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新高一期中复习（上外基础版）
学习目标：熟练掌握U1U2词汇和句型；熟练掌握并运用高中定语从句；熟悉主题阅读方法。
引入：
1. This museum is ______ you visited the other day.
A. that B. which C. where D. the one
2. This is the museum ______ you saw the other day.
A. that B. where C. in which D. in that
3. It is the third time ______ late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived C. that you’ve arrived D. when you’ve arrived
4. We often think of the days ______ we spent together on the island.
A. when B. which C. in which D. during which
5. Have you ever been to Shanghai, ______ I left ten years ago?
A. where B. which C. that D. when
6. He has left Beijing, ______ a meeting is to be held.
A. when B. where C. as D. which
7. This is the very place ______ I’m wishing to live in.
A. where B. which C. that D. in which
8. I have bought the same dress ______ she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. than
9. The reason ______ he didn’t come was ______ he was injured.
A. that, because B. why, that C. why, because D. that, that
10. He must be from Africa, ______ can be seen from his skin.
A. that B. as C. it D. what
【答案】1— 5 DACBB 6—10 BCABB
通过这两个例子，说说你对定语的理解。
知识点一、词汇与句型
【知识梳理】
1. replace /rɪˈpleɪs/ 代替; 取代，用…代替; 用…替换
One species of tree replaces another as a forest ages.
随着森林老化，一种树会取代另一种树。
近义词：
substitute /ˈsʌbstɪˌtjuːt/
n/v. 替代品/ 以…代替; 代替
例：
They were substituting violence for dialogue.
他们那时在以暴力代替对话。
【固定搭配】
replace A with B 用B替换A
substitute A for B 用A 代替B
2. ignore /ɪɡˈnɔː/
1. vt. If you ignore someone or something, you pay no attention to them. 不理睬
例：
She said her husband ignored her.
她说她丈夫对她置之不理。
2. vt. If you say that an argument or theory ignores an important aspect of a situation, you are criticizing it because it fails to consider that aspect or to take it into account. (某论断或理论) 忽视
例：
Such arguments ignore the question of where ultimate responsibility lay.
此类争论忽视了最终责任何在的问题。
3. restore /rɪˈstɔː/
1. vt. To restore a situation or practice means to cause it to exist again. 恢复
例：
The army has recently been brought in to restore order.
该军队最近被调来恢复秩序。
2. restoration n. 恢复
例：
His visit is expected to lead to the restoration of diplomatic relations.
他的访问预计会导致外交关系的恢复。
4. flourish /ˈflʌrɪʃ/
1. vi If something flourishes, it is successful, active, or common, and developing quickly and strongly. 繁荣; 兴旺
例：
Business flourished and within six months they were earning 18,000 roubles a day.
生意兴隆，6个月中他们每天挣18000卢布。
2. adj. flourishing 繁荣的; 兴旺的
例：
Boston quickly became a flourishing port.
波斯顿迅速成为一个繁荣的港口。
5. balance /ˈbæləns/
1. v. If you balance something somewhere, or if it balances there, it remains steady and does not fall. 使平衡; 平衡
例：
I balanced on the ledge.
我在岩脊上站稳。
2. n. Balance is the ability to remain steady when you are standing up. 平衡能力
例：
The medicines you are currently taking could be affecting your balance.
你现在吃的药可能会影响你的平衡能力。
6. delicate /ˈdɛlɪkɪt/
1) adj. If something is delicate, it is easy to harm, damage, or break, and needs to be handled or treated carefully. 易碎的; 脆弱的
例：
Although the coral looks hard, it is very delicate.
虽然那珊瑚看起来坚硬，它其实非常易碎。
2). adj. Something that is delicate is small and beautifully shaped. 精巧的; 精美的
例：
He had delicate hands.
他有一双纤细的手。
3). adj. Something that is delicate has a colour, taste, or smell which is pleasant and not strong or intense. 柔和的 (颜色); 清淡可口的 (味道)
例：
Young haricot beans have a tender texture and a delicate, subtle flavour.
嫩扁豆肉质细嫩，味道清淡可口。
4) adj You use delicate to describe a situation, problem, matter, or discussion that needs to be dealt with carefully and sensitively in order to avoid upsetting things or offending people. 微妙的
例：
Ottawa and Washington have to find a delicate balance between the free flow of commerce and legitimate security concerns.
渥太华和华盛顿必须在自由贸易流通和司法安全事务之间找到一个微妙的平衡。
7. miraculous /mɪˈrækjʊləs/
adj. If you describe a good event as miraculous, you mean that it is very surprising and unexpected. 奇迹般的
例：
The horse made a miraculous recovery to finish a close third.
这匹马奇迹般地缓过劲来，最终以微弱的差距获得了第三名。
8. transform / trænsˈfɔːm/
1）. vt. To transform something into something else means to change or convert it into that thing. 使改变; 使转换
例：
Your metabolic rate is the speed at which your body transforms food into energy.
你的新陈代谢率就是你身体将食物转换成能量的速度。
2) vt. To transform something or someone means to change them completely and suddenly so that they are much better or more attractive. 彻底改变 (使更好、更有吸引力)
例：
Industrialization transformed the world.
工业化彻底改变了世界。
9. affect /əˈfɛkt/
1). vt. If something affects a person or thing, it influences them or causes them to change in some way. (某事物) 影响 (某人或物)
例：
More than seven million people have been affected by drought.
七百多万多人受到了干旱的影响。
2). vt. If a disease affects someone, it causes them to become ill. (疾病) 困扰 (某人)
例：
Arthritis is a crippling disease which affects people all over the world.
关节炎是一种严重影响健康、困扰全人类的疾病。
3). vt. If something or someone affects you, they make you feel a strong emotion, especially sadness or pity. (某事物或人) 影响 (某人)
例：
If Jim had been more independent, the divorce would not have affected him as deeply.
如果吉姆曾经更独立一些，离婚就不会对他有这么深的影响了。
10. mood /muːd/
1）. n Your mood is the way you are feeling at a particular time. If you are in a good mood, you feel cheerful. If you are in a bad mood, you feel angry and impatient. 情绪
例：
He is clearly in a good mood today.
显然他今天心情不错。
11. timid /ˈtɪmɪd/
adj Timid people are shy, nervous, and lack courage or confidence in themselves. 羞怯的
例：
A timid child, Isabella had learned obedience at an early age.
伊莎贝拉是一个羞怯的孩子，很小的时候就已经学会了顺从。\
12. establish /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/
1). vt. If someone establishes something such as an organization, a type of activity, or a set of rules, they create it or introduce it in such a way that it is likely to last for a long time. 建立; 确立
例：
The UN has established detailed criteria for who should be allowed to vote.
联合国就谁应当被允许投票确立了详细标准。
【常用搭配】
establish oneself as… 确立了…的地位
13. concern /kənˈsɜːn/
1）. n. Concern is worry about a situation. 担忧
例：
The group has expressed concern about reports of political violence in Africa.
该集团已对有关非洲政治暴力的报道表示担忧。
2). vt. If something concerns you, it worries you. 使担忧 [no cont]
例：
The growing number of people seeking refuge in Thailand is beginning to concern Western aid agencies.
日益增多的到泰国寻求避难的人数开始让西方援助机构感到担忧。
3). vt. If you concern yourself with something, you give it attention because you think that it is important. 关心
例：
I didn't concern myself with politics.
我不关心政治。
14. adjust /əˈdʒʌst/
1). When you adjust to a new situation, you get used to it by changing your behaviour or your ideas. 调整以适应
例：
We have been preparing our fighters to adjust themselves to civil society.
我们一直在让我们的战士们准备好自我调整以适应普通社会。
【固定搭配】
adjust… to… 调整…以适应…
15. threat/θrɛt/
n. A threat to a person or thing is a danger that something bad might happen to them. A threat is also the cause of this danger. 威胁; 造成威胁的原因
例：
Some couples see single women as a threat to their relationships.
有些夫妇把单身女子看作是对他们夫妻关系的一种威胁。
2). n. A threat is a statement by someone that they will hurt you in some way, especially if you do not do what they want. 威胁的言论
例：
He may be forced to carry out his threat to resign.
他可能会迫不得已将自己扬言要辞职的威胁付诸实施。
【固定搭配】
under threat 受到威胁
16. attempt /əˈtɛmpt/
1）. vt. If you attempt to do something, especially something difficult, you try to do it. 试图 (尤指做困难的事)
例：
The only time that we attempted to do something like that was in the city of Philadelphia.
我们惟一一次试图做那样的事是在费城。
2）. n. If you make an attempt to do something, you try to do it, often without success. (常指不成功的) 企图
例：
... deliberate attempt to destabilize the defence.
…蓄意削弱防御的企图。
3). n An attempt on someone's life is an attempt to kill them. (杀人) 企图
例：
...an attempt on the life of the former Iranian prime minister.
…刺杀伊朗前总理的企图。
17. approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/
1). v. When you approach something, you get closer to it. 走近
例：
He didn't approach the front door at once.
他没有立即走近前门。
2). n. Approach is also a noun. 走近
例：
At their approach the little boy ran away and hid.
当他们走近时，那个小男孩跑开了并藏了起来。
3). vt. If you approach someone about something, you speak to them about it for the first time, often making an offer or request. 与…接洽 [no cont]
4). n. Approach is also a noun. 接洽
5). vt. When you approach a task, problem, or situation in a particular way, you deal with it or think about it in that way. 处理
6). vi. As a future time or event approaches, it gradually gets nearer as time passes. 临近
例：
As autumn approached, the plants and colours in the garden changed.
秋天渐近，花园里的植物与色调发生了变化。
7).n Approach is also a noun. 临近
例：
...the festive spirit that permeated the house with the approach of Christmas.
…随着圣诞节的临近而弥漫在这所房子里的节日气氛。
8).vt. As you approach a future time or event, time passes so that you get gradually nearer to it. 逐渐接近 (某时间或事件)
例：
There is a need for understanding and cooperation as we approach the summit.
在我们即将参加峰会之际需要理解与合作。
9).vt If something approaches a particular level or state, it almost reaches that level or state. 几乎达到 (某水平或状态)
例：
Oil prices have approached their highest level for almost ten years.
石油价格已几乎达到近十年来的最高水平。
10). n. An approach to a place is a road, path, or other route that leads to it. 路径
例：
The path serves as an approach to the boathouse.
这条小路是通向那个船库的一条路径。
11).n. Your approach to a task, problem, or situation is the way you deal with it or think about it. 方式
例：
We will be exploring different approaches to gathering information.
我们将探索收集信息的不同方法。
18. release/rɪˈliːs/
1). vt. If a person or animal is released from somewhere where they have been locked up or cared for, they are set free or allowed to go. 放走 [usu passive]
2). n. When someone is released, you refer to their release. 释放 [with supp]
例：
He called for the immediate release of all political prisoners.
他要求立即释放所有的政治犯。
3). vt. If someone or something releases you from a duty, task, or feeling, they free you from it. 解除 [正式]
4). n. Release is also a noun. 解除 [also 'a' N, oft N 'from' N]
例：
Our therapeutic style offers release from stored tensions, traumas, and grief.
我们的治疗方式意在解除蓄积的压力、创伤和悲痛。
5).vt. To release feelings or abilities means to allow them to be expressed. 释放
例：
Becoming your own person releases your creativity.
保持你自己的本色可以释放出你的创造力。
6).n. Release is also a noun. 释放
例：
She felt the sudden sweet release of her own tears.
她感到自己的眼泪突然而甜蜜地流出来。
7). vt. If someone in authority releases something such as a document or information, they make it available. 发放
例：
They're not releasing any more details yet.
他们还不准备发放更多详情。
8).n. A new release is a new CD, DVD, or movie that has just become available for people to buy or see. 发行物
例：
Of the new releases that are out there now, which do you think are really good?
现在外面新的发行物中，你觉得哪些真正好呢？
19. recall 动词读作rɪˈkɔːl。名词读作ˈriːkɔːl。
1). v. When you recall something, you remember it and tell others about it. 记起; 回忆道
例：
Henderson recalled that he first met Pollard during a business trip to Washington.
亨德森记起他是在一次去华盛顿出差的途中第一次与波拉德结识的。
2). n. Recall is the ability to remember something that has happened in the past or the act of remembering it. 记忆力; 回忆
3). vt. If you are recalled to your home, country, or the place where you work, you are ordered to return there. 召回 (某人)
例：
The U. S. envoy was recalled to Washington.
该美国特使被召回了华盛顿。
4). n. Recall is also a noun. 召回
例：
The recall of Ambassador Alan Green is a public signal of America's concern.
艾伦·格林大使的召回是美国关注此事的公开信号。
5). vt. If a company recalls a product, it asks the stores or the people who have bought that product to return it because there is something wrong with it. 召回 (产品)
例：
The company said it was recalling one of its drugs and had stopped selling two others.
该公司说它正在召回它的一种药品，而且已经停售了另外两种药品。
20. emerge /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/
1). v. To emerge means to come out from an enclosed or dark space such as a room or a vehicle, or from a position where you could not be seen. (从视线以外的地方) 出现; 出来
例：
Richard was waiting outside the door as she emerged.
当她出现的时候，理查德正等候在门外。
例：
She then emerged from the courthouse to thank her supporters.
于是她从法院大楼出来向支持者们表示感谢。
2). vi. If you emerge from a difficult or bad experience, you come to the end of it. 摆脱
例：
There is growing evidence that the economy is at last emerging from recession.
有越来越多的迹象表明经济将最终摆脱萧条。
3). v. If a fact or result emerges from a period of thought, discussion, or investigation, it becomes known as a result of it. 显露 (事实、结果)
例：
...the growing corruption that has emerged in the past few years.
…过去几年中暴露出来的日趋严重的腐败。
例：
It soon emerged that neither the July nor August mortgage payment had been collected.
很快显示的是7月和8月的抵押款都没有被收取。
4). v. If someone or something emerges as a particular thing, they become recognized as that thing. 立足成为 [journalism]
例：
Vietnam has emerged as the world's third-biggest rice exporter.
越南已立足成为世界第三大稻米出口国。
5). v. When something such as an organization or an industry emerges, it comes into existence. 兴起
例：
...the new republic that emerged in October 1917.
…1917年10月成立的新共和国。
【.例题精讲】
例1.
1. The move follows _______ _______ _______ over the spread of the disease.（公众日益增长的担忧）
2. The only time that we _______ _______ _______ something like that was in the city of Philadelphia. （试图做）
3. They were _______ violence for dialogue.（代替）
【答案】 1. growing public concern 2. attempted to do 3. Substituting
【巩固练习】
1. 显然她心情不好。(mood)
___________________________________________________
1. 他的领导职位受到威胁。(threat)
___________________________________________________
3. 当我走近时，他们变得沉默了。(approach)
____________________________________________________
4. 他第二天被从拘留中释放。(release)
____________________________________________________
5. 他有好记性，能完全回忆出她说过的话。(recall)
_____________________________________________________
【答案】
1. She was obviously in a mood.
2. His position as leader is under threat.
3. When I approached, they grew silent.
4. He was released from custody the next day.
5. He had a good memory, and total recall of her spoken words.
知识点二、高中常定语从句专题梳理
【知识梳理】
一、 语法知识归纳
基本概念：
（一） 定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
（二） 先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。
（三）关系代词和关系副词
定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when, where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。
二、关系代词的用法
（一）基本用法
根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。
如下表：
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例句
备注
关系代词
who
人
主语，宾语
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
whom
人
宾语
Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.
whose
人，物
定语
I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate.
that
人，物
主语，宾语
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
which
物
主语，宾语
The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
as
人，物
主语，宾语
He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略
例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分）
① Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语）
② I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主语）
③ The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. （作宾语）
④ This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作宾语）
⑤ The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定语）
注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例③④）
（二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况
which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。
但在有些情况下，只用 that。
⑴ 先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。
例如：
① This is the best that has been used against pollution.
② English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.
⑵ 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。例如：
① This is the last place (that) I want to visit.
② It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen.
⑶ 先行词是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。
例如：① You should hand in all that you have.
② We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
⑷ 先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。
例如：① The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
② The little money (that) he had was stolen.
（三）宜用who, 而不用that的一些情况
⑴ 先行词是one, ones, anyone时。
例如：① One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
② Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it.
⑵先行词是those时。
例如：① Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.
（四）其它情况
⑴ 先行词既有人又有物时。例如：
① Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
② The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.
⑵ 主句已有疑问词who 或which时。
例如：① Which is the bike that you lost?② Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?
（五）与whose有关的问题
⑴ whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。
例如：① I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.
② Please show me the book whose cover is red.
⑵ 当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。
例如：
① The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.
→ The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或
→ The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.
三、介词前提的问题
关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。
例如：
Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介词with的宾语）
→Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now?
但是，要注意的是：
⑴ 介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。
⑵ 介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。
⑶ 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。例如：
① 错误：Who is the old man to that you were talking to?
正确：Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to?
② 错误：These are the sheep of which the boy took care.
正确：These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.
四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。例如：
① Who is the guy that is reading over there?
② The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000.
③ All that needs to be done has been done.
④ He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study.
⑤ Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.
例③中的all意为“一切”，作单数。例⑤中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。
五、如何选择关系代词，关系副词
先把主句和定语从句分开，再找出定语从句所修饰的名词/代词（即先行词），然后放入定语从句中，看看这两者的搭配情况。
1）如果定语从句和该先行词可以直接相连，且在从句中充当主语/宾语/表语的话，则用关系代词。
因为关系代词也属于代词，而代词功能同名词，在句子中一般充当语/宾语/表语。
如：This is the city (which/that) you visited last year.
定语从句所修饰的先行词是the city，放入定语从句you visited last year中，则它直接充当visited的宾语，变成：you visited the city last year.
2）如果定语从句和该先行词无法直接相连，必须另外多加上介词，并在定语从句中充当状语时，则使用关系副词。
如：This is the city where you stayed last year.
定语从句所修饰的先行词也是the city，将其放入定语从句中不能直接作成分，必须加上介词in，一起做从句的地点状语，即定语从句变为：you stayed in the city last year.
六、定语从句改错考点
定语从句的改错主要涉及关系代词、 关系副词的运用以及定语从句中的主谓一致问题。
1． 判断关系代词及关系副词的使用是否正确。
2． 判断先行词与定语从句的谓语动词的数是否一致。
3． 检查关系代词的格的使用是否正确， 尤其是在关系代词作主语和介词前置时。
4． 检查有无关系副词与介词重复使用的情况。
5． 检查有无漏掉作主语的关系代词的情况。
6． 检查非限制性定语从句的关系代词使用是否正确。
7． 检查定语从句中除了关系代词或关系副词外， 是否还有多余的代词或副词。
【例题精讲】
1. --- Is that the small town you often refer to?
--- Right, just the one ____ you know I used to work for years.
2. ____ is described in some of his short stories, the author was brought up in a small village in the remote mountain area.
3. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, ____ _____ New York is an example.
4. The government has revised the budget, 5% of ____ will be used to help develop the small and medium-sized enterprises.
5. Children who are not active or ____ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
6. The film brought the hours back to me ____ I fought side by side with my fellow soldiers in the Anti- Japanese War.
7. Sometimes failure is not a bad thing. Even a failure ___ seems total can inspire fresh thinking.
8. Children usually think of their class teacher as someone _____ ______ they can turn when they are in difficulty.
9. It is the fifth time in this month that Christina has been turned down by the companies she applied to, ____ discourages her a lot.
10. Beijing was attacked by such a terrible sandstorm ____ few citizens had ever experienced.
11. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation ___ he is likely to lose control over the plane.
12. The singing group was so well received that the size of the audience, ____ we had expected, was well over ten thousand.
13. Who doesn’t hate him ___ knows how cruel he is?
14. I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school _____ I met in the English speech contest last year.
15. She was educated at Beijing University, ____ _____ she went on to have her advanced study abroad.
【答案】1-5 where; As; of which; which; whose 6-10 when; which; to whom; which; as
11-15 where; as; that; who; after which;
【巩固练习】
用适当的介词填空。
1. The stories about Long March, _______ which this is one example, are well written.
2. The speed________ which you drive your car mustn’t too high.
3. In the park there are many flowers, the color _________ which is bright and nice.
4. The little girl is reading a book, _________ which there are many pictures.
5. What were the things__________ which he was not too sure?
6. They held a meeting, _______ which the hospital director made a speech.
7. The book, _________ which he paid 6 yuan, is worth reading.
8. Is this the man________ whose house the police found the lost colored TV?
9. The villagers dug along tunnel__________ which they could go to the fields without being found by the Japanese soldiers.
10. Wu Dong, _________ whom I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.
【答案】 of at of in about at for in through with
知识点三、主题阅读
1.话题说明：
“自然与环境”是高中新课程标准话题之一，亦是高考英语常考话题。本话题包括动植物保护、生态保护、环境污染和保护等方面。这些话题与学生的生活 息息相关，联系密切。通过对这些话题的学习以及高考英语对这些话题的考查，可以让学生多注意身边的人和事、关注社会环境、树立环保意识、学会与大自然和谐相处。 是高考英语热点话题，通常以阅读理解、完形填空和书面表达 的形式考查。
2.自然与环境类词汇：
1.全球的关注 global concern
2.越来越糟 get worse and worse/ get from bad to worse/ get more and more serious
3.环境的破坏the destruction of our environment
4.改善环境刻不容缓It’s high time that we did sth to improve the environment
5.提高…的意识 raise awareness that /of sth
6.承担保护环境的责任bear the responsibility to protect our environment
7.呼吁某人做某事 call on / call for/ appeal to sb to do sth
8.时间不等人 the clock is ticking
9.努力做某事 make all efforts/ endeavor /make one’s utmost effort / go all out/try all means to do sth
10.采取行动/措施去做 take action /take measures to do
11.改善目前的状况 improve the present situation
12.关注 pay attention to doing/show concern for sth
13.伤害/损害… cause harm/damage to
14.不惜任何代价 at all cost
15.只要 so/as long as
16.承担做某事的责任 take the responsibility of doing sth
17.以牺牲...作为代价 at the cost/ expense of our environment
18.保护环境 Protect the environment
19.环境污染 Environmental pollution
20.释放有毒气体 Give off/release poisonous gas
21.受到严重污染 Be seriously polluted
22.对…有害 Do harm to / be harmful to
23.(不)注意环保 Pay (no) attention to
24.灭绝 die out
25.多植树 Plant more trees
26.把垃圾分类Sort the rubbish
27.回收垃圾Recycle the rubbish
28.受益良多Benefit a lot
29.保持生态平衡Keep the balance of nature
30.防止人们污染河流Prevent people from polluting the rivers
3. 写作必备句型：
1.To cherish the enviroment is to love ourselves.
爱护环境就是爱护我们自己
2.I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation
我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状
3.We are sure that we''ll win the battle.
我们坚信我们能赢得战斗
4. Keep our mountains green,the wate clean,and the sky blue.
使我们山更绿，水更清，天更蓝
5.Our earth's days are numbered without urgent help.
没有及时的帮助我们的地球就屈指可数了.
6.（Sth.）are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them.
如果我们继续睁一只眼闭一只眼的话，......一定会有恶劣的后果
7.近来环保已经引起了全球的关注。
Environmental protection has caused global concern recently.
8.我们应该马上采取措施来保护我们的环境免受污染。
It’s high time we took immediate measures to protect our earth from being polluted.
9.每个人都应该提高保护地球的意识。
Everybody should raise the awareness that it’s our duty to protect our mother earth.
10.你不难发现每个人都在伤害地球，然而他们可能自己都没有意识到这一点。
You cannot difficultly see that everybody actually is causing damage to the mother earth, which , however, they may not be realizing.
【例题精讲】
例1.
The insects are important to farmers. When a honeybee lands on a flower in plant, pollen (花粉) sticks to its legs. When the bee lands on another flower, some of the pollen falls off and fertilizes the second plant.
The act of spreading pollen is responsible for many fruits, vegetables, nuts and other crops. Yet about 30 percent of honeybees in the United States and other areas have died in recent years.
Mike Leggett is a researcher at the University of Maryland. He wants to learn why so many bees are dying. “The number of colonies (蜂群) that die every winter has been one in three. So on average 30 percent of the colonies have died every winter over the last six winters. And that’s a huge number.” His research team examined the pollen that honeybees carried to their homes. They found that the pollen contained high levels of 35 different pesticides (杀虫剂), which are chemicals used to protect plants. “Pesticides are used, and have been used, pretty widely, for centuries, to protect plants from diseases,” says Mr Leggett.
Keith Oh linger, a farmer and beekeeper in Maryland, has watched many of his bees die every winter. Mr Ohlinger thinks widespread bee death is caused by several things happening at once. But he does not feel sure that pesticides are a part of the problem, “I felt it was the result of a lot of little things. I didn’t feel that there was probably one smoking gun. But there’s a division (分歧) there, some people feel that it is just one thing.”
Honeybees are important to agriculture. This makes the search for an answer to their death very important for Mr Leggett’s team. As he knows, one in every three bites of food we eat is somehow pollinated by honeybees.
1.What could be a suitable title for the text?
A.Why Are Honeybees Important?
B.How Do Honeybees Make Honey?
C.Pesticides Might Harm Honeybees
D.Honeybee Protection in Maryland
2.How does Mr Leggett sound in paragraph 3?
A.Worried B.Happy m C.Surprised D.Hopeful
3.We know from the fifth paragraph that Keith Ohlinger ________.
A.has become rich by keeping bees
B.cares little about the death of his bees
C.has never used pesticides on his farm
D.doubts whether pesticides have killed his bees
4.In which part of a website can we most probably read the text?
A.Agriculture B.Health C.Food D.Technology
【答案】CADA
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲了近年来很多地区有近百分之三十的蜜蜂死亡，而对于它们的死因，有研究表明是由农药造成的，有人认为农药不是死亡因素之一。
1.主旨大意题。本文主要讲了近年来很多地区有近百分之三十的蜜蜂死亡，而对于它们的死因，有研究表明是由农药造成的，有人认为农药不是死亡因素之一。所以短文的最佳标题为“杀虫剂可能会伤害蜜蜂”。故C选项正确。
2.推理判断题。由第三段中Leggett说的话“The number of colonies (蜂群) that die every winter has been one in three. So on average 30 percent of the colonies have died every winter over the last six winters. And that’s a huge number.”可知，Leggett认为每年百分之30的蜂群死亡是一个巨大的数字，由此判断出他对于蜜蜂的死亡数字是很担心的。故A选项正确。
3.推理判断题。由文中第四段的Mr Ohlinger thinks widespread bee death is caused by several things happening at once. But he does not feel sure that pesticides are a part of the problem, 可知Ohlinger先生认为蜜蜂大面积死亡是由几件事同时发生造成的。但他不确定农药是不是导致原因的一部分。由此判断出从第五段我们可以知道，Keith Ohlinger怀疑杀虫剂是否杀死了他的蜜蜂。D选项正确。
4.推理判断题。文中最后一段讲到Honeybees are important to agriculture.，也就是说蜜蜂对于农作物很有用，所以研究蜜蜂的死亡很有必要，所以这篇文章可能来自农业部分，故A选项正确。
【巩固练习】
例题1:
Be careful what you say around your dog. It might understand more than you think.
A border collie named Lucky recognizes the names of about 200 objects, say researchers in Germany. The dog also appears to be able to learn new words as easily as a 3-year-old child. Its word-learning skills are as good as those of a parrot or chimpanzee(黑猩猩).
In one experiment, the researchers took all 200 items that Lucky is supposed to know and divided them into 20 groups of 10 objects. Then the owner told the dog to go and fetch one of the items and bring it back. In four tests, Lucky got 37 out of 40 commands right. As the dog couldn’t see anyone to get clues, the scientists believe Lucky must understand the meanings of certain words.
In another experiment, the scientists took one toy that Lucky had never seen before and put it in a room with seven toys whose names the dog already knew. The owner then told Lucky to fetch the object, using a word the dog had never heard before.
The correct object was chosen in seven out of l0 tests, suggesting that the dog had worked out the answer by process of elimination(排除法). A month later, Lucky remembered half of the new names, which is even more impressive.
Lucky is thought to be smarter than the average dog. For one thing, Lucky is a border collie, a breed(品种)known for its mental abilities. In addition, the 9-year-old dog has been trained to fetch toys by their names since the age of nine months.
It’s hard to know if all dogs understand at least some of the words we say. Even if they do, they can’t talk back. Still, it wouldn’t hurt to sweet-talk your dog every now and then. You might just get a big, wet kiss in return!
5.From paragraph 2, we can infer that_________.
A. chimpanzees have very good word-learning skills
B. dogs are smarter than parrots and chimpanzees
C. animals are as clever as human beings
D. dogs have similar learning abilities as 3-year-old children
6.The two experiments show that_________.
A. Lucky is smart enough to get all commands right
B. Lucky can recognize different things including toys
C. Lucky has developed the ability of learning mathematics
D. Lucky won’t forget the names of objects once recognizing them
7. What does the author want to tell us?
A. To train your dog. B. To talk to your dog.
C. To be careful with your dog. D. To be friendly to your dog.
【答案】 ABD
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一些科学家们的有趣的最新发现：小狗能够理解人们的意思，并有作出相应判断的能力。
5.细节理解题。根据文章第二段末尾句内容“Its word-learning skills are as good as those of a parrot or chimpanzee.”可知，这里将这只狗的词汇学习能力与鹦鹉，黑猩猩相比较，提及它的词汇学习技能和鹦鹉或黑猩猩一样好。由此可知，黑猩猩有很好的词汇学习能力。故选A项。
6.推理判断题。根据文章第三段内容“As the dog couldn’t see anyone to get clues, the scientists believe lucky must understand the meanings of certain words.(由于狗看不到任何人来获取线索，科学家们认为Lucky一定理解某些单词的意思。)”和文章第五段内容“The correct object was chosen in seven out of l0 tests, suggesting that the dog had worked out the answer by process of elimination.(在10次测试中，有7次选择了正确的对象，这表明狗通过排除法找到了答案)”可知，第一个实验表明Lucky能够理解某些单词含义才能在执行指令方面很成功；第二个实验则证明了Lucky在已认知的基础上利用排除法识别未认识的物体。因此可推知这两个实验表明Lucky能够识别不同的东西，包括玩具在内。故选B项。
7.推理判断题。文章末尾段落内容提出了作者的目的意图“Still, it wouldn’t hurt to sweet-talk your dog every now and then. You might just get a big, wet kiss in return! (不过，偶尔对你的狗说些甜言蜜语也无伤大雅。你可能会得到一个大大的湿吻作为回报!)”呼应话题，呼吁对自己的狗要友好，狗会给与回报。选项D“To be friendly to your dog.(对你的狗友好。)”符合文意，表达了作者的心声。故选D项。
例题2：
Bats are the only mammals that can fly a great distance, but they have another ability. Many bats live a very long time for an animal of their size. European researchers are studying bats to understand why they live so long. They hope to make discoveries aimed at fighting the aging process in human beings.
Last week, the group of scientists said they had identified important biological qualities in some bat species. The group studied the bats’ chromosomes (染色体), a line of genes found in the nucleus of cells. The scientists were most interested in structures connected to the ends of the chromosomes. They are called telomeres (端粒), which protect the ends of chromosomes and shorten each time a cell divides. Scientists believe this shortening process causes cells to break down. They say this is what cause aging.
The European researchers studied 493 bats from four bat species. The group used information that had been gathered over more than 60 years. Of these animals, the greater mouse-eared bat generally lived the longest, an average of 37 years. The scientists said this and a related species, which are grouped together under the name Myotis, had telomeres that did not shorten with age. Another Myotis bat holds the record for the oldest age, reaching 41 years. The scientists’ findings suggest that these bats’ cells have the ability to maintain and repair their telomeres. This helps guard against the aging process.
Based on its body size, a bat like the greater mouse-eared bat would be expected to live four years. But, these mammals have been found to live nearly 10 times longer than that. The scientists found that only 19 species of mammals live longer than humans when their body size is considered. Eighteen of these are bats.
8．Why are European researchers studying bats?
A. To learn the similar habits between bats and human beings.
B. To find out why the greater mouse-eared bats live a long life.
C. To try to understand why bats prefer to fly during the night.
D. To discover a good way to prevent human beings from aging.
9．What does the second paragraph mainly explain to us?
A. The structures of the bats’ chromosomes. B. What causes aging biologically.
C. The functions of telomeres. D. What causes cells to break down.
10．Why do the greater mouse-eared bat and another Myotis bat live so long?
A. They are grouped together under the name Myotis.
B. Their telomeres are decreasing with age.
C. Their cells are able to keep up and fix their telomeres.
D. They have more telomeres than human beings do.
11．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. Bats live 10 times longer than other mammals.
B. Bats enjoy the longest life among mammals.
C. The greater mouse-eared bat and other bats should have lived longer.
D. Many bats live longer than human beings considering their body size.
【答案】8．D 9．B 10．C 11．D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。欧洲研究人员正在研究蝙蝠，以了解它们为什么能活这么长时间。他们希望能在对抗人类衰老的过程中有所发现。文章解释了导致生物衰老的原因是端粒，以及研究发现蝙蝠的细胞有能力维持和修复它们的端粒，这有助于防止老化过程。同时，考虑到蝙蝠的体型，许多蝙蝠比人类活得长。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句They hope to make discoveries aimed at fighting the aging process in human beings可知，他们希望能在对抗人类衰老的过程中有所发现。由此可知，欧洲研究人员要研究蝙蝠是为了发现一个防止人类衰老的好方法。故选D。
9．段落大意题。根据第二段中They are called telomeres, which protect the ends of chromosomes and shorten each time a cell divides. Scientists believe this shortening process causes cells to break down. They say this is what cause aging.可知，它们被称为端粒，保护染色体的末端，缩短细胞每次分裂的时间。科学家认为这种缩短过程会导致细胞分裂。他们说这就是导致衰老的原因。由此可知，第二段主要向我们解释了是什么导致了生物衰老。故选B。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段中The scientists’ findings suggest that these bats’ cells have the ability to maintain and repair their telomeres. This helps guard against the aging process.可知，科学家的发现表明，这些蝙蝠的细胞有能力维持和修复它们的端粒。这有助于防止老化过程。由此可知，大鼠耳蝠和另一种肌炎蝠寿命长是因为他们的细胞能够维持和修复他们的端粒。故选C。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Based on its body size, a bat like the greater mouse-eared bat would be expected to live four years. But, these mammals have been found to live nearly 10 times longer than that. The scientists found that only 19 species of mammals live longer than humans when their body size is considered. Eighteen of these are bats.可知，根据体型大小，像大鼠耳蝠这样的蝙蝠预计能活四年。但是，这些哺乳动物的寿命几乎是这个数字的10倍。科学家们发现，只有19种哺乳动物的寿命比人类长。其中18只是蝙蝠。由此可推知，考虑到蝙蝠的体型，许多蝙蝠比人类活得长。故选D。
课堂训练：
练习1：
用适当的关系词填空
1. The man __________ coat is black is waiting at the gate.
2. Her sister, __________ you met at my home, was a teacher of English.
3. These books are for students __________ mother language is not English.
4. Please tell me from__________ you borrowed the English novel.
5. This is the person __________ you are looking for.
6. That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old.
7. The basketball _________I bought yesterday cost me 80 yuan.
8. English is the most difficult subject __________ you will learn during these years.
9. The bike and its rider__________ had run over (撞倒了)an old man were taken to the police station.
10. You should hand in all __________ you have.
【答案】1. whose 2. who/that/whom 3. whose 4. whom 5. who/that/whom
6. whose 7. which/that 8. that 9. that 10. that
练习2
1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B. where C. what D. in which
2.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
7.Great changes have taken place in the factory ____we are working since then.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B.in which C. on which D. by which
11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
A. whom B. who C. which D. that
12.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.
A.to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
13.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?
A. who B. who's C. which D. whose
14.I'm interested in ______you have said.
A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
15.I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
A. which B. who C. what D. as
【答案】1-5 ACDCA 6-10 CAAAA 11-15 CDDAD
练习3.
One morning in early fall, I spotted a pair of wild geese on our pond. The beautiful sight caught me by 72 . because we’d never seen geese there before. I wondered where they came from and why they’d 73 our pond.
“As the days passed, I couldn’t 74 getting a closer look and started talking to the geese. They craned their necks and raised their heads 75 but seemed to realize I was a 76 and not an enemy. I felt 77 we were bonding.
One day as they were 78 in the grass near the driveway, I discovered the reason for their 79 —the male had a broken left wing. He was 80 to fly, and his lifelong mate would not leave him 81 . I marveled (惊叹) at the 82 between them.
I asked a wildlife biologist friend what I should 83 . He explained that sometime a broken wing will heal by itself and suggested letting 84 take its course.
On the first day of November, I was 85 in the vicinity (邻近) of the geese with my tractor. I caught some 86 from the comer of my eye.
Both geese were running toward the pond, wings beating 87 . The geese gained enough altitude to clear a neighbor’s house, then 88 back toward me, flying no more than 50 feet over my head as if to say goodbye. Then they were out of 89 .
I grew 90 them during their stay at our pond, and I miss them. I’ll never forget their 91 to each other. We could all learn a lesson or two from this pair.
72．A．anger B．surprise C．terror D．sorrow
73．A．cleared B．destroyed C．chosen D．disturbed
74．A．resist B．imagine C．escape D．admit
75．A．naturally B．happily C．sadly D．cautiously
76．A．hunter B．helper C．friend D．guard
77．A．whether B．even if C．how D．as though
78．A．jumping B．feeding C．working D．growing
79．A．absence B．delay C．visit D．departure
80．A．unable B．curious C．eager D．afraid
81．A．mad B．calm C．around D．behind
82．A．bond B．quarrel C．conflict D．competition
83．A．do B．cure C．share D．check
84．A．chance B．nature C．fate D．knowledge
85．A．playing B．experimenting C．working D．fighting
86．A．atmosphere B．division C．response D．movement
87．A．wildly B．occasionally C．slowly D．aimlessly
88．A．floated B．circled C．slid D．skipped
89．A．order B．place C．sight D．control
90．A．angry with B．fond of C．tired of D．grateful to
91．A．sympathy B．objection C．adjustment D．devotion
【答案】72．B73．C74．A75．D76．C77．D78．B79．C80．A81．D82．A83．A84．B85．C86．D
87．A88．B89．C90．B91．D
【解析】
这篇文章主要讲了作者家旁边的池塘里来了两只大雁，原来是一只大雁受伤了，它的伴侣留下来陪它，作者被它们的精神所感动。
72．考查名词。根据because we’d never seen geese there before.可知这美丽的景象非常令人惊奇。anger 生气， surprise 惊奇， terror 恐怖，sorrow悲伤，所以选B。
73．考查动词。句意：我想知道它们从哪里来，并且为什么会选择我们这里的池塘。cleared 清除， destroyed 破坏，chosen选择， disturbed 干扰，所以选C。
74．考查动词。句意：随着时间的流逝，我忍不住靠近它们，并且开始和大雁说话。resist 忍住，imagine 想象， escape 逃跑，admit承认， 所以选A。
75．考查副词。句意：它们伸长脖子，小心地抬起头。naturally 自然地， happily 快乐地， sadly 悲哀地，cautiously小心地，所以选D。
76．考查名词。根据and not an enemy. 可知这里意思是但是看起来意识到我是一个朋友。hunter 猎人，helper 帮手，friend 朋友， guard守卫，所以选C。
77．考查连词。句意：我感觉我们好像是连在一起的。whether 是否， even if 即使，how 如何，as though好像，所以选D。
78．考查动词。句意：一天，它们在草地上被喂东西吃。jumping 跳，feeding 喂，working 工作， growing生长，所以选B。
79．考查名词。根据the male had a broken left wing. 可知这里意思是我发现了它们到访的原因。absence 缺席， delay 延期， visit到访， departure离开， 所以选C。
80．考查形容词。根据the male had a broken left wing. 可知这里意思是它不能飞。unable 不能，curious 好奇的，eager 渴望的， afraid害怕的，所以选A。
81．考查固定短语。句意：它的终身伴侣没有留下它。leave behind留下，所以选D。
82．考查名词。句意：我惊叹它们之间的约定。bond 约定，quarrel 争吵， conflict 冲突，competition竞争，所以选A。
83．考查动词。句意：我问一个当野生生物学家的朋友，我该做些什么。do 做，cure 治疗，share 分享，check核实，所以选A。
84．考查固定短语。根据He explained that sometime a broken wing will heal by itself可知这里意思是顺其自然。let nature take its course是固定用法，意思是顺其自然，所以选B。
85．考查动词。根据in the vicinity (邻近) of the geese with my tractor. 可知我在工作。playing 玩， experimenting 实验， working 工作， fighting打仗，所以选C。
86．考查名词。根据Both geese were running toward the pond, wings beating ___16___. 可知我发现了一些活动。atmosphere 气氛，division 分配，response 回答，movement活动， 所以选D。
87．考查副词。句意：疯狂地拍打翅膀。wildly 疯狂地， occasionally 偶尔，slowly 慢慢地，aimlessly漫无目的地， 所以选A。
88．考查动词。句意：然后环绕着我。floated 漂浮， circled环绕，slid 滑落， skipped跳过， 所以选B。
89．考查固定短语。句意：然后我就看不见它们了。Out of sight是固定用法，意思是看不见，所以选C。
90．考查固定短语。句意：我喜欢它们呆在湖边的这段日子。angry with 生某人的气，fond of 喜欢，tired of 厌烦， grateful to 感谢，所以选B。
91．考查名词。句意：我永远不会忘记它们彼此间的奉献。sympathy 同情， objection 反对，adjustment 调整， devotion奉献，所以选D。
巩固复习：
新高一期中复习（上外基础版）
学习目标：熟练掌握U1U2词汇和句型；熟练掌握并运用高中定语从句；熟悉主题阅读方法。
引入：
1. This museum is ______ you visited the other day.
A. that B. which C. where D. the one
2. This is the museum ______ you saw the other day.
A. that B. where C. in which D. in that
3. It is the third time ______ late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived C. that you’ve arrived D. when you’ve arrived
4. We often think of the days ______ we spent together on the island.
A. when B. which C. in which D. during which
5. Have you ever been to Shanghai, ______ I left ten years ago?
A. where B. which C. that D. when
6. He has left Beijing, ______ a meeting is to be held.
A. when B. where C. as D. which
7. This is the very place ______ I’m wishing to live in.
A. where B. which C. that D. in which
8. I have bought the same dress ______ she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. than
9. The reason ______ he didn’t come was ______ he was injured.
A. that, because B. why, that C. why, because D. that, that
10. He must be from Africa, ______ can be seen from his skin.
A. that B. as C. it D. what
【答案】1— 5 DACBB 6—10 BCABB
通过这两个例子，说说你对定语的理解。
知识点一、词汇与句型
【知识梳理】
1. replace /rɪˈpleɪs/ 代替; 取代，用…代替; 用…替换
One species of tree replaces another as a forest ages.
随着森林老化，一种树会取代另一种树。
近义词：
substitute /ˈsʌbstɪˌtjuːt/
n/v. 替代品/ 以…代替; 代替
例：
They were substituting violence for dialogue.
他们那时在以暴力代替对话。
【固定搭配】
replace A with B 用B替换A
substitute A for B 用A 代替B
2. ignore /ɪɡˈnɔː/
1. vt. If you ignore someone or something, you pay no attention to them. 不理睬
例：
She said her husband ignored her.
她说她丈夫对她置之不理。
2. vt. If you say that an argument or theory ignores an important aspect of a situation, you are criticizing it because it fails to consider that aspect or to take it into account. (某论断或理论) 忽视
例：
Such arguments ignore the question of where ultimate responsibility lay.
此类争论忽视了最终责任何在的问题。
3. restore /rɪˈstɔː/
1. vt. To restore a situation or practice means to cause it to exist again. 恢复
例：
The army has recently been brought in to restore order.
该军队最近被调来恢复秩序。
2. restoration n. 恢复
例：
His visit is expected to lead to the restoration of diplomatic relations.
他的访问预计会导致外交关系的恢复。
4. flourish /ˈflʌrɪʃ/
1. vi If something flourishes, it is successful, active, or common, and developing quickly and strongly. 繁荣; 兴旺
例：
Business flourished and within six months they were earning 18,000 roubles a day.
生意兴隆，6个月中他们每天挣18000卢布。
2. adj. flourishing 繁荣的; 兴旺的
例：
Boston quickly became a flourishing port.
波斯顿迅速成为一个繁荣的港口。
5. balance /ˈbæləns/
1. v. If you balance something somewhere, or if it balances there, it remains steady and does not fall. 使平衡; 平衡
例：
I balanced on the ledge.
我在岩脊上站稳。
2. n. Balance is the ability to remain steady when you are standing up. 平衡能力
例：
The medicines you are currently taking could be affecting your balance.
你现在吃的药可能会影响你的平衡能力。
6. delicate /ˈdɛlɪkɪt/
1) adj. If something is delicate, it is easy to harm, damage, or break, and needs to be handled or treated carefully. 易碎的; 脆弱的
例：
Although the coral looks hard, it is very delicate.
虽然那珊瑚看起来坚硬，它其实非常易碎。
2). adj. Something that is delicate is small and beautifully shaped. 精巧的; 精美的
例：
He had delicate hands.
他有一双纤细的手。
3). adj. Something that is delicate has a colour, taste, or smell which is pleasant and not strong or intense. 柔和的 (颜色); 清淡可口的 (味道)
例：
Young haricot beans have a tender texture and a delicate, subtle flavour.
嫩扁豆肉质细嫩，味道清淡可口。
4) adj You use delicate to describe a situation, problem, matter, or discussion that needs to be dealt with carefully and sensitively in order to avoid upsetting things or offending people. 微妙的
例：
Ottawa and Washington have to find a delicate balance between the free flow of commerce and legitimate security concerns.
渥太华和华盛顿必须在自由贸易流通和司法安全事务之间找到一个微妙的平衡。
7. miraculous /mɪˈrækjʊləs/
adj. If you describe a good event as miraculous, you mean that it is very surprising and unexpected. 奇迹般的
例：
The horse made a miraculous recovery to finish a close third.
这匹马奇迹般地缓过劲来，最终以微弱的差距获得了第三名。
8. transform / trænsˈfɔːm/
1）. vt. To transform something into something else means to change or convert it into that thing. 使改变; 使转换
例：
Your metabolic rate is the speed at which your body transforms food into energy.
你的新陈代谢率就是你身体将食物转换成能量的速度。
2) vt. To transform something or someone means to change them completely and suddenly so that they are much better or more attractive. 彻底改变 (使更好、更有吸引力)
例：
Industrialization transformed the world.
工业化彻底改变了世界。
9. affect /əˈfɛkt/
1). vt. If something affects a person or thing, it influences them or causes them to change in some way. (某事物) 影响 (某人或物)
例：
More than seven million people have been affected by drought.
七百多万多人受到了干旱的影响。
2). vt. If a disease affects someone, it causes them to become ill. (疾病) 困扰 (某人)
例：
Arthritis is a crippling disease which affects people all over the world.
关节炎是一种严重影响健康、困扰全人类的疾病。
3). vt. If something or someone affects you, they make you feel a strong emotion, especially sadness or pity. (某事物或人) 影响 (某人)
例：
If Jim had been more independent, the divorce would not have affected him as deeply.
如果吉姆曾经更独立一些，离婚就不会对他有这么深的影响了。
10. mood /muːd/
1）. n Your mood is the way you are feeling at a particular time. If you are in a good mood, you feel cheerful. If you are in a bad mood, you feel angry and impatient. 情绪
例：
He is clearly in a good mood today.
显然他今天心情不错。
11. timid /ˈtɪmɪd/
adj Timid people are shy, nervous, and lack courage or confidence in themselves. 羞怯的
例：
A timid child, Isabella had learned obedience at an early age.
伊莎贝拉是一个羞怯的孩子，很小的时候就已经学会了顺从。\
12. establish /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/
1). vt. If someone establishes something such as an organization, a type of activity, or a set of rules, they create it or introduce it in such a way that it is likely to last for a long time. 建立; 确立
例：
The UN has established detailed criteria for who should be allowed to vote.
联合国就谁应当被允许投票确立了详细标准。
【常用搭配】
establish oneself as… 确立了…的地位
13. concern /kənˈsɜːn/
1）. n. Concern is worry about a situation. 担忧
例：
The group has expressed concern about reports of political violence in Africa.
该集团已对有关非洲政治暴力的报道表示担忧。
2). vt. If something concerns you, it worries you. 使担忧 [no cont]
例：
The growing number of people seeking refuge in Thailand is beginning to concern Western aid agencies.
日益增多的到泰国寻求避难的人数开始让西方援助机构感到担忧。
3). vt. If you concern yourself with something, you give it attention because you think that it is important. 关心
例：
I didn't concern myself with politics.
我不关心政治。
14. adjust /əˈdʒʌst/
1). When you adjust to a new situation, you get used to it by changing your behaviour or your ideas. 调整以适应
例：
We have been preparing our fighters to adjust themselves to civil society.
我们一直在让我们的战士们准备好自我调整以适应普通社会。
【固定搭配】
adjust… to… 调整…以适应…
15. threat/θrɛt/
n. A threat to a person or thing is a danger that something bad might happen to them. A threat is also the cause of this danger. 威胁; 造成威胁的原因
例：
Some couples see single women as a threat to their relationships.
有些夫妇把单身女子看作是对他们夫妻关系的一种威胁。
2). n. A threat is a statement by someone that they will hurt you in some way, especially if you do not do what they want. 威胁的言论
例：
He may be forced to carry out his threat to resign.
他可能会迫不得已将自己扬言要辞职的威胁付诸实施。
【固定搭配】
under threat 受到威胁
16. attempt /əˈtɛmpt/
1）. vt. If you attempt to do something, especially something difficult, you try to do it. 试图 (尤指做困难的事)
例：
The only time that we attempted to do something like that was in the city of Philadelphia.
我们惟一一次试图做那样的事是在费城。
2）. n. If you make an attempt to do something, you try to do it, often without success. (常指不成功的) 企图
例：
... deliberate attempt to destabilize the defence.
…蓄意削弱防御的企图。
3). n An attempt on someone's life is an attempt to kill them. (杀人) 企图
例：
...an attempt on the life of the former Iranian prime minister.
…刺杀伊朗前总理的企图。
17. approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/
1). v. When you approach something, you get closer to it. 走近
例：
He didn't approach the front door at once.
他没有立即走近前门。
2). n. Approach is also a noun. 走近
例：
At their approach the little boy ran away and hid.
当他们走近时，那个小男孩跑开了并藏了起来。
3). vt. If you approach someone about something, you speak to them about it for the first time, often making an offer or request. 与…接洽 [no cont]
4). n. Approach is also a noun. 接洽
5). vt. When you approach a task, problem, or situation in a particular way, you deal with it or think about it in that way. 处理
6). vi. As a future time or event approaches, it gradually gets nearer as time passes. 临近
例：
As autumn approached, the plants and colours in the garden changed.
秋天渐近，花园里的植物与色调发生了变化。
7).n Approach is also a noun. 临近
例：
...the festive spirit that permeated the house with the approach of Christmas.
…随着圣诞节的临近而弥漫在这所房子里的节日气氛。
8).vt. As you approach a future time or event, time passes so that you get gradually nearer to it. 逐渐接近 (某时间或事件)
例：
There is a need for understanding and cooperation as we approach the summit.
在我们即将参加峰会之际需要理解与合作。
9).vt If something approaches a particular level or state, it almost reaches that level or state. 几乎达到 (某水平或状态)
例：
Oil prices have approached their highest level for almost ten years.
石油价格已几乎达到近十年来的最高水平。
10). n. An approach to a place is a road, path, or other route that leads to it. 路径
例：
The path serves as an approach to the boathouse.
这条小路是通向那个船库的一条路径。
11).n. Your approach to a task, problem, or situation is the way you deal with it or think about it. 方式
例：
We will be exploring different approaches to gathering information.
我们将探索收集信息的不同方法。
18. release/rɪˈliːs/
1). vt. If a person or animal is released from somewhere where they have been locked up or cared for, they are set free or allowed to go. 放走 [usu passive]
2). n. When someone is released, you refer to their release. 释放 [with supp]
例：
He called for the immediate release of all political prisoners.
他要求立即释放所有的政治犯。
3). vt. If someone or something releases you from a duty, task, or feeling, they free you from it. 解除 [正式]
4). n. Release is also a noun. 解除 [also 'a' N, oft N 'from' N]
例：
Our therapeutic style offers release from stored tensions, traumas, and grief.
我们的治疗方式意在解除蓄积的压力、创伤和悲痛。
5).vt. To release feelings or abilities means to allow them to be expressed. 释放
例：
Becoming your own person releases your creativity.
保持你自己的本色可以释放出你的创造力。
6).n. Release is also a noun. 释放
例：
She felt the sudden sweet release of her own tears.
她感到自己的眼泪突然而甜蜜地流出来。
7). vt. If someone in authority releases something such as a document or information, they make it available. 发放
例：
They're not releasing any more details yet.
他们还不准备发放更多详情。
8).n. A new release is a new CD, DVD, or movie that has just become available for people to buy or see. 发行物
例：
Of the new releases that are out there now, which do you think are really good?
现在外面新的发行物中，你觉得哪些真正好呢？
19. recall 动词读作rɪˈkɔːl。名词读作ˈriːkɔːl。
1). v. When you recall something, you remember it and tell others about it. 记起; 回忆道
例：
Henderson recalled that he first met Pollard during a business trip to Washington.
亨德森记起他是在一次去华盛顿出差的途中第一次与波拉德结识的。
2). n. Recall is the ability to remember something that has happened in the past or the act of remembering it. 记忆力; 回忆
3). vt. If you are recalled to your home, country, or the place where you work, you are ordered to return there. 召回 (某人)
例：
The U. S. envoy was recalled to Washington.
该美国特使被召回了华盛顿。
4). n. Recall is also a noun. 召回
例：
The recall of Ambassador Alan Green is a public signal of America's concern.
艾伦·格林大使的召回是美国关注此事的公开信号。
5). vt. If a company recalls a product, it asks the stores or the people who have bought that product to return it because there is something wrong with it. 召回 (产品)
例：
The company said it was recalling one of its drugs and had stopped selling two others.
该公司说它正在召回它的一种药品，而且已经停售了另外两种药品。
20. emerge /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/
1). v. To emerge means to come out from an enclosed or dark space such as a room or a vehicle, or from a position where you could not be seen. (从视线以外的地方) 出现; 出来
例：
Richard was waiting outside the door as she emerged.
当她出现的时候，理查德正等候在门外。
例：
She then emerged from the courthouse to thank her supporters.
于是她从法院大楼出来向支持者们表示感谢。
2). vi. If you emerge from a difficult or bad experience, you come to the end of it. 摆脱
例：
There is growing evidence that the economy is at last emerging from recession.
有越来越多的迹象表明经济将最终摆脱萧条。
3). v. If a fact or result emerges from a period of thought, discussion, or investigation, it becomes known as a result of it. 显露 (事实、结果)
例：
...the growing corruption that has emerged in the past few years.
…过去几年中暴露出来的日趋严重的腐败。
例：
It soon emerged that neither the July nor August mortgage payment had been collected.
很快显示的是7月和8月的抵押款都没有被收取。
4). v. If someone or something emerges as a particular thing, they become recognized as that thing. 立足成为 [journalism]
例：
Vietnam has emerged as the world's third-biggest rice exporter.
越南已立足成为世界第三大稻米出口国。
5). v. When something such as an organization or an industry emerges, it comes into existence. 兴起
例：
...the new republic that emerged in October 1917.
…1917年10月成立的新共和国。
【.例题精讲】
例1.
1. The move follows _______ _______ _______ over the spread of the disease.（公众日益增长的担忧）
2. The only time that we _______ _______ _______ something like that was in the city of Philadelphia. （试图做）
3. They were _______ violence for dialogue.（代替）
【答案】 1. growing public concern 2. attempted to do 3. Substituting
【巩固练习】
1. 显然她心情不好。(mood)
___________________________________________________
1. 他的领导职位受到威胁。(threat)
___________________________________________________
3. 当我走近时，他们变得沉默了。(approach)
____________________________________________________
4. 他第二天被从拘留中释放。(release)
____________________________________________________
5. 他有好记性，能完全回忆出她说过的话。(recall)
_____________________________________________________
【答案】
1. She was obviously in a mood.
2. His position as leader is under threat.
3. When I approached, they grew silent.
4. He was released from custody the next day.
5. He had a good memory, and total recall of her spoken words.
知识点二、高中常定语从句专题梳理
【知识梳理】
一、 语法知识归纳
基本概念：
（一） 定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
（二） 先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。
（三）关系代词和关系副词
定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when, where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。
二、关系代词的用法
（一）基本用法
根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。
如下表：
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例句
备注
关系代词
who
人
主语，宾语
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
whom
人
宾语
Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.
whose
人，物
定语
I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate.
that
人，物
主语，宾语
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
which
物
主语，宾语
The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
as
人，物
主语，宾语
He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略
例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分）
① Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语）
② I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主语）
③ The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. （作宾语）
④ This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作宾语）
⑤ The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定语）
注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例③④）
（二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况
which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。
但在有些情况下，只用 that。
⑴ 先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。
例如：
① This is the best that has been used against pollution.
② English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.
⑵ 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。例如：
① This is the last place (that) I want to visit.
② It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen.
⑶ 先行词是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。
例如：① You should hand in all that you have.
② We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
⑷ 先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。
例如：① The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
② The little money (that) he had was stolen.
（三）宜用who, 而不用that的一些情况
⑴ 先行词是one, ones, anyone时。
例如：① One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
② Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it.
⑵先行词是those时。
例如：① Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.
（四）其它情况
⑴ 先行词既有人又有物时。例如：
① Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
② The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.
⑵ 主句已有疑问词who 或which时。
例如：① Which is the bike that you lost?② Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?
（五）与whose有关的问题
⑴ whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。
例如：① I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.
② Please show me the book whose cover is red.
⑵ 当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。
例如：
① The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.
→ The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或
→ The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.
三、介词前提的问题
关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。
例如：
Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介词with的宾语）
→Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now?
但是，要注意的是：
⑴ 介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。
⑵ 介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。
⑶ 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。例如：
① 错误：Who is the old man to that you were talking to?
正确：Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to?
② 错误：These are the sheep of which the boy took care.
正确：These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.
四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。例如：
① Who is the guy that is reading over there?
② The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000.
③ All that needs to be done has been done.
④ He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study.
⑤ Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.
例③中的all意为“一切”，作单数。例⑤中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。
五、如何选择关系代词，关系副词
先把主句和定语从句分开，再找出定语从句所修饰的名词/代词（即先行词），然后放入定语从句中，看看这两者的搭配情况。
1）如果定语从句和该先行词可以直接相连，且在从句中充当主语/宾语/表语的话，则用关系代词。
因为关系代词也属于代词，而代词功能同名词，在句子中一般充当语/宾语/表语。
如：This is the city (which/that) you visited last year.
定语从句所修饰的先行词是the city，放入定语从句you visited last year中，则它直接充当visited的宾语，变成：you visited the city last year.
2）如果定语从句和该先行词无法直接相连，必须另外多加上介词，并在定语从句中充当状语时，则使用关系副词。
如：This is the city where you stayed last year.
定语从句所修饰的先行词也是the city，将其放入定语从句中不能直接作成分，必须加上介词in，一起做从句的地点状语，即定语从句变为：you stayed in the city last year.
六、定语从句改错考点
定语从句的改错主要涉及关系代词、 关系副词的运用以及定语从句中的主谓一致问题。
1． 判断关系代词及关系副词的使用是否正确。
2． 判断先行词与定语从句的谓语动词的数是否一致。
3． 检查关系代词的格的使用是否正确， 尤其是在关系代词作主语和介词前置时。
4． 检查有无关系副词与介词重复使用的情况。
5． 检查有无漏掉作主语的关系代词的情况。
6． 检查非限制性定语从句的关系代词使用是否正确。
7． 检查定语从句中除了关系代词或关系副词外， 是否还有多余的代词或副词。
【例题精讲】
1. --- Is that the small town you often refer to?
--- Right, just the one ____ you know I used to work for years.
2. ____ is described in some of his short stories, the author was brought up in a small village in the remote mountain area.
3. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, ____ _____ New York is an example.
4. The government has revised the budget, 5% of ____ will be used to help develop the small and medium-sized enterprises.
5. Children who are not active or ____ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
6. The film brought the hours back to me ____ I fought side by side with my fellow soldiers in the Anti- Japanese War.
7. Sometimes failure is not a bad thing. Even a failure ___ seems total can inspire fresh thinking.
8. Children usually think of their class teacher as someone _____ ______ they can turn when they are in difficulty.
9. It is the fifth time in this month that Christina has been turned down by the companies she applied to, ____ discourages her a lot.
10. Beijing was attacked by such a terrible sandstorm ____ few citizens had ever experienced.
11. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation ___ he is likely to lose control over the plane.
12. The singing group was so well received that the size of the audience, ____ we had expected, was well over ten thousand.
13. Who doesn’t hate him ___ knows how cruel he is?
14. I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school _____ I met in the English speech contest last year.
15. She was educated at Beijing University, ____ _____ she went on to have her advanced study abroad.
【答案】1-5 where; As; of which; which; whose 6-10 when; which; to whom; which; as
11-15 where; as; that; who; after which;
【巩固练习】
用适当的介词填空。
1. The stories about Long March, _______ which this is one example, are well written.
2. The speed________ which you drive your car mustn’t too high.
3. In the park there are many flowers, the color _________ which is bright and nice.
4. The little girl is reading a book, _________ which there are many pictures.
5. What were the things__________ which he was not too sure?
6. They held a meeting, _______ which the hospital director made a speech.
7. The book, _________ which he paid 6 yuan, is worth reading.
8. Is this the man________ whose house the police found the lost colored TV?
9. The villagers dug along tunnel__________ which they could go to the fields without being found by the Japanese soldiers.
10. Wu Dong, _________ whom I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.
【答案】 of at of in about at for in through with
知识点三、主题阅读
1.话题说明：
“自然与环境”是高中新课程标准话题之一，亦是高考英语常考话题。本话题包括动植物保护、生态保护、环境污染和保护等方面。这些话题与学生的生活 息息相关，联系密切。通过对这些话题的学习以及高考英语对这些话题的考查，可以让学生多注意身边的人和事、关注社会环境、树立环保意识、学会与大自然和谐相处。 是高考英语热点话题，通常以阅读理解、完形填空和书面表达 的形式考查。
2.自然与环境类词汇：
1.全球的关注 global concern
2.越来越糟 get worse and worse/ get from bad to worse/ get more and more serious
3.环境的破坏the destruction of our environment
4.改善环境刻不容缓It’s high time that we did sth to improve the environment
5.提高…的意识 raise awareness that /of sth
6.承担保护环境的责任bear the responsibility to protect our environment
7.呼吁某人做某事 call on / call for/ appeal to sb to do sth
8.时间不等人 the clock is ticking
9.努力做某事 make all efforts/ endeavor /make one’s utmost effort / go all out/try all means to do sth
10.采取行动/措施去做 take action /take measures to do
11.改善目前的状况 improve the present situation
12.关注 pay attention to doing/show concern for sth
13.伤害/损害… cause harm/damage to
14.不惜任何代价 at all cost
15.只要 so/as long as
16.承担做某事的责任 take the responsibility of doing sth
17.以牺牲...作为代价 at the cost/ expense of our environment
18.保护环境 Protect the environment
19.环境污染 Environmental pollution
20.释放有毒气体 Give off/release poisonous gas
21.受到严重污染 Be seriously polluted
22.对…有害 Do harm to / be harmful to
23.(不)注意环保 Pay (no) attention to
24.灭绝 die out
25.多植树 Plant more trees
26.把垃圾分类Sort the rubbish
27.回收垃圾Recycle the rubbish
28.受益良多Benefit a lot
29.保持生态平衡Keep the balance of nature
30.防止人们污染河流Prevent people from polluting the rivers
3. 写作必备句型：
1.To cherish the enviroment is to love ourselves.
爱护环境就是爱护我们自己
2.I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation
我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状
3.We are sure that we''ll win the battle.
我们坚信我们能赢得战斗
4. Keep our mountains green,the wate clean,and the sky blue.
使我们山更绿，水更清，天更蓝
5.Our earth's days are numbered without urgent help.
没有及时的帮助我们的地球就屈指可数了.
6.（Sth.）are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them.
如果我们继续睁一只眼闭一只眼的话，......一定会有恶劣的后果
7.近来环保已经引起了全球的关注。
Environmental protection has caused global concern recently.
8.我们应该马上采取措施来保护我们的环境免受污染。
It’s high time we took immediate measures to protect our earth from being polluted.
9.每个人都应该提高保护地球的意识。
Everybody should raise the awareness that it’s our duty to protect our mother earth.
10.你不难发现每个人都在伤害地球，然而他们可能自己都没有意识到这一点。
You cannot difficultly see that everybody actually is causing damage to the mother earth, which , however, they may not be realizing.
【例题精讲】
例1.
The insects are important to farmers. When a honeybee lands on a flower in plant, pollen (花粉) sticks to its legs. When the bee lands on another flower, some of the pollen falls off and fertilizes the second plant.
The act of spreading pollen is responsible for many fruits, vegetables, nuts and other crops. Yet about 30 percent of honeybees in the United States and other areas have died in recent years.
Mike Leggett is a researcher at the University of Maryland. He wants to learn why so many bees are dying. “The number of colonies (蜂群) that die every winter has been one in three. So on average 30 percent of the colonies have died every winter over the last six winters. And that’s a huge number.” His research team examined the pollen that honeybees carried to their homes. They found that the pollen contained high levels of 35 different pesticides (杀虫剂), which are chemicals used to protect plants. “Pesticides are used, and have been used, pretty widely, for centuries, to protect plants from diseases,” says Mr Leggett.
Keith Oh linger, a farmer and beekeeper in Maryland, has watched many of his bees die every winter. Mr Ohlinger thinks widespread bee death is caused by several things happening at once. But he does not feel sure that pesticides are a part of the problem, “I felt it was the result of a lot of little things. I didn’t feel that there was probably one smoking gun. But there’s a division (分歧) there, some people feel that it is just one thing.”
Honeybees are important to agriculture. This makes the search for an answer to their death very important for Mr Leggett’s team. As he knows, one in every three bites of food we eat is somehow pollinated by honeybees.
1.What could be a suitable title for the text?
A.Why Are Honeybees Important?
B.How Do Honeybees Make Honey?
C.Pesticides Might Harm Honeybees
D.Honeybee Protection in Maryland
2.How does Mr Leggett sound in paragraph 3?
A.Worried B.Happy m C.Surprised D.Hopeful
3.We know from the fifth paragraph that Keith Ohlinger ________.
A.has become rich by keeping bees
B.cares little about the death of his bees
C.has never used pesticides on his farm
D.doubts whether pesticides have killed his bees
4.In which part of a website can we most probably read the text?
A.Agriculture B.Health C.Food D.Technology
【答案】CADA
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲了近年来很多地区有近百分之三十的蜜蜂死亡，而对于它们的死因，有研究表明是由农药造成的，有人认为农药不是死亡因素之一。
1.主旨大意题。本文主要讲了近年来很多地区有近百分之三十的蜜蜂死亡，而对于它们的死因，有研究表明是由农药造成的，有人认为农药不是死亡因素之一。所以短文的最佳标题为“杀虫剂可能会伤害蜜蜂”。故C选项正确。
2.推理判断题。由第三段中Leggett说的话“The number of colonies (蜂群) that die every winter has been one in three. So on average 30 percent of the colonies have died every winter over the last six winters. And that’s a huge number.”可知，Leggett认为每年百分之30的蜂群死亡是一个巨大的数字，由此判断出他对于蜜蜂的死亡数字是很担心的。故A选项正确。
3.推理判断题。由文中第四段的Mr Ohlinger thinks widespread bee death is caused by several things happening at once. But he does not feel sure that pesticides are a part of the problem, 可知Ohlinger先生认为蜜蜂大面积死亡是由几件事同时发生造成的。但他不确定农药是不是导致原因的一部分。由此判断出从第五段我们可以知道，Keith Ohlinger怀疑杀虫剂是否杀死了他的蜜蜂。D选项正确。
4.推理判断题。文中最后一段讲到Honeybees are important to agriculture.，也就是说蜜蜂对于农作物很有用，所以研究蜜蜂的死亡很有必要，所以这篇文章可能来自农业部分，故A选项正确。
【巩固练习】
例题1:
Be careful what you say around your dog. It might understand more than you think.
A border collie named Lucky recognizes the names of about 200 objects, say researchers in Germany. The dog also appears to be able to learn new words as easily as a 3-year-old child. Its word-learning skills are as good as those of a parrot or chimpanzee(黑猩猩).
In one experiment, the researchers took all 200 items that Lucky is supposed to know and divided them into 20 groups of 10 objects. Then the owner told the dog to go and fetch one of the items and bring it back. In four tests, Lucky got 37 out of 40 commands right. As the dog couldn’t see anyone to get clues, the scientists believe Lucky must understand the meanings of certain words.
In another experiment, the scientists took one toy that Lucky had never seen before and put it in a room with seven toys whose names the dog already knew. The owner then told Lucky to fetch the object, using a word the dog had never heard before.
The correct object was chosen in seven out of l0 tests, suggesting that the dog had worked out the answer by process of elimination(排除法). A month later, Lucky remembered half of the new names, which is even more impressive.
Lucky is thought to be smarter than the average dog. For one thing, Lucky is a border collie, a breed(品种)known for its mental abilities. In addition, the 9-year-old dog has been trained to fetch toys by their names since the age of nine months.
It’s hard to know if all dogs understand at least some of the words we say. Even if they do, they can’t talk back. Still, it wouldn’t hurt to sweet-talk your dog every now and then. You might just get a big, wet kiss in return!
5.From paragraph 2, we can infer that_________.
A. chimpanzees have very good word-learning skills
B. dogs are smarter than parrots and chimpanzees
C. animals are as clever as human beings
D. dogs have similar learning abilities as 3-year-old children
6.The two experiments show that_________.
A. Lucky is smart enough to get all commands right
B. Lucky can recognize different things including toys
C. Lucky has developed the ability of learning mathematics
D. Lucky won’t forget the names of objects once recognizing them
7. What does the author want to tell us?
A. To train your dog. B. To talk to your dog.
C. To be careful with your dog. D. To be friendly to your dog.
【答案】 ABD
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一些科学家们的有趣的最新发现：小狗能够理解人们的意思，并有作出相应判断的能力。
5.细节理解题。根据文章第二段末尾句内容“Its word-learning skills are as good as those of a parrot or chimpanzee.”可知，这里将这只狗的词汇学习能力与鹦鹉，黑猩猩相比较，提及它的词汇学习技能和鹦鹉或黑猩猩一样好。由此可知，黑猩猩有很好的词汇学习能力。故选A项。
6.推理判断题。根据文章第三段内容“As the dog couldn’t see anyone to get clues, the scientists believe lucky must understand the meanings of certain words.(由于狗看不到任何人来获取线索，科学家们认为Lucky一定理解某些单词的意思。)”和文章第五段内容“The correct object was chosen in seven out of l0 tests, suggesting that the dog had worked out the answer by process of elimination.(在10次测试中，有7次选择了正确的对象，这表明狗通过排除法找到了答案)”可知，第一个实验表明Lucky能够理解某些单词含义才能在执行指令方面很成功；第二个实验则证明了Lucky在已认知的基础上利用排除法识别未认识的物体。因此可推知这两个实验表明Lucky能够识别不同的东西，包括玩具在内。故选B项。
7.推理判断题。文章末尾段落内容提出了作者的目的意图“Still, it wouldn’t hurt to sweet-talk your dog every now and then. You might just get a big, wet kiss in return! (不过，偶尔对你的狗说些甜言蜜语也无伤大雅。你可能会得到一个大大的湿吻作为回报!)”呼应话题，呼吁对自己的狗要友好，狗会给与回报。选项D“To be friendly to your dog.(对你的狗友好。)”符合文意，表达了作者的心声。故选D项。
例题2：
Bats are the only mammals that can fly a great distance, but they have another ability. Many bats live a very long time for an animal of their size. European researchers are studying bats to understand why they live so long. They hope to make discoveries aimed at fighting the aging process in human beings.
Last week, the group of scientists said they had identified important biological qualities in some bat species. The group studied the bats’ chromosomes (染色体), a line of genes found in the nucleus of cells. The scientists were most interested in structures connected to the ends of the chromosomes. They are called telomeres (端粒), which protect the ends of chromosomes and shorten each time a cell divides. Scientists believe this shortening process causes cells to break down. They say this is what cause aging.
The European researchers studied 493 bats from four bat species. The group used information that had been gathered over more than 60 years. Of these animals, the greater mouse-eared bat generally lived the longest, an average of 37 years. The scientists said this and a related species, which are grouped together under the name Myotis, had telomeres that did not shorten with age. Another Myotis bat holds the record for the oldest age, reaching 41 years. The scientists’ findings suggest that these bats’ cells have the ability to maintain and repair their telomeres. This helps guard against the aging process.
Based on its body size, a bat like the greater mouse-eared bat would be expected to live four years. But, these mammals have been found to live nearly 10 times longer than that. The scientists found that only 19 species of mammals live longer than humans when their body size is considered. Eighteen of these are bats.
8．Why are European researchers studying bats?
A. To learn the similar habits between bats and human beings.
B. To find out why the greater mouse-eared bats live a long life.
C. To try to understand why bats prefer to fly during the night.
D. To discover a good way to prevent human beings from aging.
9．What does the second paragraph mainly explain to us?
A. The structures of the bats’ chromosomes. B. What causes aging biologically.
C. The functions of telomeres. D. What causes cells to break down.
10．Why do the greater mouse-eared bat and another Myotis bat live so long?
A. They are grouped together under the name Myotis.
B. Their telomeres are decreasing with age.
C. Their cells are able to keep up and fix their telomeres.
D. They have more telomeres than human beings do.
11．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. Bats live 10 times longer than other mammals.
B. Bats enjoy the longest life among mammals.
C. The greater mouse-eared bat and other bats should have lived longer.
D. Many bats live longer than human beings considering their body size.
【答案】8．D 9．B 10．C 11．D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。欧洲研究人员正在研究蝙蝠，以了解它们为什么能活这么长时间。他们希望能在对抗人类衰老的过程中有所发现。文章解释了导致生物衰老的原因是端粒，以及研究发现蝙蝠的细胞有能力维持和修复它们的端粒，这有助于防止老化过程。同时，考虑到蝙蝠的体型，许多蝙蝠比人类活得长。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句They hope to make discoveries aimed at fighting the aging process in human beings可知，他们希望能在对抗人类衰老的过程中有所发现。由此可知，欧洲研究人员要研究蝙蝠是为了发现一个防止人类衰老的好方法。故选D。
9．段落大意题。根据第二段中They are called telomeres, which protect the ends of chromosomes and shorten each time a cell divides. Scientists believe this shortening process causes cells to break down. They say this is what cause aging.可知，它们被称为端粒，保护染色体的末端，缩短细胞每次分裂的时间。科学家认为这种缩短过程会导致细胞分裂。他们说这就是导致衰老的原因。由此可知，第二段主要向我们解释了是什么导致了生物衰老。故选B。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段中The scientists’ findings suggest that these bats’ cells have the ability to maintain and repair their telomeres. This helps guard against the aging process.可知，科学家的发现表明，这些蝙蝠的细胞有能力维持和修复它们的端粒。这有助于防止老化过程。由此可知，大鼠耳蝠和另一种肌炎蝠寿命长是因为他们的细胞能够维持和修复他们的端粒。故选C。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Based on its body size, a bat like the greater mouse-eared bat would be expected to live four years. But, these mammals have been found to live nearly 10 times longer than that. The scientists found that only 19 species of mammals live longer than humans when their body size is considered. Eighteen of these are bats.可知，根据体型大小，像大鼠耳蝠这样的蝙蝠预计能活四年。但是，这些哺乳动物的寿命几乎是这个数字的10倍。科学家们发现，只有19种哺乳动物的寿命比人类长。其中18只是蝙蝠。由此可推知，考虑到蝙蝠的体型，许多蝙蝠比人类活得长。故选D。
课堂训练：
练习1：
用适当的关系词填空
1. The man __________ coat is black is waiting at the gate.
2. Her sister, __________ you met at my home, was a teacher of English.
3. These books are for students __________ mother language is not English.
4. Please tell me from__________ you borrowed the English novel.
5. This is the person __________ you are looking for.
6. That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old.
7. The basketball _________I bought yesterday cost me 80 yuan.
8. English is the most difficult subject __________ you will learn during these years.
9. The bike and its rider__________ had run over (撞倒了)an old man were taken to the police station.
10. You should hand in all __________ you have.
【答案】1. whose 2. who/that/whom 3. whose 4. whom 5. who/that/whom
6. whose 7. which/that 8. that 9. that 10. that
练习2
1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B. where C. what D. in which
2.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
7.Great changes have taken place in the factory ____we are working since then.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B.in which C. on which D. by which
11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
A. whom B. who C. which D. that
12.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.
A.to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
13.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?
A. who B. who's C. which D. whose
14.I'm interested in ______you have said.
A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
15.I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
A. which B. who C. what D. as
【答案】1-5 ACDCA 6-10 CAAAA 11-15 CDDAD
练习3.
One morning in early fall, I spotted a pair of wild geese on our pond. The beautiful sight caught me by 72 . because we’d never seen geese there before. I wondered where they came from and why they’d 73 our pond.
“As the days passed, I couldn’t 74 getting a closer look and started talking to the geese. They craned their necks and raised their heads 75 but seemed to realize I was a 76 and not an enemy. I felt 77 we were bonding.
One day as they were 78 in the grass near the driveway, I discovered the reason for their 79 —the male had a broken left wing. He was 80 to fly, and his lifelong mate would not leave him 81 . I marveled (惊叹) at the 82 between them.
I asked a wildlife biologist friend what I should 83 . He explained that sometime a broken wing will heal by itself and suggested letting 84 take its course.
On the first day of November, I was 85 in the vicinity (邻近) of the geese with my tractor. I caught some 86 from the comer of my eye.
Both geese were running toward the pond, wings beating 87 . The geese gained enough altitude to clear a neighbor’s house, then 88 back toward me, flying no more than 50 feet over my head as if to say goodbye. Then they were out of 89 .
I grew 90 them during their stay at our pond, and I miss them. I’ll never forget their 91 to each other. We could all learn a lesson or two from this pair.
72．A．anger B．surprise C．terror D．sorrow
73．A．cleared B．destroyed C．chosen D．disturbed
74．A．resist B．imagine C．escape D．admit
75．A．naturally B．happily C．sadly D．cautiously
76．A．hunter B．helper C．friend D．guard
77．A．whether B．even if C．how D．as though
78．A．jumping B．feeding C．working D．growing
79．A．absence B．delay C．visit D．departure
80．A．unable B．curious C．eager D．afraid
81．A．mad B．calm C．around D．behind
82．A．bond B．quarrel C．conflict D．competition
83．A．do B．cure C．share D．check
84．A．chance B．nature C．fate D．knowledge
85．A．playing B．experimenting C．working D．fighting
86．A．atmosphere B．division C．response D．movement
87．A．wildly B．occasionally C．slowly D．aimlessly
88．A．floated B．circled C．slid D．skipped
89．A．order B．place C．sight D．control
90．A．angry with B．fond of C．tired of D．grateful to
91．A．sympathy B．objection C．adjustment D．devotion
【答案】72．B73．C74．A75．D76．C77．D78．B79．C80．A81．D82．A83．A84．B85．C86．D
87．A88．B89．C90．B91．D
【解析】
这篇文章主要讲了作者家旁边的池塘里来了两只大雁，原来是一只大雁受伤了，它的伴侣留下来陪它，作者被它们的精神所感动。
72．考查名词。根据because we’d never seen geese there before.可知这美丽的景象非常令人惊奇。anger 生气， surprise 惊奇， terror 恐怖，sorrow悲伤，所以选B。
73．考查动词。句意：我想知道它们从哪里来，并且为什么会选择我们这里的池塘。cleared 清除， destroyed 破坏，chosen选择， disturbed 干扰，所以选C。
74．考查动词。句意：随着时间的流逝，我忍不住靠近它们，并且开始和大雁说话。resist 忍住，imagine 想象， escape 逃跑，admit承认， 所以选A。
75．考查副词。句意：它们伸长脖子，小心地抬起头。naturally 自然地， happily 快乐地， sadly 悲哀地，cautiously小心地，所以选D。
76．考查名词。根据and not an enemy. 可知这里意思是但是看起来意识到我是一个朋友。hunter 猎人，helper 帮手，friend 朋友， guard守卫，所以选C。
77．考查连词。句意：我感觉我们好像是连在一起的。whether 是否， even if 即使，how 如何，as though好像，所以选D。
78．考查动词。句意：一天，它们在草地上被喂东西吃。jumping 跳，feeding 喂，working 工作， growing生长，所以选B。
79．考查名词。根据the male had a broken left wing. 可知这里意思是我发现了它们到访的原因。absence 缺席， delay 延期， visit到访， departure离开， 所以选C。
80．考查形容词。根据the male had a broken left wing. 可知这里意思是它不能飞。unable 不能，curious 好奇的，eager 渴望的， afraid害怕的，所以选A。
81．考查固定短语。句意：它的终身伴侣没有留下它。leave behind留下，所以选D。
82．考查名词。句意：我惊叹它们之间的约定。bond 约定，quarrel 争吵， conflict 冲突，competition竞争，所以选A。
83．考查动词。句意：我问一个当野生生物学家的朋友，我该做些什么。do 做，cure 治疗，share 分享，check核实，所以选A。
84．考查固定短语。根据He explained that sometime a broken wing will heal by itself可知这里意思是顺其自然。let nature take its course是固定用法，意思是顺其自然，所以选B。
85．考查动词。根据in the vicinity (邻近) of the geese with my tractor. 可知我在工作。playing 玩， experimenting 实验， working 工作， fighting打仗，所以选C。
86．考查名词。根据Both geese were running toward the pond, wings beating ___16___. 可知我发现了一些活动。atmosphere 气氛，division 分配，response 回答，movement活动， 所以选D。
87．考查副词。句意：疯狂地拍打翅膀。wildly 疯狂地， occasionally 偶尔，slowly 慢慢地，aimlessly漫无目的地， 所以选A。
88．考查动词。句意：然后环绕着我。floated 漂浮， circled环绕，slid 滑落， skipped跳过， 所以选B。
89．考查固定短语。句意：然后我就看不见它们了。Out of sight是固定用法，意思是看不见，所以选C。
90．考查固定短语。句意：我喜欢它们呆在湖边的这段日子。angry with 生某人的气，fond of 喜欢，tired of 厌烦， grateful to 感谢，所以选B。
91．考查名词。句意：我永远不会忘记它们彼此间的奉献。sympathy 同情， objection 反对，adjustment 调整， devotion奉献，所以选D。
巩固复习：
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