能放在主句之前。as引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时可放在主句之前或之后，有时也可放在主语与谓语之间。
As is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress.
=Talks between the two countries,as is reported in the newspapers,are making progress.
正如报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在进展中。
二、.使用定语从句需注意的事项
1.定语从句中的主谓一致
A.定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语要与先行词的人称、数一致。
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的那个人吗？
B.as，which作主语引导非限定性定语从句，指全句时，从句谓语用单数。
As is usual,he came to school late this morning.像往常一样，他今天早晨上学又迟到了。
Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸气，这叫做蒸发。
C.先行词为“one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用复数。
Freddy is one of the students who want to be diplomats in our class.
弗雷迪是我们班想当外交官的学生之一。
D.先行词为“the only one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用单数。
He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.
他是惟一一个连续三年获得奖学金的学生。
2.what和how不能用于定语从句中
A.what不能用作关系代词来引导定语从句，但是what引导的宾语从句可以与that引导的定语从句互换。
（正）Tell me anything (that) you know.
（正）Tell me what you know.告诉我你所知道的一切。
说明：what引导的宾语从句相当于“anything/all+that”引导的定语从句。
（误）Tell me anything what you know.
B.how不能用作关系副词来引导定语从句。修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用in which来引导，也可用that或省略。
（正）This is the way (that/in which) that boy worked out the problem.
（正）This is how that boy worked out the problem.（how引导表语从句）
（误）This is the way how that boy worked out the problem.
这就是那个男孩解出这道题的方法。
3.介词+关系代词
句型：名词/代词+介词+关系代词
简单句①The professor gave a lecture to us yesterday.那位教师昨天给我们上了一堂课。
简单句②I couldn’t understand the meaning of the lecture completely.
我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。
合成为定语从句③=①+②The professor gave us a lecture yesterday,the meaning of which I couldn’t understand completely. 名词+介词+关系代词
那位教授昨天给我们上了一堂课，我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。
简单句①There are around 400 students in our grade.我们年级大约有400名学生。
简单句②Most of us are from the Xicheng District.我们中的大多数人都来自西城区。
合成为定语从句③=①+②There are around 400 students in our grade,most of whom are from the Xicheng District. 代词+介词+关系代词
我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数都来自西城区。
4.关系代词和关系副词的省略
1.关系代词的省略
A.在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不可以省略。
Jane Hasek,who was my former English teacher,retired last year.
简·哈塞克今天退休了，他曾经是我的英语老师。
B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词用作动词宾语时可以省略。
Sorry,I forget to bring the magazine (which/that) you want.对不起，我忘了把你要的杂志带过来。（which和that代替magazine，作动词want的宾语，可以省略）
C.关系代词作介词宾语，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可以省略；如果介词位于定语从句的句末，关系代词可以省略。
（正）This is the government building in which my father works.
（正）This is the government building (which/that) my father works in.
（误）This is the government building in my father works.这是我父亲工作的政府大楼。
D.there be句型之后的定语从句中，作主语或宾语的关系代词常可以省略。
There’s nothing (that) I can do about it.对此我毫无办法。
2.关系副词的省略
A.非限定性定语从句中关系副词不可以省略。
She lived in Nagoya for a couple of years,where she taught Chinese.
她在名古屋住了几年，在那儿教中文。
B.限定性定语从句中，若在口语和非正式语体中，某些表示地点、时间的名词后的关系副词可以省略。先行词the reason后面的关系副词why也可以省略。
This is the plane (where) we first met two years ago.这就是我们两年前初次见面的地方。
He still remembers the time (when) he studied in Berlin.他还记得他在柏林学习的那些日子。
补充：可以省略关系副词when的时间名词有the time，every time，each time，the moment等。
Tell me the reason (why) your brother was absent yesterday.告诉我你哥哥昨天缺席的原因。
6.定语从句和同位语从句的区别
1.根据that在从句中是否作成分来判定
that在定语从句中担任句子成分，而在同位语从句中不作成分。
The news (that) you told me last week is not true.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。
（that引导的定语从句，说明是哪一个news，that在从句中担任told的宾语。）
The news that the leader will come here is not true.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。
（that引导的同位语从句，说明news的具体内容，that在从句中不担任任何成分。）
2.根据意思来判断
在引导词前加is后，如果句子成立就是同位语从句，否则就不是，还是以上面两个例句为例。
The news that you told me last week is not true.
→（误）The news is that you told me last week.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。
（因为the news不能等于you told me last week，所以句子不成立，不是同位语从句，而是定语从句。）
The news that the leader will come here is not true.
→（正）The news is that the leader will come here.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。
（句子成立，所以是同位语从句。）
3.根据that前的名词判断
同位语从句中that前的名词必须是表示事实的抽象名词，如fact，news，information，order，belief，reply，answer，saying等，而定语从句前的先行词没有这个限制，但这一点不是决定因素，主要还要依前面所述的两点来判断。
【例题精讲】
1. A football fan（球迷） is _____ has a strong interest in football.
A. a thing that B. something that C. a person who D. what
2. The house， _____ was destroyed in the terrible fire， has been repaired.
A. the roof of which B. which roof C. its roof D. the roof
3. Can you lend me the novel _____ the other day？
A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about
4. The matter _____ you were arguing about last night has been settled.
A. that B. what C. why D. for which
5. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _____ they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
KEY:
CADAB
例2.
1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B. where C. what D. in which
2.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
7.Great changes have taken place in the factory ____we are working since then.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
KEY:
ACDCA CAAAA
【巩固练习】
1. --- Did you ask the guard _______ happened?
--- Yes, he told me all _______ he knew.
A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that
2. I shall never forget those years _______ I lived on the farm with
the farmers, _______ has a great effect on my life.
A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which
3. The number of the people who _______ cars _______ increasing.
A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own; are
4. During the days ________, he worked as a servant at the Browns.
A. followed B. following C. to follow D. that followed
5. Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn?
A. that B. / C. which D. it
6. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _______ he could see _____ was going on inside house.
A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that
7. Is _______ some German friends visited last week?
A. this school B. this the school
C. this school one D. this school where
8. John got beaten in the game, _______ had been expected.
A. as B. that C. what D. who
9. I have bought two ballpens, _______ writes well.
A. none of them B. neither of them
C. neither of which D. none of which
10. All that can be eaten _______ eaten up.
A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been
KEY:
ADCDA BBACB
课堂训练：
A
One day a man found a cocoon(茧) of a butterfly in the forest. He sat there for several hours and watched the butterfly. Suddenly a small opening appeared, and the butterfly struggled to force its body through that little hole. Then it seemed to stop making any progress. It appeared as if it had gotten as far as it could go no further. So the man decided to help the butterfly.
He took a pair of scissors and cut off the remaining bit of the cocoon so that the butterfly could come out easily. Much to his surprise, the butterfly got a swollen body but very small, weak wings when it came out of the cocoon.
The man continued to watch the butterfly because he expected that the body would grow smaller at any moment and the wings would enlarge and be able to support the body. But neither happened! In fact, the butterfly spent the rest of its life crawling around with a swollen body and small wings. It was never able to fly.
The man was in his kindness, but he did not understand the nature rules. The struggle required for the butterfly to get through the tiny opening was God's way of forcing fluid (流体) from the body of the butterfly into its wings so that it would be ready for flight once it achieved its freedom from the cocoon.
Sometimes struggles are exactly what we need in our life. If God allowed us to go through our life without any difficulties, it would make us fail. We would not be as strong as we could have been. And we could never fly.
1．In the first paragraph the butterfly was ______.
A．flying in the forest. B．playing with the man.
C．busy making a cocoon for itself. D．trying to get out of the cocoon.
2．What would have happened to the butterfly without the man's help?
A．The butterfly would come out easily.
B．The butterfly could crawl on its wings.
C．The butterfly would have got to prepared to fly.
D．The butterfly would never gain its freedom.
3．What can we learn from the story?
A．Warm﹣hearted people are always around us.
B．Struggles are necessary in our life sometimes.
C．Helping others could make oneself happy.
D．Where there is a will, there is a way.
4．What is the best title for the story?
A．The struggle for freedom. B．A kind man.
C．The joy of helping a butterfly. D．A lucky butterfly.
KEY:
DCBA
B
Researchers who helped discover a new species of Mexican butterfly are offering to sell the naming rights to raise money to fund more research. Co-discoverer Andrew Warren is hoping to raise at least $50,000 by auctioning(拍卖) off the rights to name the 4-inch “owl eye” butterfly, which lives in Sonora, a Mexican state bordering Arizona.
“That would support at least two years of research for our team down in Mexico,” Warren said. “Money goes a long way down here in Mexico.”
According to the scientific tradition, discoverers of a new species have the say in naming it. In recent years, some discoverers have auctioned off their naming rights to raise money.
Warren said the amount being sought for the butterfly is not out of the question, noting that naming rights for a new monkey species brought in $650,000 two years ago. A group of 10 new fish species that went on the naming auction block at the same time earlier this year brought in a total of $2 million.
The butterfly discovered by Warren and researcher George Austin ranges as far north as Mexico.
The butterfly was actually in a collection, misidentified as an example of another new species, at the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity at the Florida Museum of National History in Gainesville, said Warren. They soon began the hard process of determining that it was indeed a “new” model of butterfly.
After checking photos and comparing it with other known species, they determined it was a separate species.
5．Where did the researchers discover the new species of butterflies?
A．In Sonora. B．In Mexico state.
C．In a place in US. D．Near the US-Mexico border.
6．Why will the researchers sell the naming rights of the butterfly?
A．To raise money for wildlife protection.
B．To raise money for more research.
C．To cause people’s attention to the new discovery.
D．To cover the cost of the research.
7．When the butterfly was first discovered, people thought ______.
A．it was a new species at once
B．it wasn’t a species of American butterfly
C．it belonged to the monarch branches
D．it belonged to a new species
8．We can infer from the passage that ______.
A．the new species of butterfly live both in the US and Mexico
B．it took the researchers a lot of efforts to determine the new species of butterfly
C．the researchers are not sure whether they can get the money they want from the auction
D．it is the first time that the new species of butterfly has been found
KEY:
CBDB
巩固复习：
预习思考
Next autumn when you see wild geese heading south for the winter flying in a V formation you might think about what scientists have discovered as to why they fly that way.
As each bird flaps(拍打) its wings， it creates an uplift（升力） for the bird immediately following. By flying in V formation the whole group adds at least 71% greater flying range(航程) than if each bird flies on its own.
People who share a common direction and sense of community can get where they are going more quickly and easily because they are traveling on the push of one another. When a wild goose falls out of the formation， it suddenly feels the drag and resistance(阻力) of trying to go alone and quickly tries to get back into the formation to take advantage of the lifting power of the bird in front. When the head goose gets tired, it flies back into the formation and another goose flies to the front. It is wise to take turns doing difficult jobs whether it be people or wild geese flying south.
Wild geese honk(发出雁叫声) from behind to inspire those up front to keep up their speed. When a wild goose gets sick or wounded by gunshots, and falls out of the formation, two other geese will fall out with that goose and follow it down to lend help and protection. They will stay with the fallen goose until it is able to fly or until it dies, and only then will they go on with their own or with another formation to catch up with their group.
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